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L.  B.   Cat.  No.  1 137 


i-v^ 


BOTANY 


OF 


THE   NORTHERN    UNITED   STATES. 


MANUAL 


OF 


TH  E    BOTANY 

OF    THE 

NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES, 

INCLUDING  THE  DISTRICT  EAST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  AND 
NORTH  OP^  NORTH  CAROLINA  AND  TENNESSEE. 

By    ASA     GRAY, 

LATE   FISHER   PROFESSOR   OF    NATURAL   HISTORY    IN    HARVARD   UNIVERSITY. 

Siitf)  IStiition. 

REVISED    AND    EXTENDED    WESTWARD    TO    THE    1 00th    MERIDIAN, 

BY 

SERENO   WATSON, 

CURATOR    OF    THE   GRAY    HERBARIUM,    HARVARD    UNIVERSXTy« 
AND 

JOHN    M.    COULTER, 

PROFESSOR    OF    BOTANY    IN    WABASH    COLLEGE, 

ASSISTED    BY    SPECIALISTS    IN    CERTAIN    GROUPS. 
WITH   TWENTY-FIVE   PLATES, 

ILLUSTRATING   THE    SEDGES,    GRASSES,    FERNS,    ETC. 


NEW  YORK    •  :  •    CINCINNATI    •  :  •    CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 


FROM  THE  PRESS  OF 

IvisoN,  Blakeman  &  Company 


Copyright,  1889, 
By  the  President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College. 


CONTENTS. 


• 
Preface 

Page 
1 

Synopsis  of  the  Orders 

..... 

5 

Analytical  Key  to  the  Orders 

.       19 

Explanation  of  Abbreviation 

s  of  Authors'  Names    . 

30 

Explanation  of  Signs 

.       32 

FLORA.  - 

-  PH.ENOGAMOUS    OR    FlOWERING    PlANTS      . 

33 

Dicotyledonous  or 

Exogenous  Plants 

.       33 

Angiospermous, 

Polypetalous 

33 

Gamopetalous 

.     216 

Apetalous   .... 

425 

Gymnospermous 

Plants    .... 

.     48D 

Monocotyledonous 

or  Endogenous  Plants 

495 

Cryptogamous  or  Flowerless  Plants 

.     675 

Vascular  Acrogens,  or  Pteridophytes 

675 

Cellular  Acrogens, 

or  Bryophytes  (Hepaticae) 

.     702 

Additions 

AND  Corrections 

733 

Table  of 

Orders 

.     736 

Glossary 

. 

738 

Index    . 

.     749 

Plates,  with  Explanations 

761 

i-f/2y 


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;« 


'^'^^\ 


NOTE. 

Ix  this  second  issue  of  the  Manual  are  given  all  such 
needed  emendations  of  every  kind  as  have  come  to  our  no- 
tice. Wherever  it  could  be  conveniently  done,  these  altera- 
tions have  been  made  in  the  plates.  The  remainder  will  be 
found  in  supplementary  "Additions  and  Corrections"  near 
the  end  of  the  volume. 


PREFACE 


The  first  edition  of  Gray's  Manual  was  published  in  1848. 
It  was  to  a  great  extent  rewritten  and  its  range  extended  in 
1856,  and  it  was  again  largely  rewritten  in  1867.  The  great 
advances  that  have  since  been  made  in  systematic  botany  and 
in  the  knowledge  of  our  flora  have  for  several  years  past  made 
another  revision  desirable,  which  Dr.  Gray  before  his  death 
was  purposing  to  undertake. 

The  present  editors,  acting  to  the  best  of  their  ability  in 
his  stead,  have  endeavored  throughout  to  follow  his  methods 
and  views.  The  original  plan,  so  long  retained  by  Dr.  Gray 
and  so  generally  approved,  has  been  closely  adhered  to,  the 
characters  and  descriptions  of  the  last  edition  have  been  left 
essentially  unchanged  so  far  as  possible,  and  in  the  numerous 
alterations  and  additions  that  have  been  considered  necessary 
or  advisable,  his  conclusions  and  principles  have  governed  in 
every  matter  of  importance,  so  far  as  they  could  be  known. 
The  effort  especially  has  been  to  maintain  that  high  standard 
of  excellence  which  has  always  made  the  Manual  an  authority 
among  botanists. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  genera  and  species,  Gray's  Synoptical 
Flora  has  been  made  the  basis  in  the  revision  of  the  Gamopet- 
alous  Orders,  and  his  manuscript  in  continuation  of  that  work, 
so  far  as  prepared,  for  the  Polypetalous  Orders  which  precede 
Leguminosce  (excepting  Nuphar,  the  Cruciferce,  Caryojyhyllacea'y 
Viflsj  and  the  small  Orders  numbered  18,  22,  23,  25-27,  and 
29).  The  genus  Salix  has  been  rewritten  for  this  edition  by 
M.  S.  Bebb,  Esq.,  the  genus  Carex  ^y  Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey,  and 
the  Ferns  and  allied  orders  by  Prof.  D.  C.  Eatox.  For  the 
rest,  all  known  available  sources  of  information  have  been 
made  use  of,  and  much  willing  help  has  been  received  from 
botanists  in  all  parts  of  our  territory. 

1 

noPEinrr  ubrart 
N.  C  StaU  cam 


2  PREFACE. 

The  increasing  interest  that  is  taken  in  the  study  of  the 
Celli}ilar  Cryptogams,  and  the  desire  to  encourage  it,  have  led 
to  the  inclusion  again  of  the  Hepaticse,  which  were  omitted 
in  the  last  edition.  These  have  been  prepared  through  the 
kindness  of  Prof.  L.  M.  Underwood,  though  the  limits  of 
the  volume  have  necessitated  somewhat  briefer  descriptions 
than  he  considered  desirable.  The  three  fine  plates  illustrat- 
ing the  genera  of  these  Orders,  which  were  used  in  tlie  early 
editions,  are  also  added,  with  a  supplementary  one,  as  well  as 
an  additional  one  in  illustration  of  the  Grasses,  thus  increasing 
the  number  of  plates  to  twenty-five.  A  Glossary  of  botanical 
terms  is  appended,  to  meet  an  expressed  need  of  those  who 
use  the  Manual  alone,  and  a  Synopsis  of  the  Orders  in  their 
sequence  is  given,  to  contrast  more  clearly  their  characters,  and 
to  show  the  general  principles  which  have  determined  their 
present  arrangement.  This  should  be  a  useful  adjunct  to  the 
more  artificially  arranged  Analytical  Key. 

Geographical  Limits,  and  Distribution. — The  southern 
limit  of  the  territory  covered  by  the  present  work  is  the  same 
as  in  the  later  previous  editions,  viz.  the  southern  boundary  of 
Virginia  and  Kentucky.  This  coincides  better  than  any  other 
geographical  line  Avith  the  natural  division  between  the  cooler- 
temperate  and  the  warm-temperate  vegetation  of  the  xitlantic 
States.  The  rapid  increase  of  population  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Biver,  and  the  growing  need  of  a  Manual  covering  the 
flora  of  that  section,  have  seemed  a  sufficient  reason  for  the 
extension  of  the  limits  of  the  work  westward  to  the  100th 
meridian,  thus  connecting  with  the  Manual  of  the  Flora  of  the 
liocky  Mountai7i  Eegion  by  Prof.  Coulter.  These  limits,  as 
well  as  that  upon  the  north,  have  been  in  general  strictly 
observes,  very  few  species  being  admitted  that  are  not  known 
with  some  degree  of  certainty  to  occur  within  them.  The  ex- 
treme western  flora  is  no  doubt  imperfectly  represented. 

The  distribution  of  the  individual  species  is  indicated  some- 
what more  definitely  than  heretofore  in  many  cases,  so  far  as 
it  could  be  satisfactorily  ascertained.  The  extralimital  range 
is  also  sometimes  given,  but  the  terms  "northward,"  "south- 
ward," and  "westward"  are  more  frequently  employed,  signi- 
f3dng  an  indefinite  range  in  those  directions  bej^ond  the  limits 
of  the  Manual.     Where  no  definite  habitat  is  specified,  the  spe- 


PREFACE.  d 

cies  may  be  understood  as  found  more  or  less  generally  through- 
out the  wliole  area,  or  at  least  to  near  the  western  limits. 

NOMEXCLATURE,    ACCENTUATION    OF    NaMES,    etC. In    CaSG 

of  question  respecting  the  proper  name  to  be  adopted  for  any 
species,  Dr.  Gray's  known  and  expressed  views  have  been  fol- 
lowed, it  is  believed,  throughout  the  work.  While  reasonable 
regard  has  been  paid  to  the  claims  of  priority,  the  purpose  has 
been  to  avoid  unnecessary  changes,  in  the  belief  that  such 
changes  are  in  most  cases  an  unmitigated  evil.  Synonyms  are 
rarely  given  excej)t  where  changes  have  been  made.  As  a  guide 
to  correct  pronunciation,  the  long  sound  of  the  accented  vowel 
(modified  often  in  personal  names)  is  indicated,  as  heretofore, 
by  the  grave  accent  ('),  and  the  short  sound  by  the  acute  ('). 
In  regard  to  the  derivations  of  generic  names,  many  valuable 
suggestions  have  been  due  to  W.  E.  Gerard,  Esq.,  of  Kew  York. 

Prominent  Characters  are  indicated  by  the  use  of  Italic 
type  for  the  leading  distinctions  of  the  Orders,  and  generally 
in  the  specific  descrii3tions  for  those  points  by  which  two  or 
more  nearly  allied  species  may  be  most  readily  distinguished. 
The  ready  discrimination  of  the  genera  is  provided  for  by  a 
Synopsis  of  their  leading  characters  under  each  order.  When- 
ever a  genus  comprises  several  species,  pains  have  been  taken 
to  render  important  differences  conspicuous  by  proper  group- 
ing, and  when  needed  by  a  series  of  subordinate  divisions  and 
subdivisions.  The  headings  of  these  various  groups  are  to  be 
considered  as  belonging  to  and  forming  a  part  of  the  specific 
characters  of  the  several  species  under  them,  —  a  fact  which 
the  student  should  always_  bear  in  mind. 

Arrangement  of  the  Orders.  —  The  Natural  Orders  are 
disposed  in  very  close  accordance  with  the  method  followed 
by  Bentham  and  Hooker  in  the  Genera  Plantarum,  the  princi- 
ples of  which  are  concisely  shown  in  the  Synopsis  of  Orders 
which  precedes  the  Analytical  Key.  The  Gymnosi^ermm  are 
retained  as  a  Subclass  following  the  Angiospermous  Dicotyle- 
dons, with  which  they  have  an  obvious  relationship,  in  pref- 
erence to  placing  them,  as  some  authorities  would  do,  next 
before  the  Pteridophytes,  to  which  their  afiinity,  if  no  less 
certain,  is  nevertheless  obscure.  A  more  natural  arrange- 
ment than  either  would  be  the  withdrawal  of  the  Endogens, 
placing  them  at  the  beginning,  in  perhaps  an  inverse  order. 


4  PREFACE. 

Analytical  Key  to  the  Orders.  —  As  stated  in  Dr.  Gray's 
Preface  to  the  last  edition,  this  is  designed  to  enable  the  stu- 
dent to  refer  readily  to  its  proper  Order  any  of  our  plants, 
upon  taking  the  pains  to  ascertain  the  structure  of  its  flowers, 
and  sometimes  of  the  fruit,  and  by  following  out  a  series  of 
easy  steps  in  the  analysis.  It  is  founded  upon  the  most  ob- 
vious distinctions  which  will  answer  the  purpose,  and  is  so 
contrived  as  to  provide  for  all  or  nearly  all  exceptional  in- 
stances and  variant  cases.  Kef  erring  to  the  Order  which  the 
Key  leads  him  to,  the  student  will  find  its  most  distinctive 
points  brought  together  and  printed  in  Italics  in  the  first  sen- 
tence of  the  ordinal  description,  and  thus  can  verify  his  results. 
The  Synopsis  which  Ic;,  ows  will  then  lead  him  to  the  genus, 
to  be  verified  in  turn  by  the  full  generic  description  in  its 
place;  and  the  progress  thence  to  the  species  is  facilitated, 
when  there  are  several  to  choose  from,  by  the  arrangement 
under  divisions  and  subdivisions,  as  already  explained. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  Key  directs  the  inquirer  to  ascer- 
tain, first,  the  Class  of  the  plant  under  consideration,  —  which, 
even  without  the  seeds,  is  revealed  at  once  by  the  plan  of  the 
stem,  as  seen  in  a  cross-section,  and  usually  by  the  veining  of 
the  leaves,  and  is  commonly  confirmed  by  the  numerical  plan 
of  the  flower ;  —  then,  if  of  the  first  Class,  the  Subclass  is  at 
once  determined  by  the  pistil,  whether  of  the  ordinary  kind, 
or  an  open  scale  bearing  naked  ovules.  If  the  former,  then 
the  choice  between  the  three  Divisions  is  determined  by  the 
presence  or  absence  of  the  petals,  and  whether  separate  or 
united.  Each  Division  is  subdivided  by  equally  obvious  char- 
acters, and,  finally,  a  series  of  successively  subordinated  prop- 
ositions, —  each  set  more  indented  upon  the  page  than  the 
preceding,  —  leads  to  the  name  of  the  Order  sought  for,  fol- 
lowed by  the  number  of  the  page  upon  which  it  is  described 
in  the  body  of  the  work. 

The  book  is  now  submitted  to  those  for  whose  benefit  it  has 
been  prepared,  in  the  trust  that  its  shortcomings  will  meet 
with  friendly  indulgence,  and  with  the  earnest  request  that 
information  be  kindly  given  of  any  corrections  or  additions  that 
may  appear  to  be  necessary. 

SERENO  WATSON. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  26,  1889. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  ORDERS  OF  PLANTS 

DESCRIBED  IN   THIS  WORK. 


Series  I.   PHiENOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERING  PLANTS:  those 

producing  real  flowers  and  seeds. 

Class  L     DICOTYLEDONOUS  or  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Slems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith;  the  wood  forming  a  zone  be- 
tween the  other  two,  and  increasing,  when  the  stem  continues  from  year 
to  year,  by  the  annual  addition  of  a  new  layer  to  the  outside,  next  the 
bark.  Leaves  netted-veined.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons, 
or  in  Subclass  IL  often  three  or  more  in  a  whorl.  Parts  of  the  flower 
mostly  in  fours  or  fives. 

Subclass  I.  ANGIOSPERM^.  Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary 
which  contains  the  ovules  and  becomes  the  fruit.     Cotyledons  only  two. 

Division  I.  POLYPETALOUS  :  the  calyx  and  corolla  botli  present; 
the  latter  of  separate  petals.  (Apetalous  flowers  occur  in  various 
Orders,  as  noted  under  the  subdivisions.) 

A.  THALAlMIFLORiE.  Stamens  and  petals  liypogynous  (free  both  from 
the  calyx  and  from  the  superior  ovary),  upon  a  usually  narrow  receptacle 
(not  glandular  nor  discoid,  except  in  Reseda,  sometimes  stipe-like).  (Sta- 
mens and  petals  upon  the  partly  inferior  ovary  in  some  Nymphseaceaj.) 
Apetalous  flowers  occur  in  the  Ranunculaceae  and  Caryophyllacece. 

*  1.  Carpels  solitary  or  distinct  (or  coherent  in  Magnoliaceae) ;  sepals  and 
petals  deciduous  (except  in  Nymphjeacea;) ;  leaves  alternate  or  i?ftdical, 
without  stipules  (sometimes  opposite  or  whorled  and  rarely  stipular  in 
Ranunculaceaj) ;  embryo  (except  in  Nelumbo)  small,  in  flesliy  albumen. 

1.  Ranunculaceae  (p.  34).     Sepals  (3  or  more),  petals  (as  many,  in  regular 

flowers,  or  none),  stamens  (usually  many),  and  carpels  (1  -many)  all  dis- 
tinct.    Truit  acheues,  follicles,  or  berries.     Mostly  herbs. 

2.  Magnoliaceae  (p.  49).     Sepals  and  petals  colored  alike,  in  three  or  more 

rows  of  three,  imbricate.     Fruit  conedike,  formed  of  the  numerous  coher- 
ing pistils.     Trees. 

3.  Anonaceae  (p.  50).     Sepals  (3)  and  petals  (6,  in  two  rows)  valvate.    Fruit 

pulpy.     Slirubs  or  small  trees. 

4.  Menisperniaceae  (p.  51 ).     Sepals  and  petals  in  twos  or  threes,  imbricate. 

Pistils  becoming  1-seeded  drupes.     Dioecious  woody  climbers,  with  pal- 
mate or  peltate  leaves. 


6  SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    ORDERS. 

5.  Berberidaceas  (p.  52).     Sepals  and  petals  imbricate,  each  in  two  rows  of 

three  (rarely  in  twos  or  fours).  Stamens  opposite  the  petals.  Pistil 
solitary,  becoming  a  berry  or  pod.     Shrubs  or  low  herbs. 

6.  Nymph^acese,  in  part  (p.  54).     Sepals  and  petals  each  3,  or  many  in 

several  rows.     Pistils  becoming  coriaceous  and  indehiscent.     Aquatics ; 
floating  leaves  peltate. 
*  2.  Carpels  (2  or  more)  united  into  a  compound  ovary  with  parietal,  often 
nerve-like  placentae  (or  the  seeds  covering  the  inner  surface  in  Nymph^e- 
aceffi,  and  the  placentas  axile  in  Sarraceniaceae).     Herbs  (some  Cistaceai 
somewhat  shrubby). 
•<-  Fruit  5  -  many-celled ;  calyx  or  whole  perianth  persistent ;  embryo  small, 
at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

6.  Nymph^aceae  proper  (p.  54).      Sepals  2-6.      Petals  and  stamens  nu- 

merous, on  a  thick  hypogynous  receptacle  or  inserted  upon  the  ovary. 
Capsule  8-30-celled.     Aquatics,  with  peltate  or  cordate  leaves. 

7.  Sarraceniaceae  (p.  57).     Sepals  and  petals  5.     Capsule  5-celled.     Marsh 

plants,  with  pitcher-shaped  leaves. 
H-  H-  Fruit  1-ceUed,  or  spuriously  2  -  more-celled  by  partitions  connecting  the 

placentas. 
++  Embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen ;  perianth  deciduous ;  sepals  2. 

8.  Papaveraceae  (p.  57.)     Flowers  regular.     Sepals  fugacious.    Petals  4- 

12.  Stamens  and  seeds  numerous.  Capsule  2  -  several-valved.  Juice 
milky  or  colored. 

9.  Fumariaceae  (p.  59.)     Flowers  irregular.    Petals  4,  in  dissimilar  pairs. 

Stamens  6,  diadelphous.     Fruit  2-valved   (indehiscent  and  1 -seeded  in 
Fumaria).     Juice  watery  ;  leaves  dissected. 
<w.  -^  Albumen  none ;  embryo  curved  or  folded ;  perianth  deciduous  (sepals 
persistent  in  Kesedaceie). 

10.  Cruciferae  (p.  61).     Sepals  and  petals  4.     Stamens  mostly  6,  tetradyna- 

mous  (two  inserted  lower  and  shorter).  Pod  2-celled  by  a  transverse  par- 
tition, 2-valved,  or  sometimes  indehiscent  or  transversely  jointed.  Bracts 
and  stipules  none. 

11.  Capparidaceae  (p.  74).  Sepals  and  petals  4.  Stamens  6  or  more,  nearly 
equal.  Pod  1-celled,  2-valved.  Embryo  coiled.  Leaves  often  palmately 
divided ;  bracts  and  stipules  often  present. 

12.  Resedaceae  (p.  75).     Sepals  and  petals  4-7,  irregular.     Stamens  indefi- 

nite on  an  liypogynous  disk,  not  covered  in  the  bud.     Pod  1-celled,  3-6- 
lobed,  opening  at  tlie  top. 
++++++  Embryo  rather  large  in  fleshy  all)umen ;  placentae  on  the  middle  of 
the  valves ;  calyx  persistent. 

13.  Cistaoeae  (p.  76).  Flowers  regular;  sepals  and  petals  5,  the  two  outer 
sepals* minute.  Stamens  indefinite.  Pod  1-celled,  3-.5-valved.  Ovules 
orthotropous.     Embryo  curved.     Leaves  entire,  the  lower  often  opposite. 

14.  Violaceae  (p.  78).    Flowers  irregular;  sepals  and  petals  5.     Stamens  5, 

with  connivent  introrse  anthers.  Style  clavate.  Pod  1-celled,  3-valved. 
Ovules  anatropous.     Embryo  straight.     Stipules  present. 


SYNOPSIS    OF   THE    ORDERS.  7 

*  S.  Ovary  compound,  1-celled,  with  central  placentae  ;  embryo  curved  around 
mealy  albumen  (except  in  Dianthus) ;  leaves  entire  ;  stipules  mostly  none. 

15.  Caryophyllacece  (p.  82).  Sepals  (5,  rarely  4)  distinct  or  united,  per- 
sistent. Petals  as  many,  rarely  none.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many, 
rarely  fewer.     Styles  2-5.    Leaves  opposite. 

16.  Portulacaceae  (p.  90).  Sepals  2,  Petals  5.  Stamens  5-20.  Capsule 
3-valved  or  circumscissile.     Fleshy  herbs ;  leaves  mostly  alternate. 

*  4.  Calyx  imbricate ;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or 

often  indefinite;  ovary  compound,  1-celled  with  parietal  placenta?  or  sev- 
eral-celled with  the  placental  united  in  the  axis;  embryo  straight  or 
slightly  curved ;  albumen  none  or  scanty. 

17.  Elatinaceae  (p.  91).  Small  marsh  annuals,  with  opposite  leaves,  membra- 
nous stipules,  minute  axillary  flowers,  few  stamens,  and  pod  2-5-cclled. 

18.  Hypericaceae  (p.  92).     Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  dotted 

leaves  and  no  stipules.  Flowers  cymose  or  panicled.  Stamens  few  or 
many,  usually  in  .3  or  more  clusters.     Pod  1-celled  or  3-5-celled. 

19.  Terns trcemiaceaB  (p.  95).  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and 
no  stipules.  Flowers  large,  axillary,  solitary.  Stamens  numerous,  more 
or  less  united  together  and  with  the  base  of  the  petals.     Pod  3  -  5-celled. 

*  5.  Calyx  valvate;  stamens  numerous,  usually  more  or  less  united  together 

and  with  the  base  of  the  petals ;  ovary  3  -  many-celled  witli  the  placentai 
united  in  the  axis  (becoming  1-celled  and  1-seeded  in  Tilia). 

20.  Malvaceae   (p.  96).     Stamens  monadelphous;  anthers  1-celled.     Calyx 

persistent.  Seeds  kidney-shaped,  witli  curved  embryo  and  little  albumen. 
Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  palmately  veined  stipular  leaves. 

21.  Tiliaceae  (p.  101).     Stamens  polyadelphous  or  nearly  distinct ;  anthers 

2-celled.  Calyx  deciduous.  Embryo  nearly  straight.  Trees,  with  alter- 
nate leaves  and  deciduous  stipules. 

B.  DISCIFLOR^E.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  as  many  or 
fewer,  inserted  upon  or  at  the  outer  or  inner  base  of  a  more  or  less  tumid 
hypogynous  or  perigynous  disk,  which  is  cushion-like  or  annular  or  di- 
vided into  glands,  sometimes  obscure  or  minute  (or  none  in  Linum,  Ilex, 
some  Geraniaceaj  and  Polygala) ;  ovary  superior  (or  half-inferior  in  some 
Ehamnacew) ;  sepals  more  usually  distinct.  Petals  wanting  in  some 
Rutacea;,  Rhamnaceaj,  and  Sapindaceai. 

*  1.  Ovules  (mostly  1  or  2  in  each  cell)  pendulous,  with  the  rhaphe  toward 

the  axis  of  the  ovary;  disk  often  reduced  to  glands  alternate  with  the 
petals  or  none ;  ovary  often  lobed  or  the  carpels  nearly  distinct. 

22.  Linaceae   (p.  101).     Flowers  regular,  usually  5-merous.      Capsule  not 

lobed,  mostly  5-valved,  spuriously  10-celled,  10-seeded.  Stamens  united 
at  base.  Disk  none  or  5  minute  glands.  Herbs,  with  entire  alternate  or 
opposite  leaves;  stipules  gland-like  or  none. 

23.  Geraniaceae  (p.   102).      Flowers  regular  or  irregular,  5-merous  or  3- 

merous  as  to  tlie  stamens  and  pistils.  Ovary  3  -5-lobed,  the  cells  1  -few- 
ovuled,  and  axis  persistent.  Disk  of  5  glands  or  none.  Herbs,  with  often 
lobed  or  divided  mostly  alternate  leaves,  with  or  without  stipules. 


8  SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    ORDERS. 

24.  Riitaceae  (p.  106).  Mowers  mostly  regular,  3-5-inerous,  dioecious  or 
polygamous  in  our  genera.  Ovary  2  -  5-lobed  or  the  carpels  nearly  dis- 
tinct, upon  a  glandular  disk;  cells  2-ovuled.  Mostly  shrubs  or  trees, 
with  glandular-punctate  compound  leaves,  without  stipules. 

*  2.  Ovules  (1  or  2)  pendulous,  the  rliaphe  away  from  the  axis;  disk  none 

and  ovary  not  lobed. 

25.  Ilicinese  (p.  107).     Flowers  small,  dioeciously  polygamous,  axillary,  4- 

8-merous.  Fruit  a  4  -  8-seeded  berry-like  drupe.  Shrubs  or  trees,  with 
simple  alternate  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

*  3.  Ovules  (1  or  2  in  each  cell)  erect,  the  rhaphe  toward  the  axis ;  disk  fleshy, 

covering  the  base  of  the  calyx ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  at  the 
margin  of  the  disk ;  floAvers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious ;  albumen  fleshy; 
shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  leaves  (compound  in  some  Vitacea). 

26.  Celastraceae  (p.  109).  Sepals  and  petals  imbricated,  the  stamens  alter- 
nate with  the  petals.     Fruit  2-5-celled;  seeds  arilled. 

27.  Rhamnaceae  (p.  111).     Calyx  valvate.     Petals  small  or  none.     Stamens 

alternate  with  the  sepals.     Fruit  2  -  5-celled ;  seeds  solitary,  not  arilled. 

28.  Vitaceae  (p.  112).     Calyx  minute.     Stamens  opposite  the  valvate  cadu- 

cous petals.     Climbing  by  tendrils  opposite  the  alternate  leaves. 
«  4.  Ovules  (1  or  2)  ascending  or  horizontal,  or  pendulous  from  a  basal  funicle ; 
fleshy  disk  entire  or  lobed;  stamens  5-10;  shrubs  or  trees,  with  com- 
pound leaves  (simple  in  Acer)  and  mostly  polygamo-dioecious  and  often 
irregular  flowers;  petals  imbricate  (sometimes  none  in  Sapindacere). 

29.  Sapindacece  (p.  115).  Flowers  mostly  unsymmetrical  or  irregular. 
Ovary  2  -  3-celled  and  -lobed. 

30.  Anacardiaceae  (p.  118).     Flowers  regular,  5-androus.     Ovary  1 -celled, 

becoming  a  small  dry  drupe.     Leaves  alternate ;  juice  milky  or  resinous. 
*-  5.  Ovules  solitary,  pendulous  from  the  summit  of  the  2-celled  ovary;  disk 
none ;  flowers  irregular  (subpapilionaceous),  hypogynous ;  stamens  mon- 
adelphous  or  diadelphous  ;  anthers  1 -celled,  opening  by  an  apical  pore. 

31.  Polygalacese  (p.  120).     Herbs,  with   perfect  flowers  and  alternate  or 

opposite  or  whorled  entire  leaves.     Stamens  6-8.     Seed  carunculate. 

C.  CALYCIFLOR^.  Sepals  rarely  distinct;  disk  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  calyx,  rarely  tumid  or  conspicuous ;  petals  and  stamens  on  the  calyx, 
perigynous  or  epigynous,  the  ovary  l)eing  often  inferior  (hypogynous  in 
Drosera  and  Paruassia,  nearly  so  in  some  Leguminosse  and  Crassulacese). 
Apetalous  flowers  in  Orders  33,  35,  36,  38,  39,  41,  42,  47,  and  50. 

*  1.  Ovary  usually  superior,  the  pistils  solitary,  or  several  and  distinct  (some- 

times more  or  less  united  but  at  least  the  styles  distinct  except  in  some 
Saxifragacese). 

32.  Leguminosae  (p.  122).      Flowers  papilionaceous  or  regular.     Stamens 

usually  10,  and  mostly  monadelphous  or  diadelphous.  Pistil  one,  free, 
becoming  a  legume;  style  terminal.  Albumen  none.  Leaves  mostly 
compound,  alternate,  stipular. 

33.  Rosaceae   (p.   150).     Flowers  regular,  with  usually  numerous  distinct 

stamens,  and  1  -many  pistils,  distinct  or  (in  Pomeae)  united  and  combined 


SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    ORDERS.  9 

with  the  calyx-tube ;  style  often  lateral  or  basal.  Calyx-lobes  and  petals 
mostly  5.  Ovules  mostly  1  or  2.  Albumen  mostly  none.  Trees,  shrubs, 
or  lierbs ;  leaves  usually  alternate  and  stipulate,  simple  or  compound. 

34.  Calycanthaceae  (p.  167).  Calyx-lobes,  petals,  and  stamens  indefinite. 
Pistils  nuniorous,  becoming  achenes  in  a  hollow  receptacle.  Albumen 
none.     Aromatic  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

35.  Saxifragaceae  (p.  1G8).  Flowers  regular,  with  5-10  stamens  (numer- 
ous in  Philadclphus),  few  (mostly  2)  more  or  less  united,  free  or  partially 
adnate  carpels,  and  few -many  ovules  on  axile  or  sometimes  parietal  ])la- 
centa;.  Seeds  albuminous.  Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate 
leaves,  with  or  without  stipules. 

36.  Crassulaceae  (p.  170).  Mostly  fleshy  herbs,  with  symmetrical  flowers, 
the  usually  distinct  many-seeded  carpels  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Seeds 
albuminous.     Leaves  alternate  or  opposite  or  whorled ;  stipules  none. 

37.  Droseraceae  (p.  178).  Glandular-haired  scapose  marsh  herbs,  with 
regular  5-merous  hypogynous  flowers.  Capsule  1-celled,  with  3-5  many- 
seeded  parietal  placentic.   Anthers  extrorse.   Leaves  circinate  in  vernation. 

38.  Hamamelideae   (p.  179).      Shrubs  or  trees;   flowers  often  polygamo- 

monoecious,  in  clusters,  heads,  or  spikes;  petals  often  none.  Seeds  2  or 
more,  bony,  in  a  2-beaked  Avoody  pod  opening  above,  the  base  adnate  to 
tlie  calyx-tube.     Stamens  few  or  many.     Leaves  alternate,  simple. 

39.  Halorageae  (j).  180).  Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs;  flowers  perfect  or  po- 
lygamo-dioecious,  small,  axillary  or  spicate ;  petals  often  none.  Stamens 
1-8.  Ovary  inferior,  the  calyx-limb  obsolete  or  very  short.  Fruit  small, 
indehiscent,  1  -  4-celled,  1  -  4-seeded.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  the 
submersed  often  dissected. 

*  2.  Ovary  inferior  (except  in  Lythracea),  1  -  several-celled ;    style  entire; 

flowers  perfect,  regular  or  nearly  so,  mostly  4-raerous ;  herbs,  with  simple 
and  mostly  entire  leaves  without  stipules. 

40.  Melastomaceae  (p.  183).      Calyx  open.      Stamens  definite;    anthers 

opening  by  an  apical  pore.    Leaves  opposite,  3  -  7-nerved ;  flowers  cymose. 

41.  Lythraceae  (p.  184).     Calyx-lobes  valvate.    Pod  free,  but  enclosed  in  the 

calyx,  membranous,  1  -4-celled,  many-seeded  with  axile  placenta.  Leaves 
mostly  opposite ;  flowers  axillary  or  whorled ;  petals  crumpled,  or  none. 

42.  Onagraceae  (p.  186).     Calyx-lobes  valvate.     Ovary  1  -  4-celled,  the  cells 

1  -  mauy-ovuled.  Stamens  2,  4,  or  8.  Petals  2  or  4,  convolute,  or  none- 
Leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

*  3.  Ovary  inferior  (except  in  Passifloraceaj  and  Ficoideae),  1-celled  with  pari- 

etal placenta?  or  several-celled  by  tlie  intrusion  of  the  placenta;  flowers 
regular,  perfect  or  unisexual ;  styles  free  or  united ;  herbs. 
•»-  Embryo  straight ;  cotyledons  foliaceous ;  leaves  alternate,  often  lobed. 

43.  Loasaceae  (p.  193).    Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  indefinite.     Style  entire 

or  2-3-cleft.  Capsule  1-celled,  with  2  or  3  many-seeded  placentae.  Pu- 
bescence of  hooked  hairs. 

44.  Passifloraceae  (p.  194).     Climbing  by  tendrils.     Flowers  perfect.    Sta- 

mens 5,  monadelphous.  Ovary  stalked,  superior,  becoming  a  1-celled 
many -seeded  berry  with  3  or  4  placeutx.     Styles  3,  clavate. 


10  SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    ORDERS. 

45.  Cucurbitaceae  (p.  194).  Tendril-bearing  vines,  with  dioecious  or  monce- 
cious  flowers.  Corolla  5-lobed,  often  confluent  Avith  the  calyx.  Stamens 
3  or  5,  usually  more  or  less  united  and  the  anthers  often  tortuous.  Fruit 
fleshy  or  membranous,  1  -  5-celled,  the  placentee  often  produced  to  the 
axis  and  revolute.     Seeds  exalbuminous. 

1-  1-  Embryo  curved  or  coiled  about  central  albumen ;  leaves  entire. 

46.  Cactaceae  (p.  196).  Fleshy  and  mostly  leafless  prickly  plants,  Avith  sol- 
itary sessile  perfect  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  and  petals  indefinite,  imbricated, 
the  numerous  stamens  on  the  tube.     Fruit  a  1-celled  many-seeded  berry. 

47.  Ficoideae  (p.  198).     Calyx-lobes  or  sepals  5  and  petals  none  in  our  gen- 

era. Capsule  3  -  5-celled  with  axile  placentae,  loculicidal  or  circumscissile, 
many-seeded.     Often  fleshy ;  leaves  mostly  opposite  or  verticillate. 

*  4.  Flowers  small,  regular,  perfect  or  polygamous ;  calyx-limb  minute  or  ob- 

solete; ovary  inferior,  2  -  several-celled,  with  solitary  pendulous  ovules; 
petals  and  stamens  mostly  4  or  5,  on  the  margin  of  an  epigynous  disk 
surrounding  the  styles ;  albumen  copious. 

48.  Umbelliferae  (p.  198).  Flowers  in  umbels  or  heads.  Petals  (inflexed) 
and  stamens  5.  Styles  2.  Fruit  of  2  dry  seed-like  carpels,  the  pericarp 
usually  with  oil-tubes.     Herbs,  Avith  alternate  mostly  compound  leaves^ 

49.  Araliaceae  (p.  212).  FloAvers  mostly  in  umbels  and  nearly  as  in  Umbel- 
liferiB ;  petals  not  inflexed  and  styles  2  or  more.  Fruit  a  2  -  several-celled 
drupe.     Herbs  or  shrubs,  Avith  alternate  mostly  compound  leaves. 

50.  Cornaceae  (p.  213).  FloAvers  not  in  umbels;  petals  (vah-ate,  or  none) 
and  stamens  4  or  5.  Style  1.  Fruit  a  1 -2-seeded  drupe.  Trees,  shrubs, 
or  rarely  herbs,  Avitli  opposite  or  alternate  simple  and  mostly  entire  leaves. 

Division  IL  GAMOPETALOUS:  calyx  and  corolla  both  present, 
the  latter  of  united  petals  (excepting  some  Ericacea;,  Styracacese, 
and  Oleaceae,  Galax,  Statice,  and  Lysimachia).  Apetalous  flow-ers 
occur  in  Glaux  and  some  Oleacefe.  Stipules  present  only  in  Rubi- 
aceje  and  Loganiacea?,  or  rarely  in  Caprifoliaceae. 

*  1.  Ovary  inferior;  stamens  borne  upon  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes. 
*-  Stamens  distinct ;  leaves  opposite  or  Avhorled ;  seed  albuminous  except  in 

Valerianaceffi. 

51.  Caprifoliaceae  (p.  216),  Corolla  mostly  5-lobed,  regular  or  irregular, 
Jthe  stamens  as  many  (one  feAver  in  Linnaa,  doubled  in  Adoxa)  Ovary  1  - 
several-celled ;  fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  pod,  1  -  several-seeded.  Shrubs  or 
herbs ;  leaves  opposite,  rarely  stipular,  not  turning  black  in  drying. 

52.  Rubiaceae  (p.  222).  FloAvers  regular,  4 -  5-merous,  the  corolla  mostly 
valvate.  OA^ary  2-4-celled.  Herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  simple,  entire,  op- 
posite Avith  stipules,  or  verticillate,  usually  turning  black  in  drying. 

53.  Valerianaceae  (p.  228).     Stamens  (1-4)  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the 

somcAvhat  irregular  corolla.  Ovary  Avith  two  abortive  or  empty  cells  and 
one  containing  a  suspended  ovule.     Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent.     Herbs. 

54.  Dipsaceae  (p.  229).     Flowers  mostly  4-merous  and  Avith  4  (rarely  2)  sta- 

mens, involucellate  in  involucrate  heads ;  corolla-lobes  imbricate.  Ova^y 
simple,  1-celled,  Avith  a  suspended  ovule.     Herbs. 


SYNOPSIS    OP   THE    ORDERS.  11 

-t-  -H-  Anthers  connate  into  a  tube. 

55.  Compositae  (p.  230).  Stamens  as  many  as  the  valvate  corolla-lobes. 
Ovary  witli  a  solitary  erect  ovule,  becoming  an  achcne.  Albumen  none. 
Calyx-limb  reduced  to  a  pappus  or  none.     Flowers  in  involucrate  heads. 

*  2.  Ovary  inferior  (or  superior  in  most  Ericacete  and  in  Diajjcnsiaceae) ;  sta- 

mens free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so  (adnate  in  some  Diajjcnsiacea), 
as  many  as  the  lobes  and  alternate  with  them,  or  twice  as  many  ;  leaves 
alternate  (opposite  in  some  Ericaceaj) ;  style  1. 

H-  Juice  milky ;  capsule  2  -  5-celled,  many-seeded ;  herbs. 

56.  Lobeliaceae  (p.  305).    Corolla  irregular,  5-lobed.    Stamens  united,  at 

least  by  the  anthers.     Capsule  2-celled  or  with  two  placentaj. 

57.  Campanulacese  (p.  307).  Corolla  regular,  5-lobed,  valvate.  Stamens 
usually  distinct.     Capsule  2  -  several-celled. 

-t-  t-  Juice  not  milky  nor  acrid ;  capsule  3-  10-celled. 

58.  Ericaceae  (p.  309).     Flowers  mostly  regular,  4-5-merous.      Stamens 

distinct,  more  usually  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  or  petals.  Ovary 
inferior  or  superior.     Herbs  or  shrubs. 

59.  Diapensiaceae  (p.  326).  Flowers  regular.  Stamens  5,  on  the  corolla, 
or  monadelphous  Avith  5  petaloid  stamiuodia.     Ovary  superior,  3-celled. 

*  3.  Ovary  superior;  stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  opposite  them. 

60.  Plumbaginaceae    (p.  327).      Stamens  5,   on  the   base  of  the  petals. 

Styles  5.    Fruit  an  achene  or  1 -seeded  utricle.     Herbs;  leaves  radical. 

61.  Primulaceae  (p.  328).  Stamens  4-8,  perigynous.  Style  1.  Fruit  a 
capsule  with  several  seeds  on  a  central  placenta.  Herbs ;  leaves  radical 
or  opposite  or  alternate. 

62.  Sapotaceae  (p.  332).  Flowers  small,  4-5-merous.  Style  1.  Ovary 
few  -  .several-celled ;  fruit  fleshy,  bearing  a  single  bony -coated  seed. 
Shrubs  or  trees,  with  milky  juice  and  alternate  entire  leaves. 

*  4.  Ovary  superior  or  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  calyx,  few  -  several-celled, 

the  cells  1-ovuled ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  or  more ; 
trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves. 

63.  Ebenaceae  (p.  333).  Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous  Stamens  on 
the  corolla.     Ovary  superior.     Styles  distinct.     Fruit  fleshy,  few-seeded. 

64.  Styracaceae  (p.  333).  Flowers  perfect.  Stamens  subhypogynous.  Ovary 
more  or  less  inferior.     Style  1.     Fruit  dry  or  nearly  so,  1  -4-see(led. 

*  5.  Ovary  superior,  of  two  carpels  (sometimes  by  division  apparently  4-car- 

pellary,  sometimes  of  3-5  in  Polemoniaceaj,  Convolvulaceas,  and  Sola- 
naceie) ;  stamens  on  the  corolla  (except  in  apetalous  Oleaceae),  alternate 
with  its  lobes,  as  many  or  fewer. 

■*-  Corolla  not  scarious  and  nerveless. 

++  Corolla  none,  or  regular  and  4-cleft  or  -parted,  the  stamens  fewer  tlian  its 

lobes;  style  1 ;  seeds  1-3. 

65.  Oleaceae  (p.  335).  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  and  pinnate  or  simple 
leaves.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dicecious.  Stamens  mostly  2,  alter- 
nate with  the  usually  2-ovuled  carpels. 


12  SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    ORDERS. 

•*-*■  ++  Corolla  regular,  its  lobes  4  -  5  or  rarely  more ;  stamens  as  many. 
=  Ovaries  2,  becoming  follicles;  stigmas  and  sometimes  the  styles  united; 
herbs  with  milky  juice,  perfect  5-merous  flowers,  and  simple  entire  leaves. 

66.  Apocynaceae  (p.  337).  Stamens  distinct  or  the  anthers  merely  conni- 
vent,  with  ordinary  pollen.     Style  1. 

67.  Asclepiadacese  (p.  338).  Stamens  monadelphous,  the  anthers  perma- 
nently attached  to  a  large  stigmatic  body ;  pollen  mostly  in  waxy  masses. 
Styles  distinct  below  the  stigma. 

r=  =  Ovary  compound  (ovaries  two  in  Dichondra),  with  2  or  3  (rarely  4  or  5) 
cells  or  placentae ;  stamens  distinct ;  mostly  herbs. 
a.  Leaves  opposite ;  corolla-lobes  4  or  5  or  more. 

68.  Loganiaceae  (p.  345).    Leaves  entire,  with  stipules  or  a  stipular  line 

joining  their  bases.  Capsule  2-celled,  few  -  many -seeded.  Herbs  or 
woody  twiners  (our  species). 

69.  Geutianaceae  (p.  346).  Glabrous  herbs;  leaves  entire,  sessile  and  sim- 
ple (except  in  Menyanthes).  Capsule  1 -celled  with  2  parietal  placentae 
or  the  whole  inner  surface  ovuliferous,  many-seeded. 

6.  Leaves  alternate  (sometimes  opposite  in  Polemoniaceae  and  Hydrophyl- 
laceffi) ;  corolla-lobes  always  5  in  our  species. 

70.  PolemoniaceaB  (p.  354).      Capsule  usually  3-celled,  loculicidal;  seeds 

1  -  many  in  each  cell  on  the  stout  placental  axis.  Style  3-cleft  or  -lobed. 
Leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  simple  or  compound. 

71.  Hydrophyllaceae  (p.  357).    Leaves  often  lobed  or  divided,  and  the  in- 

florescence frequently  scorpioid.  Style  2-parted  or  2-lobed.  Capsule 
1 -celled,  2-valved  with  two  parietal  or  introflexed  placentae,  or  sometimes 
2-celled.     Seeds  2  or  more  on  each  placenta. 

72.  Borraginacece   (p.  360).     Leaves  mostly  entire  and  plants  often  rough- 

hispid  ;  inflorescence  commonly  scorpioid.  Style  1.  Ovary  4-ovulate, 
usually  4-lobed  and  maturing  as  4  separate  or  separable  nutlets,  or  not 
lobed,  2-4-celled  and  separating  when  ripe  into  2  or  4  nutlets. 

73.  Convolvulaceae  (p.  367).  Usually  twining  or  trailing ;  flowers  on  ax- 
illary peduncles  or  cymose-glomerate.  Corolla  5-lobed  or  5-plaited, 
twisted  in  the  bud.  Styles  1  or  2.  Ovary  2-  (sometimes  3-  or  spuriously 
4-)  celled,  becoming  a  globular  4-6-seeded  capsule  (or  ovaries  two  and 
distinct  in  Dichondra).     Cotyledons  broad-foliaceous. 

74.  Solanaceae  (p.  373).  Style  1.  Ovary  2-celled  (rarely  3  -  5-celled),  with 
numerous  ovules  on  axillary  placentae,  becoming  a  pod  or  berry.  Cotyle- 
dons narrow. 

++++++  Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiately  irregular  (sometimes  nearly  regular), 
5-lobed.  Fertile  stamens  4  and  didynamous,  or  2.  Style  1.  Ovary 
always  of  two  carpels. 

a.  Ovules  several  or  many. 

75.  Scrophulariaceae   (p.  377).     Capsule  2-celled,  with  central  placentae. 

Seeds  small,  usually  numerous.     Herbs ;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite. 

76.  Orobanchaceae  (p.  393).  Koot-parasites  with  no  green  foliage.  Cap- 
sule 1 -celled,  with  2  simple  or  double  parietal  placentae.     Seeds  many. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    ORDERS.  13 

77.  Lentibulariaceae  (p.  395).  Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  scapes  or 
scape-like  peduncles,  sometimes  nearly  leafless.  Corolla  personate  and 
spurred.     Capsule  globular,  1 -celled  ;  placentae  central,  free,  many-seeded. 

78.  Bignoniaceae  (j).  398).     Large-flowered  trees  or  often  climbing  shrubs, 

with  usually  opposite  simple  or  compound  leaves.  Capsule  2-ccllcd  by  a 
partition  between  the  2  parietal  placenta;.  Seeds  numerous,  large,  mostly 
winged. 

79.  Pedaliaccae  (p.  399).  Herbs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves.  Ovary  1- 
celled  with  two  bilamellar  parietal  placenta;,  or  2-4-celled  by  their  union, 
becoming  drupaceous  or  capsular.     Seeds  few  or  many,  wingless. 

80.  Acauthaceae  (p.  399).     Herbs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves.     Capsule 

2-celled,  loculicidal,  with  each  axile  placenta  bearing  2-10  flattish  seeds. 

b.  Cells  of  the  ovary  1  -2-ovuled;  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves. 

81.  Verbenaceae  (p.  401).  Ovary  2-4-celled,  not  lobed,  the  dry  or  drupa- 
ceous fruit  separating  into  2  or  4  1-seeded  nutlets  (fruit  1-celled  and  1- 
seeded  in  Phryma).     Style  terminal. 

82.  Labiatae  (p.  403).     Ovary  deeply  4-lohed  around  the  style,  the  lobes  be- 

coming dry  seed-like  nutlets.     Stems  square ;  aromatic, 
t-  -t-  Corolla  scarious  and  nerveless;  flowers  regular,  4-merous;  style  1. 

83.  Plantaginaceae  (p.  422).  Scapose  herbs,  with  perfect  or  polygamo- 
dicccious  or  monoecious  flowers  in  1  -  many-flowered  spikes.  Fruit  a  cir- 
cumscissile  2-celled  capsule,  with  one  or  more  peltate  seeds  in  each  cell, 
or  an  achene. 

Division  III.  APETALOUS  EXOGENS.  The  corolla  wanting 
(except  in  some  Euphorbiaceas),  and  sometimes  also  the  calyx. 

*  1.  Ovary  superior  (though  sometimes  enclosed  within  the  calyx),  1-celled 
with  a  solitary  basal  ovule  (several-celled  in  Phytolaccacea;) ;  embryo 
coiled  or  curved  (nearly  straight  in  Polygonacea;)  in  or  about  mealy  albu- 
men (albumen  none  in  some  Chenopodiaceje) ;  herbs. 

<-  Fruit  the  hardened  or  membranous  closed  base  of  the  corolla-like  perianth 
enclosing  a  utricle. 

84.  NyctaginaceaB  {p.  425).  Perianth  tubiilar  or  funnelform.  Stamens 
hypogynous.     Fruit  ribbed  or  winged.     Leaves  opposite ;  stipules  none. 

+-  -*-  Fruit  a  utricle ;  perianth  mostly  persistent,  small,  4  -  5-lobed  or  -parted, 

or  none. 

85.  Ulecebraceae  (p.  42G).  Perianth  herbaceous.  Stamens  perigynous- 
Leaves  opposite  ;  stipules  scarious  (none  in  Scleranthus). 

86.  Amarantaceae  (p.  427).  Flowers  sessile,  bracteate,  the  bracts  (usually 
3)  more  or  less  dry  and  scarious,  as  well  as  the  3-5  distinct  sepals.  Sta- 
mens 1-5,  hypogynous.  Utricle  indehiscent  or  circumscissile.  Embryo 
annular.     Leaves  mostly  alternate,  entire ;  stipules  none. 

87.  Chenopodiaceae  (p.  430).  Flowers  sessile,  not  scarious-bracteate. 
Sepals  greenish  or  succulent,  5  or  fewer,  or  none.  Stamens  5  or  fewer, 
perigvnous  or  hypogynous.  Embryo  annular  or  spiral  or  couduplicate. 
Leaves  alternate ;  stipules  none. 


I  1  SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    ORDERS. 

H-  -»-  -I-  Ovary  of  several  1-ovuled  carpels,  in  fruit  a  berry  (in  our  genera). 

88.  Phytolaccaceae  (p.  435).     Sepals  4 -.5,  petaloid  or  herbaceous.     Sta- 

mens 5-30,  hypogynous.  Carpels  5-12.  Embryo  annular.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire ;  stipules  none. 

•I-  -1-  -I-  H-  Fruit  a  triangular  or  lenticular  achene. 

89.  Polygonaceae  (p.  436).     Flowers  on  jointed  pedicels.     Calyx  3  -  6-lobed 

or  -parted,  more  or  less  corolla-like.  Stamens  4-12,  on  the  calyx.  Em- 
bryo nearly  straight.     Leaves  alternate,  with  sheathing  stipules  or  none. 

*  2.  Ovary  compound,  the  cells  mauy-ovuled  (or  1-ovuled  in  Piperacece) ;  em- 

bryo minute  in  copious  albumen ;  flowers  perfect. 

90.  Podostemaceae   (p.  444).     Aquatic,  with  the  aspect  of  sea-weeds  or 

mosses,  with  minute  naked  flowers  from  a  spathe-like  involucre.  Ovary 
superior;  pod  2-3-celled. 

91.  Aristolochiaceae    {p.   444).      Terrestrial  herbs  or   climbing    shrubs. 

Calyx  valvate,  adnate  at  least  at  base  to  the  6-celled  many-seeded  ovary. 
Stamens  6-12,  more  or  less  united  with  the  style.  Leaves  alternate, 
mostly  cordate ;  stipules  none. 

92.  Piperaceae  (§  Saururege),  (p.  446).    Marsh  herb  (our  species).    Perianth 

none.  Carpels  3-4,  distinct,  with  usually  a  single  ascending  seed. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire. 

*  3.  Ovary  superior,  simple,  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  forming  a  berry  or  drupe; 

trees  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

93.  Lauraceae  (p.  446).     Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious.     Sepals  4  or  6,  in  2 

rows.  Stamens  9-12;  anthers  opening  by  2  or  4  uplifted  valves.  Seed 
suspended  ;  albumen  none.     Aromatic ;  leaves  alternate. 

94.  Thymelaeaceae  (p.  448).  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  corolla-like,  4-5- 
cleft.  Stamens  twice  as  many.  Seed  suspended,  with  little  or  no  albu- 
men.    Acrid  shrubs  with  very  tough  bark ;  leaves  alternate. 

95.  Elaeagnaceee  (p.  448).    Flowers  mostly  dioecious.    Calyx-tube  becoming 

berry-like  and  enclosing  the  achene.  Seed  erect,  albuminous.  Leaves 
silvery-scurfy,  opposite. 

*  4.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled,   1-3-ovuled    (but  1 -seeded);   albumen  without 

testa,  bearing  the  embryo  in  a  cavity  at  the  apex ;  calyx-lobes  valvate. 

96.  Loranthaceae  (p.  449).     Parasitic  on  trees,  with  jointed  stems  and  op- 

posite leaves.     Flowers  dioecious.     Ovule  solitary,  erect.     Fruit  a  berry. 

97.  Santalaceae  (p.  450).  Flowers  perfect.  Ovules  2-4,  suspended  from 
the  apex  of  a  central  placenta.    Fruit  dry,  indehiscent.    Leaves  alternate. 

*  5.  Flowers  all  unisexual  (polygamous  in  some  Urticaceae  and  Empetraceae, 

apparently  perfect  in  Euphorbia) ;  cells  1  -  2-ovuled ;  embryo  nearly  as 
long  as  the  albumen  or  filling  the  seed ;  calyx  often  wanting,  corolla-like 
only  in  some  Euphorbiacea  and  Empetracea? ;  stipules  often  present. 
-.-  1.  Ovary  superior,  3-celled  (1-celled  in  Crotonopsis)  with  1  or  2  pendulous 
ovules  in  each  cell;  herbs. 

98.  Euphorbiaceae  (p.  451).    Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  (involucrate 

and  apparently  perfect  in  Euphorbia).  Mostly  with  milky  juice,  and 
usualb'  alternate  often  stipulate  leaves. 


SYNOPSIS    OF   THE    ORDERS.  15 

H-  2.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded ;  trees  or  shrubs  (except  some  Urticaceae). 
++  Calyx  regular,  the  stamens  as  mauy  as  the  lobes  aud  opposite  them  or 

fewer ;  ovary  s. jperior. 
99.  Urticaceae  (p.  461).     Flowers  monojcious,  dicjecious,  or  (in  Ulmeaj)  per- 
fect.    Seeds  exalbuminous  or  nearly  so.     luHurescence  very  various. 
■♦-*•  ++  Perianth  mostly  none ;  at  least  the  staminate  flowers  in  amcnts  or  spikes 
or  dense  heads ;  albumen  none. 

100.  Platanaceae  (p.  406).  Trees,  with  alternate  palraately  lobcd  leaves, 
sheatliiug  stipules,  and  monoicious  flowers  in  separate  globose  heads. 
Ovary  superior;  fruit  a  club-shaped  nutlet. 

101.  Juglandaceae  (p.  407).  Trees,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  no  stip- 
ules, and  mona'cious  flowers,  the  staminate  in  aments.  Ovary  inferior; 
fruit  a  nut. 

102.  Myricaceae  (p.  469).  Shrubs,  with  resiuous-dotted  leaves,  with  or  with- 
out stipules,  and  raouoicious  or  dioecious  flowers,  botli  kinds  in  short  scaly 
aments.     Ovary  superior,  becoming  a  small  drupe-like  nut. 

•*-  3.  Ovary  2  -  7-celled,  with  1  or  2  suspended  ovules  in  each  cell,  becoming 
1-celled  and  1-seeded;  calyx  mostly  none  or  adherent  to  the  ovary;  trees 
or  shrubs  with  simple  leaves. 

103.  Cupuliferae  (p.  470).  Flowers  monoecious.  Fruit  a  nut  surrounded  by 
an  involucre,  or  (in  Betuleoe)  a  small  winged  or  angled  naked  nutlet  in 
the  axils  of  the  scales  of  an  ament. 

•»-  4.  Ovary  1-celled,  becoming  a  2-valved  pod  with  two  parietal  or  basal  pla- 
centa bearing  numerous  small  comose  seeds ;  perianth  none. 

104.  Salicaceae  (p.  480).  Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  both  kinds  of 
flowers  in  aments,  and  simple  alternate  stipulate  leaves. 

•t-  5.  Ovary  several-celled,  becoming  a  drupe  containing  3-9  1-seeded  nutlets ; 
seed  erect ;  low  shrubby  heath-like  evergreens. 

105.  Empetraceae  (p.  487).  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  scaly-bracted. 
Sepals  somewhat  petaloid  or  none.     Embryo  axile  in  copious  albumen. 

-t-  6.  Ovary  1-celled  Avith  a  suspended  ovule,  becoming  an  achene  ;  calyx  none ; 
aquatic  herbs,  with  finely  dissected  whorled  leaves. 

106.  Ceratophyllaceae  (p.  488).  Flowers  monoecious,  minute,  axillary  aud 
sessile.    Albumen  none ;  the  seed  filled  with  a  highly  developed  embryo. 

Subclass  IL  GYMNOSPERMOUS  EXOGENS.  Ovules  naked 
upon  a  scale,  bract,  or  disk.     Cotyledons  two  or  more. 

107.  Coniferae  (p.  489).  Resiniferous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  awl- 
shaped  or  needle-shaped  and  evergreen  leaves,  and  mona^cious  or  diacious 
flowers. 

Class  II.     MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Stems  without  central  pith  or  annular  layers,  but  havinj;  the  woody 
fibres  distributed  irregularly  through  them  (a  transverse  slice  showing 
the  fibres  as  dots  scattered  through  the  cellular  tissue).  Embryo  with  a 
single  cotyledon  and  the  early  leaves  always  alternate.     Parts  of  the 


16  SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    ORDERS. 

flower  usually  in  threes  (never  in  fives),  and  the  leaves  mostly  parallel- 
veined.     Our  species  herbaceous,  excepting  Smilax. 

*  Ovary  inferior  (superior  in  Bromeliacete,  nearly  so  in  some  Hemodoracese)  ; 

at  least  the  inner  lobes  of  the  perianth  petal-like. 

■i-  1 .  Seeds  without  albumen,  very  numerous  and  minute. 

108.  Hydrocharidacege  (p.  495).  Aquatics,  with  dioecious  or  polygamous 
flowers  from  a  spathe;  outer  perianth  calyx-like,  the  inner  sometimes 
wanting.  Stamens  3-12.  Ovary  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae  or 
6  -  9-celled  with  axUe  placentas. 

109.  Burmanniacese  (p.  496).  Terrestrial,  with  scale-like  cauline  leaves  and 
regular  perfect  triandrous  flowers.     Perianth  corolla-like. 

110.  Orchidaceae  (p.  497).  Terrestrial,  with  very  irregular  perfect  flowers. 
Stamens  and  style  connate ;  anthers  1  or  2.  Capsule  1-celled;  placentae 
3,  parietal.     Perianth  corolla-like. 

■t-  2.  Seeds  albuminous.     (Ovary  3-celled  and  flowers  regular  in  our  genera.) 

111.  Bromeliaceae  (p.  511).  Mostly  epiphytes,  with  dry  persistent  scurfy 
leaves.     Flowers  6-androus ;  outer  perianth  calyx-like. 

112.  Hemodoraceae  (p.  512).  Fibrous-rooted,  Math  equitant  leaves  and  per- 
fect 3-  or  6-audrous  flowers.  Perianth  persistent,  woolly  or  scurfy  outside. 
(Ovary  sometimes  nearly  free;  leaves  flat  in  Aletris.) 

113.  Iridaceae  (p.  513).  Root  not  bulbous;  leaves  equitant  in  two  ranks. 
Flowers  from  a  spathe.  Stamens  3,  opposite  the  outer  lobes  of  the  co- 
rolla-like perianth ;  anthers  extrorse. 

114.  Amaryllidaceae  (p.  515).  Often  bulbous-rooted  and  scapose.  Peri- 
anth corolla-like.     Stamens  6 ;  anthers  introrse. 

115.  Dioscoreaceae  (p.  517).  Climbing,  with  net-veined  leaves.  Flowers 
dioecious,  small,  6-androus ;  perianth  calyx-like.    Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 

«  *  Ovary  superior  (very  rarely  partially  adnate  to  the  calyx  in  Liliaceae). 

4-  1.  At  least  the  inner  perianth  corolla-like;  ovary  compound;  seeds  with 

copious  albumen. 

116.  Liliaceae  (p.  517).  Flowers  perfect,  6-androus,  the  regular  perianth 
corolla-like  (dioecious  in  Smikx,  dimerous  in  Maianthemum,  the  outer 
divisions  herbaceous  in  Trillium).     Fruit  a  3-celled  capsule  or  berry. 

117.  Pontederiaceae  (p.  535).  Aquatic,  with  more  or  less  irregular  perfect 
flowers  from  a  spathe ;  perianth  corolla-like.  Stamens  3  or  6,  mostly  un- 
equal or  dissimilar.     Capsule  1-celled  or  imperfectly  3-celled. 

118.  Xyridace^  (p.  536).  Eush-like,  scapose.  Flowers  capitate,  perfect, 
3-androus,  the  calyx  glumaceous.     Capsule  1-celled. 

119.  Mayacese  (p.  537).  Moss-like  aquatic.  Flowers  perfect,  axillary,  soli- 
tary, 3-androus ;  calyx  herbaceous.     Capsule  1-celled. 

120.  Commelinaceae  (p.  538).  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  somewhat  irreg- 
ular, with  3  more  or  less  herbaceous  persistent  sepals  and  3  fugacious 
petals.     Stamens  6  or  some  sterile.     Capsule  2  -  3-celled. 

127.  Eriocauleae  (p.  566).  Scapose  aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  linear 
leaves  and  dense  heads  of  monoecious  (rarely  dioecious)  mmute  flowers. 
Corolla  tubular  or  none.     Capsule  2  -  3-celled,  2  -  3-seeded. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    ORDERS.  17 

•♦-  2.  Perianth  small,  of  6  equal  persistent  glumaceous  segments;    flowers 
perfect;  ovary  compound. 

121.  Juncacece  (p.  539).  Kush-like.  Stamens  3  or  6.  Capsule  1-  or  3- 
celled,  3-valved. 

•>-  3.  Flowers  without  chaffy  glumes,  the  perianth  none  or  reduced  to  bristles 
or  sepal-like  scales ;  flowers  often  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  carpels  solitary 
or  united. 

•*■*■  Flowers  capitate  or  upon  a  spike  or  spadix,  with  or  without  a  spatlie. 

122.  Typhaceae  (p.  547).  Marsh  or  aquatic  plants,  with  linear  leaves,  and 
monoecious  flowers  without  proper  perianth,  in  heads  or  a  naked  spike. 

123.  Araceae  (p.  548).  Flowers  perfect  or  monoecious  upon  the  same  spadix, 
rarely  dioecious,  with  4  or  6  scale-like  sepals  or  none. 

++  4.+  Flowers  very  minute,  one  or  few  from  the  margin  of  a  floating  disk- 
like frond. 

124.  Lemnaceae  (p.  551).  Plants  very  small,  green,  mostly  lenticular  or 
globose. 

-I-  4.  Perianth  of  4  or  6  segments,  the  inner  often  petaloid,  or  none ;  carpels 
solitary  or  distinct  (coherent  in  Triglochin) ;  seeds  without  albumen ; 
aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  often  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

125.  Alismaceae  (p.  553).     Perianth  of  6  segments,  the  inner  petal-like. 

126.  Naiadaceae  (p.  557).     Perianth-segments  herbaceous  or  none. 

•*-  5.  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  chaffy  scales  or  glumes  arranged  in  spikes  or 
spikelets,  without  evident  perianth ;  stamens  1  -  3 ;  ovary  1-celIed,  1-seeded ; 
seed  albuminous. 

128.  Cyperaceae  (p.  567).  Scales  single.  Perianth  none  or  replaced  by 
bristles.  Anthers  basifixed.  Fruit  a  triangular  or  lenticular  achene. 
Stem  solid,  often  triangular,  with  closed  sheaths. 

129.  Gramineae  (p.  623).  Glumes  in  pairs.  Perianth  replaced  by  minute 
scales.  Anthers  versatile.  Fruit  a  caryopsis.  Culm  usually  hollow, 
terete ;  sheaths  split  to  the  base. 

Series  IL     CRYPTOGAMOUS   or   FLOWERLESS   PLANTS; 

destitute  of  stamens  and  pistils,  in  fructification  producing  spores  in- 
stead of  seeds. 

Class  III.     ACROGENOUS   PLANTS. 

Cryptogamous  plants  with  a  distinct  axis  (stem  and  branches),  grow- 
ing from  the  apex  only,  and  furnished  for  the  most  part  with  distinct 
leaves  (sometimes  taking  the  form  of  an  expanded  leaf-like  usually  pros- 
trate thalliis)  ;  reproduction  by  means  of  antheridia  and  archegonia, 
sometimes  also  by  gemmation. 

Subclass  L    VASCULAR  ACROGENS,  or  PTERIDOPHYTES. 

Stems  (and  foliage  when  present)  containing  both  woody  fibre  and  ves- 
sels ;  antheridia  or  archegonia,  or  both,  borne  on  a  minute  prothallus, 
which  is  developed  from  the  spore  on  germination. 

2 


18  SYNOPSIS    OF   THE    ORDERS. 

*  Spores  of  only  one  kind ;  prothallus  bearing  antheridia  and  archegonia. 

130.  Equisetaceae  (p.  675).  Cylindric  jointed  hollow-stemmed  plants,  with 
toothed  sheaths.     Fructification  in  a  terminal  spike. 

131.  Filices  (p.  678).  Ferns,  with  fronds  circinate  in  vernation,  bearing  the 
fructification  on  the  under  surface  or  beneath  the  margin. 

132.  Ophioglossaceae  (p.  693).  Fronds  often  fern-like,  erect  in  vernation. 
Sporangia  globose,  coriaceous,  2-valved,  in  special  spikes  or  panicles. 

133.  Lycopodiaceae  (p.  695).  Low  moss-like  plants  with  elongated  stems 
and  small  persistent  entire  several-ranked  leaves.  Sporangia  solitary, 
axillary,  1-3-celled,  2-3-valved. 

*  *  Spores  of  two  kinds,  the  macrospore  producing  a  prothallus  with  arche- 
gonia,  the  microspore  smaller  and  developing  antheridia. 

134.  Selaginellaceae  (p.  697).  Low  leafy  moss-like  or  marsh  plants,  with 
branching  stems,  and  small  4  -  6-ranked  leaves,  or  with  a  corm-like  stem 
and  basal  linear-subulate  leaves,  the  two  kinds  of  spores  in  distinct  solitary 
axillary  1 -celled  sporangia. 

135.  Marsiliaceae  (p.  700).  The  two  kinds  of  spores  in  the  same  or  differ- 
ent sporangia  Avhich  are  borne  in  a  coriaceous  peduncled  sporocarp  arising 
from  a  slender  creeping  rhizome.     Fronds  digitately  4-foliolate  or  filiform. 

136.  Salviniaceae  (p.  701 ).  The  two  kinds  of  spores  in  separate  thin-walled 
1 -celled  sporocarps  or  conceptacles  clustered  beneath  the  small  floating 
fronds ;  macrospores  solitary. 

Subclass  II.  CELLULAR  ACROGENS,  or  BRYOPHYTES. 
Plants  with  cellular  tissue  only ;  both  antheridia  and  archegonia  borne 
upon  the  plant  itself.  —  Including  the  Musci,  or  Mosses  (which  are  not 
treated  of  here),  never  thallose,  and  bearing  capsules  which  usually  de- 
hisce by  a  lid  and  contain  spores  only,  and  the  Hepatic.e,  which  bear 
capsules  which  dehisce  by  valves  or  irregularly  and  usually  have  elaters 
mingled  with  the  spores.  The  latter  division  comprises  the  following 
Orders. 

*  Capsule  4-valved ;  plant  a  leafy  axis  or  sometimes  a  branching  thallus. 

137.  Jungermanniaceae  (p.  702).  Leaves,  when  present,  without  a  midrib, 
2-ranked,  with  often  a  third  row  beneath ;  pedicels  slender. 

*  *  Capsule  2-valved,  or  dehiscing  irregularly,  or  indehiscent ;  plant  a  thallus 
or  thalloid  stem. 

138.  Anthocerotaceae  (p.  726).  Thallus  without  epidermis,  irregularly 
branching ;  pedicels  stout  or  none.  Capsule  with  a  columella.  Elaters 
mostly  without  fibres. 

139.  Marchantiaceae  (p.  727).  Thallus  radiate  or  dichotomous,  the  epi- 
dermis usually  porose.  Capsules  borne  on  the  under  side  of  a  pedunculate 
receptacle,  irregularly  dehiscent.     Elaters  2-spiral. 

140.  RicciaceaB  (p.  730).  Thallus  radiate  or  dichoromous,  the  epidermis 
eporose.  Capsules  immersed  in  the  thallus  or  sessile  upon  it,  indehiscent-. 
Elaters  none. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO   THE  ORDERS, 


Class  I.    DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS.     (See  p.  5.) 

Subclass  L     ANGIOSPERM^E.     Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary. 
Cotyledons  only  two. 

Division  L     POLYPETALOUS  :  the  calyx  and  corolla  both  present; 
the  latter  of  separate  petals. 

A.     Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10,  and  more  than  twice  the  sepals 
or  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

1.    Calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  the  pistil  or  pistils. 

Pistils  numerous  but  cohering  over  each  other  in  a  solid  mass  on  Page 

an  elongated  receptacle Magnoliacp:.*:,  49 

Pistils  numerous,  separate,  but  concealed  in  a  hollow  receptacle. 
Leaves  opposite,  entire ;  no  stipules.      .         .        .      Calvcantiiace.k,  167 

Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules Rosa,  in  RosacezK,  162 

Pistils  several,  immersed  in  hollows  of  the  upper  surface  of  a 

large  top-shaped  receptacle.  .        Nelumbo,  in  NYMPiLt:ACEJ<;,  55 

Pistils  more  than  one,  separate,  not  enclosed  in  the  receptacle. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx,  distinct Rosace.«,  150 

Stamens  united  with  the  base  of  the  petals,  monadelphous.     Malvace/E,  96 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 
Filaments  much  shorter  than  the  anther ;  trees.    .         .      Axonace/E,  50 
Filaments  longer  than  the  anther. 

Flowers  dioecious  ;  twiners  with  alternate  leaves.     Menispermace.e,  51 
Flowers  perfect ;  if  climbers,  the  leaves  opposite. 
Leaves  not  peltate  ;  petals  deciduous.         .  Ranunculace.i:,  34 

Leaves  peltate;  petals  persistent.        Brasenia,  in  Nvmpilkace.e,  55 
Pistils  severaMobed,  the  ovaries  united  below  tlie  middle.        Resedace.«,  75 
Pistils  several,  their  ovaries  cohering  in  a  ring  around  an  axis.     Malvace^,  96 
Pistils  strictly  one  as  to  the  ovary ;  the  styles  or  stigmas  may  be  several. 
Leaves  punctate  under  a  lens  with  transparent  dots.         Hypericace^,  92 
Leaves  not  punctate  with  transparent  dots. 

Ovary  simple,  1-celled,  2-ovuled Rosace.e,  150 

Ovary  simple,  1-celled,  with  one  parietal  many-ovuled  placenta. 

Leaves  2-3-tcrnately  compound  or  dissected.  Ranunculace^,  34 

Leaves  peltate,  simply  lobed.         Podophyllnm,  in  Beuueridace.e,  52 

Ovary  compound,  1-celled,  with  a  central  placenta.      l*OKTLLACACE.iE,  90 


20  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Ovary  compound,  1 -celled,  with  two  or  more  parietal  placentae. 

Calyx  caducous;  juice  milky  or  colored.         .         .     Papaverace^,  57 

Calyx  deciduous,  of  4  sepals Capparidace^,  74 

Calyx  persistent,  of  3  or  5  septals.  ....    Cistace.^,  76 

Ovary  compound,  several-celled. 
Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud,  and 
Persistent;  stamens monadelphous ;  anthers  1 -celled.    Malvaceae, 96 
Deciduous;  anthers  2-cel led        ....  TiLiACEiE,  101 

Calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent. 

Shrubs ;  stamens  on  the  base  of  the  petals.      Ternstrcemiace^,  95 
Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs ;  ovaries  many. 

On  5  placentae  in  the  axis.       .         .         .  Sarraceniace.e,  57 

On  the  8-30  partitions Nymph^ace.i;,  54 

2.    Calyx  more  or  less  coherent  with  the  surface  of  the  (compound)  ovarj. 

Ovary  8  -  30-celled ;  ovules  many,  on  the  partitions ;  aquatic.  Nymph^ace^,  54 

Ovary  10-celled;  cells  1-ovuled.     .        .        .    Amelanchier,  in  Rosacea,  166 

Ovary  2  -  5-celled. 

Leaves  alternate,  Avith  stipules.  .  .  .  Pomese,  in  Rosace^e,  151 
Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules.  .  .  Some  Saxifragace.e,  163 
Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules Styracace^,  333 

Ovary  1 -celled,  with  the  ovules  parietal. 

Fleshy  plants  with  no  true  foliage ;  petals  many.         .  C actace^,  1 86 

Rough-leaved  plants ;  petals  5  or  10 Loasace^,  193 

Ovary  one-celled,  with  the  ovules  rising  from  the  base.      Port u lac ace.e,  90 

B.     Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

Pistils  3  -  6,  separate ;  flowers  dioecious ;  woody  vines.     MEMSPERMACEiE,  51 
Pistil  only  one. 

Ovary  one-celled ;  anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  Berberidace^,  52 
Ovary  one-celled ;  anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

Style  and  stigma  one ;  ovules  more  than  one.  .     Primulace^,  328 

Style  1 ;  stigmas  8  ;  sepals  2 ;  ovules  several.  Portulacace^,  90 

Style  twice  -or  thrice  forked ;  flowers  monoecious. 

Crotonopsis,  in  Euphorbiace^,  458 
Styles  5 ;  o^nile  and  seed  only  one.    .         .        .       Plumbagixace.e,  327 
Ovary  2  -  4-celled. 

Calyx-lobes  minute  or  obsolete ;  petals  valvate.         .         .    Vitace.e,  112 
Calyx  4  -  5-cleft,  valvate  in  the  bud ;  petals  involute.     Rhamnace^,  1 1 1 

C.     Stamens  not  more  than  ticice  as  many  as  the  petals,  when  of  just  the  number 

of  the  petals  then  alternate  ivith  them. 

L    Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  i.  e.  the  ovary  wholly  superior, 

*    Ovaries  2  or  more,  separate. 

iStamens  united  with  each  other  and  with  a  large  and  thick 

stigma  common  to  the  two  ovaries.          .         .  Asclepiadace.e,  338 
Stamens  unconnected,  on  the  receptacle,  free  from  the  calyx. 
Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots Rutace^,  106 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  21 

Leaves  not  pellucid-punctate. 

Tree,  ^vith  pinnate  leaves.     .         .  Ailanthus,  in  Simarubace^,  107 

Low  slirub,  with  pinnate  leaves.       Xantliorrhiza,  in  Kanunculace^  48 

Herbs,  not  fleshy Ranunculace^!  34 

Herbs,  with  thick  fleshy  leaves Crassclace.c,  176 

Stamens  unconnected,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 
Just  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils  (flower  symmetrical).    Ckassulace.e,  176 
Not  just  the  number  or  twice  the  number  of  the  pistils. 

Leaves  without  stipules Saxifragace.i:,  168 

Leaves  with  stipules Rosace.e,  1.50 

*   *    Ovaries  2-5,  somewhat  united  at  the  base,  separate  above. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots Rutace^e   106 

Leaves  not  pellucid-punctate. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  opposite  leaves.         .         .         .  Sapixdace.e   115 

Terrestrial  herbs ;  the  carpels  fewer  than  tlie  petals.     Saxifragace.e,'  168 

»_  *    *    Ovaries  or  lobes  of  ovary  3  to  5,  with  a  common  style.     Geraxiace.e,  102 
*   *    *   *    Ovary  only  one,  and 
-»-  Simple,  icith  one  parietal  placenta.     Leguminos.^:,  122 
H-  •*-  Compound,  as  shown  by  the  number  of  cells,  placentce,  styles,  or  stigmas. 
Ovary  one-celled. 

Corolla  irregular;  petals  4;  stamens  6.     .         .         .  Fumariace.-e,  59 

Corolla  irregular ;  petals  aud  stamens  5 Violace.e'  78 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 
Ovule  solitary ;  shrubs  or  trees ;  stigmas  3.  Axacardiace.e   118 

Ovules  solitary  or  few  ;  herbs.  .         .      Some  anomalous  CRuciFER.i,  61 
Ovules  more  than  one,  in  the  centre  or  bottom  of  the  cell. 

Petals  not  inserted  on  the  calyx.    .         .         .       Caryophyllace^,  82 
Petals  on  the  throat  of  a  bell-shaped  or  tubular  calyx.  Lythrace.*:,  184 
Ovules  several  or  many,  on  two  or  more  parietal  placenta;. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  and  dark  dots.  Hypericace.e  92 

Leaves  beset  with  reddish  gland-tipped  bristles.          Droserace^,  1 78 
Leaves  neither  punctate  nor  bristly-glandular. 

.    Sepals  5,  very  unequal  or  only  3.         .         .         .  Cistace.e,  76 

Sepals  and  petals  4  ;  stamens  6.    .         .    Anomalous  Crucifer.e,  61 
Sepals  and  petals  5 ;  stamens  5  or  10. 

Ovary  and  stamens  raised  on  a  stalk.  Passiflorace.e,  194 

Ovary  sessile Saxifragace^,  168 

Ovary  2  -  several-celled. 
Flowers  irregular. 
Anthers  opening  at  the  top. 

Six  or  eight  and  1-celled ;  ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled.    Poltgalace.e,  120 
Ten  and  2-celled ;  ovary  5-celled.        Rhododendron,  in  Ericace.e,  286 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Stamens  12  and  petals  6  on  the  throat  of  a  tubular  inflated 

or  gibbous  calyx.      .        .        .        Cuphea,  in  Lythrace^,  186 


22  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Stamens  5-8  or  10,  and  petals  hypogyuous,  or  nearly  so. 

Ovary  3-celled Sapindace^,  115 

Ovary  5  celled.  .         .         .  Impatieus,  &c.,  in  Gekaniace^,  105 

Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  neither  just  as  many  nor  twice  as  many  as  the  petals, 

Triadelphous  ;  petals  5 Hypericace^,  92 

Tetradynamous  (or  rarely  only  2  or  4) ;  petals  4  ;  pun- 
gent herbs. Crucifer.e,  61 

Distinct  and  fewer  than  the  4  petals.      .         .         .       Oleace^e,  335 
Distinct  and  more  numerous  than  the  petals.     .      Sapindace^,  115 
Stamens  just  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Ovules  and  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 

Herbs;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Ecphorbiace^,  451 

Herbs  ;  flowers  perfect  and  symmetrical. 

Cells  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  sepals,  &c.     Geraxiace^e,  102 
Cells  of  the  (divided)  ovary  twice  as  many  as 

the  styles,  sepals,  &c Linace.e,  101 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  3-foliolate,  pellucid-punctate.     Ptelea,  in  Rutace^,  107 
Leaves  palmately  veined  and  fruit  2-winged,  or 

pinnate  and  fruit  a  berry.      .         .         .      SAPiNDACE.a:,  115 
Leaves  pinnately  veined,  simple,  not  punctate. 
Calyx  not  minute ;   pod  colored,  dehiscent ; 

seeds  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  aril.  Celastrace^,  109 

Calyx  minute;  fruit  a  berry -like  drupe.  iLiciNEiE,  107 

Ovules  (and  usually  seeds)  several  or  many  iu  each  cell. 

Stipules  between  the  opposite  and  simple  leaves.  Elatinace^S),  91 
Stipules  between  the  opposite  and  compound  leaves 

(but  they  are  caducous).    Staphylea,  in  SAPixDACEiE,  118 
Stipules  none  when  the  leaves  are  opposite. 

Stamens  5,  monadelphous  in  a  10-toothed  tube  or  cup  ; 

leaves  simple,  all  radical.       Galax,  in  DiAPExsiACEiE,  326 
Stamens  10,  monadelphous  at  the  base.    Leaflets  3, 

inversely  heart-shaped.  Oxalis,  iu  Geraxiace^,  105 

Stamens  distinct,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Style  1,  undivided Ericace^,  309 

Styles  2  -  5,  separate.    .         .         .  Caryophyllace^,  82 

Stamens  distinct,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Styles  2  (or  3),  or  splitting  into  2  iu  fruit.     Saxifragace^,  168 
Style  1 ;  pod  in  the  calyx,  1-celled.  Lythrace.e,  184 

2.    Cali/x-tuhe  adherent  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  loiver  half. 
Tendril-bearing  and  often  succulent  herbs.  .         .        .     Cdcurbitace^,  194 
Kot  tendril-bearing. 
.Ovules  and  seeds  more  than  one  in  each  cell. 

Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled  from  the  base.       .         .  Portulacaceje,  90 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae.        .     Saxifragace^e,  168 
Ovary  2  -  several-celled. 
Anthers  opening  by  pores  at  the  apex;  style  1.     Melastomace.e,  183 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  23 

Anthers  not  open  in  j;^  by  pores. 

Stamens  on  a  flat  disk  ■which  covers  the  ovary.      CKLASTnACE^TE,  109 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Eight  or  four  (rarely  five) ;  style  1.         .         .       Oxagrace.e,  186 
Five  or  ten;  styles  2-3,  di.stiiu't.         .         .      Saxifragace-k,  1G8 
Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell. 

Stamens  10  or  .5  (instead  of  many),  —  rarely  in  Crataegus,  in  RosACEiE,  1G5 
Stamens  2  or  8  ;  style  1 ;  stigma  2-4-lobed;  herbs.  OxAORACKyE,  186 
Stamens  4  or  8 ;  aquatics  ;  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  4.  Halorage^,  180 
Perfect  stamens  4  ;  styles  2 ;  shrub.  .         .  IIamamelide^,  179 

Stamens  4  ;  style  and  stigma  I ;  chiefly  shrubs.  .  .  Cornace^,  213 
Stamens  5  ;  flowers  in  umbels,  ol-  rarely  in  heads. 

Fruit  dry,  splitting  in  two  at  maturity;  styles  2.     Umbellifera!,  198 
Fruit  berry-like  ;  styles  2-5,  separate  or  united.  Araliace^e,  212 

Division  IL     GAMOPETALOUS    calyx  and  corolla  both  present ; 
the  latter  with  its  petals  united  more  or  less  into  one  piece. 

A.   Stamens  more  numerous  tlian  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Ovary  1-celled  with  one  parietal  placenta.  .  ,  ,  Leguminosje,  122 
Ovary  1-celled  with  two  parietal  placenta}.  Adlumia,  &c.,  in  Fumariace^,  60 
Ovary  1-celled  with  the  ovules  at  the  centre  or  base.  .  Styracace^e,  333 
Ovary  2-celled  Avitli  a  single  ovTile  in  each  cell.  .  .  PoLYGALACEiE,  120 
Ovary  3  -  many-celled. 

Stamens  free  or  nearly  free  from  the  corolla ;  style  single.     Ericaceje,  309 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla;  styles  5.  Oxalis,  in  Geraxiace^,  105 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  base  or  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Filaments  monadelphous ;  anthers  1-celled,  kidney-shaped.  Malvaceae,  96 
Filaments  1  -  5-adelphous  at  base ;  anthers  2-celled. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary TfiRxsTRCEMiACEyE,  95 

Calyx  coherent  with  the  ovary  or  with  its  base.  Styracace^,  333 

Filaments  wholly  distinct ;  calyx  free,  persistent.  EBENACE.aE,  333 

Filaments  in  pairs  at  each  sinus;  anthers  1-celled.    Caprifoliace.e,  216 

B.    Stamens  {fertile  ones)  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them. 

Ovary  5-celled  ;  corolla  appendaged  with  scales  inside.  SAPOXACEiE,  332 

Ovary  1-celled;  pod  several  -  many-seeded ;  style  1.  Primulace^,  328 

Ovary  1-celled  ;  utricle  1-seeded ;  styles  5.        .         .       Plumbagixace^,  327 

C     Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  icith  them,  or  fewer. 

1,    Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  {inferior). 
Tendril-bearing  herbs  ;  anthers  often  united.  ':        .  Cucurbitace^,  194 

Tendrils  none. 

Stamens  united  .by  their  anthers  into  a  ring  or  tube. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head.  ....         Composite,  230 

Flowers  separate,  not  involucrate ;  corolla  irregular.      LoBELiACEiE,  305 
Stamens  separate,  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so,  as 

many  as  its  lobes :  stipules  none :  juice  milky.       CAMPAxuLACEiE,  307 


24  ANALYTICAL   KEY. 

Stamens  separate,  inserted  on  the  corolla, 

One  to  three,  always  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes.     Yalerianace^,  228 
'Four  or  five ;  leaves  opposite  or  Avhorled. 

Ovary  1-celled;  flowers  in  a  dense  involucrate  head.       Dipsace^e,  229 
Ovary  2  -  5-celled. 

Leaves  whorled  and  without  stipules.  )        Rubiace^  222 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  and  with  stipules.  ) 
Leaves  opposite  without  stipules  (petioles  some- 
times with  stipule-like  appendages).  .       CAPRIFOLIACEiE,  216 

2,    Ovaj-y  free  from  the  calyx  {superior). 
*  Corolla  irregular:  stainens  {ivith  anthers)  4  and  didynamous,  or  only  2. 
Ovules  and  seeds  solitary  in  the  (1  -4)  cells. 

Ovary  4-lobed,  the  style  rising  from  between  the  lobes.  Labiate,  403 

Ovary  not  lobed,  the  style  from  its  apex.  .         .         VEKBENACK.a;,  401 

Ovules  numerous  or  at  least  as  many  as  2  in  each  cell. 
Ovary  and  pod  1-celled, 

With  a  free  central  placenta ;  stamens  2.  .  Lentibulace^,  395 

With  2  or  more  parietal  very  many -seeded  placentas ; 

stamens  4 Orobanchace^,  393 

Ovary  and  fruit  more  or  less  4  -  5-celled.  .  .  .  Pedaliace^,  399 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  but  the  2  placentae  parietal.  Bignoniace^,  398 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled  ;  placentae  in  the  axis. 

Seeds  rarely  few,  not  on  hooks,  with  albumen.     Scrophulariace^,  377 
Seeds  few,  borne  on  hook-like  or  other  projections 

of  the  placentae  :  no  albumen.  .         .         .     Acanthace^,  399 

*  *    Corolla  someichat  irregular :  stamens  {with  anthers)  5. 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla ;  anthers  with  their  cells  opening  by 

a  hole  or  chink  at  the  top.  Rhododendron,  in  Ericace^,  320 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style.  Echium,  in  Borraginace^,  367 
Ovary  not  lobed;  pod  many-seeded. 

Filaments  or  some  of  them  woolly.     Verbascum,  Scrophulariace^,  379 
Filaments  not  woolly.         .         .         .  Hyoscyamus,  SoLANACEiE,  376 

*   *    *    Corolla  regular. 
•*-  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
Ovaries  2,  separate ;  their 

Styles  and  stigmas  also  wholly  separate.  Dichondra,  Convolvulace^,  368 
Stigmas  and  sometimes  styles  united  into  one. 

Filaments  distinct ;  pollen  in  ordinary  grains.  .    Apocynace^,  337 

Filaments  monadelphous ;  pollen  in  masses. .         .  Asclepiadace^,  338 
Ovary  one,  but  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style  (or  2-lobed  in  Heliotropium). 

Leaves  alternate Borraginaceje,  360 

Leaves  opposite Mentha,  in  Labiate,  407 

Ovary  one  ;  pod  2-lobed  or  2-horned  at  -^he  summit.  Loganiace^,  345 

Ovary  one ;  not  deeply  lobed, 

One-celled,  one-ovuled,  becoming  an  achene.  PLANTAGiNACE-a;,  422 


pmpERTT  uBiunr 

N.  C.  State  College 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  25 

One-celled,  with  ovules  parietal  or  on  2  parietal  placentae. 
Leaves  (or  in  Menyanthes  three  leaflets)  entire.  Gextiavace^,  346 

Leaves  toothed,  lobed,  or  pinnately  compound.     IIvDRoi'in  llace^,  357 
Two-  to  ten-celled. 

Leafless  parasitic  twinini^  plants.  Cuscuta,  in  Coxvolvulace^,  370 

Leaves  opposite,  their  bases  or  petioles  connected 

by  stipules  or  a  stipular  line.        .         .         .      Loganiace^,  345 
Leaves  when  opposite  without  stipules. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so;  style  1.       ERiCACEiE,  309 

Stamens  almost  free  from  the  corolla;  style  none.  Ilicine^,  107 

Stamens  in  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla;  style  I.          DiAPENSiACEiE,  326 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 

Four ;  pod  2-celled,  circumscissile.      .         .        Plantaginace^,  422 

Four;  ovary  2 - 4-celled  ;  ovules  solitary.       .         Verbenace^,  401 

Five  or  rarely  more. 

Fruit  of  two  or  four  seed-like  nutlets.      .  Borragixace^,  3G0 

Fruit  a  few-seeded  pod. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  style  3-lobed  or  -cleft.       .     Polemoxiace^,  354 
Sepals  5 ;  styles  1  or  2,  entire  or  2-cleft ;  seeds 

large,  only  one  or  two  in  a  cell.      CoxvoLVCLACEiE,  3G7 
Fruit  a  many-seeded  pod  or  berry. 

Styles  2.        .         .         .       Ilydrolea,  in  Hydropiiyllace.e,  3G0 
Style  single Solanace^,  373 

■*-  •*-  Stamens  Jewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 

Stamens  4,  didynamous. 

Ovary  2-celled ;  the  cells  several-seeded.       .         .         .     Acanthace^,  399 

Ovary  2 -4-celled ;  the  cells  1-seeded.  .  .  .  Verijknack^,  401 
Stamens  only  2  with  anthers  ;  ovary  4-lobed.  .  Lycopus,  in  LABiAXiE,  408 
Stamens  2,  rarely  3  ;  ovary  2-celled. 

Low  herbs ;  corolla  scarious,  withering  on  the  pod.      Plantaginace^e,  422 

Herbs ;  corolla  rotate,  or  somewhat   funnelform,  aud 

slightly  irregular.  .         .         .        Veronica,  in  Scrophulariace^,  386 

Shrubs  or  trees :  corolla  perfectly  regular Oleace.e,  335 

Division  III.    APETALOUS  :  corolla  (and  sometimes  calyx)  wanting. 

A,     Flowers  not  in  catkins. 

1.    Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  many  ovules. 

Ovary  and  pod  inferior  (i.  e.  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary), 

Six-celled;  stamens  6- 12 Auistolochiace^,  444 

Four-celled;  stamens  4.      ....     Ludwigia,  in  Onagrace.*,  187 
One-celled,  with  parietal  placental.  Chrysosplenium,  in  Saxieragace.e,  172 

Ovary  aud  pod  wholly  naked  (there  being  no  calyx), 

Two-celled,  2-beaked ;  flowers  capitate  ;  tree.  .  IlAMAMELinEiB,  179 

Two-celled,  many-ribbed  ;  aquatic  herb.     .         .         .     PoDOSXEMACEiE,  444 


26  ANALYTICAL   KEY. 

Ovary  and  pod  superior,  i.  e.  free  from  the  calyx. 

Five-celled  and  5-beaked,  opening  across  the  beaks,  which 

fall  off  at  maturity ;  stamens  10.  Penthornm,  in  CRASSULACEiE,  176 
Three-celled  and  3-valved,  or  3-.5-celled  and  circumscissile.  Ficoide^,  198 
Two-celled  or  one-celled ;  placentas  central. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  or  tube  of  the  calyx.       Lythrace^,  184 
Stamens  inserted  o:   the  receptacle  or  the  base  of  the  calyx, 

Alternate  with  the  .5  sepals.  .         .         •     Glaux,  in  Primulace^,  331 
Opposite  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number.      CARvopHTLLACEiE,  82 
One-celled,  with  one  parietal  placenta.  I  .         .  EANUNCULACEiE,  34 

Ovaries  2  or  more,  separate,  simple.  ' 

2.     Ovanj  or  its  cells  containing  onlij  1  or  2,  rarel//  3  or  4,  ovules. 
*  Pistils  more  than  one,  and  distinct  or  nearli/  so. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx ;  leaves  with  stipules,        .         .   Eosace^,  150 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 

Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.       .       Xanthoxylura,  in  RuTACEiE,  106 
Leaves  not  dotted. 

Calyx  present,  and  usually  colored  or  petal-like.         Ranunculace^,  34 
Calyx  absent ;  flowers  entirely  naked,  perfect,  spiked.        Piperace^,  446 

*   *  Pistil  one,  either  simple  or  compound. 

Ovary  partly  inferior,  the  calyx  coherent  to  its  lower  half, 

2-celled ;  styles  2 ;  stamens  many.  .         .  Hamamelide^,  179 

Ovary  wholly  inferior  (in  perfect  or  pistillate  flowers). 

Aquatic  herbs ;  ovary  3-4-celled,  or  (Ilippuris)  1-celled.    Hai.orage^,  180 
Mostly  Avoody  plants;  style  or  stigma  one,  entire  ;  ovary  1-celled. 

Stigma  running  down  one  side  of  the  style.        Nyssa,  in  Corxace^,  215 
Stigma  terminal,  with  or  without  a  style. 

Parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees  ;  anthers  sessile.   Loranthace^,  449 
Not  parasitic  above  ground  ;Ha»tliers  on  filaments.     Saxtalace-s:,  450 
Ovary  really  free  from  the  calyx,  but  permanently  invested  by  its 
tube,  or  the  base  of  it,  so  as  to  seem  inferior. 
Shrubs,  with  scurfy  leaves;  flowers  mostly  dioecious.       El^eagnace^,  448 
Herbs,  with  the  calyx  colored  like  a  corolla. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple Ntctaginace^,  425 

Leaves  alternate,  pinnate.       .        .        .  Poterinm,  in  Rosacea,  161 

Ovary  plainly  free  from  the  calyx,  Avhich  is  sometimes  wanting. 
Stipules  (ocrese)  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes. 

Tree ;  calyx  none ;  flowers  monoecious,  in  heads.  Plataxace^,  466 

Herbs ;  calyx  present  and  commonly  petal-like.  PoLYGOXACEiE,  436 

Stipules  not  sheathing  the  stem,  or  none. 
Aquatic  herbs,  submerged  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  Avhorled  and  dissected  ;  style  single.     Ceratophyllace.^,  488 
Leaves  opposite,  entire;  styles  2  ;  ovary  4-celled.        Halorage^,  180 
Not  aquatics,  herbs. 

Ovary  10-celled;  berry  10-seeded.  .        .       Phytolaccace^,  435 

Ovary  3-  (rarely  1-2-)  celled ;  juice  usually  milky.    Euphorbiace^,  451 


ANALYTICAL    KKY.  27 

Ovary  1-celled;  juice  not  milky. 

Style,  if  any,  and  stigma  only  one  ;  leaves  simple ; 

no  scarious  bracts  around  the  flowers.  .        UnTiCACEiE,  4G1 

Styles  3 ;  embryo  straight ;  flowers  involucrate. 

Eriogonum,  in  PoLTGOXACEiE,  436 
Style  or  stigmas  2  or  3  ;  embryo  coiled  or  curved. 
Stipules  not  scarious,  leaves  palmately  cleft  or 

palmately  compound.  .         .      Cannabineos,  in  Urticace^,  461 

Stipules  scarious  (or  none) ;  leaves  opposite.    Illecebrace^,  426 

Stipules  none;  but  flowers  with  scarious  bracts.  Amarantacea:,427 

Stipules  and  scarious  bracts  none    .        .        Chenopodiace.e,  430 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary. 
Fruit  2-celled,  a  double  samara.  Acerineae,  in  Sapindaceje,  115 

Fruit  a  1-celled  and  1-seeded  samara  or  a  drupe.  Oleace^,  335 

Ovules  single  in  each  cell  of  the 
Three  -  nine-celled  ovary  ;  leaves  heath-like.      .    EMPEXRACEiE,  487 
Three-celled  ovary  ;  leaves  broad.  .        .        .  Rhamkace^e,  111 

One  -  two-celled  ovary  ;  styles  or  stigmas  2-cleft.       Urticace^,  461 
One-celled  ovary ;  style  and  stigma  single  and  entire. 

Anthers  opening  longitudinally.      .         .         Thymel^aceje,  448 
Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.   .        .        .    Laurace.e,  446 

B»     Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  one  or  both  soi-ts  in  catkitis. 

1.  Only  one  sort  of  flowers  in  catkins  or  catkin4ike  heads. 

Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  catkin,  head,  or  strobile.      .         .     Urticace.i;,  461 

Fertile  flowers  single  or  clustered ;  sterile  in  slender  catkins  (except  in  Fagus). 

Leaves  pinnate ;  fertile  flowers  and  fruit  naked.  Juglandace.e,  467 

Leaves  simple ;  fertile  flowers  1-3  in  an  involucre  or  cup.    Cupulifer,i;,  470 

2.  Both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  iifvatkins  or  catkin-like  heads. 
Ovary  and  pod  2-celled,  many -seeded.      Liquidambar,  in  Hamamelide.e,  180 
Ovary  and  pod  1-celled,  many-seeded ;  seeds  furnished  with 

a  downy  tuft  at  one  end Salicace.e,  480 

Ovary  1  -2-celled,  only  one  ovule  in  each  cell;  fruit  1 -seeded. 

Parasitic  on  trees ;  fruit  a  berry.  ....  Loranthace.e,  449 

Trees  or  shrubs,  not  parasitic. 

Calyx  regular,  in  the  fertile  flower  succulent  in  fruit.      Urticace.^i,  461 
Calyx  none,  or  rudimentary  and  scale-like. 

Style  and  stigma  one,  simple ;  the  flowers  in  heads.     Platanace;e,  466 
Styles  or  long  stigmas  2. 

Fertile  flowers  2  or  3  at  each  scale  of  the  catkin.     Cupulifer.e,  470 
Fertile  flowers  single  under  each  scale ;  nutlets 

naked,  waxy-coated  or  drupe  like.    .         .         ,      Myricace.«,  469 

Subclass  IL  GYMNOSPERM^.  Pistil  an  open  scale  or  altered 
leaf,  bearing  naked  ovules  on  its  margin  or  its  upper  surface,  or  in  Taxus 
entirely  wanting.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Coxifer.t:   489 


28  ANALYTICAL    KEY. 

Class  II.     MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS.    (See  p.  15.) 

A.  Spadiceous  Division.  Flowers  aggregated  on  a  spadix  or  Jieshy  axis, 
or  sometimes  scattered,  destitute  of  calyx  and  corolla  {excepting  some  Aracese 
and  Naiadacese,  ivhere,  however,  the)/  are  on  a  spadix),  arid  also  without 
glumes  (husk)/  scales).     Leaves  sometimes  ivith  netted  veins. 

Little  floating  aquatics,  with  no  distinction  of  stem  and  foliage.  Lemnace^,  551 
Immersed  aquatics,  branching  and  leafy.  .         .         .       Naiadace^,  557 

Eeed-like  or  Flag-like  marsh  herbs,  with  linear  and  sessile 
nerved  leaves ;  flowers  in  spikes  or  heads. 
Flowers  monoecious,  and  quite  destitute  of  floral  envelopes.    Typhace^,  547 
Flowers  perfect,  on  a  lateral  spadix ;  sepals  6.         Acorus,  in  Arace^,  550 
Terrestrial  or  marsh  plants;    leaves  mostly  wnth  a  distinct 

netted-veined  blade,  petioled Arace^,  548 

B.  Petaloideous  Divisiox.  Floivers  not  collected  on  a  spadix,  furnished 
with  floral  envelopes  [perianth)  answering  to  cahjx  or  to  both  calyx  and 
corolla,  either  herbaceous  or  colored  and  petal-like  [wholly  glumaceous  in 
Juncacese). 

1.    Perianth  adherent  to  the  ichole  surface  of  the  ovary. 
Flowers  dioecious  (or  rarely  perfect),  regular. 

Aquatics ;  ovules  and  seeds  several  or  numerous.  Hydrocharidace^,  495 
Twiners ;  ovules  and  seeds  one  or  two  in  each  cell.        Dioscoreace^,  517 
Flowers  perfect ;  ovules  and  seeds  usually  numerous. 

Stamens  only  one  or  two;  flower  irregular,  gynandrous.   Orchidace^,  497 

Stamens  three. 

Anthers  introrse,  opening  transversely.       .         .      Burmanxiace^,  496 

Anthers  introrse  or  versatile,  opening  lengthwise.     H^modorace^,  512 

Anthers  extrorse,  opening  lengthwise.         .         .         .        Iridace^,  513 

Stamens  6 ;  flowers  usually  on  a  scape  from  a  bulb.    Amaryllidace^,  515 

2.   Perianth  adherent  only  to  the  base  or  lower  half  of  the  ovary. 
Perianth  woolly  or  roughish-mealy;  leaves  often  equitant.  H^modorace.e,  512 
Perianth  smooth ;  the  leaves  grass-like.      Stenanthium,  etc.,  in  Liliace^,  517 

3.   Perianth  wholly  free  from  the  ovary. 
Pistils  numerous  or  few  in  a  head  or  ring.       .         .         .         Alismace^,  553 
Pistil  one,  compound  (cells  or  placentie  mostly  3). 

Perianth  not  glumaceous  or  chaffy ;  flowers  not  in  dense  heads. 
Stamens  6  (in  Maianthemum  4),  similar  and  perfect. 

Scurfy-leaved  epiphyte ;  seeds  hairy-tufted.      .         Bromeliace^,  511 
Marsh  herbs ;  carpels  nearly  distinct  or  separating  closed  from 

the  axis ;  seed  without  albumen.      Juncaginece,  in  Naiadace^,  557 
Terrestrial,  not  rush-like ;  seeds  with  albumen. 

Perianth  of  similar  divisions  or  lobes,  mostly  colored.  "^ 

Perianth  of  3  foliaceous  and  green  sepals  and  3  col-  >  Liliace^e,  517 

ored  withering-persistent  petals.          Trillium  in  J 
Perianth  of  3  persistent  green  sepals,  and  3  epheme- 
ral deliquescent  petals Commelinace^,  538 


ANALYTICAL    KEY.  29 

Stamens  6,  dissimilar,  or  only  three  witli  perfect  anthers. 
Sepals 3,  herbaceous;  ephemeral  petals  3,  unequal. 

COMMKLINACE.^,    538 

Perianth  tubular,  6-lobed Pontederiace^,  535 

Stamens  3,  similar.     Moss-like  aquatic.         .         .         .      Mayace^e,  537 
Perianth  wholly  glumaceous,  of  6  similar  divisions.      .         Juxcace^,  539 
Perianth  partly  glumaceous  or  chaff -like ;  flowers  in  very 
dense  heads.     Kush-like  or  aquatic. 
Flowers  perfect ;  inner  perianth  of  three  yellow  petals ; 
perfect  stamens  and  plumose  sterile  filaments  each 
3 ;  pod  1-celled,  many-seeded  on  3  parietal  placenta;.  Xyridace^,  53G 
Flowers  monoucious  or  dioicious,  whitish-bearded ;    sta- 

raens  4  or  3 ;  pod  2  -  3-celled,  2  -  3-seeded.       .     Eriocaule^,  56G 
C     Glumaceous  Division.      Flowers  destitute  of  proper  perianth,  except 

sometimes  small  scales  or  bristles,  but  covered  bi/  scale-like  bracts  or  glumes. 
Glume  a  single  scale-like  bract  with  a  flower  in  its  axil.    .     Cyperace^,  567 
Glumes  in  pairs,  of  two  sorts. Gramine^,  623 

Class  III.     CKYPTOGAMOUS   ACROGENS.     (See  p.  17.) 

Subclass  I.     PTERIDOPHYTES  :  with  woody  fibres  and  vessels. 
Spores  of  only  one  kind ;  spore-cases 

Borne   beneath  shield-shaped  scales  in  a  terminal  spike;    stems 

naked,  sheathed  at  the  nodes Equisetaceje,  675 

On  the  back  or  margin  of  fronds  circinate  in  vernation.  Filices,  678 

Bival-VTilar,  iu  special  spikes  or  panicles  ;  fronds  erect  in  vernation, 

from  short  erect  rootstocks.  .         .         .     Ophioglossace^,  693 

Solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaves,  2  -  3-valved ;  low  long-stemmed  moss- 
like evergreens;  leaves  small,  in  4-16  ranks.     Ly'COpodiacea:,  695 
Spores  of  two  kinds,  large  and  small ;  spore-cases 

Solitary  in  the  axils  of  small  4-ranked  leaves,  or  in  the  bases  of 

linear  radical  leaves.  ....     Selagikellace^e,  697 

Enclosed  in  peduncled  sporocarps ;  leaves  4-foliolate.       Marsiliace^,  700 

Sporocarps  sessile   beneath  the   stem;  small,  floating,   pinnatcly 

branched,  Avith  minute  imbricate  leaves.      .  Salviniace-«:,  701 

Subclass  II.     BRYOPIIYTES  :   with  cellular  tissue  only.     [Cap- 
sules not  operculate,  containing  spores  and  usually  elaters,  in  the  fol- 
lowing Orders.] 
Capsule  4-valvcd,  pedicellate ;  plants  leafy-stemmed,  rarely  thallose. 

JUNGERMANNIACE.E,  702 

Capsule  2-valved  or  valveless ;  plants  thallose. 

Thallus  without  epidermis;  capsule  with  a  columella,  short-pedi- 

celled  or  sessile  on  the  thallus.  .  .  Axthocerotaceje,  726 
Capsules  borne  beneath  a  pedunculate  receptacle.  Marchantiace^,  727 
Capsules  immersed  in  the  thallus  or  sessile  upon  it,  iudehisceut. 

Ricciace^,  730 


ABBREVIATIONS 


0¥  THE   NAMES   OE  AUTHORS   CITED   IN  THIS  VOLUME. 


Adans.—Ada,nson,  Michel. 

Ait.  —  Alton,  William. 

Ait./.  — Alton,  "William  Townsend. 

All. — Allioni,  Carlo. 

JncZers.  — Andersson,  Nils  Johan. 

Am.  —  Amott,  George  A.  Walker. 

Aust.  —  Austin,  Coe  Finch. 

5a Ww?.  — Baldwin,  William. 

Bart.  —  Barton,  William  P.  C. 

Beauv.—TaMsot  de  Beauvois,  A.  M.  F.  J. 

Benth.  —IBentham,  George. 

Benth.  cf  Hook.  —  G.  Bentham  and  J.  D. 

Hooker. 
5erw^.  — Bernhardi,  Johann  Jacob. 
5ess.  — Besser,  Wilhelm  S.  J.  G.  von. 
^/eJ.  —  Bieberstein,  F.  A.  M.  von. 
Bigel.  —  Bigelow,  Jacob. 
J5isc^.  — Bischoff,  Gottlieb  Wilhelm. 
£oecH.  —  Boeckeler,  Otto. 
Boiss.  —  Boissier,  Edmond. 
Borkh.  —  Borkhausen,  M.  B. 
Br.,  R.  Br.  —  Brown,  Robert. 
Britt.  —  Britton,  Nathaniel  Lord. 
Carr.  —  Carricre,  Elie  Abel. 
Carrinfj.  — Carrington,  Benjamin. 
Cass.  —  Cassini,  Henri. 
Cav.  — Cavanilles,  Antonio  Jose. 
Cerv.  —  Cervantes,  Vicente. 
Cham.  —  Chamisso,  Adalbert  von. 
C/ioj9m.  —  Chapman,  Alvan  Wentworth. 
Chois.  —  Choisy,  Jacques  Denis. 
Clayt.  —  Clayton,  John, 
Cf)^«.  —  Cogniaux,  Alfred. 
Coult.  —  Coulter,  John  Merle. 
Darl.,  i)arZz«<7.  —  Darlington,  William. 
DC.  —  DeCandolle,  Augustin  Pyramus. 
^. /)(7._DeCandolle,  Alphonse. 
Decsne.  —  Decaisne,  Joseph. 
Z)es/'.  —  Desfontaines,  Picne  Louiche. 
Desv.  —  Desvaux,  Nicaise  Augustin. 


X»icZ:s.  — Dickson,  James. 
Dill.  —  Dillenius,  Johan  Jacob. 
Dough  —  Douglas,  David. 
Dufr.  —  Dufresne,  Pierre. 
Dumort. — Dumortier,  Barth^lemy  C. 
Eat.  —  Eaton,  Amos. 
Eh  rh .  —  Ehrhart,  Friedrich. 
JE"?^.  — Elliott,  Stephen. 
Endl.  —  Endlicher,  Stephan  L. 
Engdm.  —  Engelmann,  George. 
Esch.  —  Eschscholtz,  J.  F. 
Fi5c/i.— Fischer,  F.  E.  Ludwig  von. 
i^o?/(/.  —  Fougeroux,  Auguste  Denis. 
Forst.  —  Forster,  J.  R.  and  George. 
F/-oe/.  — Froelich,  Joseph  Aloys. 
Gaertn.  —  Gaertner,  Joseph. 
Gacrtn.f.  —  Gaertner,  Carl  Friedrich. 
G«Z.  —  Galeotti,  Henri. 
Gaud.—  Gaudichaud-Beaupre,  Charles. 
Gey.  —  Geyer,  Charles  (Carl  Andreas). 
Ging.  —  Gingins  de  Lassaraz,  F.  C.  J. 
Glox.  —  Gloxin,  Benjamin  Peter. 
Gmel.—Gmelin,  Samuel  Gottlieb. 
Gcoden.  —  Goodenough,  Samuel. 
Grev.  —  Greville,  Ptobert  Kaye. 
Griseb. — Grisebach,  Heinrich  R.  A. 
Gronov.  —  Gronovius,  Jan  Fredrik. 
Guss.  —  Gussone,  Giovanni. 
7/ac^\  — Hackel,  Eduard. 
Hartm. — Hartman,  Carl  Johann. 
Hassk. — Hasskarl,  Justus  Carl. 
Hausskn.  —  Haussknecht,  Carl. 
Haw. — Haworth,  Adrian  Hardy. 
i75^.— Humboldt,  F.  Alexander  von, 
Aimd  Bonpland,  and  C  S.  Kunth. 
JJegelm — Hegelmaier,  Friedrich. 
Herb.  —Herbert,  William. 
Hochst.  —  Hochstetter,  Christian  F. 
Hoffm.  —Hoffman,  Georg  Franz. 
£^0/^.  — Hollick,  Arthur. 


ABHUKVIATIONS. 


31 


77ooA;.  —  Hooker,  William  Jackson. 
//wo^•./.  — Hooker,  Josci)h  Dalton. 
Ilornem. — Hornemann,  Jens  Wilken. 
//urfs.  — Hudson,  William. 
liuehn.—  Huebener,  J.  W.  P. 
Jncq.  —  Jacquin,  Nicolaus  Joseph. 
Juss. — Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent. 
A.  Juss.  —  Jussieu,  Adrien  de. 
Z.,  Linn.  —  Linnaeus,  Carolus,  or  Carl 

von  Linn6. 
L.f.  —  Linn6,  Carl  von  (the  son). 
Z'/7er.  — L'Heritierde  Brutelle,  C.  L. 
Lag.  —  Lagasca,  Mariano. 
jMin.  —  Lamarck,  J.  B.  A.  P.  Monnet. 
Ledeb.  —  Ledebour,  Carl  F.  von, 
Lehm.  —  Lehmann,  J.  G.  C. 
Less. — Lessing,  Christian  Friedrich. 
Z/iy<^— Lightfoot,  John. 
Lindb.—  Lindberg,  Sextus  Otto. 
Lindenb.  —  Lindenberg,  Johann  B.  W. 
Zmf/L  —  Lindley,  John. 
Loisel.  —  Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,  J. 
Lour. — Loureiro,  Juan.  [L.  A. 

Marsh.  —  Marshall,  Humphrey. 
Mart. — Martens,  Martin. 
Maxim.  — Maximowicz,  Carl  Johann. 
il/ec//c.  —  Medicus,  Friedrich  Casimir. 
Meisn.  —  Meisner,  Carl  Friedrich. 
Mey.  —  Meyer,  Ernst  (Heinrich  F.). 
Mich.  —  Micheli,  Pier'  Antonio. 
Michx.  —  Michaux,  Andrd. 
J/jcAa;./.  — Michaux,  Fran9ois  Andre. 
3IiU.  —  Miller,  Philip. 
Mitch. —'ULitchell,  J. 
il/i«.  — Mitten,  William. 
3font.  —Montague,  (J.  F.)  Camilla. 
il/o«7.  —  Moquin-Tandon,  Alfred. 
Muell.  —  Mueller,  Jean  (of  Aargau). 
il/«A/.  —  Muhlenberg,  Henry  (H.  Ernst). 
Murr.  —  Murray,  Johann  Andreas. 
Neck.  —  Necker,  Noel  Joseph  de. 
iV^ti«.  — Nuttall,  Thomas. 
P«/;.  — Pallas,  Peter  Simon. 
Pers.  —  Persoon,  Christian  Hendrik. 
P/rt«cA.  — Planchon,  Jules  l^lmile. 
Poir.  —  Poiret,  Jean  Louis  Marie. 
Poll.  —  PoUich,  Johann  Adam. 
i2.  #  iS.  —  Eoemer,   J.   J.,   and  Joseph 

August  Schultes. 
72ff/.  —  Kafinesque-Schmaltz,  C.  S. 
^ejVAenft.  — Reichenbach,  H.  (J.  L. 
Richards.  —  Eichardson,  John. 


Roem.  —  Roemer,  Johann  Jacob. 
Rostk.  —  Rostkovius,  F.  W.  G. 
Rottb.  —  Rottboell,  Christen  Fries. 
St.  mi.  —  St.  Hilaire,  Auguste  de. 
Salisb.  —Salisbury,  Richard  Anthony. 
Sartw.  —  Sa.rt-we\l,  Henry  P. 
Sav.  —  Savi,  (iaotano. 
,Sc///ecA(.  — Schlechtendal,  D.  F.  L.  von. 
Sc/tleich.  —  Schleicher,  J.  C. 
Schltid.  —  Sch.leid.eJi,  Matthias  Jacob. 
Schrad.  —  Schrader,  Heinrich  A. 
Schreb.—  Schreber,  Johann  C.  D. 
Schum.  —  Schumacher,  Christian  F. 
Schirein.  —  Schweinitz,  Lewis  David  de. 
Scoj).  —  Scopoli,  Johann  Anton. 
(Sc;i(!»7i.  —  Scribner,  F.  Lamson. 
(S//ii///w.  —  Shuttleworth,  Robert. 
Sibih.  —  Sibthorp,  John. 
Sieb.  cj- Zmcc.  —  Siebold,  P.  F.  von,  and 

J.  G.  Zuccarini. 
Spreng.  —  Sprengel,  Kurt. 
Stej)h.  —  Stej^h.a.m,  F. 
Steud.  —  Steudel,  Ernst  Gottlieb. 
/Si<//i>.  —  Sullivant,  William  Starling. 

Taiji—TsLjloT,  Thomas. 

Thuill.  —  Thuillier,  Jean  Louis. 

Thunb.  —  ThvLuberg,  Carl  Peter. 

Thuib.  —  Thurber,  George. 

Turr.  —  Torrey,  John. 

Town.  —  Tournefort,  Joseph  Pitton  de. 

r?-rt«.  —  Trattenick,  Leopold. 

Tuckerm.  —  Tuckerman,  Edward. 

Turcz.  —  Turczaninow,  Nicolaus. 

Underw.  —  TJnderwood,  Lucien  M. 

Vaill.  —  Vaillant,  Sebastien. 

Vent.  —  Ventenat,  I^>tienne  Pierre. 

Fe'W.  —  Villars,  Dominique. 

Wahl.  —  Wahlenberg,  George. 

Wahlb.  —  Wahlberg,  Pehr  Fredrik. 

Walp.  —  Walpers,  Wiliulm  Gerhard. 

Walt.  —  Walter,  Thomas. 

Wang.  — Wangenheim,  F.  A.  J.  von. 

Wi'b.  —  Weber,  Friedrich. 

Wing.  —  Wiggers,  F.  H. 

Willd.  —  Willdenow,  Carl  Ludwig. 

Wils.  -Wilson,  William. 

Wimm.  — Wimmer,  Friedrich. 

With.  —  Withering,  AVilliam. 

Wormsk.  — Wormskiold.  ;^L  von. 

Wr.  (Eat.  if  nv.)  — Wright,  John. 

fFw//.  —  Wulfen,  Franz  Xaver. 


SIGNS  USED  IN  THIS  WORK. 


°  \  ".  The  sign  of  degrees  (°)  is  used  for  feet ;  of  minutes  ('),  for  inches ; 
of  seconds  ("),  for  lines,  —  the  line  being  the  twelfth  part  of  an  inch,  and  very- 
near  ly  equivalent  to  two  millimetres. 

)tt.  In  microscopic  measurements,  the  conventional  sign  for  the  micromilli- 
metre  or  the  one-thousandth  part  of  a  millimetre  =  one  two-thousandth  part  of 
a  line. 

$   Bearing  only  stamens  or  antheridia. 

9    Pistillate  or  bearing  archegonia. 

1    A  mark  of  doubt. 

!    A  mark  of  affirmation  or  authentication. 

Figures  or  words  separated  by  a  short  dash  (-)  indicate  the  extremes  of 
variation,  as  "5-10"  long,  few  -  many-flowered,"  i.  e.  varying  from  5  to  10 
lines  in  length,  and  with  from  few  to  many  flowers. 


BOTANY 


NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES, 


SERIES  I. 

PH^NOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

Vegetables  bearing  proper  flowers,  that  is,  having  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  and  producing  seeds,  which  contain  an 
embryo. 

Class  I  DICOTYLEDONOUS   or  EXOGENOUS 
PLANTS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and  pith ;  the  wood  forming 
a  layer  between  the  other  two,  increasing,  when  the  stem 
continues  from  year  to  year,  by  the  annual  addition  of  a 
new  layer  to  the  outside,  next  the  bark.  Leaves  netted- 
velned.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons,  or 
rarely  several  in  a  whorl.  Flowers  having  their  parts 
usually  in  fives  or  fours. 

Subclass   I.     ANGIOSPERMiE. 

Pistil  consisting  of  a  closed  ovary,  which  contains  the  ovules 
and  forms  the  fruit.     Cotyledons  only  two. 

3 


34  RANUNCULACE^.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

Division  I.     POLYPETALOUS   EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla ;  the 
petals  not  united  with  each  other.  (Several  genera  or  species 
belonging  to  Polypetalous  Orders  are  destitute  of  petals,  or 
have  them  more  or  less  united.) 

Order  1.    RANUNCULACE^.     (Crowfoot  Family.) 

Herbs  or  some  woody  plants,  with  a  colorless  and  usually  acrid  Juice, 
polypetalous,  or  apetalous  with  the  calyx  often  colored  like  a  corolla,  hijpogy- 
nous ;  the  sepals,  petals,  numerous  stamens,  and  many  or  few  {rarely  sin- 
gle) pistils  all  distinct  and  unconnected.  —  Flowers  regular  or  irregular. 
Sepals  3-15.  Petals  3-15,  or  wanting.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely 
few.  Fruits  either  dry  pods,  or  seed-like  (achenes),  or  berries.  Seeds 
anatropous  (when  solitary  and  suspended  the  rhaphe  dorsal),  with  hard 
albumen  and  a  minute  embryo.  —  Leaves  often  dissected,  their  stalks 
dilated  at  the  base,  sometimes  with  stipule-hke  appendages.  (A  large 
family,  including  some  acrid-narcotic  poisons.) 

Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

Tribe  I.  CL,JEMATIDE^.  Sepals  normally  4,  petal-like,  valvate  in  the  bud,  or  with 
the  edges  bent  inward.  Petals  none,  or  small.  Achenes  numerous,  tailed  with  the 
feathery  or  hairy  styles.    Seed  suspended.  —  Leaves  all  opposite. 

1.  Clematis.    Climbing  by  the  leafstalks,  or  erect  herbs. 

Tribe  II.    ANEMONE^E.    Sepals  3-20,  often  petal-like,  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Sta- 
mens mostly  numerous.    Achenes  numerous  or  several,  in  a  head  or  spike.  —  Herbs, 
never  climbing ;  leaves  alternate,  or  radical,  the  upper  sometimes  opposite  or  whorled. 
*  Petals  none  (rarely  some  staminodia).     Seed  suspended, 
■t-  All  but  the  lower  leaves  opposite  or  whorled     Peduncles  1-flowered. 

2.  *jiemone.    Involucre  leaf-like,  remote  from  the  flower.     Leaves  compound  or  dis- 

secteii.     Pistils  very  many. 
.3.  Hepatica.     Involucre  close  to  the  flower,  of  3  oval  bracts,  calyx-like.    Leaves  radical, 

simple  and  lobed.     Pistils  several. 
4.  Anemonella.    Stigma  terminal,  broad  and  flat.     Radical  leaves  and  involucre  com- 
pound.    Peduncles  umbellate.     Achenes  4  - 15,  many-ribbed. 

1-  +-  Leaves  alternate,  compound.     Flowers  panicled,  often  dioecious, 
a.  Thalictrum.    Sepals  usually  4,  petal-like  or  greenish.    Achenes  few. 

*  #  Petals  none.     Sepals  3-5,  caducous.    Seed  erect.     Leaves  alternate. 

6.  Trautvetteria.     Achenes  numerous,   inflated,  4-angled.     Flowers  corj'mbose.    Fila- 

ments white,  clavate. 

*  *  *  Petals  evident.     Sepals  usually  5.    Achenes  many. 

7.  Adonis.     Sepals  and  petals  (5-16,    crimson  or   scarlet)  flat,    unappendaged.      Seed 

suspended. 

8.  Myosurus.      Sepals  spurred.      Petals  5,  white.      Achenes  in  a  long  spike.      Scapes 

1-flowered.     Seed  suspended. 

9.  Ranunculus.    Petals  5,  yellow  or  white,  with  a  scale  or  gland  at  base.     Achenes 

capitate.    Seed  erect. 


RANUNCULACE^.        (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  35 

Tribe  III.     HKL.L.EBOKE^.    Sepals  iniliricatud  in  the  bud,  rarely  persistent,  petal- 

lilie.     Petals  often  nectariferous  or  reduced  to  staniinodia  or  none.     Pods  (follicles)  or 

berries  (in  n.  20,  21)  few,  rarely  single,  few -many-seeded.  — Leaves  alternate. 

*  Ovules  and  commonly  seeds  more  tlian  one  i)air.     Ilerbs. 

-•-  Flowers  regular,  not  racemose.    Petals  inconsiiicuous  nectaries  or  slender  or  none.    Sepals 

tardily  deciduous. 

10.  Isopyrum.    Petals  none.    Sej^als  broad,  wliite.     Pods  few.     Leaves  compound. 

11.  Caltha.     PetJils  none.     Sepals  broad,  yellow.     Leaves  ki(luey-sliai>ed,  undivided. 

12.  Trollius.    Petals  5-20,   narrow,   pitted  above  the  base.    Pods  sessile.     Leaves  pal- 

niately  lobed. 

13.  Coptis.    Petals  5-6,  small,  hollowed  at  apex,  white.     Pods  long-stalked.     Leaves 

radical,  trifoliolate. 

14.  Helleborns.    Petals  small,  tubular,  2-lipped,     Sepals  5,  broad,  persistent  and  turning 

green.     Pods  sessile. 

15.  £rantliis.    Petals  small  2-lipped  nectaries.     Sepals  5-8,  narrow,  deciduous.     Flower 

solitary,  involucrate. 

■*-  -t-  Sepals  and  large  spur-shaped  petals  regular,  each  5. 

16.  Aqnilegria.    Pistils  5,  with  slender  styles.    Leaves  ternately  compound. 

•»-■»--»-  Flowers  unsymmetrical  and  irregular.     Sepals  5. 

17.  Delphininm.    Ui>per  sepal  spurred.    Petals  4,  of  two  fonns  ;  the  upper  pair  with 

long  spurs,  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx. 

18.  Aconitnm.    Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  the  two  long-clawed  small  petals. 
■*-■*-->-■*-  Flowers  regular,  racemose.    Sepals  caducous.     Petals  very  small,  stamen-like,  or 

none.    Leaves  decompound. 

19.  Ciiuicif uga.     Flowers  in  long  often  paniculate  racemes.      Pistils  1-8,  becoming 

many-seeded  pods. 

20.  Actaea.     Flowers  in  a  single  short  raceme.     Pistil  single,  forming  a  many-seeded 

berry. 

*  *  Ovules  a  single  pair.    Flowers  regular.    Roots  yellow  and  bitter. 

21.  Hydrastis.    Flowers  solitary.    Sepals  3,  petal-like,   caducous.      Petals  none.     Sta- 

mens numerous.     Pistils  several,  becoming  2-seeded  bennes.    Leaves  simple,  lobed. 

22.  Xanthorrhiza.     Flowers  in  compound  racemes.    Sepals  5.     Petals  5,  small,  2-lobed, 

with  claws.     Stamens  5  - 10.     Pods  1-seeded.     Shrub  with  pinnate  leaves. 


1.    CLEMATIS,    L.        Virgin's-Bower. 

Sepals  4,  or  rarely  more,  colored,  the  valvate  margins  turned  inward  in  tlie 
bud.  Petals  none  or  small.  Achenes  numerous  in  a  head,  bearing  the  per- 
sistent styles  as  naked,  hairy,  or  plumose  tails.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  vines, 
mostly  a  little  woody,  and  climbing  by  the  bending  or  clasping  of  the  leaf- 
stalks, rarely  low  and  erect.  Leaves  opposite.  (KAtj^ot/s,  a  name  of  Diosco- 
rides  for  a  climbing  plant  with  long  and  lithe  brandies.) 

§  1.  FLAMMULA.  Flowers  r i/mose-pam'culate ,  rather  small,  in  our  species 
diacious.  Sepals  petoloid,  ichitish,  spreading,  thin.  Petals  none.  Anthers 
short,  blunt. 

1.  C.  Virgini^na,  L.  (Common  Virgin's-Bower.)  Smooth;  leaves 
bearing  3  ovate  acute  leaflets,  wbich  are  cut  or  lobed.  and  somewliat  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base;  tails  of  the  fruit  plumose.  —  Kiver-banks,  etc.,  common, 
climbing  over  shrubs.     July,  August. 

2.  C.  ligusticifblia,  Nutt.  Very  similar,  bjit  the  leaves  5-foliolate  or 
quinate-ternate.  —  Long  Pine,  Neb.,  and  west  to  the  Pacific. 


36  RANUNCULACE^.        (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

§  2.   VI6KNA,     Flowers  large,  solitary  on  long  peduncles,  usually  nodding. 

Sepals  thick,  erect  and  connivent  at  base,  mostly  dull  purple.     Petals  none. 

Anthers  linear. 
•t-  Stems   climbing;  leaves  pinnate ;  calyx  (and  foliage)  glabrous  or  puberulent. 

3.  C.  Viorna,  L.  (Leather-Flower.)  Calyx  ovate  and  at  length  bell- 
shaped;  the  purplish  sepals  {V  long)  very  thick  and  leathery,  wholly  connivent 
or  only  the  tips  recurved ;  long  tails  of  the  fi'uit  very  plumose ;  leaflets  3-7, 
ovate  or  oblong,  sometimes  slightly  cordate,  2  -  3-lobed  or  entire ;  uppermost 
leaves  often  simple.  —  Kich  soil,  Penn.  to  Mo.,  and  southward.     May -Aug. 

4.  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Calyx  bell-shaped;  the  dull  purplish 
sepals  with  narrow  and  slightly  margined  recurved  points;  tails  of  the  fruit  fili- 
form and  naked  or  shordy  villous;  leaflets  3-9,  ovate  or  somewhat  cordate, 
entire  or  3-lobed,  much  reticulated ;  uppermost  leaves  often  simple.  —  S.  Ind. 
to  Kan.,  and  Tex.     June. 

5.  C.  crispa,  L.  Calyx  cylindraceous  below,  the  upper  half  of  the  bluish- 
purple  sepals  (1-2'  long)  dilated  and  widely  spreading,  with  broad  and  wavy 
thin  margins ;  tails  of  the  fruit  silky  or  glabrate ;  leaflets  5-9,  thin,  varying 
from  ovate  or  cordate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  3-5-parted.  (C.  cyliudrica, 
Sims.)  —  Va.  near  Norfolk,  and  southward.     May -Aug. 

^  •*-  Low  and  erect,  mostly  simple ;  flowers  solitary,  terminal;  leaves  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  undivided,  strongly  reticulated. 

6.  C.  OChroleuca,  Ait.  Leaves  ovate,  entire  or  sometimes  3-lobed,  silky 
beneath ;  peduncles  long ;  tails  of  the  fruit  very  plumose.  —  Copses,  Long 
Island  to  Tenn.  and  Ga. ;  rare.    May. 

7.  C.  Fremonti,  "Watson.  Leaves  crowded,  thick,  often  coarsely  toothed, 
sparingly  villous-tomentose ;  peduncles  very  short ;  tails  villous  or  glabrate, 
not  plumose.  —  Mo.  and  Kan. 

§  3.  ATRAGENE.  Some  of  the  outer  filaments  enlarged  and  more  or  less 
petaloid ;  peduncles  bearing  single  large  flowers;  the  thin  sepals  widely 
spreading. 

8.  C.  verticillaris,  DC.  Woody-stemmed  climber,  almost  glabrous; 
leaves  trifoliolate,  with  slender  common  and  partial  petioles ;  leaflets  ovate  or 
slightly  heart-shaped,  pointed,  entire,  or  sparingly  toothed  or  lobed ;  flower 
bluish-purple,  2-3'  across;  tails  of  the  fruit  plumose. —  Rocky  places  in 
mountainous  districts,  Maine  and  W.  New  Eng.  to  Va.,  Minn.,  and  northwest- 
ward; rare.  May.  —  A  pair  of  leaves  with  a  peduncle  betAveeu  them,  devel- 
oped in  spring  from  each  of  the  opposite  buds,  gives  the  appearance  of  a  whorl, 
whence  the  specific  name. 

2.     ANEMONE,    Tourn.        Anemone.    Wixd-flower. 

Sepals  few  or  many,  petal-like.  Petals  none,  or  in  n.  1  resembling  abortive 
stamens.  Acheues  pointed  or  tailed,  flattened,  not  ribbed.  Seed  suspended. 
—  Perennial  herbs  with  radical  leaves ;  those  of  the  stem  2  or  3  together,  oppo- 
site or  whorled,  and  forming  an  involucre  remote  from  the  flower ;  peduncles 
1 -flowered,  solitary  or  umbellate.  (The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name,  from 
Avi^l6a),  to  be  shaken  by  the  wind.) 


RANUNCULACE^.        (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  87 

§  1.  PULSATILLA.  Carpels  numerous  m  a  head,  with  long  hairy  sti/tes 
which  in  fruit  form  feather  ji  tails,  as  iti  Clematis;  flower  large,  usually  with 
some  minute  or  indistinct  (jland-like  abortive  stamens  answering  to  petals. 

1.  A.  patens,  L.,var.Nuttalli^na,  Gray.  (Pasque-flower.)  Villous 
with  long  silky  hairs ;  peduncle  solitary ;  flower  erect,  developed  before  the 
leaves,  which  are  ternately  divided,  the  lateral  divisions  2-parted,  the  middle 
one  stalked  and  3-parted,  the  segments  (leej)ly  once  or  twice  cleft  into  nar- 
rowly linear  and  acute  lobes;  lobes  of  the  sessile  involucre  like  those  of  the 
leaves,  at  the  base  all  united  into  a  shallow  cup ;  sepals  .5  -  7,  purplish  or  whitish 
(1  -\Y  long),  spreading  when  in  full  anthesis.  —  Prairies,  111.  and  Mo.,  thence 
northward  and  westward.  March- A])ril.  —  A  sj)an  high.  Tail  of  carpels  2' 
long.     (Eu.,  Siberia.) 

§  2.   ANEMONE  proper.     Styles  short,  not  plumose.     Staminodia  none. 

*  Achenes  densely  long-woolly,  compressed ;  involucre  far  below  the  flower. 

t-  Stem  single,  from  a  small  tuber ;  sepals  10-20;  style  filiform. 

2.  A.  Caroliniana,  AValt.  Stem  3 -6' high;  root-leaves  once  or  twice 
3-parted  or  cleft;  involucre  3-parted,  its  wedge-shaped  divisions  3-cleft;  sepals 
10-20,  oblong-linear,  purple  or  whitish;  head  of  fruit  oblong.  —  111.  to  Keb. 
and  southward.     May. 

-t-  4-  Stems  several ;  sepals  5-8;  style  fli form. 

3.  A.  parvifl6ra,  Michx.  Stem  3-12'  high  from  a  slender  rootstock, 
1-flowered;  root-leaves  3-parted,  their  broadly  wedge-shaped  divisions  creuate- 
incised  or  lobed;  involucre  2-3-leaved;  sepals  5  or  6,  oval,  Avhite ;  head  of 
fruit  globular.  —  Lake  Superior,  northward  and  westward.     May,  June. 

4.  A.  multifida,  Poir.  Stems  from  a  branching  caudex,  silky-hairy 
(6-12'  high) ;  principal  involucre  2-3-leaved,  bearing  one  naked  and  one  or 
two  2-leaved  peduncles;  leaves  of  the  involucre  short-petioled,  similar  to  the 
root-leaves,  twice  or  thrice  3-parted  and  cleft,  their  divisions  linear ;  sepals 
obtuse,  red,  sometimes  greenish-yellow  or  whitish ;  head  of  fruit  spherical  or 
oval.  —  Rocks,  etc.,  N.  E.  Maine  to  Lake  Superior,  north  and  westward;  rare. 
June.  ^ 

•1-  -t-  -H-  Taller,  commonly  branching  above  or  producing  two  or  more  peduncles ; 
involucral  leaves  long-petioled ;  sepals  5-8,  silky  or  downy  beneath  (4-6" /o/j^), 
oval  or  oblong ;  style  subulate. 

5.  A.  cylindriea,  Gray.  (LoxG-FRUiXEr)  A.)  Slender  (2°  high),  silky- 
pubescent  ;  flowers  2-6,  on  very  long  upright  naked  peduncles ;  involucral 
leaves  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as  the  peduncles,  3-tlivided ;  their  divisions 
wedge-lanceolate,  the  lateral  2-parted,  the  middle  3-cleft ;  lobes  cut  and  toothed 
at  the  apex ;  sepals  5,  rather  obtuse,  g;Teeiuii\i-w]ute;  head  of  fruit  cylindrical 
(1'  long).  —  Dry  Avoods,  N.  Eng.  to  Mo.,  and  northwestward.  May.  —  Pedun- 
cles 7-12' long,  all  from  the  same  involucre  and  naked  throughout,  or  one 
involucellate  in  the  middle. 

6.  A.  Virgini^na,  L.  More  loosely  pubescent  or  glabrate ;  involucral 
leaves  3,  3-parted  ;  their  divisions  ovate-lanceolate ,  pointed.  ^*"t-serrate,  the  lat- 
eral 2-parted,  the  middle  3-cleft;  peduncles  elongated,  the  earliest  naked,  the 
others  with  a  2-leaved  involucel  at  the  middle,  repeatedly  proliferous ;  sepals  5, 


38  RANUNCULACE^.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

acute,  greenish  (in  one  variety  white  and  obtuse) ;  head  of  fruit  oval  or  oblong. 

Woods  and  meadows;  common.     June  -  August.  —  Plant  2-3°  higli ;  the 

upright  peduncles  6-12'  long. 

*  *  Achenes  naked ,  orbicular ,  compressed,  vnng-margined ;  sepals  5,obovate; 

involucre  sessile. 

7.  A.  Pennsylvanica,  L.  Hairj^  rather  low;  primary  involucre  3- 
leaved,  bearing  a  naked  peduncle,  and  soon  a  pair  of  branches  or  pedunclea 
with  a  2-leaved  involucre  at  the  miihlle,  which  branch  similarly  in  turn ;  their 
leaves  broadly  wedge-shaped,  3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed;  radical  leaves  .5-7- 
parted  or  cleft;  sepals  white  (6-9"  long) ;  head  of  fruit  spherical.  —  W.  Kew 
Eng.  to  Penn.,  111.,  and  northwestward.     June- Aug. 

*  *  *  Achenes  rather  few,  nearly  naked,  ovate-oblong  ;  stems  slender,  \  flowered  ; 

leaves  radical. 

8.  A.  nemorbsa,  L.  (Wind-flower.  Wood  A.)  Low,  smoothish; 
stem  perfectly  simple,  from  a  filiform  rootstock ;  involucre  of  3  long-petioled  tri- 
foliolate  leaves,  their  leaflets  wedge-shaped  or  oblong,  and  toothed  or  cut,  or 
the  lateral  ones  (var.  quinquefolia)  2-parted ;  a  similar  radical  leaf  in  sterile 
plants  solitary  from  the  rootstock ;  peduncle  not  longer  than  the  involucre ; 
sepals  4-7,  oval,  white,  sometimes  blue,  or  tinged  with  purple  outside  ;  carpels 
only  15-20,  oblong,  with  a  hooked  beak.  —  Margin  of  woods.  April,  ^May.  — 
A  delicate  vernal  species;  the  flower  V  broad.     (Eu.) 

9.  A.  nudicaulis,  Gray.  Glabrous,  rootstock  filiform;  radical  leaves 
reniform,  3-parted,  the  divisions  broadly  cuneate  Avith  rounded  crenate-incised 
or  -lobed  summit ;  involucre  of  a  single  similar  petiolate  leaf  or  wanting ; 
achenes  glabrous,  tipped  with  a  slender-subulate  hooked  style.  —  North  shore 
of  Lake  Superior  near  Sand  Bay,  Minn.,  in  bogs.  {Joseph  C.  Jones.)  Imper- 
fectly known. 

3.  HEPATIC  A,  Dill.  Lr-er-leaf.  Hepatica. 
Involucre  simple  and  3-leaved,  very  close  to  the  flower,  so  as  to  resemble  a 
calyx ;  otherwise  as  in  Anemone.  —  Leaves  all  radical,  heart-shaped  and 
3-lobed,  thickish  and  persistent  through  the  winter,  the  new  ones  appearing 
later  than  the  floAvers,  which  tre  single,  on  hairy  scapes.  (Name  from  a 
fancied  resemblance  to  the  liver  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves.) 

1.  H.  triloba,  Chaix.  Leaves  with  3  ovate  obtuse  or  rounded  lobes; 
those  of  the  involucre  also  obtuse ;  sepals  6-12,  blue,  purplish,  or  nearly  Avhite ; 
achenes  several,  in  a  small  loose  head,  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  hairy.  —  Woods ; 
common  from  the  Atlantic  to  Mo.,  Minn.,  and  northward ,  flowering  soon 
after  the  snow  leaves  the  ground  in  spring.     (Eu.) 

2.  H.  acutiloba,  DC.  Leaves  with  3  ovate  and  pointed  lobes,  or  some- 
times .5-lobed ;  those  of  the  involucre  acute  or  acutish.  —  Passes  into  the  other 
and  has  the  same  range. 

4.    ANEMONELLA,    Spach. 
Involucre  compound,  at  the  base  of  an  umbel  of  flowers.     Sepals  5-10, 
white  and  conspicuous.     Petals  none.     Achenes  4-15,  ovoid,  terete,  strongly 
8  -  lO-ribbed,  sessile.     Stigma  terminal,  broad  and  depressed.  —  Low  glabrous 
perennial ;  leaves  all  radical,  compound. 


RANUNCULACEy*:.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  39 

1.  A.  thalietroides,  Spach.  (Uue-Anemose.)  Stem  and  slender  pe- 
tiole of  iiuliial  leaf  (a  s])au  liii^li)  rising  from  a  cluster  of  thickened  tuberous 
roots;  leaves  2-3-ternately  compound;  leaflets  roundish,  somewhat  3-lobed 
at  the  end,  cordate  at  tlie  base,  loug-petiolulate,  those  of  the  2-3-leaved  1-2- 
ternate  involucre  similar;  flowers  several  in  an  umbel;  sepals  oval  (^'  long, 
rarely  pinkish),  not  early  deciduous.  (Thalictrum  anemonoides,  Alichx.)  — 
Woods,  common,  flowering  in  early  spring  with  Anemone  nemorosa,  and 
considerably  resembling  it.     Karely  the  sepals  are  3-lobed  like  the  leaflets. 

5.     THALICTRUM,    Tourn.        Meadow-Kle. 

Sepals  4-5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  usually  caducous.  I'etals  none.  Achenes 
4  -  15,  grooved  or  ribbed,  or  else  inflated.  Stigma  unilateral.  Seed  suspended. 
—  Perennials,  with  alternate  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  divisions  and 
the  leaflets  stalked ;  petioles  dilated  at  base.  Flowers  in  corymbs  or  panicles, 
often  polygamous  or  diacious.     (Derivation  obscure.) 

*  Flowers  dioecious  or  sometimes  })oli/(/amous,  in  ample  panicles;  Jilaments  slen- 

der; stigmas  elongated,  linear  or  subulate ;  achenes  sessile  or  s/iort-stipilate, 
ovoid,  pointed,  strongly  several-angled  and  grooved. 

1.  T.  dioicum,  L.  (Early  Meadow-Kue.)  Smooth  and  pale  or  glau- 
cous, 1-2°  high;  leaves  (2-3)  all  with  general  petioles;  leaflets  drooping, 
rounded  and  3  -  7-lobed  ;  flow^ers  purplisli  and  greenish,  dioecious ;  the  yel- 
lowish anthers  linear,  mucronate,  drooping  on  tine  capillary  filaments. — 
llocky  woods,  etc. ;  common.     April,  May. 

2.  T.  polygamum,  Muhl.  (Tall  M.)  Smooth,  not  glandular,  4-8° 
high  ;  stem-leaves  sessile ;  leaflets  rather  firm,  roundish  to  oblong,  commonly 
with  mucronate  lobes  or  tips,-,sometimes  puberulent  beneath;  panicles  very 
compound ;  flowers  white,  the  fertile  ones  with  some  stamens ;  anthers  not 
drooping,  small,  oblong,  Idunt,  the  mostly  wliite  filaments  decidedly  thickened 
upwards.  (T.  Cornuti,  Man.,  not  L.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  along  rivulets,  N. 
Eng.  to  Ohio  and  southward ;  common.     Jul^  -  Sept. 

3.  T.  purpur^SCens,  L.  (Pl-rplish  M.)  Stem  (2-4°  high)  usually 
pur])lish ;  stem-leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  leaflets  more  veiny  and  reticulated 
beneath,  with  or  without  gland-tipped  or  glandless  hairs  or  waxy  atoms; 
panicles  compound  ;  flowers  (sepals,  filaments,  etc.)  greenish  and  purplish, 
ditecious;  anthers  linear  or  oblong-linear,  mucronulate,  drooping  on  capillary 
filaments  occasionally  broadened  at  the  summit.  —  Dry  uplands  and  rocky  hills, 
S.  New  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  soutliward.     May,  June. 

*  *  Flowers  all  perfect,  corgmhed ;  the  filaments  strongly  club-shaped  or  inflated 
under  the  small  and  short  anther  ;  stigma  short ;  achenes  gibbous,  long-stipitate. 

4.  T.  clavatum,  DC.  Size  and  ap])earance  of  n.  1 ;  leaves  only  twice 
ternate ;  flowers  white,  fewer;  achenes  5-10,  flat,  somewhat  crcscent-sliaj)ed, 
tapering  into  the  slender  stijic.  —  Mountains  oi  Va.  and  soutliward.     June. 

6.    TRAUTVETTERIA,    Fisch.  &  Mey.        False  Bugbane. 

Sepals  3-5,  usually  4,  concave,  petal-like,  very  caducous.  Petals  none. 
Achenes  numerous,  capitate,  membranaceous,  compressed-4-angled  and  in- 
flated. Seed  erect.  —  A  perennial  herb,  with  alternate  palmately-l«»bed  leaves, 
and  corymbose  white  flowers.     (For  Prof.  Trautvetter,  a  Russian  botanist.) 


40  RANUNCULACE^.       (CROWFOOT   FAMILY.) 

1.  T.  palm^ta,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Stems  2-3°  high;  root-leaves  large, 
5-  11-lobed,  the  lobes  toothed  and  cut.  —  Moist  ground  along  streamlets,  Md. 
to  S.  Ind.,  and  south  to  Ga. 

7.    ADONIS,    DiU. 

Sepals  and  petals  (5  - 1 6)  flat,  unappendaged,  deciduous.  Achenes  numer- 
ous, in  a  head,  rugose-reticulated.  .Seed  suspended.  —  Herbs  with  finely  dis- 
sected alternate  leaves  and  showy  flowers.  {"ASwvis,  a  favorite  of  Venus,"after 
his  death  changed  into  a  flower.) 

A.  autujinAlis,  L.  a  low  leafy  annual,  with  scarlet  or  crimson  flowers, 
darker  in  the  centre.  —  Sparingly  naturalized  from  Europe. 

8.     MYOStlRUS,     Dill.        Mouse-tail. 

Sepals  5,  spurred  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  small  and  narrow,  raised  on  a  slen- 
der claw,  at  the  summit  of  which  is  a  nectariferous  hollow.  Stamens  5  -  20. 
Achenes  numerous,  somewhat  3-sided,  crowded  on  a  very  long  and  slender 
spike-like  receptacle  (whence  the  name,  from  fxds,  a  mouse,  and  ovpd,  a  tail), 
the  seed  suspended.  —  Little  annuals,  with  tufted  narrowly  linear-spatulate 
root-leaves,  and  naked  1 -flowered  scapes.     Flowers  small,  greenish. 

1.  M.  miniinus,  L.  Fruiting  spike  1  -2'  long;  achenes  quadrate,  blunt. 
—  Alluvial  ground,  111.  and  Ky.,  thence  south  and  west.     (Eu.) 

9.    RANUNCULUS,    Tourn.        Crowfoot.    Buttercup. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  flat,  with  a  little  pit  or  scale  at  the  base  inside.  Achenes 
numerous,  in  a  head,  mostly  flattened,  pointed;  the  seed  erect.  —  Annuals  or 
perennials ;  stem-leaves  alternate.  Flowers  solitary  or  somewhat  corymbed, 
yellow,  rarely  white.  (Sepals  and  petals  rarely  only  3,  the  latter  often  more 
than  5.  Stamens  occasionally  few.)  —  (A  Latin  name  for  a  little  frog ;  applied 
by  Pliny  to  these  plants,  the  aquatic  species  growing  where  frogs  abound.) 

R.  FicXria,  L.  (representing  the  §  Ficaria),  which  has  tuberous-thickened 
roots,  Caltha-like  leaves,  and  scape-like  peduncles  bearing  a  3-sepalous  and 
8-9-petalous  yellow  flower,  has  been  found  as  an  escape  from  gardens  about 
New  York  and  Pliiladelphia. 

§  1.   BATRACHIUM.     Petals  with  a  spot  or  naked  pit  at  base,  white,  or  only 
the  claw  yellow ;  achenes  marginless,  transversely  wrinkled ;  aquatic  or  sub- 
aquatic  perennials,  with  the  immersed  foliage  repeatedly  dissected  {mostly  by 
threes)  into  capillary  divisions ;  peduncles  \-Jlowered,  opposite  the  leaves. 
*  Receptacle  hairy. 

1.  R.  eircinktUS,  Sibth.  (Stiff  Water-Crowfoot.)  Zea res  all  under 
water  and  sessile,  with  broad  conspicuous  stipules,  the  divisions  and  subdi- 
visions short,  spreading  in  one  roundish  plane,  rigid,  not  collapsing  ichen  with- 
drawn from  the  water.  (E.  divaricatus,  Man.,  not  Schrank.)  —  Ponds  and  slow 
streams,  Maine  and  Vt.,  to  Iowa,  north  and  westward,  much  rarer  than  the 
next.     June  -  Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  R.  aquatilis,  L.,  var.  trichoph^Uus,  Gray.  (Common  White 
Water-Crowfoot.)  Leaves  all  under  water  and  mostly  petioled,  their  capil- 
lary divisions  and  subdivisions  rather  long  and  soft,  usually  collapsing  more  or 
less  when  withdrawn  from  the  water;  petiole  rather  narrowly  dilated.  —  Com- 


RANUNCULACEiE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  41 

mon,  especially  in  slow-flowiug  waters,  the  eastern  form  with  more  soft  and 
flaccid  leaves.     June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

Var.  csespitbsus,  DC.  A  dwarf  terrestrial  form,  rooting  at  the  nodes, 
the  small  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  with  broader  rigid  divisions.  —  S.  111. 
(Schneck),  and  westward. 

*  *  Receptacle  glabrous ;  no  submersed  leaves. 

R.  hederXceus,  L.  Rooting  freely  in  shallow  water;  leaves  all  reniform, 
angulate-lobed.  —  I'resh-water  marshes  at  Norfolk,  Va.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

§2.    HALODES.      Petals   yellow,  with    nectariferous   pit  and  scale;  carpels 
thin-walled,  striate,  in  an  oblony  head ;  scapose,  spreading  bi/  runners. 

3.  R.  Cymbal^ria,  Pursh.  (Sea-side  Crowfoot.)  Glabrous ;  scapes 
1-6'  high,  1  -7-flowered;  leaves  clustered  at  the  root  and  on  the  joints  of  tlie 
long  rooting  runners,  roundish-heart-shaped  or  kidney -shaped,  crenate,  rather 
fleshy,  long-petioled  ;  petals  5-8.  —  Sandy  sliores,  from  New  Jersey  northward, 
and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  111.,  Kan.  and  westward ;  also  at  salt  springs. 
June -Aug. 

§3.   RANUNCULUS  proper.      Petals  with  a  little  scale  at  the  base,  yellow  ; 

achenes  nerveless. 

*  Achenes  smooth;  mostly  perennial. 

•*-  Aquatic  ;  immersed  leaves  Ji  I  if  or  inly  dissected,  as  in  §  Batrachium. 

4.  R.  multifidus,  Pursh.  (Yellow  Water-Crowfoot.)  Stems  float- 
ing or  immersed,  with  the  leaves  all  repeatedly  3-forked  into  long  filiform 
divisions,  or  sometimes  creeping  in  the  mud  (perennial  by  rooting  from  the 
nodes,  if  at  all) ;  emersed  leaves  with  shorter  and  linear  or  wedge-shaped  di- 
visions, or  else  kidney-shaped  and  sparingly  lobed  or  toothed;  petals  5-8, 
deep  bright  yellow,  4-6"  long,  much  larger  than  the  calyx;  carpels  in  a 
round  head,  pointed  with  a  straight  beak.  —  E.  New  Eng.  to  S.  Penn.,  Mo., 
and  northward.    May  -July.  —  Out  of  water  it  is  often  pubescent,  especially  in 

Var.  terrestris,  Gray.     Stem  rooting  in  the  mud  or  ascending  from  the 

base ;  leaves  all  smaller,  coarsely  dissected,  round-reniform  in  outline  ;  flowers 

and  fruit  twice  or  thrice  smaller.  —  N.  Ohio  to  N.  111.,  Minn.,  and  westward. 

-t-  +-  Terrestrial  but  growing  in  very  wet  places,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves 

entire  or  barely  toothed,  all  or  else  all  but  the  lowest  lanceolate  or  linear ; 

carpels  forming  a  globular  head.     (Spearwort.) 

5.  R.  ^mbigens,  Watson.  (Water  Plantain  Spearwort.)  Stems 
ascending  (1  -2°  high),  often  rooting  from  the  lower  joints;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  the  lowest  oblong,  mostly  denticulate  (3  -  5'  long),  contracted  into  a  mar- 
gined half-clasping  petiole;  petals  5-7,  bright  yellow,  oblong  (2-3"  long); 
carpels  flattened,  large  (1"  long),  pointed  with  a  long  narrow-subulate  beak.  (R. 
alismffifolius,  Man.,  not  Gey.)  —  N.  Eng.  to  Out.,  Minn,  and  southward  ;  com- 
mon, especially  at  the  north.     June  -  Aug. 

6.  R.  Fl&ramula,  L.  (Smaller  Spearwort.)  Stem  reclining  or 
ascending,  rooting  below ,  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  or  the  lowest  ovate- 
oblong  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  mostly  petioled  (1  -2'  long) ,  petals 
5-7,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  bright  yellow,  carpels  small,  fattish  but 
turgid,  mucronate  with  a  short  abrupt  point.  —  Only  a  small  form  (var.  inter- 


42  RANUNCULACE.E.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

iiiiDius)  met  with  in  this  country  (shore  of  L.  Ontario,  and  northward),  a 
span  high,  with  flowers  3  -  5"  in  diameter,  passing  into 

Var.  reptans,  E.  Meyer.  (Creeping  S.)  Small,  slender,  the  JiUform 
creeping  stems  rooting  at  all  the  joints ;  leaves  linear,  spatulate,  or  oblong  (i-  1' 
long) ;  flowers  small.  —  Gravelly  or  sandy  banks ;  Newf .  to  Penn.,  north  and 
westward.     June -Sept.     (Eu.) 

7.  R.  oblongifolius,  Ell.  Usually  annual;  stem  erect  or  ascending, 
often  pubescent  below,  slender  (1-2°  high),  dij/useli/  branched  above  and 
viang-Jiowered ;  leaves  serrate  or  denticulate,  lower  long-petioled,  ovate  or 
oblong  (i-H'  long),  uppermost  linear;  flowers  3-5''  broad;  petals  5,  bright 
yellow,  1  -Z"  long;  carpels  minute,  almo&t globular,  the  small  style  deciduoua. 
—  Wet  prairies,  111.,  Mo.,  and  in  S.  States.     June. 

8.  R.  pusillus,  Poir.  Stem  ascending,  weak,  loosely  branching  (6-18' 
long) ;  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate,  the  lowest  round-ovate  or  heart- 
shaped  (^'  long),  long-petioled,  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate  (1  -  U'  long) ; 
foivers  very  small ;  petals  1  -  5,  yellowish  ;  stamens  3  - 10 ;  carpels  very  turgid, 
smooth  or  slightly  papillose,  tipped  with  a  minute  sessile  stigma.  —  Wet  places, 
S.  New  York,  and  southward  along  the  coast.    June- Aug. 

4-  -f-  H-  Terrestrial,  but  often  in  wet  places ;  leaves  mostly  cleft  or  divided. 

•w-  Ruot-leaves  not  divided  to  the  very  base;  achenes  margirdess. 

9.  R.  affinis,  K.  Br.  Somewhat  hairy  or  glabrous ;  low  or  slender,  1°  high 
or  less ;  leaves  pcdately  cleft,  the  cauline  with  linear  or  narrow  oblanceolate 
divisions;  petals  light  yellow,  3-4"  long  or  smaller;  heads  oblong;  achenes 
turgid,  with  small  an.d  mostly  recurved  style,  pubescent  or  glabrous.  —  And 
var.  VALiDus,  Gray,  stouter  and  with  more  fleshy  leaves,  the  lower  mostly 
undivided  and  round isli,  cordate,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  crenate 
or  more  or  less  cleft.  —  Minn,,  Iowa,  north  and  westward. 

10.  R.  rhomboideus,  Goldie.  Loav  (3-8'  high),  hairy;  root-leaves 
roundish  or  rhombic-ovate,  rarely  subcordate,  toothed  or  crenate;  lowest  stem- 
leaves  similar  or  3  -  5-lobed,  the  upper  3  -  5-parted,  almost  sessile,  the  lobes 
linear ;  carpels  orbicular  icith  a  minute  beak,  in  a  globose  head ;  petals  large, 
deep  yellow.  —  Prairies,  Mich,  to  N.  lU.,  Minn.,  and  northward.  April, 
May. 

11.  R.  abortivus,  L.  (Small-flowered  C.)  Biennial,  ^/a&rous,  branch- 
ing, 6' -2°  high ;  primary  root-leaves  round  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  barely 
crenate,  the  succeeding  often  3-lobed  or  3-parted;  those  of  the  stem  and 
branches  3  -  5-parted  or  divided,  subsessile,  the  divisions  oblong  or  narrowly 
wedge-form,  mostly  toothed ;  head  globose ;  carpels  mucronate,  with  a  minute 
curved  beak ;  petals  pale  yellow,  shorter  than  the  small  refiexed  calyx.  —  Shady 
hillsides  and  along  brooks,  common.     April- June. 

Var.  micranthus,  Gray.  Pubescent,  roots  often  fusiform-thickened; 
root-leaves  seldom  at  all  heart-shaped,  some  3-parted  or  3-divided ;  peduncles 
more  slender  and  carpels  fewer,  —  E,  Mass.  to  111.,  Minn.,  and  westward. 

12.  R.  seelerktus,  L.  (Cursed  C.)  Annual,  glabrous;  root-leaves 
3-lobed,  rounded;  lower  stem-leaves  3-parted,  the  lobes  obtusely  cut  and 
toothed,  the  uppermost  almost  sessile,  with  the  lobes  oblong-linear  and  nearly 
entire;  carpels  barely  mucronulate,  very  numerous,  in  oblong  or  cylindrical 


llANUNCULACKiE.       (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.)  43 

heads;  petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  calijx.  —  Wet  ditches;  appearing  as  if 
introduced.  Juue-Auf^.  —  Stem  thick  and  liollow,  l°high;  juice  acrid  and 
blistering;  leaves  thickish;  flowers  small,  pale  yellow,     (Ku.) 

++  -t-^  Leaves  varioushj  cleft  or  divided ;  achenes  in  [/lobular  heads  (except  n.  17), 
compressed,  with  an  evident  Jinn  man/in;  hirsute  or  pubescent. 

=  Achenes  with  long  recurved  beak ;  root-leaves  rareli/  divided. 

13.  R.  reCUrv^tUS,  Toir.  (Hooked  C.)  Ilii-sutc,  1-2°  high;  leaves 
of  the  root  and  stem  nearly  alike,  long-petioled,  deeply  3-cleft,  large ;  the  lobes 
broadly  wedge-shaped,  2 -3-cleft,  cut  and  toothed  toward  the  apex;  petals 
shorter  than  the  reflexed  calyx,  pale.  —  Woods,  common.     May,  June. 

=  =  Stijle  long  and  attenuate,  stigmatose  at  the  tip,  persistent  or  the  upper  part 
usually  deciduous;  early  root-leaves  only  3-parted,  the  later  S-b-J'oliolale ; 
petals  bright  yellow. 

14.  R.  fascicul^ris,  Muhl.     (Early  C.)     Low,  ascending,  5-9'  high, 

pubescent  with  close-pressed  silky  hairs ;  7-00/  a  cluster  of  thickened  Jleshy  Jibres ; 
radical  leaves  appearing  pinnate,  the  long-stalked  terminal  division  remote  from 
the  sessile  lateral  ones,  itself  3 - 5-di\ided  or  parted  and  3 - 5-cleft,  the  lobes 
oblong  or  linear;  petals  often  6  or  7, spatulate-oblong,  twice  the  leugtli  of  tlie 
spreading  calyx  ;  carpels  scarcely  margined,  ti])ped  with  a  slender  straight  or 
rather  curved  beak.  —  Dry  or  moist  hills.     April,  May. 

15.  R.  septentrionklis,  Poir.  Low,  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous;  stems 
ascending,  or  in  wet  ground  some  of  them  procumbent  or  forming  lonq  runners; 
leaves  3-divided,  the  divisions  all  stalked  (or  at  least  tiie  terminal  one),  broadly 
wedge-shaped  or  ovate,  unequally  3-cleft  or  parted  and  variousl\-  cut,  never 
pinnately  compound  ;  petals  obovate,  much  larger  than  the  spreading  calyx ; 
carpels  strongly  margined,  pointed  by  a  stout  straightisli  beak.  (R.  repens,  of 
Manual,  mainly.)  —  Moist  or  shady  places,  etc..  May -Aug.  —  Extremely 
variable  in  size  and  foliage,  commencing  to  flower  by  upright  stems  in  spring 
before  any  long  runners  are  formed.  -^ 

=  —  =  Style  subulate,  stigmatose  along  tlie  inner  nifirgin,  mostly  persistent.-' 

16.  R.  repens,  L.  In  habit  and  foliage  closely  similar  to  the  last  spe- 
cies ;  leaves  frequently  white-vari-egated  or  spotted ;  commencing  to  flower 
somewhat  later.  —  In  low  grounds;  generally  in  waste  grounds  near  the  coast 
and  probal)ly  iiitroduced  from  Europe,  but  indigenous  westward. 

17.  R.  Pennsylvanicus,  L.f.  (Bristly  C.)  Stout  and  erect  from  a 
usually  annual  root,  hirsute  with  widely  spreading  bristly  hairs,  leafy  to 
the  top,  1-2°  high;  leaves  all  ternately  divided  or  compound,  the  stalked 
leaflets  unequally  3-cleft,  sharply  cut  and  toothed,  acute ;  flowers  inconspicu- 
ous; calyx  reflexed;  head  of  carpels  oblong.  —  Wet  places,  common.  June- 
Aug. 

18.  R.  hispidus,  Ilook.  (not  Michx.  or  DC).  Kesembling  the  last,  but 
the  ascending  or  reclining  stems  few-leaved,  rarely  if  ever  rooting,  not  always 
hirsute ;  petals  (about  3"  long)  surpassing  the  hardly  reflexed  and  soon  decid- 
uous calyx  ;  achenes  with  a  stout  straiglit  beak,  in  a  globose  or  oval  head. — 
On  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  north  and  westward  ;  i.robably 
in  N.  Minn. 


44  KANUNCULACKyE.        (CKOWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

R.  BULB6srs,  L.     (Bulbous  C.  or  Buttercups.)     Hairy;  stem  erect  from 

a  bulb-like  base,  1°  high ;  radical  leaves  3-divided ;  the  lateral  divisions  sessile, 
the  terminal  stalked  aud  3-parted,  all  wedge-shaped,  cleft  and  toothed;  pedun- 
cles furrowed ;  petals  round,  wedge-shaped  at  hase ;  calyx  reflexed ;  carpels 
tipped  with  a  very  short  beak.  —  Fields;  very  abundant  only  in  E.  New  Eng- 
land; rare  westward.  May -July.  —  Leaves' appearing  as  if  pinnate.  Petals 
often  6  or  7,  deep  glossy  yellow,  the  corolla  more  than  au  inch  broad.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

R.  XcKis,  L.  (Tall  C.  or  Buttercups.)  Hairy;  stem  erect  (2-3°  high) ; 
leaves  3-divided ;  the  divisions  all  sessile  and  3-cleft  or  parted,  their  segments 
cut  into  lanceolate  or  linear  crowded  lobes ;  peduncles  not  furrowed  ;  petals 
obovate,  much  longer  than  the  spreading  calyx.  —  Fields  ;  common,  especially 
eastward.  June- Aug.  —  Elower  nearly  as  large  as  the  last,  but  not  so  deep 
yellow.  —  The  Buttercups  are  avoided  by  cattle,  on  account  of  their  very  acrid 
or  even  blistering  juice,  which  property,  however,  is  dissipated  in  drying  when 
these  plants  are  cut  Avith  hay.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Achenes  beset  with  rourjh  points  or  small  prickles  ;  anjiuals. 

R,  MURicATUS,  L.  Nearly  glabrous ;  lower  leaves  roundish  or  reniform, 
.3-lobed,  coarsely  crenate ;  the  upper  3-cleft,  wedge-form  at  the  base ;  petals 
lonqer  than  the'cali/x;  carpels  Jlat,  spin/f-tubei-culate  on  the  sides,  strongly 
beaked,  surrounded  with  a  wide  and  sharp  smooth  margin.  —  Eastern  Vir- 
ginia and  southward.     (Xat.  from  Y.u.) 

R.  parvifl6ri"s,  L.  Hairy,  slender  and  diffuse;  lower  leaves  roundish- 
cordate,  3-cleft,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut ;  the  upper  3  -  .5-parted  ;  petals  not 
longer  than  the  califx  -/carpels  minuteli/  hispid  and  ronrjh,  beaked,  narrowly 
margined.  —  Norfolk,  Va.,  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.    ISOPYRUM,    L. 

Sepals  .5,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  minute,  wanting  in  the  American 
species.  Stamens  10-40.  Pistils  3-6  or  mo4-e, pointed  with  the  styles.  Pods 
ovate  or  oblong,  2 -several- seeded.  —  Slender  smooth  perennial  herbs,  with 
2 - 3-ternately  compound  leaves;  the  leaflets  2 -3-lobed.  Flowers  axillary  and 
terriiinal,  white.     (From  laoirvpov,  the  ancient  name  of  a  Fumaria.) 

1.  I.  biternatum,  Torr.  <&  Gray.  Petals  none;  filaments  white,  club- 
shaped;  pistils  3-6  (commonly  4),  divaricate  in  fruit,  2-3-seeded;  seeds 
smooth.  —  Moist  shady  places,  Ohio  to  Minn,  and  southward.  May.  —  Fibres 
of  the  root  thickened  here  and  there  into  little  tubers.  Aspect  and  size  of  the 
plant  much  as  in  Anemonella. 

11.     C  ALT  HA,     L.        Marsh  Marigold. 

Sepals  .5-9,  petal-like.  Petals  none.  Pistils  5-10,  with  scarcely  any  styles. 
Pods  (follicles)  compressed,  spreading,  many-seeded.  —  Glabrous  perennials, 
with  round  and  heart-shaped  or  kidney-form,  large,  undivided  leaves.  (Au 
ancient  Latin  name  for  the  common  Marigold.) 

1.  C.  pallistris,  L.  Stem  hollow,  furrowed;  leaves  round  or  kidney- 
shaped,  either  crenate  or  dentate  or  nearly  entire ;  sepals  broadly  oval  (bright 
yellow).  —  Swamps  and  Avet  meadows,  common  northward.  April,  May. — 
Often  called  incorrectly  Cowslips ;  used  as  a  pot-herb  in  spring,  when  coming 
into  flower.  C.  flabellifolia,  Pursh,  is  a  weak  slender  form,  with  opeu- 
rcniform  leaves  and  smaller  flowers  (P  broad  or  less),  occurring  in  cold  moun- 
tain springs,.  N.  Y.  to  Md.     (Eu.) 


RANUNCLLACEJE.       (CKOWFOOT    lAMIJ.V.)  4"> 

12.    TROLLIUS,     I..        (ii.oiiK-ri.owKH. 

Sepals  5-15,  petal-like.  I'etals  niiincious,  small,  1-lipped,  the  concavity 
near  the  base.  Stamens  and  pistils  numerous.  I'ods  9  or  more,  sessile,  many- 
seeded —  Smooth  jierennials  with  pal mately  parted  and  cut  leaves,  like  Ha- 
nunc-ulus,  and  large  solitary  terminal  Howers.  (Name  thought  to  be  derived 
from  the  old  Cicrman  word  trull,  a  globe,  or  something  round.) 

1.  T.  laxus,  Salisb.  (Sphkadinu  GLonE-FLOWEK.)  Leaves  5  -  7-parted  ; 
sepals  5 -G,  spreading ;  petals  15-25,  inconspicuous,  much  slunter  than  tlie 
stamens.  —  Deep  swamps,  N.  II.  to  Del.  and  Mich.  May.  —  Flowers  twice 
the  size  of  the  common  Buttercup ;  the  sepals  sj)reading,  so  that  the  name  is 
not  appropriate,  as  it  is  to  the  European  (Jlohe-Jioiccr  of  the  gardens,  nor  is  tlie 
blossom  showy,  being  pale  greenish-yellow,  or  ncnily  white. 

13.     COPTIS,     vSalisb.        Cjoi.dthkead. 

Sepals  5- 7,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  5-7,  small,  club-shaped,  hollow 
at  the  apex.  Stamens  15-25.  I'istils  3-7,  on  slender  stalks.  Tods  diver- 
gent, membranaceous,  pointed  with  the  style,  4-8-sceded.  —  Low  smooth 
perennials,  with  ternately  divided  I'oot-leaves,  and  small  wliite  flowers  on 
scapes.     (Name  from  kotttw,  to  cat,  alluding  to  tlie  divided  leaves.) 

1  C.  trif61ia,  Salisb  (Three-leaved  Goldthread.)  Leaflets  3, 
obovate-wedge-form,  sharply  toothed,  obscurely  3-lobed ,  scape  1-flowered. — 
Bogs,  abundant  northward ,  extending  south  to  Maryland  along  the  moun- 
tains, and  west  to  Iowa.  May.  —  Root  of  long,  bright  yellow,  bitter  fibres. 
Leaves  evergreen,  shining.     Scape  naked,  slender,  3-5' high.     (Eu.) 

14.  HELLEBORUS,     Tourn.         Hellkhokk. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like  or  greenish,  persistent.  Tetals  8-  10,  very  small,  tubu- 
lar, 2-lipped.  ristils  3- 10,  sessile,  forming  coriaceous  many-seeded  pods. — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  ample  palmate  or  ])edate  leaves,  and  large,  solitary, 
nodding,  early  vernal  flowers.     (An  ancient  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

H.  vfuiDis,  L.  (Green  IIellkboiu:.)  Koot-leaves  glaVirous,  pedate; 
calyx  spreading,  greenish.  —  lias  been  found  wild  on  Long  Island,  in  I'enn., 
and  W  Va.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

15.  ERA  NT  HIS,     Salisb         Winter  Aconite. 

Sepals  5- 8,  petal-like,  deciduous.  Petals  small  2-li]))<ed  nectaries.  Carpels 
few\  stijjitate,  several-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  witli  ])almately  multifid  radi- 
cal leaves,  the  scape  bearing  a  single  large  yellow  flower  surrounded  by  jui 
involucre  of  a  single  leaf.     (Name  from  ^p,  s/>ri>ifi,  and  IkvQos,  jhnrer.) 

E.  hvemXlis,  Salisb.  Dwarf;  flowers  cup-sliai)ed,  U' in  «liameter;  petals 
shorter  than  the  stamens.  —  Near  Philadelpliia.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

16.     AQUILEGIA,     Tourn.  Collmhine. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  5,  all  alike,  with  a  short 
spreading  lip,  produced  backward  into  large  hollow  spurs,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Pistils  5,  with  slender  styles.  Pods  erect,  many-seeded.  —  Per- 
ennials, with  2-3-ternately  compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  lobed.  Flowers 
large  and  sliowy  termiualing  the  branches.  (Name  from  iujnileyus,  water- 
drawing.) 


46  RANUNCLLACE^..        (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  (Wild  Columbine.)  Spurs  nearly  straight; 
stamens  and  styles  longer  than  the  ovate  sepals.  —  Ivocks,  common.  April- 
June.  —  Flowers  2'  long,  scarlet,  yellow  inside  (or  rarely  all  over),  nodding, 
60  that  the  spurs  turn  upward,  but  the  stalk  becomes  upright  in  fruit. 

2.  A.  brevistyla,  Hook.  Flowers  small,  blue  or  purplish  or  nearly 
white ;  spurs  incurved.  —  Red  River  valley,  Dak. ;  Rocky  Mts.,  northAvard. 

A.  vulgXris,  L.,  the  common  Garden  Columbine,  of  Europe,  with 
hooked  spurs,  is  beginning  to  escape  from  cultivation  in  some  places. 

17.     DELPHINIUM,    Tourn.        Larkspur. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  petal-like ;  the  upper  one  prolonged  into  a  spur  at  the 
base.  Petals  4,  irregular,  the  upper  pair  continued  backward  into  long  spurs 
which  are  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx,  the  lower  pair  with  short  cIeavs; 
rarely  only  2,  united  into  one.  Pistils  1-5,  forming  many -seeded  pods  in  fruit. 
—  Leaves  palmately  divided  or  cut.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  (Name 
from  Delphin,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  flower,  which  is  sometimes  not 
unlike  the  classical  figures  of  the  dolphin.) 

*  Perennials,  indigenous ;  pistils  3. 

1.  D.  exalt^tum,  Ait.  (Tall  Larkspur.)  Stem  slender,  2-5°  high; 
leaves  deeply  3  -  5-cleft,  the  divisions  narrow  wedge-form,  di\'erging,  3-cleft 
at  the  apex,  acute ;  racemes  wand-like,  panicled,  many-flowered ;  flowers  pur- 
plish-blue, downy  ;  spur  straight;  pods  erect.  —  Rich  soil,  Penn.  to  Minn,  and 
southward.     July. 

2.  D.  tricorne,  Michx.  (Dwarf  L.)  Leaves  deeply  5-parted,  their 
divisions  unequally  3  -  5-cleft ;  the  lobes  linear,  acutish ;  raceme  few-flowered, 
loose;  spur  straightish,  ascending;  pods  stromjly  diverrjing.  —  W.  Penn.  to 
Minn,  and  southward.  April,  May.  —  Root  a  tuberous  cluster.  Stem  simple, 
6' -3°  high.     Flowers  bright  blue,  sometimes  white,  occasionally  numerous. 

3.  D.  azureum,  Michx.  Leaves  deeply  3 -5-parted,  the  divisions  2-3 
times  cleft;  the  lobes  all  narrowly  linear;  raceme  strict:  spur  ascending, 
usually  curved  upward;  pods  erect.  —  Wise,  to  Dak.  and  southward.  May, 
June.  —  Stem  1-2°  high,  slender,  often  softly  pubescent.  Flowers  sky-blue 
or  whitish. 

*    *  Annual,  introduced ;  petals  2,  united  into  one  body ;  pistil  single. 

D.  Cons6lida,  L.  (Field  L.)  Leaves  dissected  into  narrow  linear  lobes ; 
inflorescence  loosely  paniculate;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts;  pod  gla- 
brous. —  Old  grain-fields,  Penn.  and  Va. ;  also  sparingly  along  roadsides 
farther  north.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

D.  AjXcis,  L.  Flowers  more  numerous  and  spicately  racemose;  pods 
pubescent.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens  in  E.Atlantic  States.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

18.   ACONITUM,   Tourn.      Aconite.    Monkshood.    Wolfsbane. 

Sepals  5,  petal-like,  very  irregular ;  the  upper  one  (helmet)  hooded  or  hel- 
met-shaped, larger  than  the  others.  Petals  2  (the  3  lower  wanting  entirely,  or 
very  minute  rudiments  among  the  stamens),  consisting  of  small  spur-shaped 
bodies  raised  on  long  claws  and  concealed  under  the  helmet.  Pistils  3-5. 
Pods  several-seeded.     Seed-coat  usuallv  wrinkled  or  scalv.  —  Perennials,  with 


RANUNCULACK^l':.        (CP.OWKOOT    FAMILY.)  47 

palmately  cleft  or  dissected  leaves,  and  showy  flowers  in  rarfincs  or  panirks. 
(The  anciont  Greek  and  Latin  name,  of  uncertain  <jri<T^in.) 

1.  A.  Noveboracense,  (iray.  Krect  from  tuberous-thickened  rootJ«, 
2°  high,  leafy,  tlie  sumi/iit  (itid  strict  loosely  flowered  rdcpmc.  jmhescent ;  leaves 
rather  deeply  parted,  the  hroadly  cuneate  divisions  3-<.left  and  incised  ;  flowers 
blue,  the  helmet  (jihhous-ohovate  with  broad  rounded  summit  and  short  descend- 
ing beak.  —  Chenango  and  Orange  Cos.,  N.  Y. 

2.  A.  uncin^tum,  L.  (Wild  Monkshood.)  Glabrous;  stem  slender, 
from  tuherons-t/iickciicd  roots,  errrt,  hut  weak  and  dis])o.'^ed  to  climb;  leaves  firm, 
deeply  3-5-lobed,  petiolcd,  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  ;  Jloinrs 
blue  ;  helmet  erect,  obtuseli/  conical,  com])ressed,  sliglitly  beaked  in  front.  —  Kich 
shady  soil  along  streams,  I'cnn.,  and  southwaid  in  the  mountains;  Wise. 
June- Aug. 

3.  A.  reclin^tum,  Gray.  (  Trailing  Wolfshane.)  Glabrous;  stems 
trailing  (3-8°  long);  leaves  dee/>li/  3-7-<-left,  petioled,  the  lower  orbicular  in 
outline;  the  divisions  wedge-form,  incised,  often  2 - 3-lobed  ;  y/oM-crs  white,  in 
very  loose  panicles ;  helmet  soon  horizontal,  elongated-conical,  with  a  straight- 
beak  in  front.  —  Cheat  Mountain,  Va.,  and  southward  in  the  Alleghauics. 
Aug.  —  Lower  leaves  5-6'  wide.     Flowers  9"  long,  nearly  glabrous. 

19.     CIMICIFUGA,    L.        Bic.nANE. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  soon  after  tlie  flower  expands.  Petals,  or  rather 
tran.sformed  stamens,  1-8,  small,  on  claws,  2-horned  at  the  apex.  Stamens 
as  in  Aetata.  Pistils  1  -8,  forming  dry  dehiscent  pods  in  fruit.  —  Perennials, 
with  2-3-ternately-divided  leaves,  the  leaflets  cut-serrate,  and  white  flowers 
in  elongated  wand-likc  racemes.  (Name  from  cimex,  a  bug,  andy»^o,  to  drive 
away.) 
§  1.   CIMICIEUGA  proper.     Pistils  3-S,  stijutafe ;  seeds  fattened  laterallij, 

covered  ivith  chajfij  scales,  in  one  row  /»  the  inembranaceotis  pods ;  style 

aivt-shaped ;  sti<jma  minute. 

1.  C.  Americana,  Michx.  (American  Btorane.)  Stem  2-4°  high; 
racemes  slender,  pauicled  ,  ovaries  mostly  .5,  glal)rons;  pods  flattened,  veiny, 
6  -  8-seeded.  —  Mountains  of  S.  Penn.  and  southward.     Aug.  -  Sept. 

§2.  MACR6TYS.  Pistil  solitary,  sometimes  2-3,  sessile;  seeds  smooth, 
fattened  and  packed  horizontalli/  in  the  pod  in  two  rows,  as  in  Actaea; 
stigma  broad  and  /hit. 

2.  C.  racem6sa,  Nutt.  (Black  Snakeuoot.  Black  Cohosh.)  Stem 
3-8°  high,  from  a  thick  knotted  rootstock  ;  racemes  in  fruit  becoming  1  -3° 
long;  pods  ovoid. —  Kich  woods,  Maine  to  Wise,  and  southward.  July. — 
Var.  DissEOTA,  Gray.  Leaves  irregularly  pinnately  decomj)ound,  the  rather 
small  leaflets  incised.  —  Centreville,  Del.     (Commons.) 

20.     ACT-SI  A,     L.         IJANEnERRV.     Cohosh. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  falling  off  wlien  the  flower  expands.  Petals  4-10.  small,  flat, 
spatulate,  on  slender  claws.  Stamens  numerous,  witii  slender  white  filaments. 
Pistil  single ;  stigma  sessile,  depressed,  2-lobed.     Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 


48  RANUNCULACE^.        (CROWFOOT    FAMILY.) 

Seeds  smooth,  flattened,  and  packed  liorizontally  in  2  rows.  —  Perennials,  with 
ample  2  -  3-teruately  compound  leaves,  the  ovate  leaflets  sharply  cleft  and 
toothed,  and  a  short  and  thick  terminal  raceme  of  white  flowers.  (From  (XKTca, 
actceo,  ancient  names  of  the  elder,  transferred  by  Linnseus.) 

1.  A.  spicata,  L.,  var.  rubra,  Ait.  (RedBaneberry.)  Raceme  ovate  ; 
petals  rhomhic-spatulate,  much  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pedicels  slender; 
berries  cherrij-red,  or  sometimes  white,  oval.  —  Rich  woods,  common,  especially 
northward.     April,  May —Plant  2°  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  alba,  Bigel,  (White  Baneberry.)  Leaflets  more  incised  and 
sharply  toothed ;  raceme  oblong ;  petals  slender,  mostly  truncate  at  the  end, 
appearing  to  be  transformed  stamens;  pedicels  thickened  in  fruit,  as  large  as 
the  peduncle  and  red,  the  globular-oval  berries  white.  —  Rich  woods,  flowering 
a  week  or  two  later  than  the  other,  and  more  common  westward  and  soutli- 
ward.  —  White  berries  rarely  occur  with  slender  pedicels,  also  red  berries 
with  thick  pedicels;  but  these  are  perhaps  the  result  of  crossing. 

21.  HYDRASTIS,    Ellis.    Orange-root.    Yellow  Puccoon. 

Sepals  3,  petal-like,  falling  away  when  the  flower  opens.  Petals  none.  Pis- 
tils 12  or  more  in  a  head,  2-ovuled  ;  stigma  flat,  2  lipped.  Ovaries  becoming  a 
head  of  crimson  1  -2-seeded  berries  in  fruit.  —  A  low  perennial  herb,  sending 
up  in  early  spring,  from  a  thick  and  knotted  yellow  rootstock,  a  single  radical 
leaf  and  a  simple  hairy  stem,  which  is  2-leaved  near  tlie  summit  and  termi- 
nated by  a  single  greenish-wliite  flower.     (Name  unmeaning.) 

1.  H.  Canadensis,  L.  (Golden  Seal,  etc.)  Leaves  rounded,  heart- 
shaped  at  t!io  base,  o-T-lobed,  doubly  serrate,  veiny,  when  full  grown  in  sum- 
mer 4-9'  wide.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

22.  XANTHORRHIZA,     Marshall.       Shrub  Yellow-root. 

Sepals  5,  regular,  spreading,  deciduous.  Petals  .5,  much  smaller  than  the 
sepals,  concave  and  obscurely  2-k)bed,  raised  on  a  claw.  Stamens  5  to  10. 
Pistils  5  -  L5,  with  2  pendulous  ovules.  Pods  1 -seeded,  oblong,  the  short  style 
becoming  dorsal.  —  A  Ioav  slirubby  plant ;  the  bark  and  long  roots  deep  yellow 
and  bitter.  Flowers  polygamous,  brown  purple,  in  compound  drooping  ra- 
cemes, appearing  along  with  the  1  -  2-pinuate  leaves  from  large  terminal 
buds  in  early  spring.     (Name  compounded  of  ^avQos,  yellow,  and  piCa.,  root.) 

\.  X.  apilfolia,  L'Her.  Stems  clustered,  1-2°  high;  leaflets  cleft  and 
toothed. -^  Shady  banks  of  streams,  Penn.  to  S  W.  New  York  and  Ky.,  and 
south  in  the  mountains.  The  rootstocks  of  this,  and  also  of  the  last  plant, 
were  used  as  a  yellow  dye  by  the  aborigines. 


Nigella  D.vMASctNA,  L.,  the  Fennel-flower,  which  offers  a  remarkable 
exception  in  having  the  pistils  partly  united  into  a  compound  ovary,  so  as  to 
form  a  several-celled  capsule,  grows  nearly  spontaneously  around  gardens. 


MAGNOLIACE^.        (MAGNOLIA    FAMILY.)  49 

Order  ±     MAGNOLIACEiE.     (Magnolia  Family.) 

Trees  or  s/iruh.'^,  with  the  leaf-huds  covered  hij  memJtriuiDus  slijmle.'t,  poly- 
pefalous,  h>/])0(/i/noHS,  polf/androus,  pobjuynons ;  t/ic  cd/i/j:  and.  aorolla 
colored  alike,  in  three  or  more  rows  of  three,  and  inihricatcil  (rardi/  con- 
volute) in  the  hud.  —  Sepals  and  petals  deciduous.  Anthers  adnate. 
Pistils  many,  mostly  packed  together  and  covering  the  prolonged  re- 
ceptacle, cohering  with  each  other,  and  in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  (leshy 
or  dry  cone.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  anatropous;  albumen  fleshy; 
embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  alternate,  not  toothed,  marked  with  minute 
transparent  dots,  feather-veined.  Flowers  single,  large.  Bark  aromatic 
and  bitter. 

1.    MAGNOLIA,    L. 

Scpuls  3.  Petals  6-9.  Stamens  imbricated,  with  very  short  filaments,  atid 
long  anthers  oj)eniiig  inward.  Pistils  coherent,  forming  a  fleshy  and  rather 
woody  cone-like  red  fruit;  each  carpel  at  maturity  opening  on  the  back,  from 
which  the  1  or  2  berry -like  seeds  hang  by  an  extensile  thread  composed  of 
unrolled  spiral  vessels.  Inner  seed-coat  bony.  —  Buds  conical,  the  coverings 
formed  of  the  successive  pairs  of  stipules,  eacli  pair  enveloping  the  leaf  next 
above,  which  is  fohled  lengthwise  and  applied  straight  against  the  side  of  the 
next  stipular  sheath,  and  so  on.  (Named  after  Magnol,  Professor  of  Botany 
at  Montpellier  in  the  17th  century.) 

*  Leaves  all  scattered  alonp  the  branches;  leaf-buds  silky. 

1.  M.  glauca,  L.  (Small  or  Lauhel  Magnolia.  Sweet  Bay.) 
Leaves  oval  to  broadly  lanceolate,  3-6'  long,  obtuse,  glaucous  beneath  ;  flower 
globular,  white,  2'  long,  vert/  fragrant ;  petals  broad ;  cone  of  fruit  small,  ob- 
long.—  Swamps,  from  near  Cape  Ann  and  N.  Y.  southward,  near  the  const; 
in  Penn.  as  far  west  as  Cumberland  Co.  June-Aug.  —  Shrub  4-20°  high, 
with  tliickish  leaves,  which  farther  south  are  evergreen. 

2.  M.  acuminata,  L.  (Cicumber-tree.)  Leaves  thin,  oblong,  pointed, 
green  and  a  little  pubescent  beneath,  5-10'  \oi\g;  floiver  oblong  bell-ahajud , 
glaucous-fjreen  tinged  with  yellow,  2' long ;  cone  of  fruit  2-3' long,  cylindri- 
cal.—  Rich  woods,  Avestern  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  southward.  Afivy,  June.  —  Tree 
60-90°  high.  Fruit  when  young  slightly  reS'Miilding  a  small  (iKiunbcr, 
whence  the  common  name. 

3.  M.  maeroph^Ua,  Michx  (Great-leaved  Magnolia.)  Leaves 
obovate-oblong,  cordate  at  the  narrowed  base,  pubescent  and  white  Iwneafh ; 
flower  open  bell-shaped,  white,  with  a  purple  spot  at  base ;  petals  ovate,  6'  long ; 
cone  of  fruit  ovoid.  —  S.  E.  Ky.  and  southward.  May,  June.  —  Tree  20-40° 
high.     Leaves  1-3°  long,  somewhat  clustered  on  the  flowering  !)ranches. 

*  *  Leaves  crowded  on  the  summit  nf  the  flowering  branches  in  an  umbrella-like, 
circle  :  lenf-buds  glabrous  :  fowers  white,  slightli/  scented. 

4.  M.  Umbrella,  Lam.  (Pmbrella-tree.)  Leaves  oborate-lanceolate, 
jioinied  at  both  ends,  soon  glabrous,  1-2°  long;  jiotnls  obovate-oblong,  4-. ■>' 
long.  —  S.  Penn.  to  Ky.  and  southward.  May.  —  A  small  trc«.  Fruit  roso- 
color,  4  -.')'  long,  ovoi(l-ol)long. 


50  magnoliacete.     (magnolia  family.) 

').  M.  Fr^eri,  Walt.  (Ear-leaved  Umbrella-tree.)  Leaves  ohlong- 
ohonite  or  spotulate,  auriculate  at  the  base,  gliibrcms,  8-20'  long ;  petals  obovate- 
spatulate,  with  uarroAv  claws,  4'  long.  —  A-^a.  and  Ky.,  along  the  Alleghaiiies, 
and  sovithAvard.  April,  May.  —  A  slender  tree  30 -.50°  high.  Flower  more 
graceful  and  cone  of  fruit  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

2.     LI  HI  ODE  ND  RON,     L.         Tulip-tree. 

Sepals  3,  reflexed.  Petals  6,  in  two  rows,  making  a  hell-shaped  corolla. 
Anthers  linear,  opening  outward.  Pistils  flat  and  scale-form,  long  and  nar- 
row, imbricating  and  cohering  together  in  an  elongated  cone,  dry,  separating 
from  each  other  and  from  the  long  and  slender  axis  in  fruit,  and  falling  away 
whole,  like  a  samara  or  key,  indehiscent,  1  -2-seeded  in  the  small  cavit}-  at  the 
base.  Buds  flat,  sheathed  by  the  successive  pairs  of  flat  and  broad  stipules  joined 
at  their  edges,  tlie  folded  leaves  bent  down  on  the  petiole  so  that  the  apex  points 
to  the  base  of  tlie  bud.     (Name  from  Xlpiov,  lily  or  tulip,  and  5ev8pou,  tree.) 

1.  L.  Tulipifera,  L.  —  Kich  soil,  S.  Kew  Eng.  to  Mich.,  Wise,  and 
south Avard.  May,  June.  —  A  most  beautiful  tree,  sometimes  140°  high  and 
8-9°  in  diameter  in  the  Western  States,  where  it  is  Avrongly  called  White 
Poplar.  Leaves  very  smooth,  with  2  lateral  lobes  near  the  base,  and  2  at  the 
apex,  which  appears  as  if  cut  off  abruptly  by  a  broad  sliallow  notch.  Petals 
2'  long,  greenish-yellow  marked  with  orange.     Cone  of  fruit  3'  long. 

Ordkr  8.     ANONACE^E.     (Custard- Apple  Family.) 

Trees  or  slirnhs,  wltJi  naked  hurls  and  no  slijndes.  n  C(dijx  of  3  sepals, 
and  a  corolla  of  (^  petals  in  tiro  rows,  valcate  in  the  hud,  hypofjynous,  pohj- 
androus.  —  Petals  thiokish.  Anthers  adnate,  opening  outward ;  fila- 
ments very  short.  Pis-ils  several  or  many,  separate  or  cohering  in  a 
mass,  fleshy  or  pulpy  in  fruit.  Seeds  anatropoiis,  large,  with  a  crusta- 
ceous  seed-coat,  and  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  ruminated 
albumen. — Leaves  alternate,  entire,  feather-veined.  Flowers  axillary, 
solitary.  —  A  tropical  family,  excepting  the  following  genus :  — 

1.     ASIMINA,     Adans.         North  American  Papaw. 

Petals  6,  increasing  after  the  bud  opens ;  the  outer  set  larger  than  the  inner. 
vStamens  numerous  in  a  globular  mass.  Pistils  few,  ripening  1  -4  large  and 
oblong  pulpy  several  seeded  fruits.  Seeds  horizontal,  flat,  enclosed  in  a  fleshy 
aril.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised ;  the  lurid 
flowers  solitary  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves.  (Name  from  Asiminier, 
of -the  French  colonists,  from  the  Indian  name  assimin.) 

1.  A.  triloba,  Dunal.  (Common  Papaw.)  Leaves  thin,  obovate  lan- 
ceolate, pointed;  petals  dull-purple,  veiny,  round-ovate,  the  outer  ones  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Banks  of  streams  in  rich  soil,  western  N.  Y.  and 
Penn.  to  111.,  S.  E.  Neb.,  and  southward.  April,  May.  — Tree  10-20°  high; 
the  young  shoots  and  expanding  leaves  clotlied  with  a  rusty  down,  soon  gla- 
brous. Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  1^'  wide.  Fruits  3-4'  long,  yel- 
lowish, sweet  and  edible  in  autumn. 


MENISPERMACE^.        ( MOONSEKD    FAMILY.)  51 

Order  4.     MENISPERMXCEiE.     (Mooxseed  Family.) 

Woody  climbers,  wUh  palmate  or  peltate  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules,  the 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  in  three  or  more  rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  hy- 
pogynous,  dicecious,  3-6-gynous ;  fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  large  or 
long  curved  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.  —  Flowers  small.  Stamens  sev' 
eral.  Ovaries  nearly  straight,  with  the  stigma  at  the  apex,  but  often 
incurved  in  fruiriui,  so  that  the  seed  and  embryo  arc  bent  into  a  cres- 
cent or  ring.  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family. 

*  Sepals  and  petals  present.     Anthers  4-celle(l.     Seed  incurved. 

1.  Cocculns.     Stamens,  petals,  and  sepals  each  6. 

2.  Menisperiniiin.    Stamens  12-24,  slender.     Petals  6-8. 

*  *  Petals  none.     Anthers  2-celled.     Seed  saucer-shaped. 

3.  Calycocarpuiu.    Stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  12  ;  in  the  fertile  flowers  6,  abortive. 

1.    COCCULUS,    DC. 

Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  6,  alternating  in  threes,  the  two  latter  short. 
Anthers  4-cened.  Pistils  3-6  in  the  fertile  flowers;  style  pointed.  Drujte 
and  seed  as  in  Menispermum.  —  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles.  (.An 
old  name,  a  diminutive  of  coccus,  kokkos,  a  lierry.) 

1.  C.  Cai'Olinus,  DC.  Minutely  pubescent;  leaves  downy  beneath, 
ovate  or  cordate,  entire  or  sinuately  or  hastately  lobed,  variable  in  shape ; 
flowers  greenish,  the  petals  iu  the  sterile  ones  auriculate-inflexed  below  around 
the  filaments;  drupe  red  (as  large  as  a  small  pea).  —  River-bauks,  Va.  to  S. 
111.,  Kan.,  and  southward.    July,  Aug. 

2.    MENISPERMUM,    L.        Mooxseed. 

Sepals  4-8.  Petals  6-8,  short.  Stamens  12-24  iu  the  sterile  flowers,  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  anthers  4-celled.  Pistils  2-4  in  the  fertile  flowers,  raised 
on  a  short  common  receptacle  ;  stigma  broad  and  flat.  Drupe  globular,  the 
mark  of  the  stigma  near  the  base,  the  ovary  in  its  growth  after  flowering  being 
strongly  incurved,  so  that  the  (wrinkled  and  grooved)  laterally  flattened  stone 
takes  the  form  of  a  large  crescent  or  ring.  The  slender  embrvo  therefore 
is  horseshoe-shaped;  cotyledons  filiform.  —  Flowers  wlute,  in  small  and  loose 
axillary  panicles.     (Name  from  iJ.r}vr],  moon,  and  (nrfp/xa,  s>rd.) 

1.  M.  Canadense,  L.  Leaves  peltate  near  the  edge,  .3-7-angled  or 
lobed.  —  iJanks  of  streams;  common.  June,  July.  —  Drupes  l)lack  with  a 
bloom,  ripe  iu  September,  looking  like  frost  grapes. 

3.    CALYCOCARPUM,    Xutt.       Clpseed. 

Sepals  6,  petaloid.  Petals  none.  Stamens  12  in  the  sterile  flowers,  short ; 
anthers  2-celled.  Pistils  3,  spindle-shaped,  tipped  with  a  rach'ate  many-cleft 
stigma.  Drupe  globular ;  tlie  thin  crustaceous  putamen  hollowed  out  like  a 
cup  on  one  side.  End)ryo  fuliaceous,  heart-shaped.  —  Flowers  greenish-wliite, 
in  long  racemose  panicles.     (Xame  from  kuKv^,  a  cup,  and  napiros,  fruit.) 

1.  C.  Ly6ni,  Nutt.  Leaves  large,  thin,  deeply  3- o-lobed,  cordate  at  the 
base;  the  lobes  acuminate;  drupe  an  iuch  long,  black  when  ripe;  the  shell 


52  BERBERIDACE^.        (BARBERRY    FAMILY.) 

crested-toothed  on  the  edge  of  the  cavity.  —  Rich  soil,  Kv.  to  S.  111.  and  Kan., 
and  southward.     May.  —  Stems  climbing  to  the  tops  of  trees. 

Order  5.     BERBERIDACE^E.     (Barberry  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  the  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  usu- 
allij  in  two  rows  of  3  {rarely  2  or  4)  each  ;  the  hypogynous  stamens  as  many 
as  the  petals  and  opposite  to  them ;  anthei's  opening  by  2  valves  or  lids  hinged 
at  the  top.  (Podophyllum  is  an  exception,  and  Jeffersonia  as  respects 
the  sepals  in  one  row.)  Pistil  single.  Filaments  short.  Style  Aort  or 
none.  Fruit  a  berry  or  a  pod.  Seeds  few  or  several,  anatropous,  with 
albumen.  Embryo  small,  except  in  Berberis.  Leaves  alternate,  with 
dilated  bases  or  stipulate. 

*  Petal;?  ;ni<l  stamens  6.     Fruit  few-seeded. 

1.  Berberis.    Shrubs,  wit'.i  yellov*-  dowers  and  wood  ;  a  pair  of  glandular  spots  on  the  base 

of  each  petal.     Fruit  a  berry. 

2.  Caulophyllum.     Herb,  with  greenish  flowers;  petals  thick,  much  shorter  than  the 

sejials.     Ovary  soon  bursting;  the  two  seeds  left  naked, 

3.  Diphylleia.    Herb  with  white  flowers  ;  petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals.     Berry  2- 

4-seeded. 

*  *  Petals  6-0.    Stamens  8  - 18.     Fruit  many-seeded.    Herbs. 

4.  JeflPersonia.    Petals  and  stamens  usually  8 ;  anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves.    Pod 

opening  by  a  lid. 

5.  Podophyllum.    Petals  6 -9.    Stamens  12- 18  ;  anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

Fruit  a  large  berry. 

1.     BERBERIS,     L.        Barberry. 

Sepals  6,  roundish,  with  2-6  hractlets  outside.  Petals  6,  obovate,  concave, 
with  two  glandular  spots  inside  above  the  short  claw.  Stamens  6.  Stigma 
circular,  depressed.  Fruit  a  1  -few-seeded  berry.  Seeds  erect,  with  a  crusta- 
ceous  integument.  —  Shrubs,  with  yellow  Avood  and  inner  bark,  yellow  flowers 
in  drooping  racemes,  sour  berries,  and  1  -9-foliolate  leaves.  Stamens  irritable. 
(Derived  from  Berherys,  the  Arabic  name  of  the  fruit.) 

1.  B.  Canadensis,  Pursh.  (American  Barberry.)  Leaves  repandly 
toothed,  the  teeth  less  bristly-pointed;  racemes  few-Jloicered ;  petals  notched 
at  the  apex;  berries  ov(d ;  otherwise  as  in  the  next.  —  Alleghanies  of  Ya.  and 
southward;  not  in  Canada.     June.  —  Shrub  1-3°  high. 

B.  vuLCiXRis,  L.  (Common  Barberry.)  Leaves  scattered  on  the  fresh 
shoots  of  the  season,  mostly  reduced  to  sharp  triple  or  branched  spines,  from 
the  axils  of  which  the  next  season  proceed  rosettes  or  fascicles  of  obovate- 
oblong  closely  bristly-toothed  leaves  (the  short  petiole  jointed !),  and  drooping 
many-floicered  racemes;  petals  entire;  berries  o Wo?? 7,  scarlet.  —  Thickets  and 
waste  grounds  in  E.  New  Eng.,  where  it  has  become  thoroughly  wild ;  elsewhere 
occasionally  spontaneous.     May,  June.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

2.     CAULOPHYLLUM,    Michx.        Blue  Cohosh. 

Sepals  6,  with  3  or  4  small  bractlets  at  the  base,  ovate-oblong.  Petals  6  thick 
and  gland-like  somewhat  kidney-shaped  or  hooded  bodies,  with  short  claws, 
much  smaller  than  the  sepals,  one  at  the  base  of  each  of  them.  Stamens  6 ; 
anthers  oblong.     Pistil  gibbous ;  style  short ;  stigma  minute  and  unilateral ; 


i{i:m;K!{ii>ArK^:.      (hakhkijuy   iamii.v.)  53 

ovary  bursting  soon  after  flowering  by  the  pressure  of  the  2  erect,  enlarging 
seeds,  anil  witiiering  away  ;  the  sjiherical  seeds  naked  on  tlieir  thick  seed-stalks, 
looking  like  drupes,  the  fleshy  integument  turning  bine;  albumen  hornv. — 
A  perennial  glabrc^us  herb,  with  matted  knotty  rootstocks,  sending  up  in  eariv 
spring  a  sini])le  and  naked  stem,  terminated  by  a  small  raceme  or  panicle  of 
yellowish-green  flowers,  and  a  little  below  bearing  a  large  triternatelv  com- 
pound sessile  leaf  (whence  the  name,  from  Kav\6s,  slein,  antl  <pv\\oi/,  lc<if,  the 
stem  seeming  to  form  a  stalk  for  the  great  leaf.) 

1.  C.  thalictroides,  Michx.  (Also  called  Paitoosk-koot.)  Stems 
1-2^°  high;  leaflets  obovate  wedge-form,  2-3-lobed,  a  smaller  biternate  leaf 
often  at  the  base  of  the  panicle;  flowers  apjiearing  while  the  leaf  is  yet  small. 
—  Deep  rich  woods ;  common  westward.  April,  May.  —  Whole  plant  glaucous 
wheu  young,  as  also  the  seeds,  which  are  as'hu'ge  as  peas. 

3.    DIPHYLLEIA,    Michx.        Umhrella-lkaf. 

Sepals  6,  fugacious.  Petals  6,  oval,  flat,  larger  than  the  sepals  Stamens  G  ; 
anthers  oblong.  Ovary  oblong;  style  hardly  any  ;  stigma  depressed.  Ovules 
5  or  6,  attached  to  one  side  of  the  cell  below  the  middle.  Berry  globose,  few- 
seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  with  no  aril.  —  A  perennial  glabrous  herb,  with  thick 
horizontal  rootstocks,  sending  up  each  year  either  a  huge  centrally  peltate  and 
cut-lobed,  rounded,  umbrella-like  radical  leaf,  on  a  stout  stalk,  or  a  flowering 
stem  bearing  two  similar  (but  smaller  and  more  2-cleft)  altaruate  leaves  which 
are  peltate  near  one  margin,  and  terminated  by  a  cyme  of  white  flowers. 
(Name  composed  of  5/s.  donUe,  and  (pvKXov,  leaf.) 

1.  D.  cyrabsa,  .Michx.  Koot-leaves  1-2°  in  diameter,  2-cleft,  each  di- 
vision 5-7-]ol)ed;  lobes  toc^thed ;  berries  blue.  —  Wet  or  sjiringy  places, 
mountains  of  Va.  and  southwartl.     May. 

4.    JEFFERSONIA,     Barton.        Twin-leaf. 

Sepals  4,  fugacious.  Petals  8,  oblong,  flat.  Stamens  8 ,  anthers  oblong- 
linear,  on  slender  filaments.  Ovary  ovoid,  soon  gibbous,  pointed ,  stigma  2- 
lobed.  Pod  pear-shaped,  opening  half-way  round  horizontally,  the  upper  j)art 
making  a  lid.  Seeds  many  in  several  rows  on  the  lateral  placenta,  with  a. 
fleshy  lacerate  aril  on  one  side.  —  A  perennial  glabrous  herl),  with  matted 
fibrous  roots,  long-petioled  root-leaves,  parted  into  2  half-ovate  leaflets,  and 
simple  naked  1-Howered  scapes.     (Named  in  honor  of  7^homas  Jej/irson^ 

1.  J.  diph^Ua,  Pers.  Low;  flower  white,  P  broivl,  the  parts  rarely  in 
threes  or  fives.  —  Woods,  western  N.  Y.  to  Wise,  and  southward.  Ajtril, 
May.  —  Called  R/ieumatism-root  in  some  places. 

5.     PODOPHYLLUM,     L.         Mav-Appli:.    MANnnAKK. 

Flower-bud  with  three  green  braetlets.  which  early  fall  away  Sepals  6, 
fugacious.  Petals  6  or  9,  obovate.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  in 
our  species;  anthers  linear-oblong,  not  o])ening  by  ujjlifted  valves  Ovary 
ovoid ;  stigma  sessile,  large,  thick  and  un<lulate.  Fruit  a  large  fleshy  berry. 
Seeds  covering  the  very  large  lateral  placenta,  in  many  rows,  each  seed  en- 
closed in  a  puli)y  aril,  all  forming  a  mass  which  fills  the  cavity  of  the  fruit. — 
Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  thick   fibrous  roots.     Stems 


54  BEKBERIDACEJE.        (BARBERRY    FAMILY.) 

2-leaved,  1-flowered.     (Name  from  novs,  a  foot,  aud  (pvXXou,  a  leaf,  probably 
referring  to  the  stout  petioles.) 

1.  P.  peltatum,  L.  Stamens  12- 18;  leaves  5  -  9-parted,  the  lobes  ob- 
long, rather  wedge-shaped,  somewhat  lobed  and  toothed  at  the  apex.  —  Kich 
woods,  common.  May.  —  Flowerless  stems  terminated  by  a  large  round  7-9- 
lobed  leaf,  peltate  in  the  middle  like  an  umbrella.  Flowering  stems  bearing 
two  one-sided  leaves,  with  the  stalk  fixed  near  their  inner  edge ;  the  nodding 
white  flower  from  the  fork  nearly  2'  broad.  Fruit  ovoid,  1-2'  long,  ripe  in 
Julv,  sweet  and  slightly  acid,  edible.  The  leaves  and  roots  are  drastic  and 
poisonous !  —  Found  occasionally  with  from  2  to  6  carpels ! 

Order  6.     NYMPH^EACE.^.     (Water-Lily  Family.) 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  horizontal  rootstocks  and  peltate  or  some- 
times only  cordate  leaves  floating  or  emersed ;  the  ovules  home  on  the  sides 
or  back  (or  when  solitary  hanging  from  the  summit)  of  the  cells,  not  on  the 
ventral  suture ;  the  embryo  enclosed  in  a  little  bag  at  the  end  of  the  albu- 
men next  the  hilum,  except  in  Xelumbium,  which  has  no  albumen.  Rad- 
icle hardly  any ;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  enclosing  a  well-developed 
plumule.  —  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Vernation  involute.  Rootstocks 
apparently  endogenous.  —  The  few  genera  differ  so  much  in  the  flower 
and  fruit  that  they  are  separated  into  the  three  following  suborders. 

Suborder  I.  Cabombese.  Sepals  and  petals  each  3  or  sometimes 
4,  hypogynous  and  persistent.  Stamens  definite  (3-18).  Pistils  2-18, 
free  and  distinct,  coriaceous  and  indehiscent,  1  -  3-seeded  on  the  dorsal 
suture.  —  Stems  slender,  leafy,  coated  with  mucilage.     Flowers  small. 

1.  Cabomba.    Stamens  3-4.    Carpels  2-3.    Submersed  leaves  capillary-multifid. 

2.  Brasenia.    Stamens  12 -18.    Carpels  4  - 18.    Leaves  all  peltate. 

Suborder  TL  Nelumb6iie8e.  Sepals  and  petals  numerous  in 
several  rows,  passing  gradually  into  each  other,  and  with  the  indefiidtely 
numerous  stamens  hypogynous  and  deciduous.  Pistils  several,  1-ovuled, 
separately  immersed  in  the  obconical  receptacle,  which  is  much  enlarged 
and  broadly  top-shaped  at  maturity,  the  imbedded  nut-like  fruits  resem- 
bling small  acorns.  Embryo  large ;  no  albumen. —  Petioles  and  pedun- 
cles all  from  the  tuberous  rootstock,  the  centrally  peltate  leaves  and  the 
flowers  large. 

3.  Nelumtoo.    Character  of  the  Suborder. 

Suborder  III.  Nymph aeaceae  proper.  Sepals  4  -  6,  and  petals 
numerous  in  many  rows,  persistent  or  decaying  aw^ay,  either  hypogynous 
or  variously  ad nate  to  the  surface  of  the  compound  8-30-celled  ovary, 
which  is  formed  by  the  union  of  as  many  carpels ;  the  numerous  ovules 
inserted  over  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  cells,  except  at  the  ventral 
suture.  Stigmas  radiate  as  in  Poppy.  Fruit  baccate,  with  a  firm  rind. 
Petioles  and  peduncles  from  a  thick  rootstock. 

4.  NynxpliPea.    Petals  adnate  to  the  ovary,  large  ;  the  stamens  on  its  summit. 

5.  Nuphar.     Petals  (very  small  and  staraen-like)  and  stamens  inserted  under  the  ovary. 


NYJirH/EACE^.        (WATEK-LILV    FAMILY.)  55 

1.     C  ABO  MBA,    Auhlet. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  oval,  bi-auiiculatc  above  tlie  very  short  claw.  Stamens 
3-6;  anthers  short,  extrorse.  I'istils  2-4,  with  small  terminal  stigmas. 
Seeds  3,  pendulous.  —  Slender,  mainly  submersed,  with  ojjposite  (»r  verticillato 
capillary-dissected  leaves,  a  few  floating,  alternate  and  centrally  peltate. 
Flowers  single  on  Ion*:;  axillary  pe<lunclcs.     (Probal)ly  an  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  C.  Caroliniana,  Gray.  Floating  leaves  linear-ol)l(»ng  or  -obovate, 
often  with  a  basal  notch;  flowers  6-8"  broad,  white  with  yellow  spots  at 
base;  stamens  G.  —  Fonds,  S.  111.  (May-vSopt.,  Sclincrk)  tt:)  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.     BRASENIA,     Schreber.         Watku-Shield. 

Sepals  3  or  4.  Petals  3  or  4,  linear,  sessile.  Stamens  12  -  18  ;  filaments  fili- 
form ;  anthers  innate.  Pistils  4-18,  forming  little  club-shaped  indehiscent 
pods;  stigmas  linear.  Seeds  1 -2,  pendulous  on  the  dorsal  suture!  —  Koot- 
stock  creeping.  Leaves  alternate,  long-petioled,  centrally  peltate,  oval,  float- 
ing.    Flowers  axillary,  small,  dull-purple.     (Name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

1.  B.  pelt^ta,  Pursh.  Leaves  entire,  1-4'  across.  —  I'onds  and  slow 
streams.     June -Aug.     (Asia,  Africa  and  Australia.) 

3.     NELTJMBO,     Tourn.         Sacrkd  Beak. 

The  only  genus  of  the  .suborder.  {Xelumho  is  the  Ceylonese  name  of  the 
East  Indian  species,  the  pink-flowered  N.  speciosa.) 

1.  N.  lutea,  Pers.  (Yellow  Nelumuo,  or  Water  Chixqiapin.) 
Leaves  usually  raised  high  out  of  the  water,  circular,  with  the  centre  depressed 
or  cupped,  1  -  2°  in  diameter ;  flower  pale  yellow,  5-10'  broad  ;  anthers  tipped 
with  a  slender  hooked  appendage.  (Xelumbium  lutenm,  Willd.)  —  S.  Conn, 
(probably  of  Indian  introduction)  to  Lake  Ontario,  Mich.,  Minn.,  E.  Neb.,  and 
southward ;  rare  in  the  Middle  States.  —  Tubers  farinaceous  and  edible.  Seeds 
also  eatable.  Embryo  like  that  of  Nymphica  on  a  Large  scale ;  cotyledons  thick 
and  fleshy,  enclosing  a  plumule  of  1  or  2  well-formed  young  leaves,  enclosed 
in  a  delicate  stipule-like  sheath. 

4.     NYMPHiEA,     Tourn.         Water-Nympil     Water-Lii.v. 

Sepals  4,  green  outside,  nearly  free.  Petals  numerous,  in  many  rows,  the 
innermost  gradually  passing  into  stamens,  imbricately  inserted  all  over  the 
ovary.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  on  the  ovary,  the  outer  with  dilated  fila- 
ments. Ovary  12-35-celled,  the  concave  summit  tipped  with  a  globular  ])ro- 
jection  at  the  centre,  around  which  are  the  radiate  stigma.s ;  tliese  project  at  the 
margin,  and  are  extended  into  linear  and  incurved  sterile  appendages.  Fruit 
depressed-globular,  covered  with  the  bases  of  the  decayed  petals,  maturing 
under  water.  Seeds  enveloped  by  a  sac-like  aril.  —  Flowers  white,  pink,  yel- 
low, or  blue,  very  showy.     (Dedicated  by  the  Greeks  to  the  Water-Nymphs.) 

1.  N.  odor^ta,  Ait.  (Sweet-scented  Water-Lily.)  Rnotsforlc  tn'th 
few  and  prrsistciit  hranches ;  leaves  orbicular,  cordate-cleft  at  the  base  to  the 
petiole  (5-9'  wide),  the  margin  entire;  stipules  broadly  triangular  or  almost 
kidney -shaped,  notched  at  the  apex,  appressed  to  the  rootstock  ;  jUnnr  white, 
ver;i  sweet  scented  (often  as  much  as  5|^'  in  diameter  when  fully  expanded, 
opening  early  in  the  morning,  closing  in  the  afternoon) ;  petals  obtuse ;  anthers 


56  NYMPH^ACEJK.       (aVATER-LILY    FAMILY.) 

blunt ;  aril  much  longer  than  the  distinctly  stipitate  oblong  seeds  (these  about 
l^'  long).  —  Ponds  and  still  or  slow-flowing  water ;  common.  June  -  Sept.  — 
Varies  with  pinkish-tinged  and  rarely  with  bright  pink-red  flowers  (especially 
at  Barnstable,  Mass.),  the  leaves  often  crimson  underneath,  —  and  in  size  by 
gradations  into 

Var.  minor,  Sims,  with  leaves  only  2  -  5'  and  flowers  2-3'  broad.  —  Shal- 
low water,  in  cold  bog^  and  in  sandy  soil, 

2.  N.  reniformis,  DC.  (Tuber-bearixg  W.)  Leaves  reniform-orbic- 
ular,  mostly  larger  (8-15'  wide)  and  more  prominently  ribbed  than  the  last, 
rarely  purplish  beneath;  rootstock  bearing  numerous  spontaneous! tj  detachmg 
often  compound  tubers ;  fioicer  scentless  (or  with  a  slight  odor  as  of  apples), 
white,  never  pinkish,  4^-9'  in  diameter,  the  petals  proportionally  broader 
and  blunter  than  in  n.  1 ;  the  fruit  more  depressed,  and  with  fewer  but  much 
larger  (i.  e.  twice  as  broad)  globular-ovoid  seeds,  which  when  mature  are  barely 
enclosed  by  the  aril  and  not  stipitate.  (X.  tuberosa,  Paine.)  —  Lakes,  slow 
rivers,  etc.,  western  N.  Y.  (from  Oneida  Lake,  Paine)  and  near  Meadville,  Penn., 
to  Mich.,  E.  Neb.,  and  probably  in  the  Southern  States.    July -Sept. 

6.     NUPHAB,     Smith.         Yellow  Pond-Lily.     Spatter-Dock. 

Sepals  5,  6,  or  sometimes  more,  colored,  or  partly  green  outside,  roundish, 
concave.  Petals  numerous,  small  and  thickish,  stamen-like  or  scale-like,  in- 
serted with  the  very  numerous  short  stamens  on  the  receptacle  under  the 
ovary,  not  surpassing  the  disk-like  8  -  24-rayed  sessile  stigma,  persistent  and 
at  length  recurved.  Fruit  ovoid,  naked,  usually  ripening  above  water.  Aril 
none.  —  Rootstock  creeping,  cylindrical.  Leaves  with  a  deep  sinus  at  the 
base.  Flowers  yellow  or  sometimes  tinged  with  purple,  produced  all  summer 
(Xame  said  to  be  of  Arabic  origin.) 

1.  W".  ad  vena,  Ait.  f.  Sepals  6,  unequal ;  petals  shorter  than  the  stamens 
and  resembling  them,  tliick  and  fleshy,  truncate;  stigma  nearly  entire,  12 -24- 
rayed,  pale  red;  ovary  and  fruit  (1^'  long)  ovate,  not  contracted  above  into  a 
narrow  neck ;  thin  submersed  leaves  seldom  present ;  floating  or  emersed  and 
erect  leaves  thick  (6-12'  long),  from  roundish  to  ovate  or  almost  oldong,  the 
sinus  open,  or  closed  or  narrow.  —  Very  common,  in  still  or  stagnant  water; 
stout  and  coarse;  flower  often  partly  purplish  (var.  vakiegatum,  Engelm.). 

Var.  minus,  Morong.  More  slender;  leaves  somewhat  smaller  (3-8' 
long) ;  flowers  usually  smaller  (sepals  12-15"  long) ;  petals  spatulate  ;  stigmas 
9  -  13-rayed,  crenately  toothed,  bright  red  or  crimson ;  fruit  V  long,  contracted 
above.  (N.  rubrodiscum,  Morong.  N.  luteum,  Man.;  not  Smith.)  —  N.  Vt.  to 
Midi,  and  Penn.     Probably  a  hybrid  between  this  and  the  next  species. 

2.  N.  Kalmianum,  Ait.  Very  slender  and  with  slender  rootstock; 
submersed  leaves  thin,  round-reniform,  the  floating  broadly  elliptical  with  a 
deep  narrow  sinus,  2-4'  long ;  sepals  usually  5,  the  flowers  an  inch  broad  or 
less ;  petals  spatulate  or  obovate  ;  stigmas  7  -  10-rayed,  dark  red  ;  fruit  globu- 
lar with  a  short  neck  (6-9"  in  diameter).     (X.  luteum,  var.  pumilum,  Man.) 

—  Maine  to  Penn   and  Minn.,  and  northward. 

3.  N.  sagittifolium,  Pursh.  Rootstock  stout ;  leaves  narrowly  oblong 
to  oblong-lanceolate  with  a  short  sinus,  6-15'  long;  flowers  small  (!'  broad). 

—  S.  Ind.  and  111.  (Schneck),  and  southward. 


SARRACENIACE.E.       (PITCIIEK-I>LANTS.)  f,l 

Order  7.     SARRACKNIACE^.     (I'itcher-Plants.) 

Polijcindrous  and  hf/pof/ynons  bof/-plan(s,  tcii/i  Iiollow  pitcher-form  or 
trumpet-ahaped  leaves,  —  comprising  one  plant  in  tlu-  mountains  of  Gui- 
ana, another  (Darlingtonia,  Turr.)  in  California,  and  the  following  genus 
in  the  Atlantic  United  States. 

1.     SARRACENIA,    Tourn.        Side-saddlk  Fi.owkr. 

Sepals  5,  with  3  hractlets  at  the  hase,  colored,  persistent.  I'etals  5,  ohlong 
or  obovate,  mcurved,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous,  hypogynous.  Ovary 
compound,  5-celled,  glohose,  crowned  with  a  short  style,  which  is  expanded  at 
the  summit  into  a  very  broad  and  petal-like,  5-angled,  5-rayed,  umbrella-sliaiied 
body ,  the  5  delicate  rays  terminating  under  the  angles  in  as  many  little  hooked 
stigmas.  Capsule  with  a  granular  surface,  5-celled,  with  many-seeded  placentae 
in  the  axis,  loculicidally  5-valved.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  small  embryo  at 
the  base  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  Perennials,  yellowish-green  and  purplish;  the 
hollow  leaves  all  radical,  with  a  wing  on  one  side,  and  a  rounded  arching  hood 
at  the  apex.  Scape  naked,  1 -flowered  ;  flower  nodding.  (Named  by  Tournefort 
in  honor  of  Dr.  Snrrasin  of  Quebec,  who  first  sent  our  Northern  species,  and  a 
botanical  account  of  it,  to  Europe.) 

1.  S.  purpurea,  L.  (Side-saddle  Flower.  riTcriER-PLAXT.  Hunts- 
man's Clt.)  /.c«i-e6- yj/fc/jer-i'/fayx'c/,  ascending,  curved,  broadly  winged ;  the 
hood  erect,  open,  round  heart-shaped ;  flower  deep  purple ;  the  fiddle-shaped 
petals  arched  over  the  greenish-yellow  style.  —  Varies  rarely  Avith  greenish- 
yellow  flowers,  and  without  purple  veins  in  the  foliage.  —  Peat-bogs ;  common 
from  N  Eug.  to  Minn.,  N.  E.  Iowa,  and  southward  east  of  the  Alleghanies. 
June.  —  The  curious  leaves  are  usually  half  filled  with  water  and  drowned  in- 
sects. The  inner  face  of  the  hood  is  clothed  with  stiff  bristles  pointing  down- 
ward. Flower  globose,  nodding  on  a  scape  a  foot  high ;  it  is  difficult  to  fancy 
any  resemblance  between  its  shape  and  a  side-saddle,  but  it  is  not  very  unlike 
a  pillion. 

2.  S.  flava,  L.  (Trumpets.)  Leaves  lonrj  (1-3°)  and  trnmpet-shnped, 
erect,  with  an  open  mouth,  the  erect  hood  rounded,  narrow  at  the  bavse;  wing 
almost  none;  Jloiver  yellow,  the  petals  becoming  long  and  drooping.  —  Bogs, 
Va  and  southward.     April. 

Order  8.     PAPAVERACE^E.     (Porrv  Fa.mily.) 

Herbs  ivith  milky  or  colored  Juice,  rerpdar  flowers  with  the  parts  in  twos 
or  fours,  fugacious  sepals,  polyandrous,  hypogynous, the  ovary  \-celled  with 
two  or  more  parietal  placentce.  —  Sepals  2,  rarely  3,  falling  when  the  flower 
expands.  Petals  4-12,  spreading,  imbricated  and  often  crumpled  in  the 
bud,  early  deciduous.  Stamens  rarely  as  few  as  1 6,  distinct.  Fruit  a  dry 
1-celled  pod  (in  the  Poppy  imperfectly  many-celled,  in  (ilaucium  2-celled). 
Seeds  numerous,  anatropous,  often  crested,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the 
base  of  fleshy  and  oily  albumen.  —  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 
Peduncles  mostly  1 -flowered.     Juice  narcotic  or  acrid. 


58  PAPAVEKACE^.        ( POPPY    FAMILY.) 

*  Petals  8-12,  not  crumpled  in  the  bud,  white.    Pod  1-celled,  2-valved. 

1.  Sanguinaria.    Petals  white.    Leaves  and  1-flowered  scape  from  a  short  rootstock. 

*  *  Petals  4,  crumpled  iu  the  bud.    Pod  2-valved  or  more. 

•t-  Pod  2-4-valved,  the  valves  separating  to  the  base  from  the  placentas.    Leaves  pinnately 

parted.     Flowers  yellow. 

2.  Stylophorum.    Pod  bristly;  stjde  distinct ;  stigmas  and  placentas  3-4. 

3.  Chelidoniiim.     Pod  linear,  smooth ;  style  almost  none  ;  stigmas  and  placentas  2. 

4.  Glaucium.     Pod  rough,  long-linear,  2-ceIled  by  a  spongy  partition  ;  style  none. 

-t-  -I-  Pod  4-  20-valved,  dehiscent  only  at  the  top  or  to  the  middle. 

5.  Papaver.    Ovary    inconipletely  many-celled ;    stigmas  united  into  a  radiate  sessile 

crown. 

6.  Argeinone.    Stigmas  (sessile)  and  placentas  4  -  6.     Pod  and  leaves  prickly. 

1.     SANGUINARIA,     Dill.        Blood-root. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  8-12,  spatulate-oblong,  the  inner  narrower.  Stamens 
about  24.  Style  short ;  stigma  2-grooved.  Tod  oblong,  turgid,  1-celled,  2- 
valved.  Seeds  with  a  large  crest.  —  A  low  perennial,  with  thick  prostrate 
premorse  rootstocks,  surcharged  with  red-orange  acrid  juice,  sending  up  in 
earliest  spring  a  rounded  palmate-lobed  leaf,  and  a  1-flowered  naked  scape. 
Flower  white,  handsome,  the  bud  erect,  the  petals  not  crumpled.  (Name 
from  the  color  of  the  juice.) 

1.   S.  Canadensis,  L.  —  Open  rich  woods ;  common.     April,  May. 

2.     STYLOPHORUM,    Nutt.        Celaxdixe  Poppy. 

Sepals  2,  hairy.  Petals  4.  Style  distinct,  columnar;  stigma  2-4-lobed. 
Pods  bristly,  2-4-valved  to  the  base.  Seeds  conspicuously  crested.  —  Peren- 
nial low  herbs,  with  stems  naked  below  and  oppositely  2-leaved,  or  sometimes 
1  -  3-leaved,  and  umbellately  1  -  few-flowered  at  the  summit ;  the  flower-buds 
and  the  pods  nodding.  Leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided.  Juice  yellow. 
(From  (TTvXos,  stt/le,  and  0epa»,  to  bear,  one  of  the  distinctive  characters.) 

1.  S.  diphyllum,  Nutt.  Leaves  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  smoothish, 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  5  or  7  oblong  sinuate-lobed  divisions,  and  the  root-leaves 
often  with  a  pair  of  smaller  and  distinct  leaflets ;  peduncles  equalling  the 
petioles ;  flower  deep  yellow  (2'  broad) ;  stigmas  3  or  4 ;  pod  oval.  —  Damp 
woods,  W.  Penn.  to  Wise,  and  Tenn.  May.  —  Foliage  and  flower  resembling 
Celandine. 

3.  CHELIDONIUM,    L.        Celaxdixe. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  16-24.  Style  nearly  none ;  stigma  2-lobed. 
Pod  linear,  slender,  smooth,  2-valved,  the  valves  opening  from  the  bottom  up- 
ward. Seeds  crested.  —  Biennial  herb  with  brittle  stems,  saffron-colored  acrid 
juice,  pinnately  divided  or  2-pinnatifid  and  toothed  or  cut  leaves,  and  small 
yellow  flowers  in  a  pedunculate  umbel ;  buds  nodding.  (Ancient  Greek  name 
from  x^-'^'Swj',  the  swallow,  because  its  flowers  appear  with  the  swallows.) 

C.  mXjus,  L.  (Celaxdixe.)  Waste  grounds  near  dwellings.  May -Aug. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.  GLAUCIUM,    Tourn.        Horx-Poppt. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Style  none ;  stigma  2-lobed  or  2-horned.  Pod  very 
long  and  linear,  completely  2-celled  by  a  spongy  false  partition ;  seeds  crest- 


lUMAKIACKi*:.       (lUMiroUY    FAMILY.)  59 

less.  —  Animals  or  biennials,  with  saffron-colorod  juico,  claspiiip^  leaves,  and 
solitary  yellow  Howers.  (The  Greek,  name,  7Aou»cio»',  from  the  glaucous 
fuliap;e.) 

G.  j.Cjtkim,  Scop.  Lower  leaves  ]tiunatifi(l ;  upper  ones  sinuate-lobed  and 
toothed,  conhitc-elaspinfif ;  pods  rou<;h  («)-!()'  hn\<i;).  —  Waste  places  S.  E. 
New  Kug.,  Md.,  and  Va. ;  not  common.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.     PAP  AVER,    Touru.        L'oi-py. 

Sepals  nio.stly  2.  Petals  mostly  4.  Stigmas  united  in  a  flat  4  -  20  rayed 
crown,  resting  on  tlie  summit  of  the  ovary  and  capsule  ;  the  latter  short 
and  turgid,  with  4  -  20  many-seeded  placenta;  itrojectiiig  lik(;  imperfect  ])ar- 
titions,  opening  by  as  many  pores  or  chinks  under  tlie  edge  of  the  stigma. — 
Herbs  with  a  white  juice;  the  Hower-buds  nodding.  (Derivation  obscure.)  — 
Three  annual  species  of  the  Old  World  are  sparingly  adventive ;  viz.: 

P.  soMNfFERCM,  L.  (C'oMMON  Toi'i'v.)  »S'/»oo///,  glaucous ;  leaves  clasp- 
ing, wavy,  incised  and  tootlied  ;  ]>o(l  (j/olxise ;  coroHa  mostly  white  or  purple. 
—  Near  dwellings  in  some  places.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

P.  DtniiM,  \j.  (S.MooTn-FuriTKi)  CoijN-roi'i'v.)  Pinnatifid  leaves  and 
the  long  stalks  bristli/  ;  jnxh  cluh-ahajted,  smooth  ;  corolla  liglit  scarlet.  —  Cult, 
grounds,  Westchester,  I'enn.,  and  southward;  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

P.  Arge>i6ne,  \j.  (Rough-fkuitki)  C.)  Smaller,  wit!)  finernut  leaves 
and  paler  flowers  than  the  last ;  ])ods  rlub-shaped  and  bristlij. —  Waste  ground.s, 
near  Philadelphia.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    AR  GEM  ONE,     L.        Prickly  Poppy. 

Sepals  2  or  3,  often  prickly.  Petals  4-6.  Style  almost  none;  stigmas 
3  -  6,  radiate.  Pod  oblong,  prickly,  opening  by  3-6  valves  at  the  top.  Seeds 
crested.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  Avith  prickly  bristles  and  yellow  juice.  Leaves 
sessile,  sinuate-lobed,  and  with  prickly  teeth,  often  blotched  with  white. 
Elower-buds  erect,  short-peduncled.  (Name  from  &py€fxa,  a  disease  of  the  eye, 
for  which  the  juice  of  a  ])lant  so  called  by  the  Greeks  was  a  supposed  remedy.) 

1.  A.  platyceras.  Link  &,  Otto.  Setose-hispid  all  over;  petals  white, 
li-2'  long;  capsule  armed  with  stout  spines.  —  Central  Kan.  and  Neb., south 
and  westward. 

A.  MexicXna,  L.  (Mexican  P.)  Flowers  yellow,  rarely  white.  —  Waste 
places,  southward.     July -Oct.     (Adv.  from  troj).  Amer.) 

Order  9.     FUMAKIACEiE.     (Fumitory  Family.) 

Delicate  sjnooth  herbs,  witli  rcuterji  juice,  compound  dissected  leaves, 
irref/idar  Jlowers,  with  4  somcwhd  united  pctrds,  6  diadelphous  stamens, 
and  2-merous  pods  and  seeds  like  those  of  the  Poppy  Family.  —  Sepals  2, 
small  and  scale-like.  Corolla  flattened,  closed  ;  the  4  petals  in  two  pairs; 
the  outer  with  spreading  tips,  and  one  or  both  of  them  spurred  or  saccate 
at  the  base ;  inner  pair  narrower,  and  their  callous  crested  tips  united 
over  the  stigma.  Stamens  in  two  sets  of  3  each,  placed  opposite  the 
larger  petals,  hvpogynous ;  their  fdaments  often  united:  middle  anther 
of  each  set  2-celled,  the  lateral  ones  1-celled.  Pod  1-celled,  either  1-sceded 
and  indehiscent,  or  several-seede<l  with  2  parietal  placenta?  and  deciduous 
valves.  —  Leaves  delicate,  usually  alternate,  without  stipules.  Slightly 
bitter,  innocent  jjlants. 


60  FUMARIACE^..        (FUMITORY    FAMILY.) 

*  Corolla  bigibbous  or  2-spurred,  the  2  outer  petals  alike.     Pod  several-seeded. 
1    Adlumia*    Petals  united  into  a  spongy  persistent  snbcordate  corolla.    Seeds  crestless. 

2.  Dicentra.    Corolla  cordate  or  2-spun-ed  at  base,  less  united.    Seeds  crested. 

»  *  Corolla  with  but  one  petal  spurred  at  base,  deciduous. 

3.  Corydalis.     Pod  with  few  to  many  crested  or  arilled  seeds. 

4    Fuinaria.     Fruit  a  globular  1-seeded  nutlet.     Seed  crestless. 

1.     ADLUMIA,     Kaf.        Climbing  Fumitory. 

Petals  all  permanently  united  in  a  cordate-ovate  corolla,  becoming  spongy- 
cellular  and  persistent,  enclosing  the  small,  few-seeded  pod.  Seeds  not  crested. 
Stigma  2-crested.  Filaments  monadelphous  below  in  a  tube  which  is  adherent 
to  the  corolla,  diadelphous  at  the  summit.  —  A  climbing  biennial,  with  thrice- 
pinnate  leaves,  cut-lobed  delicate  leaflets,  and  ample  panicles  of  drooping  white 
or  purplish  flowers.     (Dedicated  by  Rafinesque  to  Major  Adlnm.) 

1  A.  cirrhbsa,  Kaf.  —  Wet  woods ;  N.  Eng.  to  Wise,  E.  Kan.,  and  south- 
ward. June -Oct.  —  A  handsome  vine,  with  delicate  foliage,  climbing  by  the 
slender  young  leaf-stalks  over  high  bushes ;  often  cultivated. 

2.     DICENTRA,    Borkh.      Ddtchman's  Breeches. 

Petals  slightly  cohering  into  a  heart-shaped  or  2-spurred  corolla,  either  de- 
ciduous or  witliering-persistent.  Stigma  2-crested  and  sometimes  2-horned. 
Filaments  slightly  united  in  two  sets.  Pod  10-20-seeded.  Seeds  crested. — 
Low,  stemless  perennials  (as  to  our  wild  species)  with  ternately  compound  and 
dissected  leaves,  and  racemose  nodding  flowers.  Pedicels  2-bracted.  (Name 
from  Us,  twice,  and  Kevrpov,  a  spur ;  —  accidentally  printed  Diclytra  in  the 
first  instance,  which  by  au  erroneous  conjecture  was  afterwards  changed  into 

DiELYTRA.) 

*  Raceme  simple,  feiv-floicered . 

1.  D.  Cucull^ria,  DC.  (Dutchman's  Breeches.)  Scape  and  slen- 
der-petioled  leaves  from  a  sort  of  granulate  bulb ;  lobes  of  leaves  linear ;  corolla 
with  2  divergent  spurs  longer  than  the  pedicel;  crest  of  the  inner  petals  minute. 
—  Rich  woods,  especially  westward.  —  A  very  delicate  plant,  sending  up  in 
early  spring,  from  the  cluster  of  grain-like  tubers  crowded  together  in  the 
form  of  a  scaly  bulb,  the  finely  cut  leaves  and  the  slender  scape,  bearing  4-10 
pretty,  but  odd,  white  flowers  tipped  with  cream-color. 

2.  D.  Canadensis,  DC.  (Squirrel  Corn.)  Subterranean  shoots  bear- 
ing scattered  gmin-like  tubers  (resembling  peas  or  grains  of  Indian  corn,  yellow) ; 
leaves  as  in  n.  I ;  corolla  ynerelg  heart-shaped,  the  spurs  very  short  and  rounded ; 
crest  of  the  inner  petals  conspicuous,  projecting.  — Rich  woods,  especially  north- 
ward. April,  May.  —  Flowers  greenish-white  tinged  with  rose,  Avith  the  fra- 
grance of  Hyacinths. 

*  *  Racemes  compound,  clustered. 

3.  D.  eximia,  DC  Subterranean  shoots  scaly ;  divisions  and  lobes  of 
the  leaves  broadly  oblong ;  corolla  oblong,  2-saccate  at  the  base ;  crest  of  the 
inner  petals  projecting.  —  Rocks,  Avestern  N.  Y.,  rare,  and  Alleghanies  of  Va. 
May  -  Aug  —  Coarser-leaved  than  the  others ;  scapes  6-10'  high. 


CKLCIFKK.K.        (mISTAKD    FAMH.V.)  6l 

3.     CORYDALIS,     Vent. 

Corolla  l-spurred  at  the  base  (on  tlio  ujjpcr  siilc),  dociduous.  Stvle  per- 
sistent. Pod  many-seeded.  Seeds  crested  or  arilled.  Flowers  in  racemes. 
Onr  species  are  biennial,  leafy -stemmed,  and  pale  or  glaucous.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name  for  the  crested  lark.) 

*  Stem  strirt ;  Jfnirrrs  juirp/isJi  or  rose-rolor  icith  j/cl/oir  tip<<. 

1.  C.  glauca,  Fursli.  (Pali:  Couydalis.)  Kacemes  paniiled  ;  spur  of 
tV.e  corolla  very  .sliort  and  rounded;  pods  erect,  slender,  elongated.  —  liocky 
places;  common;  C'-2°liigli.     May-.\ug. 

*  *  Lotc,  ascenclnu/ ;  Jiowers  yellow. 
-»-   Outer  petals  winfj<rested  on  the  Ixirk. 

2.  C.  flclVUla,  DC.  Pedicels  slender,  conspicuously  hracted  :  coro'la  pale 
j'cllow,  .'3  -  4"  long,  spur  very  short ;  tips  of  the  outer  petals  pointed,  longer 
than  the  inner;  crest  ,3-4-toothed;  jjods  torulose,  pen(Uilous  or  spreading; 
seeds  acutely  margined,  rugose-reticulated  ;  aril  loose.  —  Penn.  to  Minn.,  and 
southward. 

3.  C.  micrantha,  Gray.  Pedicels  short  and  bracts  small ;  corolla  pale 
yellow,  \"  long,  with  short  spur  and  entire  crest,  or  flowers  often  cleistogamous 
and  much  smaller,  without  s])ur  or  crest ,  pods  ascending,  torulose ;  seeds 
obtuse-margined,  smooth  and  shining.  —  N.  Car.,   111.,  Minn.,  and  southward. 

4.  C.  crystallina,  Engelm.  Pedicels  short,  erect;  corolla  bright  yel- 
low, 8"  long,  the  sjmr  nearly  as  long  as  the  body ;  crest  very  broad,  usually 
toothed ;  pods  terete,  erect,  densely  covered  with  transparent  vesicles ,  seeds 
acutely  margined,  tuberculate.  —  S.  W.  Mo.  and  southward. 

-t-  -t-  Outer  petals  merehj  carinate  on  tJie  bark,  not  crested. 

5.  C.  aurea,  Willd.  (Golden  C.)  Corolla  golden-yellow,  Y  long,  the 
slightly  decurved  spur  about  half  as  long,  shorter  than  the  pedicel ;  pods 
spreading  or  pendulous,  becoming  torulose;  seeds  obtuse-margined. —  Rocky 
banks,  Yt.  to  Penn.,  Mo.,  Minn.,  and  westward. 

Var.  OCCidentalis,  P>ngelm.  Flowers  rather  larger,  the  spur  nearly  as 
long  as  the  Ixxly  ;  jiods  loss  torulose,  on  short  pedicels;  seeds  acutish  on  the 
margin.  —  Neb.  and  Kan.  to  W.  Tex.  and  westward. 

4.     PUMARIA,     Tourn.         Fumitort. 

Corolla  l-spurred  at  tlie  base.  Style  deciduous.  Fruit  indehiscent,  small, 
globular,  l-soo(U'd.  Seeds  crcstloss. —  Hrancbcil  ;ind  leafy  stennned  annuals, 
with  finely  dissected  compound  leaves,  and  small  liowers  in  dense  racemes  or 
spikes.     (Name  from  /)//«'/.«,  smoke.) 

P.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (Common  Ft  mitokv.)  Sej^ls  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
sharjdy  toothed,  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  condla  (which  is  fleshn'olor 
tijiped  witli  crimson);  fruit  slightly  notched. —  Waste  places,  al)out  dwellings. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Order    10.     CRUCIFERyI^.     (Mustard  Family.) 

Herbs,  icith  a  pungent  water  if  juice  and  cruciform  tetrad  ijnainnus  fnicers  ; 
fruit  a  silique  or  silicic.  —  Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous, 
regular,  placed  opposite  each  other  in  pairs,  their  sproadin'j  limbs  form- 


62  CRUCIFER^.        (mustard    FAMILY.) 

ing  a  cross.  Stamens  6,  two  of  them  inserted  lower  down  and  shorter 
(rarely  only  4  or  2).  Pod  usually  2-celled  by  a  thin  partition  stretched 
between  the  two  marginal  placentae,  from  which  when  ripe  the  valves 
separate,  either  much  longer  than  broad  (a  silique),  or  short  (a  silicle), 
sometimes  indehiscent  and  nut-like  (nucumentaceous),  or  separating  across 
into  1-seeded  joints  (lomentaceoiis).  Seeds  campylotropous,  without  albu- 
men, filled  by  the  large  embryo,  which  is  curved  or  folded  in  various 
ways  :  i.  e.  the  cotyledons  decumbent,  viz.,  their  margins  on  one  side  applied 
to  the  radicle,  so  that  the  cross-section  of  the  seed  appears  thus  o= ;  or 
else  incumbent,  viz.,  the  back  of  one  cotyledon  applied  to  the  radicle, 
thus  o||.  In  these  cases  the  cotyledons  are  plane;  but  they  may  be 
folded  upon  themselves  and  round  the  radicle,  as  in  Mustard,  where  they 
are  conduplicate,  thus  o».  In  Leavenwortliia  alone  the  whole  embryo 
is  straight.  —  Leaves  alternate,  no  stipules.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes 
or  corymbs  ;  pedicels  rarely  bracted.  —  A  large  and  very  natural  family, 
of  pungent  or  acrid,  but  not  poisonous  plants.  (The  characters  of  the 
genera  are  taken  almost  wholly  from  the  pods  and  seeds ;  the  flowers 
being  nearly  alike  in  all.) 

SERIES  I.     Pod  2-celled,  regularly  dehiscent  by  2  valves. 

*  Pod  comiiressed  parallel  to  the  broad  partition.     Seeds  flat  or  flattisli,  orbicular  or  oval ; 

cotyledons  accumbent  or  nearly  so. 
-•-  Pod  large,  oblong-elliptical ,  valves  nerveless.    Seeds  in  2  rows.     Flowers  yellow. 

1 .  Selenia.    Leaves  pinnatisect.     Raceme  leafy-bracteate.    Seeds  winged. 

-»-  -•-  Pod  linear;  valves  nerveless.    Seeds  in  one  row.     Flowers  yellow  only  in  n.  2. 

2.  L,eavenworthia.    Seed  winged  ;  embrj^o  straight  or  nearly  so.     Annual  ;  stem  often 

scapose,  1  -  few-flowered. 

3.  Dentaria.      Stem  naked  below,  2-3-leaved.      Pod  coriaceous,  with  thick  placentas, 

long-styled.     Seeds  wingless  ;  cotyledons  thick,  very  unequal. 

4.  Cardaixiine.     Stem  leafy.      Pod  coriaceous,  with  thick  placentas.      Seeds  wingless; 

cotyledons  flattened,  cfjual. 

I-  -I-  -(-  Pod  linear,  or  oblong,  or  orbicular;  valves  l-nerved  or  nerveless.     Seeds  in  2  rows 
(except  in  species  of  n.  5). 

6.  Arabis.      Pod  long-linear,  the  flat  or  flattish  valves  more  or  less  l-nerved.     Seeds 
winged  or  wingless.     Flowers  white  to  purple.     Stems  leafy,  at  least  below. 

6.  Draba.     Pod  oval  to  narrowly  oblong  or   lanceolate  ;   valves  flat   or  flattish,   faintly 

nerved  or  veined.     Seeds  wingless,  numerous. 

7.  Alyssiim.    Pod  orbicular  :   valves  veinless,  somewhat  convex  with  flattened  margin. 

Seeds  wingless,  2-4. 

♦  *  Pod  terete  or  turgid,  or  4-angled  by  the  prominent  midnerves.    Seeds  wingless,  more  or 

less  turgid. 

■t-  Pods  short.    (See  also  n.   11.) 

8.  Ijesquerella.     Pod  globular-inflated,  about  4-seeded  ;  valves  ner\-eless.      Cotjdedons 

accumbent.     Flowers  yellow. 

9.  Camelina.    Pod  obovoid,  many-seeded,  valves  l-nerved;  style  slender.    Cotyledons 

incumbent.     Flowers  yellow. 
10    Subularia.    Pod  ovoid  or  globular,  few-seeded  ,  valves  l-nerved ;  style  none.    Coty- 
ledons long,  folded  transversely.     Flowers  white.     Dwarf  stem  less  aquatic. 


CRUCiFER.*:.     (mustard  I  amily.)  63 

4-  t-  Pod  linear  (or  oblong  or  even  globular  in  n.  11). 
♦♦  Cotyledons  accumbent. 

11.  Nasturtium.    Pod  often  short;  valves  strongly  convex,  nerveless.     Seeds  s  mall,  in 

2  rows  in  each  cell.     Flowers  yellow  or  white. 

12.  Barbarea.    Pod  somewhat  4-8ided  ;  valves  strongly  1-nerved.   Seeds  in  1  row.    Flowers 

yellow. 

♦+  ++  Cotyledons  incumbent  or  partially  so. 

13.  Hesperis.    Pod  terete,  elongated  ;  stigma-lobes  narrow,  erect.    Flowers  large,  purple. 

14.  Erysimum.      Pod  4-sided ;  valves  strongly  1-nerved  ;   stigma  broadly  2-lobed.      Pu- 

bescence of  appressed  2-3-parted  liairs.    Flowers  yellow. 
15    Sisymbrium.    Pod  angled  or  teretish ;  valves  1-3-nerved;  stigma  small.     Flowers 
yellow  or  white,  small. 

16.  Tlielypodium.      Pod   teretish ;   valves  1-nerved ;    stigma   entire.      Cotyledons  ob- 

liquely incumbent.     Flowers  rose-color.    Leaves  auricled. 
•M-  ++  -w-  Cotyledons  conduplicate. 

17.  Brassica.    Pod  beaked  or  pointed  beyond  the  end  of  the  valves,  or  tipped  with  a 

rigid  style,  nearly  terete,  or  4-sided.     Flowers  yellow  or  whitish. 
*  *  Pod  short ;  the  boat-shaped  valves  conduplicate  or  much  flattened  contrary  to  the 
narrow  partition.     Flowers  white. 

18.  Capsella.    Pod  many-seeded,  obcordate-triangular,  wingless.    Cotyledons  incumbent. 

19.  Tlilaspi.    Pod  several-seeded,  obovate  or  obcordate,  winged.    Cotyledons  accumbent. 

20.  Lepidium.     Pod  2-seeded,  flat,  scale-shaped.    Cotyledons  incumbent  or  accumbent. 

21.  Seuebiera.    Pod  2-seeded,  didymous  ;  the  valves  rugose,  separating  at  maturity  from 

the  little  paitition  as  2  closed  1-seeded  nutlets.     Cotyledons  incumbent,  narrow. 

SERIES  II.     Pods  indehiscent,  continuous  or  transversely  jointed;   joints 

1 -celled. 

22.  Cakile.    Pod  short,  2-jointed  ;  joints  1-seeded.     Cotyledons  plane,  accumbent, 

23.  Kaplianus.     Pod  elongated,  several-seeded,  continuous,  or  constricted  between  the 

seeds  and  moniliform.    Cotyledons  conduplicate. 

1.     SELENIA,    Nutt. 

Pod  large,  ohlong-elliptical,  flat ;  the  valves  nerveless.  Seeds  in  2  rows  iu 
each  cell,  rounded,  broadly  winged ;  cotyledons  accumbent ;  radicle  short.  — 
A  low  annual,  with  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  leaves  and  leafy-bracteate  raceinos 
of  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  treATjj/Tj,  the  moon,  with  allusion  to  Lunaria, 
which  it  somewhat  resembles  in  its  pods.) 

1.  S.  aiirea,  Nutt.  Lobes  of  the  simj)ly  pinnatifid  leaves  entire  or  toothed  ; 
pod  h'  long,  on  elongated  spreading  pedicels,  beaked  by  the  long  slender  style. 
—  Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex. 

2.    LEAVENWORTHIA,    Torr. 

Pod  broadly  linear  or  oblong,  flat ;  tlie  valves  nerveless,  but  minutely  re- 
ticulate-veined. Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  eacli  cell,  flat,  surrounded  by  a  thick 
wing.  Embryo  straight !  or  the  short  radicle  only  slightly  bent  iu  the  direc- 
tion which  if  continued  would  make  tlic  orbicular  cotyledons  accumbent. — 
Little  winter  annuals,  glabrous  and  often  stemless,  witli  lyrate  leaves  and  short 
1 -few-flowered  scape-like  peduncles.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  late  M.  C. 
Leavemcorth.) 

1.  L.  MichatlXii,  Torr.  Scapes  2-6'  high;  leaMol)es  usually  numer- 
ous (7-15);  petals  purjjlish  ur  nearly  white  with  a  yellowiah  baae,  obtuse; 


64  CRUCIFER^.        (mustard    FAMILY.) 

pods  not  torulose,  oblong  to  linear  (6-15''  long);  style  short.  —  S.  Ind.  to 
Tenn.  and  Mo. 

2.  L.  toruldsa,  Gray.  Similar,  but  pods  torulose  even  when  young, 
linear;  style  1-2"  long;  seeds  acutely  margined  rather  than  winged  ;  petals 
emargiuate.  —  Barrens  of  Ky.  and  Tenn. 

3.     DEN  TAR  I  A,    Tourn.        Toothwort.     Pepper-root. 

Pod  lanceolate,  flat,  as  in  Cardamine.  Style  elongated.  Seeds  in  one  row, 
wingless,  the  stalks  broad  and  flat.  Cotyledons  petioled,  thick  and  very  une- 
qual, their  margins  somewhat  infolding  each  other.  —  Perennials,  of  damp 
woodlands,  with  long,  horizontal,  fleshy,  sometimes  interrupted,  scaly  or 
toothed  rootstocks,  of  a  pleasant  pungent  taste ;  the  simple  stems  leafless  be- 
low, bearing  2  or  3  petioled  compound  leaves  about  or  above  the  middle,  and 
terminated  by  a  single  corymb  or  short  raceme  of  large  Avhite  or  purple  flow- 
ers. Flowers  larger,  pods  broader,  and  seeds  larger  than  is  usual  in  Carda- 
mine.    (Name  from  dens,  a  tooth.) 

*  Rootstoclc  elongated ;  leaves  3-foliolate. 

1.  D.  diph^lla,  L.  Rootstock  long  and  continuous,  often  branched, 
toothed;  stem-leaves  2,  similar  to  the  radical  ones,  close  together;  leaflets 
rhombic-ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  shortly  petiolate,  coarsely  crenate,  the  teeth 
abruptly  acute;  petals  white.  —  Kich  woods,  Maine  to  Minn,  and  Ky.  May. 
—  Eootstocks  5-10'  long,  crisp,  tastiug  like  Water-Cress. 

*  *  Rootstock  tuberous,  more  or  less  monUiform ;  leaves  3-foliolate  or  3-parted. 

2.  D.  laciniata,  Muhl.  Tubers  deep-seated,  usually  not  jointed  nor 
prominently  tubercled ;  root-leaves  often  none ;  stem-leaves  3-parted,  the  lat- 
eral segments  often  2-lobed,  all  broadly  oblong  to  linear,  more  or  less  gash- 
toothed  ;  flowers  wliite  or  rose-color.  —  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  southward. 
April,  May.  —  Var.  MULxfriDA,  a  slender  form  with  the  narrowly  linear  seg- 
ments usually  more  or  less  divided  into  linear  lobes.  (D.  multifida,  Muhl.) 
Southward,  scarcely  if  at  all  within  our  limits. 

3.  D.  heteroph;^lla,  Nutt.  Tubers  near  the  surface,  jointed,  narroAvly 
oblong  or  thick-clavate,  prominently  tubercled ;  leaves  3-foliolate,  the  leaflets 
distinctlv  petiolate,  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  entire  to  rather  deeply  crenate, 
rarely  laciniate  or  lobed ;  root-leaves  Avith  ovate  or  lanceolate  and  usually  lobed 
leaflets.  —  Penn.  to  Ky.  and  southward.     Blooming  a  little  later  than  the  last. 

4.  D.  maxima,  Nutt.  Tubers  jointed,  strongly  tubercled ;  stem-leaves 
usually  alternate,  3-foliolate ;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  toothed 
and  somewhat  cleft  or  lobed.  —  Vt.  to  western  N.  Y.  and  Penn.     May. 

4.     CARDAMINE,    Tourn.        Bitter  Cress. 

Pod  linear,  flattened,  usually  opening  elastically  from  the  base ;  the  valves 
nerveless  and  veinless,  or  nearly  so ;  placentas  and  partition  thick.  Seeds  in 
a  single  row  in  each  cell,  wingless ;  their  stalks  slender.  Cotyledons  accum- 
bent,  flattened,  equal  or  nearly  so,  petiolate.  —  Mostly  glabrous  perennials, 
leafy-stemmed,  growing  along  watercourses  and  in  wet  places.  Flowers 
white  or  purple.  (A  Greek  name,  in  Dioscorides,  for  some  cress,  from  itp 
cordial  or  cardiacal  qualities.) 


CRl'OIFEH.*:.       (mI'STAUI)    kamflv.)  65 

*  Root  perennial ;  leaves  simple. 
1.  C.  rhomboidea,  ])C.  (Simung  Ckkss.)  .stems  upright  from  a  tu- 
berous base  and  slox/ir  rootsiock  bearing  small  tubers,  sivijile  ;  root-leaves  round 
aud  often  heart-shaped ;  lower  stem-leaves  ovate  or  rlioinl)ic-ol)long,  somewhat 
petioled,  tlie  upper  almost  lanceolate,  sessile,  all  often  sparin<;ly  toothed  ;  pods 
linear-lanceolate,  pointed  with  a  slender  style  ti])ped  with  a  consjjicuous  stigma ; 
seeds  round-oral.  —  Wet  meadows  aud  springs;  common.  April -June. — 
Flowers  large,  wliite. 

Var,  purptirea,  Torr.  Lower  (4-6'  high),  and  usually  slightly  pnbes- 
lont;  flowers  rose-pur])le,  appearing  earlier.  —  Along  streams  in  rich  soil. 
Western  N.  Y.  to  Md.  and  Wise. 

"  2.  C.  rotundifolia,  Michx.  (Mountain  Water-Cress.)  Stems  branch- 
ing, weak  or  decumbent,  making  long  runners,  root  Jibrous :  leaves  all  much 
alike,  roundish,  somewhat  angled,  often  heart-shaped  at  the  ba.se,  petioled ; 
pods  small,  linear-awl-shaped,  pointed  with  the  slender  style ;  stigma  minute ; 
seeds  oval-oblong.  —  Cool  shaded  springs,  N.J.  (Middletown,  M'/7//.s)  to  Ky., 
and  southward  along  the  mountains.  May,  June.  —  P'lowers  white,  smaller 
than  in  u.  1. 

3.  C.  bellidifblia,  L.  Z)zror/'(2-3' high),  alpine,  tufted;  leaves  ovate, 
entire,  or  sometimes  with  a  blunt  lateral  tooth  (4"  long),  on  long  petioles; 
pods  1'  long,  upright,  linear ;  style  nearlij  none,  stout.  —  Summits  of  the  White 
Mountains  and  Katahdiu,  Maine.    July.  —  Flowers  1  -5,  white.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Root  perennial ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  Jlowers  show g. 

4.  C.  pratensis,  L.  (Cuckooflower.)  Stem  ascending  from  a  short 
rootstock,  simple  ;  leaflets  7  - 13,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  rounded  and  stalked, 
of  the  upper  oblong  or  linear,  entire,  or  slightly  angled-toothed  ;  petals  (white 
or  rose-color)  thrice  tl;e  length  of  the  calyx  ;  pod  9-15"  long,  \"  broad  j  stvle 
short.  —  Wet  places  and  bogs,  Vt.  to  N.  J.,  Wise,  and  northward;  rare. 
May.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Root  mosthj  biennial  or  annual;  leaves  pinnate  ;  flowers  small,  white. 

5.  C.  hirsuta,  L.  (Small  Bitter  Cress.)  Glabrous  or  beset  with 
scattered  hairs,  stems  (3' -2°  high)  erect  or  ascending  from  the  spreading 
cluster  of  root-leaves;  their  leaflets  rounded,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  oblong 
or  linear  and  often  confluent,  all  either  toothed,  angled,  or  entire ;  pods  linear, 
very  narrow,  erect  or  ascending;  style  variable.  —  Wet  places;  common. 
May -July.  The  ordinary  form  corresponds  closely  to  the  European  var. 
sylvAtica,  Gaud.  The  typical  imperfectly  developed  annual  form,  with  only 
4  stamens  and  rather  strict  pods,  occurs  very  rarely.  A  form  answering  to  C. 
parviflora  of  Europe,  with  mostly  linear  leaflets  and  pods  often  erect  on  sjiread- 
ing  pedicels,  is  occasionally  found  in  drier  localities.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

6.    ARABIS,    L.        KocK  Cre.ss. 

Pod  linear,  flattened ;  placentas  not  thickened  ;  the  valves  plane  or  convex, 
more  or  less  1-nerved  in  the  middle,  or  longitudinally  veiny.  Seeds  usually 
margined  or  winged.  Cotyledons  accumbent  or  a  little  oi)li(pie. —  Leaves  sel- 
dom divided.  Flowers  white  ur  i)urple.  (Name  from  the  country,  Arabia. 
See  Linn.  Phil.  Bot.  §  235.) 

6 


66  CRUCIFER.E,        (mustard    FAMILY.) 

§  1.   ARABIS  proper.     Seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell,  orbicular  or  nearly  so, 
more  or  less  wing-margined  ;  cotyledons  strictly  accambent. 
*  Low,  chiefly  biennials,  diffuse  or  spreading  from  the  base. 

1.  A.  Ludoviciana,  Meyer.  Nearly  glabrous,  often  aimual ;  leaves  all 
pinnately  parted  iuto  oblong  or  linear  few-toothed  or  entire  divisions,  those  of 
the  lower  leaves  numerous ;  pedicels  very  short ;  flowers  small,  white ;  pods 
rather  broadly  linear,  spreading,  flat ;  seeds  winged.  —  Open  grounds,  Va.  to 
Mo.,  and  southward. 

*  *  Erect  and  simple  leafy-stemmed  biennials,  with  simple  leaves,  white  or 
whitish  flowers,  narrow  but  flattened  ascending  or  erect  pods,  and  nearly 
wingless  seeds. 

2.  A.  pktens,  Sulliv.  Downy  with  spreading  haii-s,  erect  (1-2°  high); 
stem-leaves  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  coarsely  toothed  or  the  uppermost  entire, 
partly  clasping  by  tlie  heart-shaped  base ;  petals  (bright  white,  4"  long)  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  pedicels  slender,  spreading  ;  pods  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, tipped  with  a  distinct  style.  —  Peun.  to  central  Ohio  and  southward ;  Minn. 
April,  May. 

3.  A.  hirstlta,  Scop.  Rough-hairy,  sometimes  smoothish,  strictly  erect 
(1-2°  high) ;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed,  partlv  clasp- 
ing by  a  somewhat  arrow-shaped  or  heart-shaped  base ;  petals  (greenish-white) 
small,  but  longer  than  the  calyx;  pedicels  and  pods  strictly  upright;  style 
scarcely  any ;  immature  seeds  somewhat  2-rowed.  —  Rocks,  common,  especially 
northward.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

«  *  *  Erect  and  simple  leafy-stemmed  biennials  (1  -3°  high),  icith  small  ichitish 
flowers,  recurved-spreading  or  pendtdous  flat  pods  (3-4'  long),  and  broadly 
winged  seeds,  their  stalks  adherent  to  the  partition ;  root-leaves  rarely  lyrate. 
4    A.  laevigata,  Poir.     Smooth  and  glaucous,  upright ;  stem-leaves  partly 
clasping  by  the  arrow-shaped  base,  lanceolate  or  linear,  sparingly  cut-toothed  or 
entire ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pods  long  and  narroiv,  recurved- 
spreading  ou  ascending  or  merely  spreading  pedicels.  —  Rocky  places,  Maine 
to  Minn,  and  soutliward.     May. 

5.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  (Sickle-pod.)  Stem  upright,  smooth  above; 
stem-leaves  pubescent,  pointed  at  both  ends,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lower 
toothed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  oblong-linear ;  pods  very  flat, 
scythe-shaped,  hanging  on  rough-hairy  pedicels  (2"  wide).  —  Woods  and  ravines ; 
not  rare,  especially  westward.    June  -  Aug. 

§  2.   TURRITIS.      Seeds  not  so  broad  as  the  partition,  in  two  more  or  less 

'   distinct   rows   in  each  cell,  at  least   when   young;  strict   and   very  leafy. 

stemmed  biennials ;  cauline  leaves  partly  clasping  by  a  sagittate  base.     {Our 

species  very  glabrous,  except  the  mostly  hirsute  base  of  the  stem  and  the  lower 

leaves.) 

6.  A.  perfoli^ta,  Lam.  (Tower  Mustard.)  Tall  (2-4°  high), 
glaucous;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire;  petals  yellowish- 
white,  little  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pods  very  narrow  (3'  long)  and  pedicels 
strictly  erect ;  seeds  marginless ;  cotyledons  often  oblique.  —  Rocks  and  fields, 
N.  Eng.  to  Minn,  (rare),  north  and  westward.     (Eu.) 


CRUCIFER^.        (MUSTAUI)    FAMILY.)  67 

7.  A.  COnfinis,  Watson.  Scarcely  glaucous,  1-3°  high;  pubescence 
below  finely  stellate  ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  ol)lontj4inear,  entire  (1  -2'  long), 
with  narrow  auricles,  or  the  lowest  spatulate  and  toothed;  petals  white  or 
rose-color,  full  1/  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  pedicels  and  flat;>o(/s  loosetij  erect, 
or  ascending,  or  even  spreading ;  seeds  wing-margined,  when  mature  little  nar- 
rower than  the  partition.  (A.  Drummoudii,  Man.)  —  From  the  lower  St. 
Lawrence  to  Minn.,  south  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  and  111.  —  Pods  2i-3^'  l<Ji>g,  or  in 
a  var.  (T.  brachycarpa,  Toir.  ^'  Gray)  only  1-2'  long. 

§  3.  PSEUDAHABIS.  Seeds  oblong  or  elliptical,  very  small,  wingless,  in  one 
row ;  cotyledons  often  more  or  less  oblique.  Biennial  or  perennial,  branching 
from  the  base. 

8.  A,  lyr^ta,  L.  Mostly  glabrous,  except  the /yra<e-;>/«««///ir/roof-/<'arfs; 
Btem-leaves  scattered,  spatulate  or  linear  with  a  tapering  base,  sparingly 
toothed  or  entire ;  petals  ivhitc,  nmch  longer  than  the  yellowish  calyx;  pods 
long  and  slentlcr,  flat,  ascending  or  spreading.  —  On  rocks  or  sandv  shores, 
Kew  p]ng.  to  Ky.  along  the  mountains,  Minn.,  and  northward.  April-July. 
—  Usually  biennial,  but  southward  in  the  mountains  decidedly  perennial. 

•9.  A.  dentata,  Torr.  &Gray.  Koughish-pubesceut,  slender  (I -2°  high); 
leaves  oblong,  very  obtuse,  unequally  and  sharply  toothed ;  those  of  the  stem 
numerous,  half-clasping  and  eared  at  the  base,  of  the  root  broader  and  tapering 
into  a  short  petiole ;  petals  (whitish)  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  ])ods  widely 
spreading,  very  slender,  short-stalked;  style  scarcely  any.  —  N.  Y.  to  Mich., 
Minn.,  and  southward.     May,  Jime. 

6.     DRAB  A,    Dill.        Whitlow-Grass. 

Pod  oval,  oblong,  or  even  linear,  flat;  the  valves  plane  or  slightly  convex  ; 
the  partition  broad.  Seeds  several  or  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  mar- 
ginless.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Filaments  not  toothed.  —  Low  herbs  with 
entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  white  or  yellow  fiuwers ;  pubescence  often  stellate. 
(Name  from  Spdfit],  applied  by  Dioscorides  to  some  cress ;  meaning  unknown.) 

§  L   DRABjEA.     Petals  not  notched  or  cleft;  perennial  or  biennial,  leafy- 
stemmed .  flowers  white,  pods  twisted  when  ripe. 

1.  D.  ramosissima,  Desv.  DiJ/'uselymtcch  branched  and  forming  ma.ny 
radical  tufts,  perennial  (5-8'  high),  pubescent;  leaves  laciniate-toothed,Vmca.T- 
lanceolate,  the  lower  oblanceolate  ;  racemes  corymbosely-branched  ;  ])uds  hairy, 
oval-oblong  or  lanceolate  (2-5"  long),  on  slender  spreading  pedicels,  tij)pt'tl 
with  along  style.  —  Cliffs,  Harper's  Ferry,  Natural  Bridge,  etc.,  Va.,  to  Ken- 
tucky River,  and  southward.     April,  May. 

2.  D.  inc^na,  L.  Iloary-pubesccnt,  biennial  or  somewhat  perennial,  the 
radical  tuft  seldom  branching ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  the  cauline  lanceolate  to 
ovate,  few-toothed  or  entire  ;  pods  oblong  to  lanceolate,  usually  acute  and  straight, 
often  pubescent,  on  short  erect  pedicels ;  style  very  short  or  none.  —  Dry  rocks, 
Willoughby  Mountain,  Vt. ;  also  northward  and  far  westward.     (Ku.) 

Var.  arabisans,  Watson.  Caude.x  nmch  branciied ;  i)od  glabrous,  acu- 
minate or  acute,  twisted,  beaked  with  a  longer  distinct  style.  (D.  arabisans, 
Michx.)  —  N.  Vt.  to  western  N.  Y.  and  the  shores  of  the  upper  lakes. 


68  CRUCIFERiE.        (mustard    FAMILY.) 

§2.    DRABELLA.      Winter  annuals ;  leaf y  stems  short ;  flowers  white  {yellow 
in  n.  5) ;  style  none.     {Leaves  oblong  or  ohovate,  hairy,  sessile.) 

3.  D.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Small  (l- 5' high);  leaves  obovate,  entire ; 
peduncles  scape-like;  petals  usually  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  raceme 
short  or  corymbose  in  fruit  (^-1'  long);  pods  broadly  linear,  smooth,  much 
longer  than  the  ascending  pedicels.  —  Sandy  and  waste  fields,  E.  JNIass.  to 
Minn.,  and  southAvard.  March -May.  —  Petals  often  wanting  in  the  later 
racemes,  especially  in  the  var.  micraxtha,  Gray,  with  minutely  rough-hairy 
pods,  Avhich  is  found  with  the  other,  westward. 

4.  D.  CUneifolia,  Nutt.  Leaves  obovate,  wedge-shaped,  or  the  lowest 
spatulate,  toothed;  raceme  somewhat  elongated  in  fruit  (1  -3'),  at  length  equal- 
ling the  naked  peduncle;  petals  emarginate,  much  longer  than  the  calyx; 
pods  oblong-linear,  minutely  hairy,  longer  than  the  horizontal  jiedicels.  — Grassy 
places.  111.  to  E.  Kan.,  and  southward.     March,  April. 

5.  D.  brachycarpa,  Nutt.  Low  (2-4'  high),  minutely  pubescent; 
steins  leafy  to  tlie  base  of  the  dense  at  length  elongated  racSme ;  leaves  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  the  lowest  ovate  (2-4''  long),  few  toothed  or  entire;  floAvers 
small;  pods  smooth,  narrowly  oblong,  acutish  (2"  long),  about  the  length  of  the 
ascending  or  spreading  pedicels.  —  Dry  hills,  111.,  Ky.,  Va.  {A.  H.  Curtiss),  and 
southward.     April.  —  Petals  sometimes  minute,  sometimes  none. 

6.  D.  nemorbsa,  L.  Leaves  oblong  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  more  or 
less  toothed  ;  racemes  elongated  (4-8'  long  in  fruit) ;  petals  emarginate,  small; 
Xiods  elliptical-oblong,  half  the  length  of  the  horizontal  or  widelij-spreadtng  pedi- 
eels,  pubescent  or  smooth.  —  Fort  Gratiot,  Mich.,  N.  ]\Iiun.,  and  westward.  ( Eu. ) 

§  3.   EROPHILA.     Petals  2-c.left.     {Annual  or  biennial;  flowers  white.) 

D.  VERNA,  L.  (Whitlow-Grass.)  Small  (scapes  1 -3' high);  leaves  all 
radical,  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  racemes  elongated  in  fruit ;  pods  varying  from 
round-oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  shorter  than  the  pedicels.  —  Sandy 
waste  places  and  roadsides.     April,  May.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

7.     ALYSSUM,     Tourn. 

Pod  small,  orbicular,  with  only  one  or  two  wingless  seeds  in  a  cell ;  valves 
nerveless,  somewhat  convex,  tlie  margin  flattened.  Elowers  yellow  or  wliite 
Filaments  often  toothed.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  (Greek  name  of  a  plant 
reputed  to  check  tlie  hiccup,  as  the  etymology  denotes.) 

A.  MARIT13IUM,  L.  (Sweet  Alvssum),  with  green  or  slightly  hoary 
linear  leaves,  honey-scented  small  Avhite  flowers,  and  2-seeded  pods,  commonly 
cult.,  begins  to  be  spontaneous  .southward.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  CALYcixuM,  L.,  a  dwarf  hoary  annual,  with  linear-spatulate  leaves,  pale 
yellow  or  whitish  petals  little  exceeding  the  persistent  calyx,  and  orbicular 
sharp  margined  4-seeded  pod,  the  style  minute,  occurs  occasionally  in  grass- 
land.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

8.    LESQUERELLA,    Watson. 

Pod  mostly  globular  or  inflated,  with  a  broad  orbicular  to  ovate  hyaline 
partition  nerved  to  the  middle,  the  hemispherical  or  convex  thin  valves  nerve- 
less. Seeds  few  or  several,  in  2  rows,  flat.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  Filaments 
toothless.  —  Low  herbs,  hoary  Avith  stellate  hairs  or  lepidote.  Flowers  mostly 
yellow      (Named  for  Leo  Lesquereux.) 


CIUCIFEKiK.        (mISTAUI)    FAMILY.)  69 

1.  L.  globbsa,  Watson.  Minutely  hoary  all  over;  stems  sproadinp  orde- 
cuinhcnt  Ironi  an  annual  or  Inennial  rout;  leaves  ohlong  or  lanieolate  with 
a  tapering  base,  repaud-toothed  or  nearly  entire;  raceme  at  length  elongated, 
Avith  filiform  diverging  ju'dicehs;  petals  light  yellow;  style  filiform,  much 
longer  than  the  small  globose,  acutish,  about  4-seeded  pod;  seeds  marginless. 
(Vesicaria  Shortii,  Torr.)  —  Kocky  banks,  Ky.  to  Teun.  and  ^lo.     May,  Juue. 

2.  L.  gracilis,  Watsou.  Aunual,  slender ;  pubescence  very  fine ;  leaves 
narrowly  oblanceolate ;  pods  glabrous,  suberect  on  asceuding.or  curved  jiedi- 
cels,  stijntate  ;  style  long.     (Vesicaria  gracilis,  Iluuk.)  —  S.  Kan.  to  Tex. 

3.  L.  liUdovici^na,  Watson.  Biennial  or  jierennial ;  pubescence  com- 
pact; leaves  linear-t)l)lanceolate,  mostly  entire;  ])o(ls  j)ubcscent,  jiendulous  on 
recurved  pedicels;  style  long.  (Vesicaria  Lud  .viciaua,  DC.)  —  Minn,  to 
Neb.  and  southwestward. 

9.     CAMELINA,     ('rantz.        Falsk  Flax. 

Pod  obovoid  or  pear-shaped,  pointed,  llattish  parallel  to  the  broad  jsarti- 
tion ;  valves  1-nerved.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong.  Cotyledons  incumlient. 
Stvle  slender.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  (Name  from  x«M«')  ifi^'o'/,  and  \{vou, 
Jiax.) 

C.  SATivA,  Crantz.  Annual ;  leaves  lanceolate  and  arrow-shaped ;  pods 
margined,  large.     A  Aveed  in  fiax-fields,  etc,     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

10.    SUBULARIA,    L.        Awlwout. 

Pod  ovoid  or  gl(jl)ular,  with  a  broad  partition  ;  the  turgid  valves  1-nerved. 
Seeds  several.  Cotyledons  long  and  narrow,  incumbently  folded  transversely, 
i.  e.,  the  cleft  extending  to  the  radicular  side  of  the  curvature.  Style  none. — 
A  dwarf  stemless  perennial,  aquatic;  tlie  tufted  leaves  awl-sha])ed  (whence 
the  name).     Scape  naked,  few-tlowered,  1  -3'  higli.     Flowers  minute,  white. 

1.  S.  aquatica,  L.  Margin  of  lakes  in  Maine;  Echo  Lake,  Franconia, 
N.  H. ;  also  in  alpine  regions  of  the  western  mountains.     June,  July.     (Fu.) 

11.    NASTURTIUM,     K.Br.        Water-Cress. 

Pod  a  short  .silKjue  or  a  si  lido,  varying  from  oblong-linear  to  globular, 
terete  or  nearly  so ;  valves  strongly  convex,  nerveless.  Seeds  usually  numer- 
ous, small,  turgid,  marginless,  in  2  irregular  rows  in  each  cell  (except  iu  N. 
sylvestre).  Cotyledons  accumbent.  —  Aquatic  or  marsh  ])lants,  with  yellow  or 
white  flowers,  and  commonly  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  usually  glabrous. 
(Name  from  Nasus  tortus,  a  convulsed  nose,  alluding  to  the  effect  of  its  pun- 
gent qualities.) 

§  1.  Petals  Lchite,  tvice  the  Iciir/ih  of  the  rnli/x;  pods  linear;  leaves  pinnate. 

N".  officinXle,  K.Br.  (Trie  Water-Cress.)  Perennial;  stems  spread- 
ing and  rooting  ;  Icallots  3  -11,  roundisli  or  oblong,  nearly  entire  ;  pods  (G  -  8" 
long)  ascending  on  slender  widely  spreading  })edicols.  —  Jirooks  and  tlitches; 
escaped  from  cultivation.     (Nat.  from  Fu.) 

§  2.  Petals  yellow  or  yellowish,  seldom  much  exceediufj  the  calyx ;  pods  linear, 

oblonfj,  or  even  ovoid  or  (/lobular  ;  leaves  mostly  piuuatijid. 
*  Perennial  J'rom  creepinr/  or  subterranean  shoots ;  Jlowers  rather  large,  yellow. 

N.  SYLVESTRE,  K.  Br.  (Yellow  Cress.)  Stems  ascending;  leaves  pin- 
nately  jjurted,  the  divisions  toothed  or  cut,  lanceolate  or  linear;  pods  (^'  long) 


70  CRUCIFERiE.        (mustard    FAMILY.) 

Oil  slender  pedicels,  linear  and  narrow,  bringing  the  seeds  into  one  row;  stijle 
verij  short.  —  AVet  meadows,  Mass.  to  Va. ;  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

1.  N.  sinuatum,  Kutt.  Stems  low,  diffuse;  leaves  phmatel)/  cleft,  the 
short  lobes  nearly  entire,  linear-oblong;  pods  linear-oblong  (4-6"  long),  on 
slender  pedicels;  sti/le  slender.  —  Banks  of  the  Mississippi  and  westward. 
June. 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial,  rarely  perennial  {?),  with  simple  Jihrous  roots;  flowers 
small  or  minute,  greenish  or  yellowish  ;  leaves  somewhat  lyrate. 

2.  "N.  sessiliflorum,  Nutt.  Stems  erect,  rather  simple  ;  leaves  obtusely 
incised  or  tootlied,  ubovate  or  ohlong;  flowers  minute,  nearly  sessile;  pods 
elongated-oblong  (5-6"  long),  thick;  style  very  short.  —  W.  111.  to  E.  Kan., 
Tenn.,  and  southAvard.     April -June. 

3.  N.  obtusum,  Kutt.  Stems  much  branched,  diffusely  spreading; 
leaves  pinnately  jjaried  or  divided,  the  divisions  roundish  and  obtusely  toothed 
or  repaud ;  flowers  minute,  short-pedicelled  ;  pods  longer  than  the  pedicels,  vary- 
ing from  linear-oblong  to  short-oval;  style  short.  —  With  n.  1  and  2. 

4.  N.  palustre,  BC.  (Marsh  Cress.)  Stem  erect;  leaves  pinnately 
cleft  or  parted,  or  the  upper  laciuiate ;  the  lobes  oblong,  cut-toothed ;  pedicels 
about  as  long  as  the  small  flowers  and  mostly  longer  than  the  oblong,  ellipsoid, 
or  ovoid  pods;  style  short.  —  Wet  places  or  in  shallow  water;  common. 
June -Sept.  —  Elowers  only  l-l|^"loug.  Stems  1-3°  high.  —  The  typical 
form  with  oblong  pods  is  rare.  Short  pods  and  hirsute  stems  and  leaves  are 
common.     Var.  ufspiDUM  is  a  form  with  ovoid  or  globular  pods.     (Eu.) 

§3.  Petals  white,  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  pods  ovoid  or  globular ;  leaves 
undivided,  or  the  lower  ones  pinnatifld ;  root  perennial. 

5.  N.  lacdstre,  Gray.  (Lake  Cress.)  Aquatic;  immersed  leaves  1-3- 
piuuately  dissected  into  numerous  capillary  divisions ;  emersed  leaves  oblong, 
entire,  serrate,  or  piuuatifid;  pedicels  Avidely  spreading ;  pods  ovoid,  \-cel led, 
a  little  longer  than  the  style.  —  Lakes  and  rivers,  N.  E.  New  York  to  N.  J., 
Minn.,  and  southwestward.     July -Aug.  —  Near  N.  amphibium, 

N.  ArmorAcia,  Fries.  (Horseradish.)  Root-leaves  very  large,  oblong, 
crenate,  rarely  pinnatifld,  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate;  fruiting  pedicels  as- 
cending; pods  globular  (seldom  formed);  style  very  short.  (Cochlearia  Armo- 
racia,  L.)  —  Roots  large  and  long;  a  well-known  condiment.  Escaped  from 
cultivation  into  moist  ground.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.    BARB  ARE  A,    R.  Br.        Winter  Cress. 

Pod  linear,  terete  or  somewhat  4-sided,  the  valves  being  keeled  by  a  mid- 
nerve.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  marginless.  Cotyledons  accum- 
bent.  —  Mostly  biennials,  resembling  Nasturtium;  flowers  yellow.  (Anciently 
called  the  Herb  of  St.  Barbara.) 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  R.  Br.  (Common  Winter  Cress.  Yelloav  Rocket.) 
Smooth ;  lower  leaves  hrate,  the  terminal  division  round  and  usually  large, 
the  lateral  1-4  pairs  or  rarely  wanting ;  upper  leaves  obovate,  cut-toothed,  or 
pinnatifld  at  the  base ;  pods  erect  or  slightly  spreading ;  or  in  var.  stricta, 
appressed  ;  in  var.  arcuXta,  ascending  on  spreading  pedicels.  —  Low  grounds 
and  roadsides ;  apparently  introduced,  but  indigenous  from  L.  Superior  north- 
ward and  westward.     (Eu.) 


CRLCIFER^.        (mLSTAUD    FAMILY.)  71 

B.  I'R.tcox,  R.  Br.  (Eaklv  Winter  C),  with  5-8  pairs  of  lateral  lobes 
to  the  leaves,  and  longer  pods  on  very  thick  podirels,  —  yet  ])rohal)lv  onlv  a 
variety  of  tlie  otht'r,  —  .s<Mnewhat  cultivated  from  \.  Y.  southward  as  a  winter 
salad,  under  the  name  of  tSciRvv-GuASs,  —  is  beginning  to  run  wild.     (Eu.) 

13.     HE  S  PERIS,     Tourn.        Rocket. 

Pod  linear,  nearly  cylindrical ;  stigma  lobed,  erect.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each 
cell,  obhuig,  marginless.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  —  Bienni:il  or  i)erennial, 
with  serrate  sessile  or  petiolate  leaves,  and  large  purple  Howers.  (Name  frorn 
iffirepa,  evening,  from  tiie  evening  fragrance  of  tlio  Howers.) 

H.  MATRON Ans,  L.  (Dame's  Violet.)  Tall ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
mostly  petiolate;  pods  2-4'  long,  spreading.  —  Sparingly  naturalized.  (Nat. 
ftom  Eu.) 

14.     ERYSIMUM,    Tourn.        Treacle  Mustard. 

Pod  linear,  4-sided,  the  valves  keeled  with  a  strong  midrib;  stigma  broadly 
lobed.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginless.  Cotyledons  (often 
obliquely)  incumbent.  —  Chiefly  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers;  the  leaves  not 
clasping.  Pubescence  of  appressed  2-3-parted  hairs.  (Name  horn  ipvco,  to 
draic  blisters.) 

1.  E.  ^sperum,  DC.  (Western  Wall-flower.)  Minutely  roughish- 
hoary;  stem  simple,  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed; 
pods  nearly  erect  or  widely  spreading  on  short  pedicels,  elonr/afed  (3-4'  long), 
exactly  4-sided;  stigma  2-lobed.  —  Ohio  (on  limestone  cliffs)  to  111.,  Ark., 
Dak.,  and  common  westward.  June,  July.  —  Plant  stout,  1-2°  high;  the 
crowded  bright  orange-yellow  flowers  as  large  as  those  of  the  Wall-flower. 
Petals  orbicular,  on  very  slender  claws. 

2.  E.  cheiranthoides,  L.  (Worm-seed  Mustard.)  Minutely  rough- 
ish,  branching,  slender ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scarcely  toothed ;  flowers  small ; 
pods  small  and  short  (7  -  12"  long),  very  obtusel}'  angled,  ascending  on  slender 
divergent  pedicels.  —  Banks  of  streams,  Mass.  to  Penn.,  Minn.,  and  northward. 
July.     (Eu.) 

3.  E.  parvifl6rum,  Kutt.  Stem  erect,  often  simple;  leaves  linear- 
oblanceolate,  entire  or  the  lowest  coarsely  toothed ;  flowers  small  (3"  long) ; 
pods  narrow,  1  -2^'  long,  ascending  on  short  pedicels.  —  Minn,  to  Kan.  and 
westward. 

15.     SISYMBRIUM,     Tourn.         Hedge  Mustard. 

Pod  terete,  flattish  or  4-6-sided,  the  valves  1-3-nerved;  stigma  small, 
entire.  Seeds  oblong,  marginless,  in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons 
incumbent.  Calyx  open.  —  Flowers  small,  white  or  yellow.  Pubescence 
spreading.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  jdant  of  this  family.)  Ours 
are  mostly  annuals  or  biennials. 

1.  S.  humile,  Meyer.  Perennial,  branching  from  the  base,  sparingly 
pubescent,  6'  higli  or  less;  leaves  narrowly  ol)lanceolate,  mostly  coarsely  and 
sharply  toothed  ;  flowers  white  or  rose-color ;  pods  very  narrow,  subterete, 
4-9"  long,  ascending  on  short  pedicels,  beaked  with  a  short  style,  seeds 
1-ranked.  (Arabis  petrwa,  3fn)i.,  not  Aa/;;.)  —  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vt.; 
Canada  and  westward.     (N.  Asia.) 


72  CKLCIFER^.       (mustard    FAMILY.) 

2.  S.  canescens,  Nutt.  (Tansy  Mustard.)  Leaves  2-pinnatif  d ,  often 
hoary  or  downy,  the  divisions  small  and  toothed ;  flowers  yellowish,  very 
small;  pods  in  long  racemes,  oblong-club-shaped  or  oblong-linear,  shorter 
than  their  mostly  horizontal  pedicels;  seeds  2-ranked  in  each  cell.  —  Penn. 
and  N.  Y.  to  Lake  Superior,  tlience  southward  and  westward.     June  -  Aug. 

S.  Sophia,  L.  A  similar  hoary  species,  with  decompound  leaves;  pods 
slender,  6-15''  long,  ascending;  seeds  1 -ranked.  —  Sparingly  naturalized 
from  Europe. 

S.  OFFICINALE,  Scop.  (Hedge  Mustard.)  Leaves  rnncinate ;  flowers 
very  small,  pale  yellow ;  pods  awl-shaped,  close  pressed  to  tlie  stem,  scarcely 
stalked.  —  Waste  places.  May  -  Sept.  —  An  unsightly  branched  weed,  2  -  3'^ 
high.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

S.  ThaliXna,  Gaud.  (Mouse-ear  Cress.)  Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  entire 
or  barely  toothed  ;  flowers  wliite ;  pods  linear,  somewhat  4-sided,  longer  than 
the  slender  spreading  pedicels.  —  Old  fields  and  rocks,  Mass.  to  Kan.  April, 
May.  —  A  span  high,  slender,  branched,  hairy  at  the  I)ase.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

S.  AlliXria,  Scop.  Stout,  erect ;  leaves  reniform  to  ovate-cordate,  coarsely 
repand-dentate ;  flowers  white  ;  pods  tapering,  1  -  2'  long,  ascending  ou  very 
stout  spreading  pedicels.  —  Near  Georgetown,  D.  C.     (Xat  from  Eu.) 

16.    THELYPODIUM,    Endl. 

Pod  terete  or  teretish  ;  valves  1 -nerved  ;  stigma  mostly  entire.  Seeds  in  1 
row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginless.  Cotyledons  obliquely  incumbent. — 
Stout  biennials  or  perennials,  with  mostly  large  purplish  or  white  flowers. 
Leaves  or  petioles  often  auricled  at  base.  (Name  from  drjKvs,  female,  a.nd 
Trois,foot,  the  ovary  in  some  species  being  stipitate.) 

I.  T.  pinnatifidum,  Watson.  Glabrous  (1-3°  high),  often  branched 
above;  root-leaves  round  or  heart-shaped,  on  slender  petioles;  stem-leaves 
auricled,  ovate-oblong  and  ovate-lanceolate  (2-6'  long),  sharply  and  offen 
doubly  toothed,  tapering  to  each  end,  the  lower  into  a  winged  petiole,  rarely 
bearing  a  pair  or  two  of  small  lateral  lobes ;  flowers  purplish ;  pods  1  - 1^' 
long,  on  short  diverging  pedicels,  pointed  by  a  short  style.  (Arabis  hesperid- 
oides,  Graif.)  Alluvial  river-banks,  W.  Pa.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  southwestward. 
May,  June. 

17.     BRASSICA  (Brassica  and  Sinapis),  Tourn. 

Pod  linear  or  oblong,  nearly  terete  or  4-sided,  with  a  stout  1 -seeded  beak  or 
a  rigid  style;  valves  1-5-nerved.  Seeds  globose,  1-rowed.  Cotyledons 
incumbent,  folded  around  tlie  radicle.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  yellow 
flowers.  Lower  leaves  mostly  lyrate,  incised,  or  pinnatifid.  (The  Latin  name 
of  the  Cabbage.  Sinapis  is  the  Greek  aivain,  which  is  said  to  come  from  the 
Celtic  nap,  a  turnip.) 

B.  SiNAPfsTRUM,  Boiss.  (or  SinXpis  ARTENSis,  L.,  the  English  Charlock), 
with  knotty  pods,  fully  one  third  occupied  In'  a  stout  2-edged  beak  (which  is 
either  empty  or  1-seeded),  the  upper  leaves  barely  toothed,  is  a  noxious 
weed  in  grain-fields,  from  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  and  N.  Y.  westward.  (Adv.  from 
Eu.) 

B.  (or  SinXpis)  Alba.  (White  Mustard.)  Pods  bristly,  ascending  on 
spreading  pedicels,  more  than  half  its  length  occupied  by  the  sword-shaped  1- 
secded  beak  ;  leaves  all  pinnatifid ;  seeds  pale.     (Cult,  and  adv.  from  Eu.) 

B.  (or  SinXpis)  nigra,  Koch.  (Black  Mustard.)  Pods  smooth  (^'  long), 
4-cornered  (tlie  valves  only  1 -nerved),  erect  on  appressed  pedicels  forming  a 
Blender  raceme,  tipped  with  a  stout  persistent  style ;  seeds  dark  brown,  smaller 


CRUCIFER^.        (mISTARD    FAMILY.)  73 

and  more  pun.2:pnt  than  iu  the  last;  lower  leaves  with  a  large  terminal  lobe 
and  a  few  small  lateral  ones.  —  Fields  and  waste  places.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 
_  B.  CAMi'ESTKis,  L.,  in  the  form  of  the  Hi  T.ui.vGA  and  the  Tuknii',  some- 
times persists  a  year  or  two  iu  neglected  grounds. 

18.    CAP  SELLA,     Medic.        Shepherd's  Purse. 

Pod  obcordate-triangular,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrcjw  ])artition ;  the 
valves  boat-shaped,  wingless.  Seeds  numerous.  Cotyledons  mcurabent. — 
Annuals;  flowers  small,  white.     (Name  a  diminutive  of  capsa,  a  box.) 

C  Bursa-past6ris,  Moench.  Root-leaves  clustered,  pinnatifid  ur  tootiied; 
stem-leaves  arrow-shaped,  sessile.  —  Waste  places ;  the  commonest  of  weeds. 
April- Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

19.     THLASPI,     Tourn.        Pexnycress. 

Pod  orbicular,  obovate,  or  obcordate,  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  par- 
tition, the  midrib  or  keel  of  the  boat-sliaped  valves  extended  into  a  wing. 
Seeds  ;2  -  8  in  each  cell.  Cotyledtnis  accumbent.  Petals  equal.  —  Low  plants, 
with  root-leaves  undivided,  stem-leaves  arrow-shaped  and  clasping,  and  small 
white  or  purplish  flowers.  (Ancient  Greek  name,  from  dKaa,,  to  a-us/i,  from 
the  flattened  pod.) 

T.  ARVENSE,  L.  (Field  P.  or  Mitiiridate  Mustard.)  A  smooth  an- 
nual, with  broadly  winged  pod  V  in  diameter,  several  seeded,  deeply  not^-hed 
at  top;  style  minute.  —  Waste  places;  rarely  naturalized.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

20.     LEPIDIUM,     Tourn.        Pepperw^ort.    Peppergrass. 

Pod  roundish,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition ;  the  valves 
boat-shaped  and  keeled.  Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell,  pendulous.  Cotyledons 
incumbent,  or  in  n.  1  accumbent!  Flowers  small,  white  or  greenish.  (Name 
from  \€Tridiov,  a  little  scale,  alluding  to  the  small  flat  pods.)  —  Ours  are 
annuals  or  biennials,  except  the  last. 

«  Leaves  all  with  a  taperinri  base,  the  upper  linear  or  lanceolate  and  entire,  the 
loicer  and  often  the  middle  ones  incised  or  pinnatijid ;  pods  orbicular  or  oval, 
with  a  small  notch  at  the  top  ;  the  style  minute  or  none  ;  stamens  ordy  2. 

1.  L.  Virginieum,  L.  (Wild  Peppergrass.)  Cotyledons  accumbent 
and  seed  minutely  margined;  pod  marginless  or  obscurely  margined  at  the 
top;  petals  present,  except  in  some  of  the  later  flowers.  —  June -Sept.  A 
common  roadside  weed,  which  has  immigrated  from  farther  south. 

2.  L.  intermedium.  Gray.  Cotyledons  incumbent  as  in  the  following ; 
pod  minutely  iciny-margined  at  the  top  ;  petals  u.sually  minute  or  wanting; 
otherwise  nearly  as  in  u.  1 .  —  Dry  places,  from  western  N.  Y.  and  N.  111., 
north  and  westward. 

L.  ruderXle,  L.  More  diffuse,  the  smaller  and  oval  pods  and  the  seeds 
marginless ;  petals  ahrays  icantiug.  —  Roadsides,  near  Boston,  Philadelphia, 
etc.;  not  common.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Stem-leaves  with  a  sagittate  partly  clasping  base,  rather  crowded. 

L.  campestre, Br.  Minutely  .so/?  downy;  loaves  arrow-shaped,  somewhat 
toothed;  pods  ovate,  iringed,  rough,  the  style  longer  than  the  narrow  notch. — 
Old  fields,  Mass.  and  N.  Y.  to  Va. ;  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  DrXba,  L.  Perennial,  obscurely  hoary;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the 
upper  with  broad  clasping  auricles;  iiowers  corymbose;  pods  heart-shaped, 
wingless,  thickish,  entire,  tipped  with  a  conspicuous  style.  —  Astoria,  near  New 
York,  D.  C.  Eaton.     (Adv.  from  Eu.)       ^ 


74  CRUCIFER.E,        (mustard    FAMILY.) 

21.     SENEBIERA,    DC.        Wakt-Cress.    Swixe-Cress. 

Pod  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition  ;  the  two  cells  indehiscent 
and  falling  away  at  maturity  from  the  partition  as  closed  nutlets,  strongly 
wrinkled  or  tuberculate,  1-see^ded.  Cotyledons  narrow  and  incumbently  folded 
transversely.  Low  and  diffuse  or  prostrate  annuals  or  biennials,  with  minute 
whitish  flowers.  Stamens  often  only  2.  (Dedicated  to  J.  Senebier,  a  distin- 
guished vegetable  physiologist.) 

S.  DIDT3IA,  Pers.  Leaves  1  -  2-pinnately  parted ;  jiodls  votchod  at  the  apex, 
rough-wrinkled.  —  Waste  places,  at  ports,  E.  Mass.  to  Va.,  etc. ;  an  immigrant 
from  farther  south. 

S.  Coron6pus,  DC.  Leaves  less  divided,  with  narrower  lobes ;  pods  not 
notched  at  the  apex,  tubercled.  —  At  ports,  li.  1.  to  Va.,  etc.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

22.     CAKILE,     Tourn.        Sea-Rocket. 

Pod  short,  2-jointed  across,  fleshy,  the  upper  joint  separating  at  maturity ; 
eacJi  indehiscent,  1-celled  and  1-seeded,  or  the  lower  sometimes  seedless.  Seed 
erect  in  the  upper,  suspended  in  the  lower  joint.  Cotyledons  obliquely  accum- 
bent.  —  Seaside  fleshy  annuals.     Flowers  purplish.     (An  old  Arabic  name.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  Xutt.  (American  Sea-Rocket.)  Leaves  obovate, 
sinuate  and  toothed ;  lower  joint  of  the  fruit  obovoid,  emarginate ;  the  upper 
ovate,  flattish  at  the  apex.  —  Coast  of  the  Northern  States  and  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  July -Sept.  —  Joints  nearly  even  and  fleshy  when  fresh;  the  upper 
one  4-angled  and  appearing  more  beaked  when  dry. 

23.     RAPHANUS,     Tourn.         Radish. 

Pods  linear  or  oblong,  tapering  upward,  indehiscent,  several-seeded,  contin- 
uous and  spongv  within  between  the  .«!eeds,  or  necklace-form  by  constriction 
between  the  seeds,  with  no  proper  partition.  Style  long.  Seeds  spherical  and 
cotyledons  conduplicate,  as  in  Brassica.  —  Annuals  or  biennials-  (The  an 
cieiit  Greek  name  from  pa,  (juicklj/,  and  (paivw,  to  appear,  alluding  to  the 
rapid  germination.) 

R.  Raphanistrim,  L.  ("Wild  Radish.  Joixted  Charlock.)  Pods 
necklace-form,  long-beaked ;  leaves  lyre-shaped,  rough ;  petals  yelloAv^  turning 
whitish  or  purplish,  veiny.  —  A  troublesome  weed  in  fields,  E.  Kew  Eng.  to 
Penn.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Order  1L     CAPPARIDACE^3E.     (Caper  Family.) 

Herbs  (when  in  northern  regions),  ivith  crvci form  flowers,  but  6  or  more 
not  tetrad ijnamom  stamens,  a  1-celled  pod  ivith  2  parietal  placentCB,  and 
lidney-sTiaped  seeds.  —  Pod  as  in  Cruciferce,  but  with  no  partition  ;  seeds 
similar,  but  the  embryo  coiled  rather  than  folded.  LeaA'cs  alternate, 
mostly  palmately  compound.  —  Often  with  the  acrid  or  pungent  qualities 
of  Cruciferae  (as  in  capers,  the  flower-buds  of  Capparis  spinosa). 

1    Polanisia*    Stamens  8  orm ore     Pod  many-seeded,  not  or  scarcely  stipitate. 

2.  Cleome.    Stamens  6.     Pod  linear,  many-seeded,  long-stipitate. 

3.  Cleomella.    Stamens  6.    Pod  very  short,  rhomboidal,  few-seeded,  long-stipitate. 

1.    POLANi'SIA,    Raf. 

Petals  with  claws,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  8-32,  unequal.  Recep- 
tacle not  elongated,  bearing  a  gland  behind  the  base  of  the  ovary.    Pod  linear 


KESEDACE.E.        (MIGNONETTE    FAMILY.)  75 

or  oblong,  veiny,  turgid,  many-seeded.  —  Fetid  annnal.s,  with  glandular  or 
clammy  hairs.  Flowers  in  leafy  racemes.  (Name  from  iroAus,  rnanij,  and 
6.vi(yos,  utieqnal,  points  in  which  the  genus  differs  in  its  stamens  from  Cleome.) 

1.  P.  grav^olens,  Kaf.  Leaves  with  .3  oblong  leaflets;  stamens  about 
11,  scarcely  exceeding  tlie  petals;  style  sliort;  pod  slightly  stij)itate.  —  Grav- 
elly shores,  from  Conn,  and  W.  Vt.  to  Minn,  and  Kan.  June- Aug.  —  Flowere 
small  (2-3"  long) ;  calyx  and  filaments  purplish;  petals  yellowish-wliite. 

2.  P.  trachysperma,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Flowers  larger  (4-5"  long),  the 
stamens  (12-16)  long-exserted ;  style  2 -3"  long;  pod  sessile;  seeds  usually 
rough.  —  Iowa  to  Kau.  and  westward. 

2.    CLEOME,     L. 

Petals  entire,  with  claws.  Stamens  6.  Keceptacle  somewhat  produced  be- 
tween the  petals  and  stamens,  and  bearing  a  gland  behind  the  stijiitate  ovarv. 
Pod  linear  to  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Our  species  a  glabrous  annual,  with 
3-foliolate  leaves,  leafy-bracteate  racemes,  and  rose-colored  or  wliite  flowers. 
(Name  of  uncertain  derivation,  early  applied  to  some  mustard-like  plant.) 

1.  C.  integrifblia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Calyx  4-cleft ;  petals  with  very  short 
claws ,  leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong ;  bracts  simple ;  pod  oblong  to 
linear,  1-2'  long,  the  stipe  as  long  as  the  pedicel.  —  ]\Iinn.  to  Kan.  and  west- 
ward; N.  111.     Flowers  showy ;  2-3°  high. 

3.    CLEOMELLA,    DC. 

Differing  from  Cleome  in  the  clawless  petals,  glandless  receptacle,  and  the 
short  few-seeded  pod  with  more  or  less  distended  or  even  conical  valves. 
Flowers  small,  yellow.     (Name  a  diminutive  of  Cleome.) 

I.  C.  angustifblia,  Torr.  Glabrous,  1-2°  high;  leaflets  (3)  and  simple 
bracts  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  pod  rhomboidal,  the  valves  very 
bluntly  conical;  stipe  shorter  than  the  pedicel.  —  Kan.  to  Tex.  and  westward. 

Order  12.     RESEDACE^3E.     (Mignonette  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  unsymmetrical  4  -  1-merous  small  floicers,  a  fleshy  \-sided 
hypogynous  disk  between  the  petals  and  the  (3-40)  stamens,  bearing  the 
latter.  Calyx  not  closed  in  the  bud.  Capsule  3  -  G-lobed,  3  -  (^-horned,  1- 
celled  with  3  -  G-parietal  placentce,  opening  at  the  fop  before  the  seeds  (which 
are  as  in  Order  11)  are  full  groicn.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  only  gland.s 
for  stipules.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  —  A  small  and  unim- 
portant family,  of  the  Old  AVorld,  represented  by  the  Mignonette  {Reseda 
odorata)  and  the  Dyer's  Weed. 

1.     EESEDA,    Tourn.        Mignonette.    Dyer's  Rocket. 

Petals  4-7,  cleft,  unequal.  Stamens  12-40,  on  one  side  of  tlie  flower. 
(Name  from  reseda,  to  calm,  in  allusion  to  supposed  sedative  properties.) 

R.  LuTi:oLA,  L.  (Dyer's  Weed  or  Weld.)  Leaves  lanceolate;  calyx 
4-parted ;  petals  4,  greenish-yellow ;  the  upper  one  3-5-cleft,  the  two  lateral 
3-cleft,  the  lower  one  linear  and  entire  ;  capsule  depressed.  —  Koadsides,  X.  Y., 
etc.  —  Plant  2°  high.     Used  for  dyeing  yellow.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

R.  LtTTEA,  L.  Leaves  irregularly  pinnately  parted  or  bipinnatitld  ;  sepals 
and  petals  6,  stamens  15-20.  —  Nantucket,  Mass.,  and  ballast-grounds. 


76  cisTACE^.     (rock-rose  family.) 

Order  13.     CISTACE^.     (Rock-rose  Family.) 

Low  shrubs  or  herbs,  ivith  regular  Jlowers,  distinct  and  hypogynous  mostly 
indefinite  stamens,  a  persistent  calyx,  a  1-celled  3  -  b-valved  capsule  with  as 
many  parietal  jjlacentce  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  valves,  and  orthotropous 
albuminous  seeds. —  Sepals  5  ;  the  two  external  much  smaller,  bract-hke, 
or  sometimes  wanting ;  the  three  others  a  little  twisted  in  the  bud.  Pe- 
tals 3  or  5,  convolute  in  the  opposite  direction  from  the  calyx  in  the  bud. 
Anthers  short,  innate,  on  slender  filaments.  Style  single  or  none.  Ovules 
few  or  many,  on  slender  stalks,  with  the  orifice  at  the  apex.  Embryo 
long  and  slender,  straightish  or  curved,  in  mealy  albumen ;  cotyledons 
narrow.  —  Leaves  simple  and  mostly  entire,  the  lower  usually  opposite, 
and  the  upper  alternate.     Inert  plants. 

1.  Helianthemum.     Petals  5,  crumpled  in  the  bud,  fugacious  {or  none).     Stigma  nearly 

sessile.     Stamens  and  ovu'es  numerous  in  the  iietal-bearing  flowers. 

2.  Hudsonia.    Petals  5,  fugacious.    Stamens  9 -30.     Style  long  and  slender.     Pod  strictly 

1-celled,  2-6-seeded.    Heath-like. 

3.  Lecliea.    Petals  3,  persistent.     Stamens  3  - 12.    Style  none.    Pod  partly  3-celled,  the 

iiniierfect  partitions  bearing  broad  2-seeded  placentie. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM,  Toum.  Rock-rose. 
Petals  5,  crumpled  iu  the  bud,  fugacious.  Styles  short  or  none  in  our  spe- 
cies ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  strictly  1-celled.  Embryo  curved  in  the  form 
of  a  hook  or  ring.  —  Flowers  in  most  N.  American  species  of  two  sorts,  viz., 
primary  or  earlier  ones,  with  large  petals,  indefinitely  numerous  stamens,  and 
many-seeded  pods ;  and  secondary,  or  later  ones,  which  are  much  smaller  and 
in  clusters,  with  small  petals  or  none,  3 -JO  stamens,  and  much  smaller  3- 
few-seeded  pods.  The  yellow  flowers  open  only  once,  in  sunshine,  and  cast 
their  petals  by  the  next  day.     (Name  from  t^Xios,  the  sun,  and  &vd€iJ.ov,Jioicer.) 

1 .  H.  Canad6nse,  Michx.  (Frost-weed.)  Petal-bearing  Jlowers  soli- 
tan/ ;  the  small  secondary  Jlowers  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  nearly  ses- 
sile ;  calyx  of  the  large  flowers  hairy-pubescent,  of  the  small  ones  hoary,  like 
the  stem  and  lower  side  of  the  lanceolate-oblong  leaves.  —  Sandy  or  gravelly 
dry  soil,  INIaine  to  ]\Iinn.  and  southward.  Jime  -  Aug.  —  Stems  at  first  simple. 
Corolla  of  the  large  flowers  1'  Avide,  producing  pods  3"  long ;  pods  of  the  smaller 
flowers  not  larger  than  a  pin's  head.  A  variety  is  more  hoary,  and  with  a 
stronger  tendency  to  multiply  the  minute  clustered  flowers.  Late  in  autumn 
crystals  of  ice  shoot  from  the  cracked  bark  at  the  root,  whence  the  popular 
name. 

2.  H.  COrymbdsum,  Michx.  Flowers  all  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem  or  branches,  the  petal-bearing  ones  at  length  on  slender  stalks ;  calyx 
woolly.  —  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  and  southward  along  the  coast. 

2.    HUDSONIA,    L. 

Petals  5,  fugacious  (lasting  but  a  day),  much  larger  than  the  calyx.  Sta- 
mens 9  -  30.  Style  long  and  slender ;  stigma  minute.  Pod  oblong,  enclosed 
in  the  calyx,  strictly  1-celled,  with  1  or  2  seeds  attached  near  the  base  of  each 
nerve-like  placenta.     Embryo  coiled  into  the  form  of  a  closed  hook.  —  Bushy 


CISTACE^.      (rock-kose   fa.mily.)  77 

heath-like  little  shrubs  (seldom  a  foot  high),  covorcMl  all  over  witli  the  sniail 
awl-shaped  or  scale-like  alternate  jjersistent  downy  h'avis,  j)rMducin<^  uunierous 
(small  but  showy)  bright  yellow  Howers  crowded  along  the  upper  part  of  the 
branches.     (Named  in  honor  of  Win.  Hudson,  an  early  English  botanist.) 

1.  H.  ericoides,  L.  Downy  but  greenish;  leaves  slender,  awl-shaped, 
loose;  flowers  on  slender  naked  stalks;  ovary  hairy.  —  Dry  sand v  soil  near 
the  coast,  E.  Maine  to  Va. ;  N.  Conway,  N.  II.  {Miss  Minus.)     May. 

2.  H.  tomentdsa,  Nutt.  Hoary  with  down  ;  leaves  oval  or  narrowlv 
oblong,  1"  long,  close-pressed  and  imbricated;  flowers  sessile  or  some  short- 
peduucled.  —  Sandy  shores,  Maine  to  Md.,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to 
Minn. ;  rarely  ou  banks  of  streams  inland.     May,  June. 

3.    LEG  HE  A,    Kalm.        Pinweed. 

Petals  3,  narrow,  flat  in  the  bud,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  withering-per- 
sistent. Stamens  3-12.  Style  scarcely  any;  stigmas  3,  plumose.  Pod 
globular,  partly  3-celled ;  the  3  broad  and  thin  placentae  borne  ou  imperfect 
partitions,  eacli  bearing  2  seeds  ou  the  face  toward  the  valve ;  in  our  species 
the  placentae  curve  backward  and  partly  enclose  the  seeds.  Embryo  straight- 
ish.  —  Homely  perennial  herbs,  with  very  small  greenish  or  purplish  flowers, 
in  summer.  (Named  in  honor  of  John  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist.) 
*  Pubescence  villous,  spreading;  leaves  oblong ;  flowers  very  short-pedicelled  in 
cijmidose  clusters. 

1.  L.  major,  Michx.  Stem  upright  (1-2°  high),  stout,  simple,  very- 
leafy,  producing  slender  prostrate  branches  from  the  base;  leaves  elliptical, 
mucronate-pointed,  alternate  and  opposite  or  sometimes  whorled ;  flowers 
densely  crowded  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  very  small  depressed-globose  pod ; 
sepals  narrower  than  its  valves.  —  Sterile  grounds  ;  common,  especially  south- 
ward. 

*  *  Pubescence  oppressed,  leaves  narrou-er ;  flou-ers  paniculate. 

•*-  Leaves  comparatively  short,  broad,  and  thin;  panicles  leafy. 

2.  It.  thymif61ia,  Michx.  P^rect,  about  2°  high;  stem-leaves  oval  or 
oblong  (3  -  6"  long),  commonly  somewhat  hairy,  some  whorled  or  opposite, 
those  of  the  rather  crowded  panicles  more  linear ;  pod  obovate-globose,  one  of 
the  narrow  outer  sepals  often  longer.  (L.  Novae-Csesareae,  ^MS//n.)  —  r-)ry 
grounds  near  the  coast,  E.  Mass.  to  Fla.  • 

-•-  ■*-  Leaves  flrmer,  narrow,  the  cauline  linear  to  slender-subulate  ;  pauirU's  more 

naked  and  racemiform. 

++  Fruiting  calyx  globular  or  broadly  ovoid  :  pod  rather  large,  nearly  globose. 

3.  L.  minor,  L.  Rather  strict,  1^  high  or  more,  usually  glabrate  in  age; 
leaves  of  radical  shoots  lanceolate,  rigid,  2-3"  long,  tiie  cauline  linear,  6-9" 
long;  pod  about  T'  high. —  Dry  and  sterile  ground;  common. 

Var.  maritima,  Gray  in  herb.  Stouter  and  more  rigid  ,  leaves  of  radical 
shoots  tliicker,  linear,  hoary,  the  cauline  puberulent  or  glabrous;  calyx  canes- 
cent.  (L.  thymifolia,  Pursh.;  L.  maritima,  Leggett.)  —  Sandy  soil  near  the 
coast,  iMass.  to  Ga. 

4.  L.  tenuifblia,  Michx.  Low,  slender  and  diffuse,  minutely  j)ul»escent 
or  glabrous ;  leaves  all  small  and  very  narrow ;  flowers  mostly  ou  very  short 


78  CISTACEiE.       (kOCK-ROSE    FAMILY.) 

pedicels,  diffusely  racemose-paniculate ;  sepals  without  lateral  ribs ;  pod  ovoid- 
globose. —  Dry,  sterile  soil,  E.  Mass.  to  Mo.,  and  southward. 

++  ++  Smalhr-Jioicered ;  fruiting  cahjx  narrower  ;  pod  ellipsoidal. 
5.   L.  racemulosa,  Lam.    Erect,  soft-pubescent  when  young,  soon  nearly 
glabrous ;  leaves  of  radical  shoots  narrowly  oblong,  the  cauline  oblong-linear, 
4-6''  long;  inflorescence  loose  and  diffuse;  fruiting  calyx  glabrous.  —  Dry 
and  rocky  soil,  Long  Island  to  Ky.,  and  southward. 

Order  14.     VIOLACE^E.     (Violet  Family.) 

HerJjs,  ivith  a  someivhat  irregular  1-spurred  corolla  of  b  petals,  5  hgpo- 
gynous  stamens  icith  adnate  introrse  anthers  conniving  over  the  pistil,  and 
a  1-celled  3-valved  pod  icith  3  parietal  jylacenice.  —  Sepals  5,  persistent. 
Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  with  their  short  and  broad  fila- 
ments continued  beyond  the  anther-cells,  and  often  coherent  with  each 
other.  Style  usually  club-shaped,  with  the  simple  stigma  turned  to  one 
side.  Valves  of  the  capsule  bearing  the  several-seeded  placentge  on  their 
middle ;  after  opening,  each  valve  as  it  dries  folds  together  lengtliAvise 
firmly,  projecting  the  seeds.  Seeds  anatropous,  rather  large,  with  a  hard 
seed-coat,  and  a  large  and  straight  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  albu- 
men ;  cotyledons  flat.  —  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  axil- 
lary, nodding.     (Roots  slightly  acrid  or  emetic.) 

1.  Viola.    Sepals  auricled.    Lower  petal  spurred.     Stamens  distinct,  the  2  lower  spurred. 

2.  Solea.    Sepals  not  auricled.    Petals  equal  in  length.    Stamens  united  into  a  sheath. 

3.  lonidiiitn.    Sepals  not  auricled.     Petals  very  unequal.     Filaments  distinct,  the  anthers 

merely  conniveut. 

1.     VIOLA,     Tourn.        Violet,     IIeakt's-ease. 

Sepals  extended  into  ears  at  the  base.  Petals  somewhat  unequal,  the  loAver 
one  spurred  at  the  base.  Stamens  closely  surrounding  the  ovary,  often  slightly 
cohering  with  each  other ;  the  two  loAver  bearing  spurs  which  project  into  the 
spur  of  the  corolla.  Besides  these  conspicuous  blossoms,  which  appear  in 
spring,  others  are  produced  later  (especially  in  the  stemless  species),  on  shorter 
peduncles  or  on  ru»ners,  usually  concealed  under  the  leaves ;  these  never  open 
nor  develop  petals,  but  are  fertilized  in  the  bud,  and  are  far  more  fruitful  than 
the  ordinary  l)lossoms.     (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  genus.) 

§  1.   Perennials  ;  stipules  never  leaf-like,  the  lower  more  or  less  scar-ious. 

*  Stemless,  the  leaves  and  scapes  directly  f-om  a  rootstoch  or  from  runners. 

-t-  Stigma  large,  naked,  not  beaked ;  stolons  none;  rootstock  short  and  thick. 

1.  V.  pedata,  L.  (Bird-foot  V.)  Xearly  smooth ;  rootstock  erect,  not 
scaly;  leaves  all  3-5-divided,  or  the  earliest  only  parted,  the  lateral  divisions 
2-.3-parted,  all  linear  or  narrowly  spatulate,  sometimes  2-3-toothed  or  cut  at 
the  apex ;  flower  large,  V  broad,  pale  or  deep  lilac-purple  or  blue,  —  Sandy 
or  gravelly  soil.  New  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  southward.  —  Var.  bicolor,  Pursh, 
a  very  handsome  variety,  with  the  tAvo  upper  petals  deep  violet,  and  as  it  were 
velvety,  occurs  sparingly  from  Mass.  to  Md. ;  most  common  in   Md.,  on  shale. 


VIOLACE^.       (VIULKT    lAMII.Y.)  79 

•♦-  ■*-  Stigma  small,  naked,  ojien  beaked  or  pointed. 

4H-  Root  stock  flesh  1/  and  thickened,  never  filiform  nor  producing  runners  ;  fioners 

violet  or  purple  {rarely  white) ;  lateral  petals  bearded. 

2.  V.  pedatifida,  G.  Don.  Leaves  all  palinately  or  jjcdately  5  -  T-parted ; 
divisions  2-.'5-tltft ;  IdIics  linear;  otherwise  like  u..3.  (V.(lcli)liinif()lia,  Xutt.) 
—  l^ich  prairies,  or  more  ol'ten  in  dry  poor  land,  111.  to  Kan.  and  Minn. 

3.  V.  palm^ta,  L.  (Com.mon  Blue  V.)  Glabrous  to  villous-puhescent; 
early  leaves  roundish-cordate  or  reniform  and  merely  crenate,  the  sides  rolled 
inward  when  young,  the  later  very  various,  palniately  or  pedately  or  has- 
tately  lobed  or  parted,  the  segments  obovate  to  linear.  (\^  cucullata,  var. 
palmata,  Graif.)  —  Moist  or  dryish,  especially  sterile,  ground ;  very  c<nnnion. 

Var.  cucullata,  Gray.  Later  leaves  merely  crenate,  not  lobed.  (\'.  cu- 
cullata. Ait.)  —  Low  grounds;  common  everywhere.  Both  forms  are  very 
variable  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves  and  sepals,  ami  in  the  size  and 
color  of  the  flowers,  which  are  deep  or  pale  violet-l)lue  or  purple,  sometimes 
white  or  variegated  with  white. 

4.  V.  sagitt^ta,  Ait.  (Arrow-leaved  V.)  Sraoothish  or  hairy  ;  leaves 
on  short  and  margined,  or  the  later  often  on  long  and  naked  petioles,  varying 
from  oblong-heart-shaped  to  halberd-shai)ed,  arrow-shaped,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  ovate,  denticulate,  sometimes  cut-toothed  near  the  base,  the  lateral  or  occa- 
sionally all  the  (rather  large  purple-blue)  petals  bearded;  spur  short  and 
thick;  stigma  beaked.  —  Dry  or  moist  sandy  places,  New  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and 
southward.     Some  forms  pass  into  the  last. 

++  ++  Rootstocks  long  and  filiform,  extensively  creeping. 
=  Flowers  blue  or  purple. 

5.  V.  Selkirk!!,  Pursh.  (Great-spurred  Y.)  Small  and  delicate ; 
the  filiform  rootstock  fil)rose-rooted,  no  runners  above  ground ;  smooth,  ex- 
cept the  round-heart-shaped  crenate  leaves,  which  are  minutely  hairy  on  the 
upper  surface  and  have  a  deep  narrowed  sinus ;  spur  very  large,  thickened  at 
the  end,  almost  as  long  as  the  beardless  pale  violet  petals.  —  Damp  and  shady 
soil,  N.  Maine  to  W.  Mass.,  central  N.  Y.,  L.  Superior  (Rohbin.'^),  and  north- 
ward ;  rare.  —  Scapes  and  petioles  1  -  2',  the  leaf  ^  - 1 5'  long,  thin  ;  the  spur  3" 
long.     (i:u.) 

6.  V.  palustr!s,  L.  (Marsh  Y.)  Smootli;  loaves  mund-lieart-shaped 
and  kidney-form,  slightly  crenate;  flowers  (small)  i)ale  lilac  with  purple 
streaks,  nearly  beardless ;  spur  very  sho7-t  and  obtuse.  —  Alpine  summits  of 
tlie  White  Mountains,  N.  11.,  and  high  northward.     June.     (Ku.) 

Y.  odorXta,  L.  (Sweet  Yiolet),  cultivated    in   gardens,  from  Europe, 
belongs  near  this  group,  and  is  sparingly  spontaneous  in  some  places. 
=  =  Floiccrs  white  {small,  short -spurred),  mostly  with  brown-purple  veins  ;  lateral 
petals  bearded  or  beardless.     Species  apparently  confluent. 

7.  V.  bl^nda,  Willd.  (Sweet  White  Y.)  Commonly  glabrous ;  leaves 
Tound-heart-sliaped  or  kidney -form ;  petals  mostly  beardless,  the  lower  strongly 
veined.  —  Damj)  ])la(es,  everywhere.     Flowers  faintly  sweet-scented. 

Yar.  palustr!f6rmis,  Gray.  The  larger  form ;  upper  surface  of  the 
leaves  sj)arscly  and  finely  hairy ;  petals  5"  long,  oftener  bearded,  less  dis- 
tinctly veined.  —  Shaded  mossy  ground,  N.  Eng.  to  Del.,  and  westward. 


80  VIOLACE^.        (violet    FAMILY.) 

Var.  renifblia,  Gray.  Slightly  or  strongly  pubescent  with  soft  spread- 
ing hairs;  leaves  round-reniform ;  petals  usually  beardless.  (V.  renifolia, 
Gray.)  —  Maine  to  Mass.,  western  N.  Y.,  Lake  Superior,  etc. 

8.  V.  primulsefolia,  L.  (Primrose-leaved  V.)  Smooth  or  a  little 
pubescent ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  abrupt  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the 
base ;  petals  often  acute,  the  lateral  ones  usually  sparingly  bearded.  —  Damp 
or  dry  soil,  X.  Eug.  to  Fla.,  toward  the  coast, 

9.  V.  lanceolata,  L.  (Lance-leaved  Violet.)  Smooth ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, erect,  blunt,  tapering  into  a  long-margined  petiole,  almost  entire; 
petals  beardless.  —  Damp  soil ;  common,  especially  eastward. 

^  =  ==  Flowers  yelloLO. 

10.  V.  rotundifolia,  Michx.  (Round-leaved  Violet.)  Leaves  round- 
ovate,  heart-shaped,  sliglitly  crenate ;  lateral  petals  bearded  and  marked  with 
brown  lines ;  spur  very  short,  —  Cold  woods,  Maine  to  Minn.,  and  south  along 
the  Alleghanies. — Smoothlsh;  leaves  V  broad  at  flowering,  increasing  to  3 
or  4'  in  the  summer,  then  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  shining  above. 

*  *  Leafy-stemmed ;  all  perennial  with  short  rootstocks. 
-t-  Low,  at  Jirst  nearly  stemless ;  flowers  yellow ;  stigma  concave,  bearded. 

1 1 .  V.  Nuttallii,  Fursh.  Pubescent  or  nearl}'  glabrous ;  leaves  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire  or  slightly  crenate,  decurrent  on  the  petiole. 
—  Central  Kansas  and  westward. 

H-  •»-  Stems  erect,  without  root-leaves  ,■  stipules  entire ;  spur  very  short ;  stigma 

heakless,  pubescent. 

++  Stems  naked  beloio  ;  flowers  yellow. 

12.  V.  pubescens,  Ait.  (Downy  Yellow  V.)  Softly  pubescent  (6- 
12'  high) ;  leaves  very  broadly  heart-shaped,  toothed,  somewhat  pointed;  stip- 
ules ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  large ;  lower  petals  veined  with  purple,  capsule 
oblong  to  globular,  glabrous  or  tomentose.  —  Woods ,  common.  —  Var.  sca- 
BRirscuLA,  Torr.  &  Gray,  smaller  and  greener,  slightly  pubescent  (4-10' 
high).  —  R,  I.  to  Ky.,  and  southwestward. 

13.  V.  hastata,  Michx.  (Halberd-leaved  V.)  2vearly  glabrous,  slen- 
der (4-10'  high) ;  stem-leaves  halberd-shaped  or  oblong-heart-shaped,  slightly 
serrate,  acute ;  stipules  ovate,  small.  —  AVoods,  N.  Ohio  (near  Painesville, 
Miss  Shattiick),  mountains  of  Peun.,  and  southward ;  rare. 

•<-»•  ••-*•  Stems  more  leafy  and  prolonged  ;  flov:ers  white  or  purplish 

14.  V.  Canadensis,  L.  (Canada  V.)  Upright  (1-2^  high);  leaves 
heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate  ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  ;  petals  white  or 
whitish  inside,  the  upper  ones  mostly  tinged  with  violet  beneath,  the  lateral 
bearded.  —  Rich  woods ;  common  northward  and  along  the  Alleghanies. 
May  -  Aug. 

•t-  -t-  -t-  Steins  erect  or  spreading  (at  flrst  nearly  acaulescent)  :  stipules  fringe- 
toothed ;  spur  oblong  to  cylindrical;  stigma  naked. 

15.  V.  striata,  Ait.  (Pale  V.)  Stems  angular,  ascending  (6-10'  high); 
leaves  heart-shaped,  finely  serrate,  often  acute;  stipules  oblong-lanceolate, 
large ;  spur  thickish,  much  shorter  than  the  cream-colored  or  white  petals,  the 


VIOLACE.E.        (violet    FAMILY.)  81 

lateral  ones  bearded,  the  lower  striped  with  purplish  lines;  stij^a  beaked. — 
Low  grounds,  W.  New  Eug.  to  Minn,  and  Mo.,  and  southward  in  the  moun- 
tains.    April  -  Oct. 

16.  V.  rostr^ta,  Pursh.  (Long-spurred  V.)  Stems  ascending  (3-6' 
high) ;  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  serrate,  the  upper  acute ;  stipules  lan- 
ceolate, large ;  spur  slender  (^'  long),  Ivrnjer  than  the  pale  violet  beardless 
petals:  style  straight  and  slender;  stigma  terminal,  beakless.  —  Shaded  hill- 
sides, N.  New  Eug.  to  Mich.,  and  southward  in  the  Alleglianies ;  rather  rare. 
June,  July. 

17.  V.  canina,  L.,  var.  Muhlenbergii,  Gray.  (Dog  V.)  Low  (3-8' 
high),  mostly  glabrous;  stems  ascending,  mostly  simple,  from  the  ba.se  at 
length  producing  creeping  branches ;  leaves  heart-sliaped,  or  the  lowest  kid- 
ney-form, crenate, /'^'^  upnermost  slightly  pointed;  stipules  lanceolate;  spur 
cylindrical,  half  the  length  of  the  light  violet  petals,  the  lateral  ones  slightly 
bearded;  stigma  beaked.  —  Damp  or  wet  shady  places;  common.  May- 
July.  (Eu.)  —  Var.  puberula,  Watson  in  herb.  Finely  puberulent;  leaves 
mostly  ovate  and  acutish  with  a  cordate  base,  often  small ;  flowers  small  and 
mostly  cleistogamous.  —  Sandy  or  stony  shores  and  islands  of  Lakes  Huron  and 
Superior.  {Rohbins,  Engelmann,  etc.)  —  Var.  ml'lticaulis,  Gray.  Depressed 
and  stoloniferous ;  flowers  mostly  cleistogamous ;  leaves  small,  suborbicular 
to  reniform.  —  Ky.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

§  2.    Leaf  bearing  throughout  from  an  annual,  biennial,  or  sometimes  short-lived 
perennial  root ;  the  stipules  large,  leaf  like  and  Igrate-pinnatifd. 

V.  TufcoLOR,  L.  (Pansy.  Heart's-ease.)  Stem  angled  and  branched ; 
leaves  roundish,  or  the  upper  oval  and  the  lowest  heart^shajjed,  crenate  or 
entire ;  petals  variable  in  color  or  variegated  (yellow,  whitish,  violet-blue  and 
purple) ;  —  in  var.  arvensis  shorter  or  little  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Dry  or 
sandy  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Iowa,  Kan.,  and  southward  ;  the  variety  sometimes  seem- 
ing like  a  native  plant.     April -Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.     SO  LEA,     Spreug.,  in  part.         Green  Violet. 

Sepals  not  pi'olonged  at  the  base.  Petals  nearly  equal  in  length,  but  the 
lower  one  larger  and  gibbous  or  saccate  at  the  base,  more  notched  than 
the  others  at  the  apex.  Stamens  completely  united  into  a  sheath  enclosing 
the  ovary,  and  bearing  a  broad  gland  on  the  lower  side.  Style  hooked  at  the 
cummit.  —  A  homely  perennial  herb,  with  stems  leafy  to  the  top,  and  1-3 
small  greenish-white  flowers  in  the  axils,  on  short  recurved  pedicels.  (Named 
in  honor  of  W.  Sole,  author  of  an  essay  on  the  British  Mints.) 

1-  S.  c6ncolor,  Ging.  Plant  1-2°  high  ;  leaves  oblong,  pointed  at  both 
ends,  entire;  pod  1'  long.  —  Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Kan.,  and  southward.     June. 

3.     lONIDIUM,     Vent. 

Sepals  not  prolonged  at  base.  I'etals  very  unequal,  the  two  upper  shorter, 
the  lower  longest  and  largest,  concave  at  base,  contracted  in  the  middle.  P'ila- 
ments  distinct,  the  two  lower  with  a  scale-like  gland  or  spur  at  base ;  anthers 
merely  connivent.  —  Perennials,  branching  and  leafy,  witli  alternate  and  op- 
posite leaves,  and  small  axillary  flowers.  (Name  from  Hoy,  violet,  and  ilSos, 
appearance.) 

6 


82  viOLACE.f:.      (violet  family.) 

1.  I.  polygalsefolium,  Vent.  Stems  low,  from  a  woody  base;  leaves 
linear  to  oblauceolate,  or  the  lower  obovate,  entire,  the  stipules  leaf-like  or 
small  or  none ;  flowers  solitary,  nodding,  2"  long,  white.  (I.  lineare,  Torr.) 
—  Kan.  and  south  west  ward. 


Order  J5.     CARYOPHYLLACE^E.     (Pink  Family.) 

Herbs,  loith  opposite  entire  leaves,  symmetrical  4. -b-merous  flowers,  toith 
or  without  petals  ;  the  distinct  stamens  no  more  than  twice  the  number  of  the 
sepals,  either  hypogynous  or ptrigynous  ;  styles  2-5  (or  rarely  united  into 
one)  ;  seeds  several  or  usually  mahj,  attached  to  the  base  or  to  the  central 
column  of  the  1-celled  (rarely  3  -  5-celled)  pod,  with  a  slender  embryo  coiled 
or  curved  around  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen,  in  IJiantrlL.i  nearly  straight. 
—  Bland  herbs;  the  stems  usually  swollen  at  the  joints;  uppermost 
leaves  rarely  alternate.  Leaves  often  united  at  the  base.  Calyx  per- 
sistent. Styles  stigmatic  along  the  inside.  Seeds  amphitropous  or 
campylotropous. 

Tribe  I.  SILENE^.  Sepals  miited  into  a  tube  or  cup.  Petals  (mostly  convolute  in 
the  bud)  and  stamens  (10)  borne  on  the  stipe  or  stalk  of  the  ovarj',  the  former  with  slen- 
der claws,  to  the  base  of  which  the  corresponding  filaments  often  adhere,  included  in 
the  calyx-tube.    Seeds  numerous.  —  Stipules  none.     Flowers  often  large  and  show^. 

♦  Calyx  with  scaly  bractiets  or  small  leaves  at  the  base.    Seeds  flattened  on  the  back,  attached 
by  their  face  ;  embryo  nearly  straight. 

1.  Dianthus.     Calyx  terete,  mostly  cylindrical.    Styles  2. 

*  ♦  Calyx  naked.     Seeds  globular  or  kidney-shaped  ;  embryo  curved  or  coiled. 

2.  Gypsophila.    Calyx  top-shaped  or  campanulate.     Pod  deeply  4-valved     Styles  2. 

3.  Saponaria.   Calyx  oblong-cylindrical,  obscurely  nerved,  terete  or  5-angled.    Pod  shortly 

4-valved.     Styles  2. 

4.  Silene.    Calyx  5-toothed,  10-nerved.    Styles  3. 

5.  L,yclinis.    Calyx  5-toothed,  lO-nerved.    Styles  5,  rarely  4. 

Tribe  II.    AL,SINE^.    Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so,  imbricated  in  the  bud.    Petals 
when  present  without  claws,  mostly  imbricated,  and  with  the  stamens  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  sessile  ovary,  or  into  a  little  disk.    Pod  splitting  into  valves  or  teeth,  several  - 
many-seeded.     Stamens  opposite  the  sepals,  when  not  more  in  number.  —  Low  herbs. 
♦  Stipules  none. 

■t-  Styles  opposite  the  sepals,  or,  when  fewer,  opposite  those  which  are  exterior  in  the  bud. 
++  Pod  short,  splitting  into  as  many  valves  as  styles  ;  valves  often  bifid  or  2-parted. 

6.  Arenaria.    Petals  entire.    Styles  usually  3.    Valvesof  the  pod  entire,  bifid,  or  2-parted. 

7.  Stellaria.    Petals  2-cleft  or  none.     Styles  usually  3.    Valves  bifid  or  2-parted. 

++  Pod  cylindrical,  dehiscent  by  twice  as  many  equal  teeth  as  styles. 

8.  Holosteum.    Petals  denticulate  or  notched.    Styles  usually  3.    Seeds  fixed  by  the 

face. 

9.  Cerastium.    Petals  notched  or  2-cleft.     St5']es  -5  or  4.    Seeds  fixed  edgewise. 

^-  •(-  Styles  alternate  with  the  sepals.     Stamens  as  many,  or  twice  as  many. 

10.  Sagina.    Petals  4  or  5,  entire,  or  none.    Styles  4  or  5.    Pod  short,  4-  5-valved. 

*  *  Stipules  present.     Pod  short. 

11.  Buda«    Styles  3.    Pod  3-valved.    Leaves  opposite. 

12.  Spergula.     Styles  5.    Valves  of  the  pod  opposite  the  sepals.     Leaves  vvhorled. 


CARYOPHYLLACE^:.        (I'INK    FAMILY.)  83 

1.     D I  ANT  HITS,    L.        ]>ink.    rAusATiox. 

Calyx  cvliiubical,  nerved  or  striate,  Tj-toothed,  .subtended  hy  2  or  more  im- 
bricated Lrattlets.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Pod  1 -celled,  4-varve(l  at  the  apex. 
Seeds  flattish  on  tlie  l)ack ;  embryo  scarcely  curved.  —  Ornamental  plants,  of 
well-known  aspect  and  value  in  cultivation.  (Name  from  Ai6i,  <>/ Jupiter,  aud 
&vdos,JI(jircr,  i.  c.,  .Jove's  own  flower.) 

D.  AKMicKiA,  L.  (I)i:i'Ti-oRi)  Pink.)  Annual;  flowers  clustered;  bract- 
lets  of  tlie  calyx  and  hracts  htnce-airl-Jhnn,  herbaceous,  downy,  as  long  as  the 
tube  ;  leaves  linear,  hairii ;  petals  small,  rose-color  with  white'  dots,  creuate.  — 
Fields,  etc.,  eastward.     July.     (Adv.  from  Ya\.) 

D.  rndLiFEK,  L.  Annual,  smoofli,  .slender;  flowers  clustered;  hrartlets 
ovate,  dri/,  concealino;  the  calyx;  leaves  few,  narrow,  linear,  erect;  petals 
small,  pink.  —  N.  J.  and  E.  Pcnn.     (Adv.  from  En.) 

D.  DELTOiDES,  L.  (Maiden  PixK.)  Porouiiial ;  leaves  short,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  downy  and  rougliish ;  flowers  solitary;  l)racts  ovate,  half  as  long 
as  the  tube ;  petals  rose-color  or  white,  toothed.  —  Mich.,  L.  H.  Jjdilei/.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

D.  BARBATUS,  L.  (SwKKT  WiM.iAM.)  ]'ercnnial ;  flowers  fascicled  ;  leaves 
large,  lanceolate ;  bracts  filiform-attenuate,  equalling  the  calyx.  —  Sparingly 
spontaneous.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    GYPSOPHILA,    L. 

Calyx  narroAvly  top-shaped  or  campanulate,  5-nerved,  5-toothed,  naked  at 
base.  Petals  not  croAvned.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  I'od  1 -celled,  4-valved 
at  the  apex,  sessile.  —  Slender  glaucous  annuals  or  pereimials,  Avith  numerous 
small  flowers.     (Name  from  yvxpos,  gi/jisiim,  and  <piKdv,  to  love.) 

G.  ml'rXlis,  L.  Annual,  much  branclied ;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear; 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  in  the  forks ;  calyx  turbinate,  the  teeth 
short,  obtuse ;  petals  purplish,  crenate  or  emargiuate.  —  Sparingly  natural- 
ized.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.    SAPONAHIA,    L. 

Calyx  narrowly  ovoid  or  oMong,  .'i-toothod,  obscurely  nerved,  naked.  Sta- 
mens 10.  Styles  2.  I'od  1-celled,  or  incompletely  2- 4-celled  at  l)ase,4-toothed 
at  the  apex.  —  Coarse  annuals  or  perennial,  with  large  flowers.  (Name  from 
sajjo,  soap,  the  mucilaginous  juice  forming  a  lather  with  water.) 

S.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  (SoAPWOKT.  l^oi  NCiNG  Bet.)  Elowers  in  corvmbcd 
clusters ;  calyx  terete ;  petals  crowned  with  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the 
claw;  leaves  oval-lanceolate.  —  Koadsides,  etc.  July -Sept.  —  A  stout  peren- 
nial, with  large  rose-colored  flowers,  commonly  double.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

S.  VaccA.ria,  L.  Annual,  glal)rous;  flowers  in  corymbed  cymes;  calyx 
5-angled,  enlarged  and  wing-angled  in  fruit;  petals  pale  red,  not  crowned; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate.  ( V'accaria  vulgaris,  Host.)  —  Occasionally  sponta- 
neous.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.     SILENE,     E.        C\\TriiFLY.     Cami'iox. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  10- many-nerved,  naked  at  the  base.  Stamens  10.  Styles 
3,  rarely  4.  Pod  1-celled,  sometimes  ."J-celled  at  least  at  the  base,  opening  by 
3  or  6  teeth  at  the  apex.  —  Flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes.  Petals  mostly 
crowned  with  a  scale  at  the  l)ase  of  the  blade.  (Name  from  alaXov,  saliva, 
from  the  viscid  exudation  on  the  stems  and  calyx  of  many  species.  The 
English  name  Catchjlj  alludes  to  the  same  peculiarity.) 

*-  Dirarf,  alpine,  tufted,  smooth,  perennial ;  flowerinrj  shoots  l-floivercd. 

1.  S.  acatlliR,  E.  (Mos.«i  Campion.)  Tufted  like  a  moss  (1 -2' high) ; 
leaves  linear,  crowded  ;  flowers  almost  sessile,  or  rarely  on  a  naked  ])eduncle ; 


84  CARYOPHYLLACEJE.        (PINK    FAMILY  ) 

petals  purple  or  rarely  white,  notched  or  entire,  crowned.  —  Alpine  summits 
of  the  White  Mountams,  N.  H.     July.     (Eu.) 
*  *  Calyx  bladder u-inflated ;  perennial :  flowers  panided,  ich'ite,  in  summer. 

2  S.  Stellata,  Ait.  (Starry  Campion.)  Leaves  in  whorls  of  4,  ovafe- 
lanreolate,  taper-pointed;  calyx  bell  shaped  ;  petals  cut  into  a  fringe,  croicnless. 
—  Wooded  banks,  R.  I.  to  Minn.,  and  southward.  —  Stem  3°  high,  with  a  large 
and  open  pyramidal  panicle.     Corolla  f  broad. 

3-  S.  nivea,  Otth.  Leaves  opposite,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  taper-pointed; 
calyx  oblong:  petals  wedge  form,  2-clfft,  minutely  crowned.  —  Penn.  to  Iowa 
and  Minn. :  rare.  —  Stem  1-2°  high,  almost  smooth.  Flowers  few,  larger 
than  in  the  last. 

S.  CuctiBALUs,  Wibel.  (Bladder  Campiox.)  Glaucous;  leaves  opposite, 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  calyx  globular,  much  inflated,  elegantly  veined  ;  petals  2-cleft, 
nearly  crownless.  (S.  inflata,  )S'/«/?^.)  —  Fields  and  roadsides, 'E.  New  Eug. 
to  IlL  —  A  foot  high.     Flowers  loosely  cymose.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Calyx  elongated  or  club-shaped,  not  inflated  except  by  the  enlarging  pod ; 
flowers  cymose  or  clustered ;  perennial,  pubescent  with  viscid  hairs,  especially 
the  calyx ;  petals  crowned,  red  or  rose-color. 

4.  S.  Pennsylvanica,  Michx.  (Wild  Pixk.)  Stems  low  (4-8'); 
root-leaves  narrowly  spatulate,  nearly  glabrous,  tapering  into  hairy  petioles ; 
stem-leaves  (2  or  3  pairs)  lanceolate ;  flowers  clustered,  short  stalked ;  calyx 
club-shaped;  petals  ivedge-form,  slightly  notched  and  eroded,  pink.  —  Gravelly 
places,  E.  New  Eng.  to  N.  Y.,  Ky.,  and  southward.     April  -June. 

5.  S.  Virgiuiea,  L.  (Fire  Pink.  Catchfly.)  Stems  slender  (1  -  2° 
high);  leaves  thin,  spatulate,  or  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate ;  flowers  few  and 
loosely  cymose,  peduncled ;  calyx  oblong-cylindrical,  soon  obconical ;  petals  ob- 
long, 2-cleft,  deep  crimson  ;  the  limb  1'  long.  —  Open  woods,  western  N.  Y.  to 
Minn.,  and  southward.     June  -  Aug. 

6.  S.  r^gia,  Sims.  (Royal  Catchfly.)  Stem  roughish,  erect  (3-4° 
high);  leaves  thickish,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  flowers  numerous,  short-stalked, 
in  clusters,  forming  a  strict  panicle ;  calyx  ovoid-club-shaped  in  fruit ;  petals 
spatulate-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  deep  scarlet.  —  Prairies,  Ohio  to  Mo., 
and  southward.     July. 

7.  S.  rotundifolia,  Nutt.  (Round-leaved  Catchfly.)  Viscid-hairy; 
stems  weak,  branched,  decumbent  (2°  long) ;  leaves  thin,  round,  abruptly 
pointed,  the  lower  obovate ;  flowers  few,  loosely  cymose,  stalked ;  calyx  elon- 
gated; petals  2-cleft  and  cut-toothed,  deep  scarlet.  —  Shaded  banks  of  the  Ohio, 
and  in  Ky.     June  -  Aug.  —  Leaves  and  flowers  large. 

*  *  *  *  Calyx  not  inflated,  except  by  the  enlarging  pod ;  annuals. 
-*-  Glabrous,  a  portion  of  each  joint  of  the  stem  glutinous ;  flowers  pinJc. 

8.  S.  antirrhina,  L.  (Sleepy  C.)  Stem  slender  (8- 30' high);  leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear ;  flowers  small,  paniculate  ;  calyx  ovoid ;  petals  obcordate, 
crowned,  opening  transiently  in  sunshine.  —  Dry  soil;  common  in  waste 
places.     June  -  Sept. 

S.  Armeria,  L.  (Sweet-William  Catchfly.)  Glaucous;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  flat  cymes,  open  in  sunshine;  calyx  club-shaped ;  petals 
notched,  crowned  with  awl-shaped  scales.  —  Escaped  from  gardens;  rare. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 


CARYOniYLLACK.K.        (PINK     lAMIF.Y.)  8o* 

-4--t-  Vinci  (I -pubescent ;  ffoirers  white  or  ncar/i/  so,  opcniinj  at  nlqht,  sweet-scented. 
S.  NOCTUKNA,    L.     (Xir.HT  C.)     Lcives   short,   the   lower   spatulate,   the 
upper  Vmcav;  jloiiers  sukiII,  alleriutte  in  <i   l-sided  sj)ik«' ;  petals  2-partcil, — 
Iiitrotlueod  spariiiii;ly  in  I'a.,  accordincj  to  Srlnreinil:.     (Adv.  from  \.n.) 

S.     XOCTIKI.OKA,     L.        (N'KillT-FI.OWI.lUNC;      ('.)        \'isri(l-/,(iiri/,    tall     (1-3° 

high) ;  lower  lea\ es  lari^o  and  s])atulate,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  fiinnrs  few, 
pedunc/ed ;  calyx-tuhe  elongated  (over  T  long),  soon  ovcnd,  with  awl-shapcd 
teeth;  petals  rather  large,  ^-jtarted,  crowned.  —  Cultivated  grounds. 

5.     LYCHNIS,     Tourn.        Cockle. 

Styles  5,  rarely  4,  and  pod  opening  by  as  many  or  twice  as  many  teeth  ; 
otherwise  nearly  as  in  Silene.  Calyx  in  one  species  with  leaf-like  lohes. 
(Ancient  Greek  name  for  a  scarlet  or  flame-colored  species,  from  Kvxvos,  a 
li(//it  or  lamp.) 

L.  vKsi'KKTiNA,  Sibtli.  (EvEMXG  L.)  Bieuiiial,  usually  dicccious,  r/.sr/W- 
pnlii'srrnt,  in  foliage,  etc.,  like  Silene  noctiflora ;  but  5  styles,  calyx  much 
sliorter  (7-9"  long),  with  lance-linear  teeth,  aiidjiowfis  white  or  pinkish,  ojjeu- 
iug  at  evening.  —  Cult,  or  waste  grounds;  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

li.  DiUKNA,  Sibth.  (Uki)  J^yciims.)  Kesembling  L.  vespertina,  but  less 
viscid,  the  calyx  usually  shorter  (4-6"  long),  and  the  flowers  red,  opening  in 
the  morning. —  Rarely  spontaneous.     (Adv.  from  ICu.) 

L.  GitiiXgo,  Lam.  (Coux  Cockle.)  Annual,  clothed  with  long  .soft 
appressed  hairs ;  flowers  long-peduucled ;  caUjx-lobes  similar  to  the  louij  and 
linear  leaves,  surpassing  the^  broad  and  crowuless  }ntrple-red  petals,  falling  off 
in  fruit.     (Agrostemma  Githago,  L.)  —  In  wheat  fields.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Ij.  Flos-cuculi,  L.  (Ragged  Kobix.)  Perennial,  erect,  slightly  downy 
below,  viscid  above ;  leaves  narrow-ly  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  loose  panicles ; 
calyx  short,  glabrous;  petals  red,  4-lobed,  lobes  linear.  —  Moist  or  marshy 
places ;  >»'ew  Eng.  and  N.  Y.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    ARE N ARIA,    L.        Saxdwort. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire,  sometimes  barely  notched,  rarely  wanting.  Sta- 
mens 10.  Styles  3,  rarely  more  or  fewer,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Pod  short, 
splitting  into  as  many  or  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles,  few  -  many- 
seeded.  —  Low,  usually  tufted  herbs,  with  sessile  exstipulate  leaves  and  small 
white  flowers.  (Name  from  arena,  sand,  in  which  many  of  the  species  grow.) 
—  The  following  sections  are  by  many  botanists  taken  for  genera. 
§  1.  ARENAIUA  proper.  Pod  splitting  icholli/  or  part-icai/  down  into  3  or  at 
length  info  6  valves;  seeds  many,  naked  at  the  hiliim. 

A.  serpvllif6lia,  L.  (Thyme-leaved  Saxdwort.)  Diffusely  branched, 
roughish  (2-6'  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  small ;  cymes  leafy  ;  sepals  lanceo- 
late, pointed,  3-. 5-nerved,  about  equalling  the  petals  and  6-tootlied  pod.  —  A 
low  annual;  sandy  waste  places.     June -Aug.     (Nat,  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  ALSINE.  Pod  splitting  to  the  base  into  3  entire  valves;  seeds  many,  usu- 
alhj  rough,  naked  at  the  hilum ;  flowers  solitary  and  terminal  or  cymose; 
root  in  our  species  perennial,  except  in  n.  4. 

*  Lrarrs  small,  rigid,  awl-sha])rd  or  bristle-shaped. 

1.  A.  Carolini^na,  Walt.  (Pixe-hauren  S.)  Densely  tufted  from  a 
deep  perpendici^lar  root;  leaves  closely  ifnbricated,  but  spreading,  aicl-shaped, 
short,  channelled ;  branches  naked  and  minutely  glandular  above,  .several-flow- 
ered;  sepals  obtuse,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  pod.  (A.  sijuarrosa,  Michx.)  —  In 
pure  sand,  S.  New  York,  N.  J.,  and  .southward  along  the  coast.     May- July. 

2.  A.  Michauxii,  Hook.  f.  Erect,  or  usually  diffusely  spreading  from 
a  small  root,  sm(Jotii ;  leaves  slender,  between  aicl-shapcd  and  bristle-form,  with 


86  CARYOPHYLLACE^.        (piNK    FAMILY.) 

many  others  clustered  in  the  axils ;  cyrae  diffuse,  naked,  many-flowered ;  sepals 
pointed,  ^-ribbed,  ovate,  as  long  as  the  pod.  (A.  stricta,  Michx.)  —  Rocks  and 
dry  wooded  banks,  Vt.  and  Penn.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  southwestward.     July. 

3.  A.  verna,  L.  Dwarf,  alpine,  densely  matted,  glabrous  or  (var.  hirta) 
somewhat  pubescent,  1  -  3'  high ;  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  aAvl-shaped ;  flow- 
ers loosely  cymose ;  sepals  lanceolate,  pointed,  3-nerved,  shorter  than  the  pod. 

—  Smuggler's  Notch,  Vt.  (Pringle) ;  north  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  soft  and  herbaceous,  Jili form-linear ;  petals  retuse  or  notched. 

4.  A.  patula,  Michx.  Diffusely  branched  from  the  slender  root ;  stems 
filiform  (6-10'  long) ;  branches  of  the  cyme  diverging ;  peduncles  long ;  sepals 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-5-neri-ed.  (A.  Pitcheri,  Nutt.)  —  S.  W.  Va.  to  Ky., 
111.,  Kan.,  and  southward. 

5.  A.  Groenlandica,  Spreng.  (Mountain  S.)  Densely  tufted  from 
slender  roots,  smooth ;  flowering  stems  filiform,  erect  (2-4'  high),  few-flow- 
ered ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  nerveless.  —  Summit  of  the  Shawangunk,  Catskill, 
and  Adirondack  Mountains,  N.  Y.,  of  the  higher  mountains  of  New  Eng.,  and 
northward;  alpine  or  subalpine.  At  Bath,  Maine,  on  river-banks  near  the 
sea,  and  near  Middletown,  Ct.  June -Aug.  —  Leaves  and  peduncles  3-6" 
long  ;  flowers  large  in  pi'ojjortion. 

§  3.  MCEPIRINGIA.  Parts  of  the  flower  sometimes  in  fours ;  pod  as  in  §  1, 
but  the  t/oung  orari/ 3-celled ;  seeds  rather  feio,  smooth,  loith  a  thichish  ap- 
pendage (strophiole)  at  the  hilum  ;  perennials,  with  flaccid  broadish  leaves. 

6.  A.  laterifldra,  L.  Sparingly  branched,  erect,  minutely  pubescent; 
leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse  (j- 1'  long) ;  peduncles  2-  (rarely  3  -  4-)  flowered, 
soon  becoming  lateral;  sepals  oldong,  obtuse.  —  Gravelly  shores,  etc.,  New 
Eng.  to  Penn.,  Mo.,  Minn.,  and  northward.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

§  4.  AMMADENIA.  Styles,  cells  of  the  ovarij,  and  valves  of  the  fleshy  pod 
3,  rarely  A  or  b ;  seeds  few,  smooth,  short-beaked  at  the  naked  hilum;  disk 
under  the  ovary  more  pi-ominent  than  usual,  glandular,  lO-lobed ;  flowers 
almost  sessile  in  the  axils,  sometimes  dioecious  or  polygamous ;  root  perennial. 

7.  A.  peploides,  L.  Stems  (simple  or  forking  from  long  rootstocks, 
6-10'  high)  and  ovate  partly-clasping  leaves  (8-10"  long)  very  fleshy.  (Hou- 
kenya  peploides,  Ehrh.)  —  Sands  of  the  sea-shore,  N.  J.  to  Maine  and  north- 
ward.    June.     (Eu.) 

7.    STELLARIA,    L.        Chickweed.    Staewort. 

Sepals  4-5.  Petals  4-5,  deeply  2-cleft,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  8,  10, 
or  fewer.  Styles  3,  rarely  4  or  5,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Pod  ovoid,  1 -celled, 
opening  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles,  several -many-seeded. 
Seeds  naked.  —  Flowers  (white)  solitary  or  cymose,  terminal,  or  appearing 
lateral  by  the  prolongation  of  the  stem  from  the  upper  axils.  (Name  from 
Stella,  a  star,  in  allusion  to  the  star-shaped  flowers.) 

*  Stems  spreading,  flaccid,  marked  longitudinally  with  one  or  tico  pubescent 
lines ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  ^-24'  long. 

S.  Mi:DiA,  Smith.  (Common  Chickweed.)  Annual  or  nearly  so ;  loicer 
leaves  on  hairy  petioles  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx,  2-parted  ,  stamens  3-10. 

—  Everywhere  in  damp  grounds.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


CARY0riIVLLACE.1<:.        (I'INK    FAMILY.)  87 

1.  S.  ptlbera,  Michx.     (Grkat  Chickwekd.)     Hoot  perennial;   leaves 

aU  sessile ;  petals  loiujer  than  the  ca///x,  deeply  2-cleft ;  stumens  10.  —  JShaded 
rocks,  Peuu.  to  Ind.,  and  southward.     May. 

*  *  Stems  erect  or  spreading  ;  wholli/  glabrous  perennials,  icilh  sessile  and  nar- 
row or  small  leaves  ;  stamens  usually  10,  perltji/nous. 
•t-  Seal ji-bracted  ;  petals  2-parted,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  cali/x. 

2.  S.  longifblia,  Muhl.  (Lono-leaved  Stitchwort.)  Stem  erect, 
weak,  ofteu  with  rough  angles  (8-18'  high)  ;  leaves  linear,  acntish  at  both  ends, 
spreading  ;  ci/mes  naked  and  at  length  lateral,  peduncled,  many-flowered,  tha 
slender  pedicels  spreading ;  petals  2-parted,  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds 
smooth.  —  Grassy  places;  common,  especially  uorthward.     June,  July.    (Ku.) 

3.  S.  16ngipes,  Goldie.  (Long-stalked  S.)  Shining  or  somewhat 
glaucous,  very  smooth;  leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
broadest  at  the  base,  rather  rigid  ;  cyme  terminal,  few-flowered,  the  long  pedi- 
cels strictlfi  erect;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds  smooth.  —  Maine  to 
Minn.,  rare ;  common  farther  north.     (Eu.) 

S.  GUAMixEA,  L.  Resembling  the  last;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  ^roac/e.sf 
above  the  base  ;  pedicels  ividehj  sjtreading :  seeds  strongly  but  minutely  rugose. 
—  Becoming  ratlier  frequent.     (Int.  from  Eu.) 

4;  S.  uligin6sa,  Murr.  (Swamp  S.)  Stems  weak,  decumbent  or  dif- 
fuse, at  length  jirolonged,  leaving  the  naked  and  usually  sessile  cymes  lateral  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  veiny;  petals  and  ripe  pods  as  long  as  the  calyx; 
seeds  roughened.  —  Swamps  and  rills,  Md.  to  X.  Eng.,  and  northward;  rare. 
(Eu.) 

■*-  -t-  Flowers  terminal  or  in  the  forks  of  the  stem  or  of  leaf g  branches;  bracts 
foliaceous ;  petals  2-parted,  small  or  often  none;  styles  3-4,'  pod  longer 
than  the  calyx. 

5.  S.  crassif61ia,  Ehrh.  Stems  diffuse  or  erect,  flaccid ;  leaves  rather 
JJeshy,  xaryiu'^  from  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx, 
or  wanting;  seeds  rugose-roughened.  —  Springy  places,  eastern  Ky.  (Short), 
Kingwood,  111.  (Vasey),  and  northward.     April -June.     (Eu.) 

6.  S.  bore^lis,  Bigel.  (Xouthlrn  S.)  Stems  erect  or  spreading,  flaccid, 
many  times  forked,  at  length  resolved  into  a  leafy  cyme;  leaves  varying  from 
broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate-oldong  ;  petals  2- f>,  shorter  than  the  calyx,orofiner 
none:  sepals  acute;  styles  usually  4;  seeds  smooth.  —  Shaded  or  wet  places, 
K.  I.  to  Minn.,  and  northward.  June -Aug.  —  Var.  altestris  has  tlie  later 
flowers  more  cymose,  and  their  bracts  small  and  partly  scarious,  also  tlie  seeds 
obscurely  reticulated  or  roughish.  —  Lake  Superior,  Dr.  Bobbins.     (Eu.) 

7.  S.  humifiisa,  Hottb.  Spreading  or  creeping;  stems  or  brandies 
(2' high)  l-3flowered;  leaves  flesh  i/,  ovate  or  oblong  (2 -3"  long);  petals  a 
little  longer  than  (he  calyx :  seeds  smooth.  —  Northern  border  of  Maine  on  the 
St.  John's  (G*.  A.  G'oof/a/e),  and  liigh  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

8.     HOLOSTEUM,     L.        Jagged  Ciiickweed. 

Sepals  .').  Petals  5,  usually  jagged  or  denticulate  at  the  point.  Stamens 
3-5,  rarelv  10.  Styles  mostly  3.  Pod  ovoid,  1 -celled,  many-seerh^d,  opening 
at  the  top  by  6  teetli.  Seeds  rougli,  flattened  on  the  back,  attac-hed  by  the 
inner  face.  —  Annuals  or  biennials,  with  several  (white)  flowers  in  an  umbel. 


88  CARYOPHYLLACE^.        (piNK    FAMILY.) 

borne  on  a  long  terminal  peduncle.     (Name  composed  of  o\os,  all,  and  oa-reov, 
bone,  by  autiphrasis,  these  plants  being  soft  and  tender.) 

H.  umbellXtlm,  L.  Leaves  oblong;  peduncle  and  upper  part  of  the  stem 
glandular-pubescent ;  pedicels  reflexed  after  flowering.  —  Hills  around  Lancas- 
ter, Penn.,  Prof.  Porter,  and  Morris  Co.,  N.  J.,  C.  F.  Austin.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

9.     CERASTIXJM,    L.        Mouse-ear  Chicioveed. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  as  many,  2-lobed  or  cleft,  rarely  entire.  Stamens 
twice  as  many,  or  fewer.  Styles  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  and  opposite 
them.  Pod  1 -celled,  usually  elongated,  membranaceous,  opening  at  the  apex 
by  twice  as  many  teeth  as  there  were  styles,  many -seeded.  Seeds  rough.  — 
Flowers  white,  in  terminal  cymes.  Our  species  have  the  petals  2-cleft  or  ob- 
cordate,  the  parts  of  the  flower  always  in  fives,  and  the  exserted  pods  more  or 
less  curved.  (Name  from  Kepas,  a  horn,  alluding  to  the  shape  of  the  pod  in 
many  species.) 

C.  visc6s[jM,  L.  (Mouse-ear  Chickweed.)  Annual,  hairy  and  rather 
clammy,  nearly  erect  (4-9'  high);  leaves  orate  or  ohovate  to  oblong-spatulate ; 
bracts  herbaceous ;  flowers  small  in  close  clusters  at  first ;  pedicels  even  in 
fruit  not  lonr/er  than  the  acute  sepals ;  petals  shorter  than  the  cali/x.  (C.  vul- 
gatum,  L.  Herb.,  and  Man.  The  names  of  this  and  the  next  were  transposed 
in  the  Linnajan  herbarium,  which  has  caused  much  confusion.  They  are  here 
applied  as  originally  by  Linnaeus,  and  by  many  recent  botanists.  Others  sub- 
stitute for  this  the  later  name,  C.  glomeratum,  Thuill.)  —  Grassy  places,  east- 
ward and  southward;  not  common.  May -July.  —  Stamens  often  5.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

C.  vulgXtum,  L.  (Larger  M.)  Perennial ;  stems  clammy-hairy,  spread- 
ing (6-15'  long);  leaves  obloncj ;  upper  bracts  scarious-margined ;  y/o<t"ers 
larffer  (sepals  2-3"  long),  at  first  clustered,  the  fruiting  pedicels  longer,  the 
earlier  ones  mostly  much  longer  than  the  obtuse  sej)als ;  petals  equalling  the 
calyx.  (C.  viscosum,  L.  Herb.,  and  Man.  C.  triviale,  Link.)  —  Fields  and 
copses;  common,  perhaps  indigenous.     May -July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L  C.  nutans,  Raf.  Annual,  very  clammy-pubescent;  stems  erect,  slen- 
der, grooved,  diffusely  branched  (6  -  20'  high) ;  cyme  loose  and  open,  many- 
flowered  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the  lowest  spatulate ;  peduncles  mostly 
elongated ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pods  nodding  on  the  stalks,  curved 
■upward,  thrice  the  length  oj  the  calijx.  —  Moist  places,  Vt.  to  Minn.,  and  south- 
ward.    May  -  July. 

2.  C.  arvense,  L.  (Field  Chickweed.)  Perennial;  stems  ascending 
or  erect,  tufted,  downy  or  nearly  smooth,  slender  (4-8'  high),  naked  and /ezy- 
severalflowered  at  the  summit ;  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate ;  petals  ob- 
cordate,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  pods  scarcely  longer  than  the 
calyx.  —  Dry  or  rocky  places.     May  -  July.     (Eu.) 

Var.  oblongifdlium,  Holl.  &  Britt.  Usually  taller,  pubescent;  leaves 
narrowly  or  broadly  obloii^  or  oblong-lanceolate ;  pod  about  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx.  (C.  oblongifolium,  Torr.)  —  Rocky  places,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and 
southward.  —  Var.  vill6sum,  Holl.  &  Britt.  Similar  but  densely  villous-pu- 
bescent,  and  the  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate.  —  E.  Penn. 

10.     S  AGIN  A,    L.        Pearlwort. 

Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5,  undivided,  or  often  none.  Stamens  as  many 
as  the  sepals,  rarely  twice  as  many.  Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alter- 
nate with  them.     Pod  many-seeded,  4  -  5-valved  to  the  base ;  valves  opposite 


CAKVorilVLLACK.*:.        (I'INK    FAMILY.)  89 

the  sepals.  —  Little,  matted  herbs,  with  thread-like  or  awl-shaped  leaves,  no 
stipules,  and  small  flowers  terminating  the  stems  or  hrantlies ;  in  summer. 
(Name  from  saijina,  fattening;  previously  applied  to  the  spurrv.) 

«  Parts  of  the  Jhwer  in  fours,  rarely  with  some  few  in  fives. 

1.  S.  prociimbens,  L.  Annual  or  perennial,  J^/^ressec/ or. s;jrfio(//n</ on 
the  ground,  glal)rous;  leaves  linear-thread-shaped  ;  ajxr  of  the  pidnncle  often 
hooked  soon  after  flowering;  petals  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  sepals, 
sometimes  none.  —  Springy  jilaces  and  damj>  roiks,  coast  of  Maine  to  I'enn. 
(Ku.) 

2.  S.  apetala,  L.  Annual,  erect  or  ascending;  leaves  ciliate  at  base  or 
glabrous;  jutals  none  or  very  small;  ]>eilundes  altvai/s  erect.  —  Dry  soil,  Mass. 
to  Peuu. ;  scarce,  seemingly  native  '.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Parts  of  the  flower  in  fives,  the  stamens  not  rarely  10. 

3.  S.  decumbens,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Annual,  ascending ;  the  peduncles  and 
calyx  with  the  margins  of  the  upper  leaves  atfrst  glandnlar-pnbesrent ;  leaves 
short,  often  bristly -tipped,  not  fascicled  in  the  axils ;  peduncles  slender ;  petals 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  cali/x ;  pod  oblong-ovate,  nearly  twice  longer  than 
the  acutish  sepals.  (S.  subulata,  Man.,  not  Wi)iim.)  —  E.  Mass.,  to  111.,  Mo., 
and  southward.  —  ^'ar.  S.Mf  run,  a  slender  form,  apctalons,  at  least  in  the  later 
flowers.  —  Near  riiiladelpliia,  in  waste  ground,  and  in  sandy  fields  at  Somers' 
Point,  N.  J.,  C.  E.  Smith.     Seeds  minutely  roughened. 

4.  S.  noddsa,  Fenzl.  Perennial,  tufted,  glabrous,  or  glandular  above; 
stems  ascending  (3-5'  high) ;  lower  leaves  thread-form,  the  upper  short  anti 
awl-shaped,  with  minute  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils  so  that  the  branchlets  ap- 
pear knotty,  petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  "Wet  .sandy  soil,  along  the 
coast  of  ]Maine  and  N.  H.,  also  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

11.    BUD  A,    Adans.         Sand-Spurrey. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  2-10.  Styles  and  valves  of  the  many- 
seeded  pod  3,  very  rarely  5,  when  the  valves  alternate  with  the  sepals !  Em- 
bryo not  coiled  into  a  complete  ring.  —  Low  herbs,  mostly  on  or  near  the  sea- 
coast,  with  filiform  or  linear  somewhat  fleshy  oi)posite  leaves,  and  smaller  ones 
often  clustered  in  the  axils ;  stipules  scaly-mem branaceous  ;  flowering  all  sum- 
mer. (Named  probably  for  the  city  so  called.)  —  Genus  also  known  as  Tissa, 
Adims.,  Spergularia,  Presl,  and  Lepigonum,  Wahlb.  The  species  are  very 
variously  understood  by  European  botanists,  and  are  much  confused,  as  well 
as  the  synonymy.     Our  forms  are  annual,  or  at  the  most  biennial. 

1.  B.  rubra,  Dumort.  Nearly  glabrous,  the  summit  of  the  prostrate  or 
ascending  slender  stems,  peduncles,  and  sejjals  usually  glandular-pubescent ; 
leaves  linear,  flat,  scarcely  fleshy  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  entire  or  cleft ;  pedicels 
longer  than  the  bracts;  pods  and  pink-red  corolla  snuill  (1^"),  hardly  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  calyx ;  seeds  rough  with  projecting  ]ioinls,  semi-obovate  or 
gibbous-wedge-shaped,  wingless.  (Spergularia  rubra,  Presl.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil, 
New  Eng.  to  Va.,  along  and  near  the  coast,  but  rarely  maritime.     (Eu.) 

2.  B.  marina,  Dumort.  More  decidedly  fleshy  than  the  preceding,  erect 
or  ascending,  usually  pubescent,  with  ovate  stipules,  terete  leaves,  and  jjcdi- 
tels  2  -  4"  long ;  sepals  usually  becoming  2  -  2^"  long,  little  shorter  than  the 


90  CAKYOPHYLLACE^.        (PINK  FAMILY.) 

pod ;  petals  pale ;  seeds  obovate-rounded  and  roughened  with  points,  wingless  or 
narrow-winged.  (Spergularia  salina,  Presl.  Tissa  marina,  Britt.)  — Brack- 
ish sands,  etc.,  coast  of  N.  Eng.  to  Va.,  and  southward.  A  form  with  smooth 
seeds  is  var.  leiosperma,  N.  E.  Brown.     (S.  media,  Presl.)     (Eu.) 

Var.  (1)  minor,  Watson.  Small,  ascending  or  decumbent ;  flowers  smaller, 
on  shorter  pedicels  (rarely  2''  long),  the  sepals  and  pod  1-1^'' long;  seeds 
wingless,  usually  ])apillose.  —  Coast  of  N.  H.  and  Mass. 

3.  B.  borealis,  Watson.  Diffusely  branched,  glabrous ;  pedicels  usually 
2-4'' long;  petals  white;  pod  ovate,  2"  long,  about  twice  longer  than  the 
sepals ;  seeds  usually  wingless,  smooth  or  nearly  so.  (Tissa  salina,  Britt.)  — 
On  the  coast,  E.  Maine  to  Labrador. 

12.     SPERGULA,    L.        Spurrey. 

Stamens  5  or  10.  Styles  5.  The  5  valves  of  the  pod  opposite  the  sepals. 
Embryo  spirally  annular.  Leaves  in  whorls.  Otherwise  as  in  Buda.  (>iame 
from  spar  (JO,  to  scatter,  from  the  seeds.) 

S.  ARVEKSis,  L.  (Corn  Spurrev.)  Annual;  leaves  numerous  in  the 
whorls,  thread-shaped  (1  -2'  long) ;  stipules  minute ;  flowers  white,  in  a  stalked 
panicled  cyme ;  seeds  rough.  —  Grain-fields.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Order  16.     PORTULACACE^.     (Purslane  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  succulent  leaves,  and  regular  but  unsymmetrical  flowers; 
viz.,  sepals  fewer  than  the  petals;  the  stamens  opposite  the  petals  when  of 
the  same  number,  but  often  indefinite,  otherwise  nearly  as  duckweeds. — 
Sepals  2.  Petals  5,  or  sometimes  none.  Stamens  mostly  5-20.  Styles 
2-8,  united  below,  or  distinct,  stigmatic  along  the  inside.  Pod  1-celled, 
with  few  or  many  campylotropous  seeds  rising  on  stalks  from  the  base. 
Embryo  curved  around  mealy  albumen.  —  Insipid  and  innocent  herbs, 
with  entire  leaves.  Corolla  opening  only  in  sunshine,  mostly  ephemeral, 
then  shrivelling. 

1.  Portulaca.    Stamens  7  -  20,  on  the  partly  adherent  calyx     Pod  opening  by  a  lid. 

2.  Talinum.    Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals,  hypogj'noiis     Calyx  deciduous. 

Pod  many-seeded. 

3.  Claytonia.    Stamens  as  many  as  the  hypogynous  petals,  and  attached  to  theii"  base. 

Calyx  persi.stent.     Pod  3  -  6-seeded. 

1.    PORTULACA,    Tourn  Purslane. 

Calyx  2-cleft ;  the  tube  cohering  with  the  ovary  below.  Petals  5,  rarely  6, 
inserted  on  the  calyx  with  the  7-20  stamens,  fugacious.  Style  mostly  3-8- 
parted.  Pod  1-celled,  globular,  many-seeded,  opening  transversely,  the  upper 
part  (with  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx)  separating  as  a  lid.  —  Fleshy  annuals, 
with  mostly  scattered  leaves.     (An  old  Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

P  olerXcea,  L.  (Common  Pl'rslane.)  Prostrate,  very  smooth;  leaves 
obovate  or  wedge-form ;  flowers  sessile  (opening  only  in  sunny  mornings) ; 
sepals  keeled;  ])etals  pale  yellow;  stamens  7-12;  style  deeply  5-6-parted; 
flower-bud  flat  and  acute.  —  Cultivated  and  waste  grounds ;  common.  Seem- 
ingly indigenous  west  and  southwestward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

1.  P.  retusa,  Engelm.  Leaves  often  retuse;  calyx-lobes  obtuse  in  the 
bud;  petals  small  or  minute;  style  shorter,  3- 4-cleft;  seeds  larger,  sharply 


ELATINACE.E.       (WATER-WORT    FAMILY.)  91 

tuberculate;  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Ark.  to  Tex.  and  westward ;  reported 
from  Kau.,  Iowa,  and  Minn. 

2.  P.  pil6sa,  L.  Ascending  or  spreading,  copiously  hairy  in  the  axila ; 
leaves  linear-subulate,  nearly  terete,  3  -  6"  long ;  petals  red  or  purple.  —  Kan. 
to  Tex.,  etc. 

2.    TALINUM,    Adaus. 

Sepals  2,  distinct  and  free,  deciduous  Petals  .5,  ephemeral.  Stamens  10- 
30.  Style  3-lobed  at  the  apex.  Pod  3-celled  at  the  base  when  young,  3-valved, 
with  many  seeds  on  a  globular  stalked  placenta.     (Derivation  obscure.) 

1.  T.  teretifblium,  Pursh.  Perennial;  leafy  stems  low,  tuberous  at 
base;  leaves  linear,  cylindrical;  peduncle  long  (3-6')  and  naked,  bearing  an 
open  cyme  of  pink  flowers  (§'  broad);  stamens  15-20.  —  Serpentine  rocka, 
Penu.,  to  lnd.,Miim.,  and  southward.     Juue- Aug. 

3.    CLAYTONIA,    Gronov.        Spring-Beauty. 

Sepals  2,  ovate,  free,  persistent.  Stamens  .5,  adhering  to  tlie  short  claws  of 
the  petals.  Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex.  Pod  1-celled,  3-valved,  3- 6-seeded. — 
Our  two  species  are  perennials,  sending  up  simple  stems  in  early  spring  from 
a  small  deep  tuber,  bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves,  and  a  loose  raceme  of 
pretty  flowers.  Corolla  rose-color  with  deeper  veins,  opening  for  more  than 
one  day !  (Named  in  honor  of  Dr  John  Clai/ton,  one  of  our  earliest  botanists, 
who  contributed  to  Gronovius  the  materials  for  the  Flora  Virginica.) 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated  (3- G' long). — 
Moist  open  woods ;  common,  especially  westward  and  southward. 

2.  C.  Caroliniana,  Michx.  Flowers  rather  smaller  and  fewer ;  leave3 
epatulate-oblong  or  oval-lanceolate  (1-2'  long).  —  Maine  to  Minn.,  and  south- 
ward along  the  Alleghanies. 

Order  17.     ELATINACE^.     (Water-wort  Family.) 

Liltlc  7?ia?\s/i  annuals,  icilh  membranaceous  stipules  between  the  opposite 
dotless  leaves,  minute  axillan/  flowers  like  those  of  the  duckweeds,  but  the 
pod  2-5-celledj  and  the  seeds  as  in  St.  John's-wort.    The  principal  genus  is 

1.    ELATINE,    L.        Wati:u-wokt. 

Sepals  2-4,  persistent.  Petals  2-4,  hypogynous.  Stamens  as  many,  rarely 
twice  as  many,  as  the  petals.  Styles,  or  sessile  capitate  stigma.^,  2-4.  Pod 
membranaceous,  globose,  2-4-celled,  several -many -seeded,  2-4-valved;  the 
partitions  left  attached  to  the  axis,  or  evanescent.  Seeds  cylindrical,  straight- 
ish  or  curved,  marked  by  both  longitudinal  and  transverse  lines.  —  Dwarf  gla- 
brous plants,  usually  rooting  at  the  nodes,  juiuatic  or  terrestrial.  (A  Greek 
name  for  some  obscure  herb.) 

1.  E.  Americana,  Am.  Tufted,  r  high;  leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  1-3" 
long ;  flowers  sessile,  rarely  opening  in  the  aquatic  form ;  sepals,  petals,  sta- 
mens, and  stigmas  2,  rarely  3 ;  seeds  5  or  6  in  each  cell,  rising  from  the  base, 
marked  by  9  or  10  longitudinal  lines  and  20-30  crossbars.  —  Margin  of  ponds, 


02  ELATINACE^.        ( WATER- WORT    FAMILY.) 

etc.,  N.  H.  to  111.,  Ya.,  and  south  westward.     Pod  very  thin  and  delicate ;  the 
seeds  large  in  proportion,  straightish. 

2.  E.  triandra,  Schkuhr.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  nearly  lanceolate; 
petals  and  stamens  commonly  3 ;  seeds  more  slender,  covering  the  axis  — 
Ponds,  111.,  Neb.,  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

3.  E,  braehysperma,  Gray.  Leaves  oblong  or  oval  with  narrowed 
base ;  flowers  mostly  dimerous ;  seeds  short-oblong,  with  6  or  7  longitudinal 
lines  and  10-12  crossbars.  —  111.  and  southwestward. 

Order  18.     HYPERICACE^gE.     (St.  John's-wort  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  dotted  leaves  and  no  stipides,  regular 
hypo gynous  flowers,  the  petals  mostly  oblique  and  convolute  in  the  bud,  and 
many  or  few  stamens  commonly  collected  in  3  or  more  clusters  or  bundles. 
Pod  1-celLed  with  2- b  parietal  piacentce,  and  as  many  styles,  or  S-7-ceUed 
by  the  union  of  the  piacentce  in  the  centre;  dehiscence  mostly  septicidal. — 
Sepals  4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals  4  or 
5,  mostly  deciduous.  Styles  persistent,  at  first  sometimes  united.  Seeds 
numerous,  small,  anatropous,  with  no  albumen.  Embryo  cylindrical. — 
Plants  with  a  resinous  juice,  dotted  with  pellucid  or  dark  glands,  usually- 
smooth.  Leaves  mostly  sessile.  Flowers  solitary  or  cymose. 
*  Petals  oblique,  convolute,  yellow ;  hypog3mous  glands  none. 

1.  A«5cjTUin.    Sepals  4,  in  2  verj-  unequal  pairs.     Petals  4.     Stamens  many,  distinct. 

2.  Hypericum.    Sepals  5,  alike.     Petals  5.    Stamens  usually  many  and  in  3  or  5  clusters. 
*  *  Petals  equal,  imbricate,  purplish;  glands  alternating  with  the  3  stamen-clusters. 

S.  Elodes.    Sepals  and  petals  5.     Stamens  usually  9.    Ovary  3-celled. 

1.  ASCYRUM,  L.  St.  Peter's-wort. 
Sepals  4 ;  the  two  outer  very  broad  and  leaf-like ;  the  inner  much  smaller. 
Petals  4,  oblique,  very  deciduous,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous; 
the  filaments  distinct  and  scarcely  in  clusters.  Pod  strictly  1-celled,  2-4- 
valved.  —  Low,  rather  shrubby,  smooth  plants,  with  pale  black-dotted  leaves, 
and  ueai-ly  solitary  liglit  yellow  flowers.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  some 
plant,  from  a-,  ivit/iont,  and  (XKvpos,  roughness) 

1.  A.  stans,  Michx.  (St.  Peter's-wort.)  Stem  rather  simple,  2-edged, 
1-2°  high,  stout;  leaves  oval  or  ohionq,  somewhat  clasping,  thickish;  flowers 
showy  ;  outer  sepals  round-cordate,  inner  lanceolate ;  petals  obovate ;  styles  3 
or  4.  —  Pine  barrens,  Long  Island  to  Penn.,  and  southward.     July,  Aug. 

2.  A,  Crux-AndreSB,  L.  (St.  Andrew's  Cross.)  Low,  much 
branched  and  decumbent;  leaves  narrowhj  obovate-oblong,  contracted  at  the 
base,  thin ;  petals  linear-oblong :  styles  2,  very  short ;  pod  flat.  —  Nantucket ; 
pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  S.  111.,  Neb.,  and  southward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Petals 
scarcely  exceeding  the  outer  sepals,  approaching  each  other  in  pairs  over 
them,  in  the  form  of  a  St.  Andrew's  cross. 

2.    HYPERICUM,    Tourn.        St.  John's-wort. 

SepaJs  5,  somewhat  equal.  Petals  5,  oblique,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens eommonly  united  or  clustered  in  3 -.5  parcels;  no  interposed  glands. 


HYPERICACEi*:.        (ST.   JoHN'.s-WOKT    FAMILY.)  93 

Pod  l-celled  or  3-5-celled.     Seeds  usually  ovliiidrical.  —  Herbs  or  shruhs,  with 
cymose  yellow  flowers.     (An  ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  meaning.) 

§  1.  Stamens  veri/  numerous,  5-adclphous ;  sti/les  5,  united  below,  the  stigmas 
capitate ;  pod  ^x-clled,  the  placenta:  turned  far  back  into  the  cells ;  peren- 
nial herb;  Jiowers  very  large. 

1.  H.  Ascyron,  L.  (Great  St.  Joiix's-wokt.)  Stems  2-5°  high; 
branches  2 -4-anglcd;  leaves  (2-5'  long)  ovate-oblong,  partly  clasping;  petals 
narrowly  obovate  (T  long),  not  deciduous  until  after  they  wither ;  ])od  J'  long, 
conical.  (II.  pyramidatum,  Ait.)  —  Banks  of  rivers.  New  Eng.  and  Tenn.  to 
Iowa  and  Minn.    July. 

§2.  Sta7nens  veri/  numerous,  obscurely  if  at  all  clustered;  styles  3  (n.  2  ex- 
cepted), more  or  less  united  into  one,  the  stigmas  not  capitate  except  in  n.  10; 
sepals  mostly  foliaceous. 

*  Bushy  shrubs,  1  -6°  high,  leafy  to  the  top. 
-*-  Styles  5 ;  pod  completely  5-cellcd. 

2.  H.  Kalmiknum,  L.  (Kalm's  St.  John's-wort.)  Branches  4- 
angled;  brauclilets  2-edge(l ;  leaves  crowded,  glaucous,  linear  to  oblanceolate 
(1-2'  long);  flowers  few  in  a  cluster  (1' wide) ;  pods  ovate. —  Wet  rocks, 
Niagara  Falls  and  northern  lakes.    Aug. 

■*-  -t-  Styles  3  ;  pod  completely  ^-celled. 

3.  H.  prolificum,  L.  (SnRCBnY  St.  John's-wort.)  Branchlets  2- 
edged;  leaves  narrinvly  oblong  (1-2'  long),  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the 
base;  flowers  numerous,  in  single  or  compound  clusters;  pods  lance<date  to 
ovate,  4-6"  long.  —  N.  J.  to  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  southward.  July -Sept. — 
Agarics  greatly  in  size,  etc. 

4.  H.  densifl6rum,  Pur-sh.  Exceedingly  branched  above,  1  -  6°  high, 
the  branches  slender  and  crowded  with  smaller  leaves;  flowers  smaller  (i- j' 
in  diameter)  and  more  numerous,  in  crowded  compound  cymes;  pod  2-3" 
long.  (H.  prolificum,  var.  densiflorum,  Cray.)  —  Pine  barrens  of  N.J.  to 
glades  of  Ky.,  Ark.,  and  southward. 

*  *  Perennial  herbs  or  a  litde  woody  at  the  base. 
•*-  Pod  incompletely  3-4-celled. 

5.  H.  galioides,  Lam.  Slender,  branching,  woody  below  ;  leaves  I inear- 
oblanceolate,  narrowed  downward,  ^-3'  long,  mostly  acute;  flowers  small  in 

^terminal  and  axillary  cymes ;  sepals  very  narrow,  1^-3"  long ;  pod  as  long, 
ovate.  —  Del.  to  Ga.  and  E.  Tenn. 

6.  H.  adpressum,  Barton.  Stem  simple,  herbaceous,  from  a  slightly 
woody  creeping  ha.^^e  (1-2°  high),  obscurely  4-angk'd  below  and  2-e(lged  abt)ve  ; 
leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  or  linear-ol)long,  often  acute,  thin;  cyme  terminal, 
leafy  at  the  base,  few-flowered;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  pods  ovoidH)lilong. — 
Moist  places,  Nantucket  and  P.  I.  to  Penn.,  and  soutinvestward.  July -Aug. 
—  Leaves  1^'  long.     Petals  bright  yellow,  3-5"  long. 

-t-  ■*-  Pod  l-celled  with  3  parietal  placetit(r. 

7.  H.  dolabrifdrme,  Vent.  Stems  branched  from  tlie  decumbent  base, 
woody  below  (6  -  20' high),  terete ;  leaves  lincar-ianceolate,  widely  spreading, 


94  HYPERICACE^.        (ST.   JOHN's-WORT    FAMILY.) 

veinless ;  cyme  leafy,  few-flowered ;  sepals  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  about  the 
length  of  the  very  oblique  petals  (5-6"  long) ;  pods  ovate-conical,  pointed,  the 
walls  very  thick  and  hard.  —  Dry  hills  and  rocks,  barrens  of  Ky.  and  Tenn. 
June  -  Aug. 

8.  H.  cistifolium,  Lam. !  Stems  mostly  simple,  herbaceous,  with  a 
somewliat  woody  base,  angled  with  4  very  narrow  salient  lines  (1  -2°  high) ; 
leaves  narrowly  oblong  to  nearly  linear  (1  -3'  long),  sessile  with  a  somewhat 
clasping  base;  the  cyme  naked,  compound,  usually  many-flowered;  sepals 
ovate;  pods  depressed-globular  or  ovoid-conical;  seeds  large,  oblong,  very 
rough-pitted.  (H.  sphaerocarpon,  Michx.)  —  llocky  river-banks,  S.  W.  Ohio, 
to  Iowa  and  southward.     July  -  Sept.  —  Flowers  small. 

9.  H.  ellipticum,  Hook.  Stem  simple,  herbaceous  (10-20' high),  ob- 
scurely 4-angled ;  leaves  spreading,  elliptical-oblong,  obtuse,  usually  narrower 
toward  the  subclasping  base,  thin ;  cyme  nearly  naked,  rather  few-flowered ; 
sepals  oblong;  pods  ovoid,  very  obtuse;  seeds  minutely  striate.  —  Wet  places, 
New  Eng.  and  Fenn.  to  Minn.,  and  northward.  July,  Aug.  —  Fetals  light 
yellow,  3"  long. 

10.  H.  virg^tum.  Lam.  Stem  slender,  strict,  simple,  sharply  4-angled, 
herbaceous  (1-2'^  high) ;  leaves  ascending,  opaque,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  (|-  -  F  long),  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base ;  cyme  compound,  naked,  the 
scattered  flowers  racemose  on  its  ascending  branches ;  sepals  herbaceous,  erect, 
enclosing  the  ovoid  pod;  styles  3,  separate,  with  capitate  stigmas.  (H.  angu- 
losum,  Michx.)  —  Wet  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  and  southward ;  Ky.    July  -  Sept. 

—  Petals  copper-yellow,  4  -  5''  long. 

§  3.    Stamens  very  many,  in  3  or  5  clusters ;  styles  3,  separate  and  usually  diverg- 
ing ;  pod  3-celled ;  calyx  erect ;  petals  and  anthers  ivith  black  dots ;  perennials. 

H.  PERFORA.TUM,  L,  (CoMMOx  St.  Joiix's-woRT.)  Stem  much  branched 
and  corymbed,  somewhat  2-edged  (producing  runners  from  the  base) ;  leaves 
elliptical-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  with  pellucid  dots;  petals  (deep  yellow) 
twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  acute  sepals ;  flowers  numerous,  in  open 
leafy  cymes.  —  Fields,  etc.  June -Sept.  —  Too  well  known  as  a  pernicious 
weed,  which  it  is  difficult  to  extirpate.     Juice  very  acrid.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

11.  H.  maeulatum,  Walt.  Conspicuously  marked  with  both  black  and 
pellucid  dots ;  stem  terete,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  oblong  or  lance-ovate, 
the  base  either  obtuse  or  somewhat  clasping;  floicers  croicded  (small) ;  petals 
pale  yelloio,  much  longer  than  the  oblong  sepals,  styles  mostly  not  longer  than 
the  pod.     (H.  corymbosum,  Muhl.)  —  Damp  places;   common.     July -Sept. 

—  Leaves  larger  and  flowers  much  smaller  than  in  the  last ;  petals  2-3"  long, 
marked  Avith  black  lines  as  well  as  dots.  The  ordinary  northern  form  differs 
from  the  typical  southern  one  in  the  shorter  style  and  the  more  oblong  less 
clasping  leaves. 

§  4.   Stamens  5-12,  distinct  or  in  3  clusters ;  pod  l-celled,  with  3  strictly  pari- 
etal placentce ;  styles  short,  distinct,  with  capitate  stigmas ;  petals  oblong  or 
linear;  sepals   narrow,  erect;  slender  annuals,  with   4-angular  branches; 
flowering  all  summer. 
*  Stem  simple  or  loosely  branched ;  leaves  linear  to  ovate,  spreading. 

12.  H.  mutilum,  L.  Stem  flaccid,  widely  branching  (6-20'  high); 
leaves  ovate  to  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  partly  clasping,  5-nerved ;  cymes  leafy; 


TERNSTRCEMIACE^.        (tEA    OR    CAMKI.I.IA    FAMILY.)  95 

flowers   2"  broad;    pods   ovatv-conical,  rather   hiKjcr   than    the    calyx.  —  Low 
grounds,  evervwliere. 

13.  H.  gymnanthum,  Engclm.  &  Gray.  Almost  siiiiple,  with  strict 
stem  and  branrhcs  (1  -.3°  high) ;  leaves  clasping,  heart-shaped,  acute  or  ()l)tusc  ; 
cyme  naked,  the  floral  leaves  reduced  to  small  awl-shapo(l  bracts;  in  aspect 
approaching  the  next.  (H.  mutilum,  var.  gymnanthum,  C/rai/.) — Del.  and 
Penn.  to  Minn.,  ami  southward. 

U.  H.  Canadense,  L.  Stem  strict  (6-ir/  high),  witli  the  branches 
erect ;  leaves  linear,  3-nerved  at  the  base,  obtuse ;  cymes  naked  ;  flowers  deep 
yellow,  2-3"  broad  when  expanded;  pods  conical-oblonr/,  usually  much  lonr/er 
than  the  calyx.  —  Wet,  sandy  soil ;  common.  June  -  Oct.  —  Var.  mXjus,  Gray, 
is  a  large  form,  1-2°  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves  \\'  long,  3"  wide,  the  upper 
acute.  L.  Superior,  Robhins ;  S.  New  York  and  southward.  —  Var.  minim i;m, 
Choi.s.,  a  simple  few-flowered  form,  1 -3' higli,  with  oblong  obtuse  leaves. 
On  wet  rocks.  Wise,  and  northward. 

»  *  Stems  fastigiately   branched;    leaves    linear   or    bract-like,   ascendinrj   or 

oppressed. 

15.  H.  Drumm6ndii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  and  the  mostly  alternate 
bushy  branches  rigid,  erect  (10-  18'  high) ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  nearly  erect, 
l-nerved  (3  -  9"  long) ;  flowers  scattered  along  the  upper  part  of  tlie  leafy 
branches,  short-pedicelled ;  pods  ovoid,  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  W.  111., 
Iowa,  Kan.,  and  southward,  in  dry  soil. 

16.  H.  nudieaule,  Walt.  (Orange-grass.  Pine-weed.)  Stem  and 
bushy  branches  thread-like,  wiry  (4 -9' high);  leaves  minute  awl-shaped  scales, 
oppressed ;  flowers  minute,  mostly  sessile  and  scattered  along  the  erect  branches  ; 
pods  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  (H.  Sarothra,  Michx.) 
—  Sandy  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  southward ;  common.    June  -  Oct. 

3.    !E  L  O  D  E  S,    Adans.        Marsh  St.  John's-wort. 

Sepals  5,  equal,  erect.  Petals  5,  equal-sided,  oblong,  naked,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  9  (rarely  more),  united  in  3  sets ;  the  sets  separated  by  as 
many  large  orange-colored  glands-  Pod  3-celled,  oblong ;  styles  distinct. — 
Perennial  herbs,  in  marshes  or  shallow  water,  with  small  close  clusters  of 
flesh-colored  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  at  the  summit  of  the  stem. 
(Name  eXuSrjs, growing  in  ?Ha?-s^('.s,  accidentally  changed  to  Elodj^a  by  Jussieu, 
wlio  was  followed  by  I'ursh,  etc.) 

1.  E.  campanul^ta,  Pursh.  Leaves  closely  srssile  or  clasping  by  a  broad 
ba.^e,  oblong  or  ovate,  very  obtuse;  filaments  united  below  the  michlle.  (IC. 
\  irginica,  Nutt.)  —  Common  in  .swamps;  1  -2°  high.     July,  Aug. 

2.  E.  petiol^ta,  Pursh.  Taller,  more  branching;  leaves  tapering  into 
a  short  petiole,  oblong  :  filaments  united  beyond  the  middle.  —  From  Va.  south 
and  westward. 

Order  19.     TEKNSTKa^3IlACE.T].     (Tea  or  Camellia 
Pa.mily.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  feather-veined  leaves,  and  no  .<?//;>- 
ules,  the  regular  Jlowers  hypogynous  and  polyandrous,  the  sepals  and  petals 


96  TERNSTR(EMIACE^.        (tEA    OR    CAMELLIA    FAMILY.) 

both  imbricated  in  cestivation,  the  stamens  more  or  less  united  at  the  base 
with  each  other  (inonadelphous  or  B-  5-adelphous)  and  with  the  base  of  the 
petals.  —  Anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Fruit  a  woody  3  -  5-celled  loculi- 
cidal  pod.  Seeds  few,  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Embryo  large,  with 
broad  cotyledons.  —  A  family  with  showy  flowers,  the  types  of  which  are 
the  well-known  Camellia  and  the  more  important  Tea  Plant, — rep- 
resented in  this  country  by  the  two  following  genera. 

1.    STUARTIA,    L. 

Sepals  5,  rarely  6,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Petals  5,  rarely  6,  obovate,  crenulate. 
Stamens  mouadelphous  below.  Pod  5-celled.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  crusta- 
ceous,  anatropous,  ascending.  Embryo  straight,  nearly  as  long  as  the  albumen  ; 
radicle  longer  than  the  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  with  membranaceous  deciduous 
oblong-ovate  serrulate  leaves,  soft-downy  beneath,  and  large  short-peduncled 
flowers  solitary  in  their  axils.     (Named  for  JoJm  Stuart,  Marquis  of  Bute.) 

1.  S.  Virginica,  Cav.  Petals  5,  white  (1'  long);  sepals  ovate;  style  1 ; 
stigma  5-toothed ;  pod  globular,  blunt ;  seeds  not  margined.  —  Woods,  Va., 
and  southward. 

2.  S.  pentagyna,  L'Her.  Leaves  larger,  5-6'  long ;  sepals  acute ;  petals 
often  6  ;  styles  5,  distinct ;  pod  angled,  pointed ;  seeds  wing-margined.  —  Moun- 
tains of  Ky.,  Car.,  and  southward, 

2.     GORDONIA,    Ellis.        Loblolly  Bay. 

Sepals  5,  rounded,  concave.  Petals  5,  obovate.  Stamens  5-adelphous,  one 
cluster  adhering  to  the  base  of  each  petal.  Style  1.  Pod  ovoid,  5-valved  ;  the 
valves  separating  from  the  persistent  axis ;  cells  2  -  8-seeded.  Seeds  pendulous. 
Embryo  straightish,  with  a  short  radicle,  and  thin  longitudinally  plaited  cotyle- 
dons. —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  and  showy  white  flowers  on  axillary 
peduncles.  (Dedicated  by  Dr.  Garden  to  his  "old  master,  Dr.  James  Gordon 
of  Aberdeen,"  and  by  Ellis  to  a  London  nurseryman  of  the  same  name.) 

1.  G.  Xjasianthus,  L.  (Loblolly  Bay.)  Leaves  coriaceous  and  per- 
sistent, lanceolate-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  minutely  serrate,  smooth  and 
shining ;  pod  pointed ;  seeds  winged  above.  —  Swamps  near  the  coast,  Va. 
and  southward.     May  -  July.  —  Petals  1 1'  long. 

Order  20.     MALVACE^.     (Mallow  Family.) 

Herhs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flowers,  the 
cab/x  oalvate  and  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  numerous  stamens  mena- 
delphous  in  a  column,  and  united  at  base  with  the  short  claws  of  the  petals, 
1-celled  anthers,  and  kidney-shaped  seeds.  —  Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  per- 
sistent, often  involucellate  with  a  whorl  of  bractlets  forming  a  sort  of 
exterior  calyx.  Petals  5.  Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  along  the 
top.  Pistils  several,  the  ovaries  united  in  a  ring  or  forming  a  several- 
celled  pod.  Seeds  with  little  albumen;  embryo  curved,  the  leafy  cotyle- 
dons variously  doubled  up.  —  Mucilaginous,  innocent  plants,  with  tough 
bark  and  palmately-veined  leaves.     Flower-stalks  with  a  joint,  axillary. 


MALVACILE.        (MALLOW    FA>nLT.)  9^ 

Tribe  I.     MAT.VEJE.     Columns  of  stamens  anthpr-bcaring  at  the  top.    Ovaries  an«l 

carpels  5  -  .<•  .n  more,  closely  united  in  a  rinj,'  aroiiii<l  a  central  axis,  from  which  they 
separate  after  ripening. 
*  Stigmas  occupying  the  inner  face  of  the  styles  ;  carpels  l-see<lod,  falling  away  scparilcly. 

1.  Althzea.    Involucel  of  G  to  9  bractlets. 

2.  Malva.    Involucel  of  3  bractlets.    Petals  obconlatc.    Carpels  rounded,  ln»Qklc«s. 

3.  Callirrhoe.     Involucel  of  1-  3  bractlets  or  none.     Petals  truncate.    Cari)«ls  Ix-akod. 

4.  Napsea.     Involucel  none     Flowers  dioecious.    Stamensfew  (15 -20).    Carpels  bcukless. 

»  *  Stigmas  terminal,  capitate;  carpels  1  - few-.seeded,  usually  dehiscent. 

5.  Malvastrum.    luvolucelof  3  bractlets  or  none.    Seed  solitary,  filling  the  cell,  ascending. 

6.  Si<1a<     Involucel  none.     Seed  solitary  in  the  cells,  pendulous. 

7.  Sphceralcea.    Bractlets  3.     Seeds  2  or  3  in  each  celL 

8.  Abutilon*     Involucel  none.     Seeds  3  -  9  in  each  cell. 

9.  Mofliola.    Bractlets  3.    Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  with  a  transverse  partition  between  them. 
Tribe  II.    HIBISCE>3S.    Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  for  a  considerabfo  part  of 

its  length,  naked  and  5-toothed  at  the  veiy  apex.     Pod  mostly  &-celled,  loculicidal, 
leaving  scarcely  any  axis  in  the  centre  after  opening. 

10.  Kosteletzkya.    Involucel  of  several  bractlets.     Pod  5-celled,  5-seeded. 

11.  Hibiscus.    Involucel  of  many  bractlets.     Pod  5-ceLled,  many-seeded. 

1.    ALTHiSA,    L.        Marsh-Mallow. 

Calyx  surrounded  by  a  6  -  9-cleft  involucel.  (Otherwise  as  in  Malva.  (Old 
Greek  and  Latin  name,  from  &\du},  to  cure,  in  allusion  to  its  healing  properties.) 

A.  officinXlis,  L.  (Marsh-Mallow.)  Stem  erect,  2-i°  hi^h;  leaves 
ovate  or  sliglitly  heart-shaped,  toothed,  sometimes  3-lobed,  velvety -downy ; 
peduncles  axillary,  many-flowered ;  flowers  pale  rose-color.  —  Salt  marshes, 
coast  of  N.  Kng.  and  N.  Y.  Aug.,  Sept. —  l^erennial  root  thick,  abounding 
in  mucilage,  the  basis  of  the  Pates  de  Guimauve.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.     MALVA,    L.     Mallow. 

CaJyx  wtth  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  the  base,  like  an  outer  calvx.  Petals  ob- 
cordate.  Styles  numerous,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side.  Fruit  deprtss.scd, 
separating  at  maturity  into  as  many  1 -seeded  and  indehiscent  round  kidney- 
shaped  blunt  carpels  as  there  are  styles,  Hadicle  ]K)inting  downward.  (An 
old  Latin  name,  from  the  Greek  name,  jxaKaxv,  having  allusion  to  the  eanol- 
lieut  leaves.) 

*  Flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils. 

M.  rotdndif6lia,  L.  (Commov  Mallow.)  Stems  procumhent  from  a 
deep  biennial  root ;  leaves  round-heart-shaped,  on  very  long  petioles,  rrenate, 
ol)scureli/-lohed ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  wliitish ;  carpels  pul>e9- 
cent,  even.  —  Waysides  and  cultivated  grounds;  common.     (Nat.  from  Ku.) 

M.  SYLVESTUis,  L.  (IlioH  M.)  Biennial;  strtn  erect,  branrhrd  (2-3° 
high);  leaves  sharpli/  r^-l-lohed ,-  petals  thrice  the  length  oi  the  calvx,  large, 
purple  and  rose-color;  carpels  wrinkled-veiny.  —  Waysi<les.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

M.  cnfsi'A,  L.  (CiRLKi)  M.)  A  tall,  erect  annual,  with  round  and  angled 
toothed  and  crisped  leaves,  and  small  sessile  Jloirers  crowded  in  tlie  axils. — 
Sparingly  escaped  from  old  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Lu.) 

*  *  Flowers  only  in  the  upper  axils,  somewhat  racemose  or  panicttlate. 

M.  moschXta,  L.  (Mi'SK  M.)  a  low  perennial,  with  the  strm-lcnves 
b-parted,and  the  divisions  once  or  twice  parted  or  rhft  into  linear  lobes,  faintly 
musky-scented,  the  //o«rrs  rose-color  or  white  (l^'in  diameter)  on  short  pe- 
duncles crowded  on  the  stem  and  branches,  the  fruit  downy.  —  Escaped  iiosti 
gardens  to  waysides.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

7 


98  MALVACEAE.        (mALLOW    FAMILY.) 

M.  Alcea,  L.,  with  the  stem-leaves  only  once  5-parted  or  cleft,  the  lobes 
incised,  large  flowers  like  the  last,  but  the  fruit  smooth,  and  bractlets  of  the 
involucel  ovate,  has  escaped  from  gardens.     (AdA".  from  Eu.) 

3.    CALLIRRHOE,    Niitt. 

Calyx  either  naked  or  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  its  base.  Petals  wedge- 
shaped  and  trimcate  (usually  red-purple).  Styles,  etc.,  as  in  Malva.  Carpels 
10-20,  straightish,  with  a  short  empty  beak,  separated  within  from  the  1- 
seeded  cell  by  a  narrow  projection,  indehiscent  or  partly  2-valved.  Radicle 
pointing  downward.  (Name  drawn  from  Greek  mythology.) 
*  Involucel  34eaved. 

1.  C.  triangulata,  Gray.  Hairy-pubescent;  stems  nearly  erect  (2° 
high)  from  a  fusiform  root ;  leaves  triangular  or  halberd-shaped,  or  the  lowest 
rather  heart-shaped,  coarsely  crenate ;  the  upper  incised  or  3  -  5-cleft ;  flowers 
panicled,  short-pedicelled  (purple) ;  involucel  as  long  as  the  5-cleft  5-nerved 
calyx ;  carpels  not  rugose.  —  Dry  prairies,  Ind.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

2.  C.  involucrata,  Gray.  Hirsute  or  hispid,  procumbent;  leaves 
rounded,  5-7-parted  or  -cleft,  the  segments  incisely  lobed ;  peduncles  elon- 
gated, 1-flowered;  calyx  5-parted,  the  lanceolate  3 -.5-nerved  sepals  twice  as 
Jong  as  the  involucel ;  petals  red  or  purplish ,  carpels  indehiscent,  rugose- 
reticulated.  —  Minn,  to  Tex. 

*  *  Involucel  none;  cali/x  5-parted;  carpels  stronrjhj  rugose. 

3.  C.  alcseoides,  Gray.  Strigose-pubescent ;  stems  slender  (1°  high), 
erect  from  a  perennial  root ;  lower  leaves  triangularlieart-shaped,  incised,  the 
upper  5-7-parted,  laciniatc,  the  uppermost  divided  into  linear  segments; 
flowers  (rose-color  or  white)  corymbose,  on  slender  peduncles.  —  Barren  oak- 
lands,  S.  Kv.  to  Kan.  and  Neb. 

4.  C.  digitata,  Nutt.  Sparsely  hirsute  or  glabrous,  erect;  leaves  few, 
round-cordate,  5-7-parted,  the  cauline  commonly  with  linear  divisions;  pe- 
duncles subracemose,  long,  filiform ;  flowers  red-purple  to  white.  —  Kan.  to 
Tex. 

4.    NAPJE3A,    Cla;y-t,        Glade  Mallow 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-toothed.  Petals  entire.  Floicers  dicecwns  ;  the 
staminate  flowers  destitute  of  pistils,  with  15-20  anthers;  the  fertile  with  a 
short  column  of  filaments  but  usually  no  anthers.  Styles  8-10,  stigmatic 
along  the  inside.  Fruit  depressed-globular,  separating  Avhen  ripe  into  as  many 
kidney-shaped  1 -seeded  beakless  and  scarcely  dehiscent  carpels  as  there  are 
styles.  Radicle  pointing  downward.  —  A  tall  roughish  perennial  herb,  with 
very  large  9-11-parted  lower  leaves,  the  pointed  lobes  pinnatifid-cut  and 
toothed,  and  with  small  white  flowers  in  panicled  clustered  corymbs.  (Named 
from  roTTTj,  a  glade  or  dell,  or,  poetically,  a  nymph  of  the  glades.) 

1.  W.  didica,  L.  Stems  nearly  simple,  5-9°  high.  —  Penn.  to  Va.,  and 
west  to  Iowa  and  Minn. ;  rare.    July. 

5.    MALVASTRUM,    Gray.        False  Mallow. 

Calyx  with  an  involucel  of  2  or  3  bractlets,  or  none.  Petals  notched  at  the 
end  or  entire.     Styles  5  or  more ;  stigmas  capitate.     Carpels  as  in  Malva,  or 


MALVACE.*:.        (mallow    FAMILY.)  99 

else  as  in  Sida,  but  the  solitary  kidney-sliapcd  seed  ascending  and  the  radicle 
pointing  downward,  as  in  the  former.     (Name  altered  from  Malva.) 

1.  M.  anglistum,  Gray.  Annual,  sliglitly  hairy,  erect  (G'-l^  high); 
leaves  huue-oMong  or  linear,  with  scattered  fine  callous  teeth;  (lowers  in  the 
upper  axils,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate-triangular  sepals; 
bractlets  and  stipules  setaceous;  petals  yellow,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calvx; 
carpels  5,  kidney -shaped,  smooth,  at  length  2-valved.  —  W.  Tenu.  to  Iowa 
and  Kan.     Aug. 

2  M.  COCCineum,  Gray.  Perennial,  low  and  hoary  ;  leaves  5-partcd  or 
pedate ,  dowers  in  short  sj)ikes  or  racemes,  the  pink-red  petals  verv  much 
longer  than  the  calyx;  carpels  10  or  more,  reticulated  on  the  sides  and  iude- 
hiscent.  —  Minn  to  W.  Tex.,  and  westward. 

6.    SlDA,    L. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base,  5-cleft.  Petals  entire,  usually  oblique.  Styles  5 
or  more,  tipped  with  capitate  stigmas ;  the  ripe  fruit  separating  into  as  many 
1-seeded  carpels,  which  are  closed,  or  commonly  2-valved  at  the  top,  and 
tardily  separate  from  the  axis.  Seed  pendulous.  Embryo  abruptly  bent; 
the  radicle  pointing  upward.     (A  name  used  by  Theophrastus.) 

1.  S.  Napaea,  Cav.  A  smooth,  tall  (4-10°  high)  perennial;  haves  3-7- 
clejl,  the  lobes  oblong  and  pointed,  toothed  ;  Jloicers  {white)  umbelJafe-cori/nihed, 
V  wide ;  carpels  10,  pointed.  —  Rocky  river-banks,  along  the  Alleghanies,  Penn. 
to  Va. ;  rare.     (Cultivated  in  old  gardens.) 

2.  S.  EUiottii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  smooth,  erect  perennial  (1-4°  high); 
leaves  lined}-,  serrate,  short-petioled ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  short; 
flowers  (i/e/low)  rather  large;  carpels  9-10,  slightly  and  abruptly  pointed, 
forming  a  depressed  fruit.  —  Sandy  soil,  S.  Va.  and  southward.     May -Aug. 

S.  spiNosA,  L.  Annual  weed,  minutely  and  softly  pubescent,  low  (10-20' 
high),  mucli  branched;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oWo??*/,  serrate,  rather  long- 
petioled ;  i)eduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petiole ;  /A»«t/s 
\yellow)  small ;  carpels  .5,  combined  into  an  ovate  fruit,  each  splitting  at  the 
top  into  2  beaks.  —  A  little  tubercle  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  on  the  stronger 
plants  gives  the  si)ecitic  name,  but  it  cannot  be  called  a  spine.  —  Waste  places, 
S.  New  York  to  Iowa,  and  common  southward.     (Nat.  from  the  tropics.) 

7.    SPH^RALCEA,    St.  Ilil. 

Ovules  and  seeds  usually  2  or  3  in  each  cell.  Cliaracters  otherwise  as  in 
Malvastrum.  (Name  from  acpalpa,  a  sphere,  ixixd  dhKia,  a  mallow  —  from  the 
commonly  spherical  fruit.) 

1.  S.  acerifblia,  Nutt.  Perennial,  erect,  2-6°  high,  stellately  pubescent 
or  glal)rate;  leaves  maple-.shaped,  3- 7-c left ;  flowers  clustered  in  the  upper 
axils  and  subspicate,  rose-color  to  white.  —  Kankakee  Co.,  111.,  £.  J.  Hill ;  Dak. 
and  westward. 

8.     ABtlTILON,      lourn.         Indian  M.vi.r.ow'. 

Carpels  2-9-8eeded,  at  length  2-valved.  Radicle  ascending  or  pointing  in- 
ward.    Otherwise  as  in  Sida.     (Name  of  unknown  origin.) 

A.  AviCENN.T-:,  Gaertn.  (Vei.vet-Lkak.)  Tall  annual  (4°  high) ;  leaves 
roundish-heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  velvety  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaf- 
stalks ;  corolla  yellow  ;  carpels  12-15,  hairy,  bieaked.  —  Waste  places,  escaped 
from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Inrlia.) 


100  MALVACEAE,        ( MALLOW    FAMILY.) 

9.    MODiOLA,    Moench. 

Calyx  with  a  3-leaved  involucel.  Petals  obovate.  Stamens  1 0  -  20.  Stigmas 
capitate.  Carpels  14-20,  kidney-shaped,  pointed,  and  at  length  2-valved  at  the 
top ;  the  cavity  divided  into  tAVO  by  a  cross  partition,  with  a  single  seed  in  each 
cell.  —  Humble,  procumbent  or  creeping  annuals  or  biennials,  with  cut  leaves 
and  small  purplish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.  (Name  from  modiolus,  the  broad 
and  depressed  fruit  resembling  in  shape  the  Eoman  measure  of  that  name.) 

1.  M.  multifida,  Moench.  Hairy ;  leaves  3  -  5-cleft  and  incised;  stamens 
15-20;  fruit  hispid  at  the  top.  —  Low  grounds,  Va.  and  southward. 

10.    KOSTELETZKYA,    Presl. 

Pod  depressed,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell.  Otherwise  as  Hibiscus. 
(Named  after  V.  F.  Kosteletzky,  a  Bohemian  botanist.) 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Gray.  Roughish-hairy  perennial  (2  -  4°  high) ;  leaves 
halberd-shaped  and  heart  slipped,  the  lower  3-lobed;  corolla  2'  wide,  rose- 
color;  column  slender.  —  L^dshes  on  the  coast,  N.  Y.  and  southward.    Aug. 

11.    HIBISCUS,    L.        Eose-Mallow. 

Calyx  involucellate  at  the  base  by  a  row  of  numerous  bractlets,  5-cleft. 
Column  of  stamens  long,  bearing  anthers  for  much  of  its  length.  Styles 
united ,  stigmas  5,  capitate.  Fruit  a  5-celled  loculicidal  pod.  Seeds  several 
or  many  in  each  cell.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  with  large  and  showy 
flowers.     (An  old  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

*  Indigenous  tall  perennials  (4-8°  high),  flower inxj  late  in  summer. 

1.  H.  MoscheiltOS,  L.  (Swamp  Rose-Mallow\)  Zeai-es  oraff,  pointed, 
toothed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  the  uppermost  oblong-lanceolate,  all  whitened  under- 
neath with  a  fine  soft  down,  glabrous  or  slightly  downy  above;  the  1-flowered 
peduncles  sometimes  united  at  the  base  with  the  petioles;  bractlets  not  hairy; 
calijx  not  inflated;  pod  and  seeds  smooth  or  nearly  so.  —  Brackish  marshes 
along  the  coast,  from  E.  ]\Iass.  southward,  and  lake  shores  and  swamps  west- 
ward to  111.  and  Mo.,  especially  Avithin  the  influence  of  salt  springs.  —  Corolla 
5-6'  in  diameter,  light  rose-color  or  white,  with  or  without  a  crimson  eye. 

2.  H.  lasiocarpus,  Cav.  Leaves  soft-downy  both  sides,  the  lower  broadly 
ovate  and  heart-shaped ;  bractlets  ciliate ;  pod  hirsute ;  —  otherwise  resembling 
the  last.     (H.  grandiflorus,  Michx.)  —  Ind.  to  Mo.,  and  southward. 

3.  H.  militkris,  Cav.  (Halberd-Leaved  R.)  Smooth  throughout;  lower 
leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  toothed,  3-lobed ;  upper  leaves  halherd-form,  the  short 
lateral  lobes  spreading  at  the  base,  the  middle  one  prolonged  and  taper-pointed ; 
peduncles  ^\en(\er ',  fruiting  cali/x  inflated;  seeds  hairy.  —  River-banks,  Penn. 
to  Minn.,  and  southward.  —  Corolla  2-3'  long,  flesh-color  with  purple  base. 

*  *  Escaped  from  gardens  or  grounds. 

H.  Tri6num,  L.  (Bladder  Ketmia.)  A  low,  rather  hairg  annual ;  upper 
leaves  3-parted,  with  lanceolate  divisions,  the  middle  one  much  the  longest ; 
fruiting  cali/x  inflated,  membranaceous,  5-tcinged  ;  corolla  sulphur-yellow  with  a 
blackish  eye,  ephemeral ;  hence  the  name  flower-of-an-hour.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

H.  SYRiACrs,  L.  (Shrttbbv  Alth.i:a  of  gardeners.)  Tall  shrub,  smooth; 
leaves  wedge-ovate,  pointed,  cut-toothed  or  lobed ;  corolla  usually  rose-color. 
—  Escaped  rarely  from  cultivation,  Penn.,  etc.     Sept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


LINAGES.        (FLAX    FAMILY.)  101 

Order  21.     TIJLIACE^.     (Linden  Family.) 

Trees  {rarely  herbs),  with  the  mucilacjinous  properties,  fibrous  bark; 
validate  calyx,  etc.,  of  the  Mallow  Family;  but  the  sepals  deciduous,  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  stamens  usually  polyadelphous,  and  the  anthers 
2-celled.     Represented  in  Northern  regions  only  by  the  genus, 

1.     TIL  I  A,    Tourn.        Lindkn.     Basswood. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  spatulate-oblong.  Stamens  numerous ;  filaments  coher- 
ing in  5  clusters  with  each  otlier  (in  European  species),  or  with  tlie  base  of  a 
spatulate  petal-like  body  placed  opposite  each  of  the  real  petals,  rintil  with 
a  5-celled  ovary,  and  2  half-anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell,  a  single  style,  and  a 
5-toothed  stigma.  Fruit  dry  and  woody,  indehiscent-glol)ular,  becoming  1- 
celled  and  1  -2-seeded.  Embryo  in  hard  albumen ;  cotyledons  broad  and  thin, 
5-1  'bed,  crumpled.  —  Fine  trees,  with  soft  and  white  wood,  very  fibrotLS  and 
tough  inner  bark,  more  or  less  heart-shaped  and  serrate  alternate  leaves  (ob- 
lique and  often  truncate  at  the  base),  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  cymes  of 
flowers,  hanging  on  an  axillary  peduncle  which  is  united  to  a  ligulate  mem- 
branaceous bract.  Flowers  cream-color,  honey-bearing,  fragrant.  (The  clas- 
sical Latin  name.) 

1.  T.  Americana,  L.  (Basswood.)  Leaves  large,  green  and  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  tliickisli ;  floral  bract  usually  tapering  at  base;  fruit  ovoid. — 
Rich  woods.  May,  June.  —  Here  rarely  called  Lime-tree,  oftener  White-wood, 
commonly  Basswood ;  the  latter  name  now  obsolete  in  England. 

2.  T.  pubescens,  Ait.  Leaves  smaller  (2-3'  long),  thinner,  and  rather 
pubescent  beneath ;  floral  In-act  usually  rounded  at  base ;  fruit  globose,  snuUlcr 
(3"  broad).  (T.  Americana,  var.  pubescens,  Man.)  —  N.  Y.  to  Fla..,  and  west^ 
ward. 

3.  T.  heteroph^lla,  Vent.  (White  Basswood.)  Learea  larger, 
smooth  and  bright  green  above,  silvery -whitened  with  a  fine  down  oudorncath. 
—  Mountains  of  Penn.  to  S.  III.,  and  southward. 

T.  EuROP/EA,the  European  Linden, several  varieties  of  which  are  planted 
in  and  near  our  cities  for  shade,  is  at  once  distinguished  from  any  narive  spe- 
cies by  the  absence  of  the  petal-like  scales  among  the  stamens.  This  tree  (the 
Lin)  gave  the  family  name  to  Linnaus. 

Order  22.      LINACEiE.      (Flax  Family.) 

Herbs  {rarely  shrubs)  with  the  reyular  and  symmetrical  hyf/ofjynous 
flowers  4  -  ^-merows  throughout,  strongly  imbricated  calyx  and  convnluie 
petals,  5  stamens  monadelphous  at  base,  and  an  H-lO-seftlrd  pod,  having 
twice  as  many  cells  as  there  are  styles.     Represented  by  the  genus, 

1.  LINUM,  Tourn.  Flax. 
Sepals  (persistent),  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5,  regularly  alternate  witli  each 
other.  Pod  of  5  united  carpels  (into  which  it  sjdits  in  dehiscence)  and  5-celled, 
with  2  seeds  hanging  from  the  summit  of  each  cell,  which  is  partly  or  completely 
divided  into  two  by  a  falso  partition  i)rojecting  from  the  back  of  the  carpel, 
the  pod  thud  becoming  10-celled.     Seeds  auatropous,  mucilaginous,  flattened. 


102  LINAGES.        (flax    FAMILY.) 

containing  a  large  embryo  with  plano-convex  cotyledons.  —  Herbs,  with  tough 
fibrous  bark,  simple  and  sessile  entire  leaves  (alternate  or  often  opposite),  with- 
out stipules,  but  often  with  glands  in  their  place,  and  with  corymbose  or  pani- 
cled  flowers.     Corolla  usually  ephemeral.     (The  classical  name  of  the  Flax.) 
*  Flowers  rather  small,  yellow ;  glabrous,  1-2°  high. 

1.  L.  Virginianum,  L.  Stem  erect  from  the  base  and  with  the  corym- 
bose spreading  or  recurving  branches  terete  and  even ;  no  stipular  glands ; 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate  and  often  opposite ;  flowers 
scattered,  small  (barely  3''  long) ;  sepals  ovate,  pointed,  smooth-edged  or 
nearly  so,  equalling  the  depressed  10-celled  pod ;  styles  distinct.  —  Dry  woods; 
common.  —  Boot  apparently  annual;  but  the  plant  propagates  by  suckers 
from  the  base  of  the  stem. 

L.  FloridXxum,  Trelease,  of  rather  stricter  habit  and  the  pods  broadly 
ovate  and  obtuse,  appears  to  have  been  found  in  S.  111. 

2.  L.  striatum,  Walt.  Stems  gregarious,  erect  or  ascending  from  a 
creeping  or  decumbent  base,  slightly  viscid,  and  with  the  mostly  racemose 
short  branches  striate  with  about  4  sharp  xving-like  angles  decurrent  from  the 
leaves ;  these  broader  than  in  the  last,  and  mostly  oblong,  usually  with  all  the 
lower  ones  opposite ;  flowers  more  crowded ;  sepals  scarcely  equalling  the  very 
small  subglobose  brownish  pod;  otherwise  nearly  as  n.  1.  —  Wet  or  boggy 
grounds,  E.  Mass.  to  Lakes  (3ntario  and  Huron,  111.,  and  southward. 

3.  L.  sulcatum,  Eiddell.  Stem  strictly  erect  from  an  annual  root,  and 
with  the  upright  or  ascending  branches  wing-angled  or  grooved;  leaves  al- 
ternate, linear,  acute,  the  upper  subulate  and  glandular-serrulate ;  a  pair  of 
dark  glands  in  place  of  stipules ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  and  sharp-pointed, 
strongly  3-nerved  and  with  rough-bristly-glandular  margins,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  ovoid-globose  incompletely  10-celled  pod;  sti/les  united  almost  to  the 
middle.  —  Dry  soils,  E.  Mass.  to  Minn.,  and  southwestward.  —  Flowers  and 
pods  twice  as  large  as  in  the  preceding. 

4.  L.  rigidum,  Pursh.  Glaucous,  sometimes  slightly  puberulent,  often 
loAv  and  cespitose,  the  rigid  branches  angled  ,  leaves  narrow,  erect,  usually 
with  stipular  glands ;  floAvers  large ;  sepals  lanceolate,  glandular-serrulate ; 
styles  united;  capsule  ovoid,  5-valved.  —  Minn,  to  Kan.,  and  southward. 

*  *  Flowers  large,  blue. 

5.  L.  perdnne,  L.,  var.  Lewisii,  Eat.  &  Wright.  Perennial,  glabrous 
and  glaucous,  1  -  3°  high ;  leaves  linear,  acute ;  flowers  rather  few  on  long 
peduncles ;  sepals  obtuse  or  acutish,  not  glandular-serrulate ;  styles  distinct ; 

I  pod  ovate.  —  Minn,  to  Neb.,  and  Avestward,     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

L.  usiTAxfssiMUM,  L.  (CoMMON  Flax.)  Annual;  stem  corymbosely 
branched  at  top;  sepals  acute,  ciliate.  —  Occasionally  spontaneous  in  fields. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Order  23.     GERAKIACE^.     (Geranium  Family.) 

Plants  (chiefly  herbs)  with  perfect  and  generally  symmetrical  hypogynous 
flowers ;  ike  stamens,  counting  sterile  filaments^  as  many  or  commonly  twice 
as  many,  and  the  lobes  or  cells  (1  -few-ovuled)  of  the  ovary  as  many,  as 
the  sepals,  the  axis  of  the  dry  fruit  persisting.  —  Seeds  without  albumen 


GERANIACE.*:.        ((iERANILM    FAMILY.)  103 

except  in  Oxalis.  Flowers  mostly  5-merons  and  the  sepals  usually  dis- 
tinct. Leaves  never  punctate.  An  order  not  easily  defnu-d,  and  includ- 
ing several  stron;jjly  marked  tribes  or  suborders  which  have  been  rcarded 
by  many  botanists  as  distinct. 

Tribe  I.  GERANIK^.  (Geranium  Family  proper.)  Flowers  regular,  5-Tneron«.  the 
sepals  iiiibiitato  in  the  bud,  persistent.  Glnixls  of  the  disk  5,  alternate  witli  the  petals. 
Stamens  somewliat  united.  Ovary  deeply  lobed;  carpels  5,  2-ovuled,  1-seeded,  sepa- 
rating elastically  with  their  long  styles,  when  mature,  from  the  elongated  axis.  Co- 
tyledons plicate,  incumbent  on  the  radicle.  —  Herbs  (our  species)  with  more  or  less 
lobed  or  divided  leaves,  stipules,  and  astringent  roots. 

1.  Geranium.    Stamens  with  anthers  10,  rarely  5.     The  recurving  bases  of  the  styles  or 

tails  of  the  carpels  in  fruit  naked  inside. 

2.  £ro(liuni.    Stamens  with  anthers  ouly  5.    Tails  of  the  carpels  in  fruit  bearded  inside, 

often  spirally  twisted. 
Tribe  II.  L-IMNANTHE^.  Flowers  regular,  .3-merous  (in  Floerkea),  the  persistent 
sepals  valvate.  Glands  alternate  with  the  petals.  Stamens  distinct.  Carpels  nearly 
distinct,  with  a  common  style,  1-ovuled,  1-seeded,  at  length  fleshy  and  indehiscent,  not 
beaked,  separating  from  the  very  short  axis.  Embryo  straight ;  cotyledons  very  thick  ; 
radicle  very  short.  —  Low  tender  annuals,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves  and  no 
stipules. 

3.  Floerkea.    Sepals,  minute  pistils,  and  lobes  of  the  ovary  3  ;  stamens  6. 

Tribe  III.  OXALIDE^.  (Sorrel  Family  )  Flowersregular,5-merous,  the  persist- 
ent sepals  imbricate.  Glands  none.  Stamens  10,  often  united  at  base.  Stigmas  capi- 
tate. Fruit  a  5-cclled  loculicidal  pod  (in  Oxalis);  cells  2 -several-seeded.  Embryo 
straight,  in  a  little  fleshy  albumen.  —  Leaves  compound  (3-foliolate  in  our  species); 
juice  sour. 

4.  Oxalis.    Styles  5,  separate.     Pod  oblong  ;  the  valves  not  falling  away.    Leaflets  usually 

obcordate. 

Tribe  TV.  BAI.SAM:INE.<E.  (Balsam  Family.)  Flowers  irregular  (.5-merous  a.s  to 
the  stamens  and  pistil),  the  petals  and  colored  sepals  fewer  in  number,  deciduous,  the 
larger  sepal  with  a  large  sac  or  spur.  Glands  none.  Stamens  5,  distinct,  short.  Fruit 
a  fleshy  5-ceUed  pod  (in  Impatiens) ;  cells  several-seeded.  Embryo  straight.  —  Tender 
and  very  succulent  herbs,  with  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

5.  Impatiens*    Lateral  petals  unequally  2-lobed.     Pod  bursting  elastically  into  5  valves. 

1.     GERANIUM,     Tourn.        Cranesdill, 

Stamens  10  (sometimes  only  5  in  n.  3),  all  with  perfect  anthers,  the  5  lnnc:er 
with  glands  at  their  base  (alternate  with  the  petals).  Styles  smooth  in.sidc  in 
fruit  when  they  separate  from  the  axis.  —  Stems  forking.  Peduncles  1-3- 
flowered,  (An  old  Greek  name,  from  y4pai>os,  a  crane;  the  long  fruit-bearing 
beak  thought  to  resemble  the  bill  of  that  bird.) 

*  Root  stock  perennial. 

1.  G.  macul^tum,  L.  (Wild  Craxesbill.)  Stem  erect,  hairy  ;  leaves 
about  5-parted,  the  wedge-shaped  divisions  lobed  and  cut  at  the  end ;  sepals 
slender-pointed;  petals  entire,  light  purple,  bearded  on  the  claw  {^  long)-  — 
Open  woods  and  fields.  April -July.  —  Leaves  somewhat  blotched  with 
whitish  as  they  grow  old. 

-*  *  Root  biennial  or  annual ;  Jlou-ers  small. 
-*-  Leaves  ternatcli/  much-dissected  ;  heavi/  scented. 

2.  G.  Roberti^num,  L.  (Herb  Robert.)  Sparsely  hairy,  diffuse, 
Btrong-scented ;  leaves  3-divided  or  pedately  5-divided.  the  divi.«;ions  twice  pin- 


104  GERANIACE^.   (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

natifid ;  sepals  awned,  shorter  than  the  (red-purple)  petals ;  carpels  wrinkled ; 
seeds  smooth.  —  Moist  woods  and  shaded  ravines ;  N.  Eng.  to  Mo.,  and  north- 
ward.   June  -  Oct.     (Eu.) 

-1-  -t-  Leaves  palmately  lohed  or  dissected. 

3.  G.  Carolini^num,  L.  Stems  at  first  erect,  diffusely  branched  from 
the  base,  hairy ;  leaves  about  5-parted,  the  divisions  cleft  and  cut  into  numerous 
oblong-linear  lobes  ;  peduncles  and  pedicels  short ;  sepals  aicn-pointed ,  as  long 
as  the  emarginate  (pale  rose-colored)  petals ;  carpels  hair\' ;  seeds  ovoid-oblong, 
very  minutely  reticulated.  —  Barren  soil  and  waste  places;  common.  May- 
Aug.  —  Depauperate  forms,  except  by  the  seeds,  are  hardly  distinguishable 
from 

G.  DissECTUM,  L.  More  slender  and  spreading,  with  narrower  lobes  to 
the  crowded  leaves,  and  smaller  red-purple  petals  notched  at  the  end ;  seeds 
short-ovoid  or  globular,  Jinely  and  deeply  pitted.  —  Waste  grounds,  rare.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

G.  rotundif6lium,  L.  With  the  habit  of  the  next  but  the  fruit  and  seed 
of  the  lavSt ;  villous  with  long  white  hairs  tipped  with  purple  glands ;  leaves 
Bhort-lobed.  —  Rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

G.  PUSiLLUM,  L.  Stems  procumbent,  slender,  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves 
rounded  kidney-form,  5  -  7-parted,  the  divisions  wedge-shaped,  mostly  3-lobed ; 
sepals  aimless,  about  as  long  as  the  (purplish)  petals;  stamens  5  ;  fruit  pubes- 
cent; seeds  smooth.  —  Waste  places,  Mass.  to  Penn. ;  rare.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

G.  MOLLE,  L.  Like  the  last ;  more  pubescent ;  flowers  dark  purple ;  sta- 
mens 10;  carpels  transversely  wrinkled;  seed  slightly  striate.  —  Occasionally 
spontaneous.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

G.  coLUMBiNUM.  (LoKG-STALKED  C)  Miuutely  hairy,  with  very  slender 
decumbent  stems ;  leaves  5  -  7-parted  and  cut  into  narrow  linear  lobes ;  pe- 
duncles and  pedicels  Jill  form  and  elongated  ;  sepals  awned,  about  equalling  the 
purple  petals,  enlarging  after  flowering;  carpels  glabrous;  seeds  nearly  as  in 
G.  dissectum.  —  Karely  introduced ;  Penn.  and  southward.  June,  July.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

G.  SiBfRicuM,  L.  Slender,  repeatedly  forked,  short-villous  ;  leaves  3-cleft 
with  serrate  divisions;  flowers  dull-white,  mostly  solitary ;  sepals  awned  ;  seeds 
minutely  reticulate.  —  Kare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  ERODIUM,    L'Her.        Storksbill. 

The  .5  shorter  stamens  sterile  or  wanting.  Styles  in  fruit  twisting  spirally, 
bearded  inside.     Otherwise  as  Geranium.     (Name  from  ipwhios,  a  heron.) 

E.  cicutXrium,  L'Her.  Annual,  hairy;  stems  low,  spreading;  stipules 
acute  ;  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  sessile,  1  -  2-pinnatifid  ;  peduncles  several- 
flowered. —  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  etc. ;  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  FLCERKEA,     Willd.        False  Mermaid. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  oblong.  Stamens  6.  OA-aries  3, 
opposite  the  sepals,  united  only  at  the  base ;  the  style  rising  in  the  centre ; 
stigmas  3.  Fruit  of  3  (or  1  -  2)  roughish  fleshy  achenes.  Seed  anatropous, 
erect,  filled  by  the  large  embryo  with  its  hemispherical  fleshy  cotyledons.  — 
A  small  and  inconspicuous  annual,  with  minute  solitary  flowers  on  axillary 
peduncles.     (Named  after  Floerke,  a  German  botanist.) 

1-  F.  proserpinacoides,  Willd.  Leaflets  3  -  5,  lanceolate,  sometimes 
2 -3-cleft.  —  Marshes  and  river-banks,  W.  New  Eng.  to  Penn.,  Ky.,  Wise, 
and  westward.     April -June.    Taste  slightly  pungent. 


GERANIACE.f:.        (GERANIUM    FAMILY.)  lO.J 

4.     dXALIS,     L.        Woor>-SoRREL. 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  sometimes  uuitcd  at  base,  witheriii"'  after 
expausiou.  Stamens  10,  usually  monadelphous  at  base,  alternately  shorter. 
Styles  5,  distinct.  Tod  oblong,  membranaceous,  5-celled,  more  or  less  5-lobed, 
each  cell  opening  on  the  back ;  valves  persistent,  being  fixed  to  the  axis  by 
the  partitions.  Seeds  2  or  more  in  each  cell,  pendulous  from  the  axis,  ana- 
tropous,  their  outer  coat  loose  and  separating.  Embryo  large  and  straight  in 
fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  sour  watery  juice,  alternate  or 
radical  leaves,  mostly  of  3  obcordate  leaflets,  which  close  and  drooj)  at  night- 
fall. Several  species  produce  small  peculiar  flowers,  precociously  fertilized  in 
the  bud  and  particularly  fruitful;  and  tlie  ordinary  flowers  are  often  dimor- 
phous or  even  trimorphous  in  the  relative  length  of  the  stamens  and  styles. 
(Name  from  o^vs,  sour.) 

*  Stemles'i  perennials  ;  leax^^s  and  scapes  arisinrj  from  a  rootstork  or  bulb  ;  leaflets 

broadly  obcordate  ;  flowers  nearly  V  broad ;  cells  of  the  pod  few-seeded . 

1.  O.  Acetosdlla,  L.  (Common  Wood-Sorrel.)  Rootstock  creeping 
and  scaly-toothed;  scape  \ flowered  (2-5'  high);  petals  white  with  reddish 
veins,  often  notched.  —  Deep  cold  woods,  Mass.  to  Penn.,  L.  Superior,  and 
northward;  also  southward  in  the  A lleghanies.     June.      (Eu.) 

2.  O.  Viol^cea,  L.  (Violet  AV.)  Nearly  smooth;  bulb  scaly;  scapes 
umbellately  se^-eral flowered  (.5-9'  high),  longer  than  the  leaves;  petals  violet. 
—  Rocky  places  and  open  woods ;  most  common  southward.     May,  June. 

*  *  Stems  leafy,  branching;  peduncles  axillary ;  flowers  yellow;  cells  several- 

seeded. 

3.  O.  COmicul^ta,  L.  (Yellow  W.)  Annual  or  perennial  by  running 
subterranean  shoots,  erect  or  procumbent,  strigose-pubescent ;  stipules  round 
or  truncate,  ciliate ;  peduncles  2  -  6-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  pods 
elongated,  erect  in  fruit.  —  Rare ;  on  ballast,  etc. ;  indigenous  in  Mo.  (Bush), 
and  southwestward.     (Cosmopolitan.) 

Var.  striata,  Sav.  Stem  erect,  somewhat  glabrous  to  very  villous ;  stipules 
none.     (O.  stricta, //.)  —  Common.     May -Sept.     Varies  greatly. 

4.  O.  reciirva,  Ell.  Like  var.  stricta  of  n.  3;  leaflets  larger  (i-l^ 
broad),  usually  witli  a  brownish  margin;  flowers  larger  (6-8"  long).  —  Penn. 
to  S.  111.,  and  southward. 

5.    I  MP  ATI  ENS,    L.        Balsam.    Jewel-weed. 

Calyx  and  corolla  colored  alike  and  not  clearly  distinguishable.  Sepals 
apparently  only  4 ;  the  anterior  one  notched  at  the  apex  and  probably  con- 
sisting of  two  combined ;  the  posterior  one  (appearing  anterior  as  the  flower 
hangs  on  its  stalk)  largest,  and  forming  a  spurred  sac.  Petals  2,  unequal- 
sided  and  2-lobed  (each  consisting  of  a  pair  united).  Stamens  5,  short;  fila- 
ments appendaged  with  a  scale  on  the  inner  side,  the  5  scales  connivent  and 
united  over  the  stigma;  anthers  opening  on  the  inner  face.  Ovary  ii-celled; 
Btigma  sessile.  Pod  with  evanescent  partitions,  and  a  thick  axis  bearing  sev- 
eral anatropous  seeds,  .5-valved,  the  valves  coiling  elastically  and  projecting 
the  seeds  in  bursting.  Embryo  straiglit;  albumen  none.  —  Ecaves  simple, 
alternate,  without  stipules,  in  our  species  ovate  or  oval,  coarsely  toothed,  peti- 


106  GERANIACE^.   (GERANIUM  FAMILY.) 

oled.  Flowers  axillary  or  panicled,  often  of  two  sorts,  viz.,  —  the  larger 
ones,  which  seldom  ripen  seeds ;  —  and  very  small  ones,  which  are  fertilized 
early  in  the  bud ;  their  floral  envelopes  never  expand,  but  are  forced  off  by 
the  growing  pod  and  carried  upward  on  its  apex.  (Name  from  the  sudden 
bursting  of  the  pods  when  touched,  whence  also  the  popular  appellation,  Touch- 
me-not,  or  Snap-weed.) 

1.  I.  pallida,  Xutt.  (Pale  Touch-me-not.)  Floicers  pale-fellow,  spar- 
ingly dotted  with  brownish-red ;  sac  dilated  and  very  obtuse,  broader  than  long, 
tipped  with  a  short  incurved  spur.  —  Moist  shady  places  and  along  rills,  in 
rich  soil ;  most  common  northward.  July  -  Sept.  —  Larger  and  greener  than 
the  next,  with  larger  flowers,  and  less  frequent. 

2.  I.  fiilva,  Nutt.  (Spotted  Touch-me-not.)  Flowers  orange-color, 
thickly  spotted  with  reddish-brown ;  sac  longer  than  broad,  acutely  conical,  ta- 
pering into  a  strongly  inflexed  spur  half  as  long  as  the  sac.  —  Rills  and  shady 
moist  places  ;  common,  especially  southAvard.  June  -  Sept.  —  Plant  2-4°  high ; 
the  flowers  loosely  panicled,  hanging  gracefully  on  their  slender  nodding 
stalks,  the  open  mouth  of  the  cornucopite-shaped  sepal  upward.  Spur  rarely 
wanting.     Spotless  forms  of  both  species  occur. 

Order  24.     RUTACE^E.     (Rue  Family.) 

Plants  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  dotted  with  pellucid  glands  and 
abounding  with  a  pungent  or  bitter- aromatic  acrid  volatile  oil,  producing 
hypogynous  almost  always  regular  Z-b-merous  flowers,  the  stamens  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  (I'arely  more  numerous')  ;  the  2-5  pistils  sep- 
arate or  combined  into  a  compound  ovary  of  as  many  cells,  raised  07i  a  pro- 
longation of  the  receptacle  (gynophore)  or  glandular  disk.  —  Embryo  large, 
curved  or  straight,  usually  in  fleshy  albumen.  Styles  commonly  united 
or  cohering,  even  Avhen  the  ovaries  are  distinct.  Fruit  usually  capsular. 
Leaves  alternate  or  opposite.  Stipules  none.  —  A  large  family,  chiefly 
of  the  Old  AVorld  and  the  southern  hemisphere;  our  two  indigenous 
genera  are 

1.  Xaiithoxyliim.    Flowers  dioecious  ;  ovaries  3-5,  separate,  forming  fleshy  pods. 

2.  Ptelea.    Flowers  polygamous ;  ovary  2-celled,  forming  a  samara,  like  that  of  Elm. 

1.    XANTHOXYLUM,    L.        Prickly  Ash, 

Flowers  dioecious.  Sepals  4  or  5,  obsolete  in  one  species.  Petals  4  or  5, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  or  .5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  alternate  with 
the  petals.  Pistils  2-5,  separate,  but  their  styles  conniving  or  slightly  united. 
Pods  thick  and  fleshy,  2-valved,  1  -  2-seeded.  Seed-coat  crustaceous,  black, 
smooth  and  shining.  Embryo  straight,  with  broad  cotyledons.  —  Shrubs  or 
trees,  with  mostly  pinnate  leaves,  the  stems  and  often  the  leafstalks  prickly. 
Flowers  small,  greenish  or  Avhitish.     (From  ^avdos,  yellow,  and  ^v\oy,  wood.) 

1.  X.  Americanum,  Mill.  (Northern  Prickly  Ash.  Toothache- 
tree.)  Leaves  and  flowers  in  sessile  axillary  umbellate  clusters ;  leaflets  2-4 
pairs  and  an  odd  one,  ovate-oblong,  downy  when  young ;  calyx  none ;  petals 
4  -  5  ;  pistils  3-5,  with  slender  styles ;  pods  short-stalked.  —  Rocky  woods  and 
river-banks;  common,  especially  northward.    April,  May.  —  A  shrub,  with 


iLiciNE^.     (holly  family.)  107 

yellowish-green  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves.     Bark,  leaves,  and  pods 
very  pungent  and  aronuitic. 

2.  X.  Clava-Herculis,  L.  (Southern  T.)  Glabrous;  leaflets  3-8 
pairs  and  an  odd  one,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  oblique,  sliining  above  ;  flow- 
ers in  an  ample  terminal  cyme,  appearing  after  tlie  leaves ;  8e[»als  and  petals 
5;  pistils  2-3,  with  short  styles;  pods  sessile.  (X.  Carolinianum,  Lmn.)  — 
Sandy  coast  of  Virginia,  and  southward.  June.  —  A  small  tree  with  very 
sharj)  prickles. 

2.    P  TELE  A,    L.        Siikubby  Trefoil.    Hop-tree. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Sepals  3-5.  Petals  3-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  as  many.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  style  short ;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  2-celled 
and  2-8eeded  samara,  winged  all  round,  nearly  orbicular.  —  Shrubs,  with  3-foli- 
olate  leaves,  and  greenish-white  small  flowers  in  compound  terminal  cymes. 
(The  Greek  name  of  the  Elm,  here  applied  to  a  genus  with  similar  fruit.) 

1.  P.  trifoliita,  L.  Leaflets  ovate,  pointed,  downy  when  young. — 
Kocky  places,  Long  Island  to  Minn.,  and  southward.  June.  —  A  tall  slirub. 
Fruit  bitter,  used  as  a  substitute  for  hops.     Odor  of  the  flowers  disagreeable. 


AilAnthus  olandul6sus,  Desf.,  called  Tree  of  Heaven,  —  but  whoso 
blossoms,  especially  the  staminate  ones,  are  redolent  of  anything  but  "  aira 
from  heaven,"  —  is  much  planted  as  a  shade-tree,  especially  in  towns,  and  is 
inclined  to  spread  from  seed.  It  belongs  to  the  order  Simarubace.e,  whii-h 
differs  from  Rutacese  in  the  absence  of  dots  in  the  leaves.  The  tree  is  known 
by  its  very  long  pinnate  leaves  of  many  leaflets,  and  small  polygamous  greenish 
flowers  in  panicles,  the  female  producing  2-5  thin,  linear-oblong,  veiny  sama- 
ras.    (Adv.  from  China.) 

Order  2.5.     ILICIENE^.     (Holly  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  small  axillary  4  -^-vierous  Jloicers,  a  minute  calyx 
free  from  the  4  -  ^-celled  ovary  and  the  4  -  ^-seeded  herry-like  drupe  :  the 
stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  almost  or  quite  4-8-petallcd  corolla 
and  alternate  icith  them,  nl/ached  to  their  very  base.  — Corolla  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Stigmas  4-8,  or  united  into 
one,  nearly  sessile.  Seeds  suspended  and  solitary  in  each  cell,  anatro- 
pous,  with  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  Leaves  sinij^le,  mostly 
alternate.  Flowers  white  or  greenisli.  —  A  small  family,  nearly  related 
to  the  Gamopctalous  order  Ehenacecc. 

1.  Ilex.    Petals  or  corolla-lobes  oval  or  ohovate.     rcilircls  mostly  clustered. 

2.  Nemopanthes.    Petals  linear.     Pedicels  solitary. 

1.     ILEX,     I>.        Holly. 

Flowers  more  or  less  dioeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4-6-toothed.  Petals 
4-6,  separate,  or  united  only  at  the  base,  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  spreading. 
Stamens  4 -6.  The  berry -like  drupe  containing  4 -G  little  nutlets.  —  Leaves 
alternate.     Fertile  flowers  inclined  to  be  solitary,  and  the  sterile  or  partly 


108  iLiciNE^.     (holly  family.) 

sterile  flowers  to  be  clustered  in  the  axils.     (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the 
Hollj-Oak,  rather  than  of  the  Holly.) 

§  1.  AQUIFOLIUM.  Parts  of  the  flower  common! ij  in  fours,  sometimes  in 
Jives  or  sixes ;  drupe  red,  its  nutlets  ribbed,  veiny,  or  l-jrooved  on  the  back; 
leaves  {mostly  smooth)  coriaceous  and  evergreen. 

*  Leaves  armed  ivith  spiny  teeth;  trees. 

1.  I.  Op^ca,  Ait.  (American  Holly.)  Leaves  oval,  flat,  the  wavy 
margins  with  scattered  spiny  teeth ;  flowers  in  loose  clusters  along  the  base 
of  the  young  branches  and  in  the  axils ;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Moist  woodlands, 
Maine  to  N.  J.,  near  the  coast,  west  to  S.  Mo.,  and  southward.  Jujie.  —  Tree 
20-40°  high  ;  the  deep  green  foliage  less  glossy  than  in  the  European  Holly 
(I.  Aquifolium,  L.),  the  berries  not  so  bright  red,  and  nutlets  not  so  veiny. 

*  *  Leai^es  serrate  or  entire,  not  spiny ;  shrubs. 

2.  I,  Cassine,  L.  (Cassexa.  Yaupon.)  Leaves  lance-ovate  or  elliptical, 
eremite  (1  -  lj|'  long) ;  flower-clusters  nearly  sessile,  smooth  ;  calyx-teeth  obtuse. 
—  Virginia  and  southward  along  the  coast.  May.  —  Leaves  used  for  tea  by 
the  people  along  the  coast,  as  they  were  to  make  the  celebrated  black  drink 
of  the  North  Carolina  Indians. 

3.  I,  Dahoon,  Walt.  (Dahoon  Holly.)  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong, 
entire,  or  sharply  serrate  toward  the  apex,  with  revolute  margins  (2-3'  long), 
the  midrib  and  peduncles  pubesceiit ;  calyx-teeth  acute.  —  Swamps,  coast  of  Va. 
and  southward.     May,  June. 

Var.  myrtifolia,  Chapm.  Leaves  smaller  {V  long  or  less)  and  narrower. 
(I.  myrtifolia,  Walt.)  —  Same  habitat.     Ma^^ 

§  2.  PRINOtDES.  Parts  of  the  {polygamous  or  dioecious)  flowers  in  fours  or 
flves  {rarely  in  sixes) ;  drupe  red  or  purple,  the  nutlets  striate-many-ribbed 
on  the  back  ;  leaves  deciduous  ;  shrubs. 

4.  I.  decidua,  Walt.  Leaves  wedge-oblong  or  lance-obovate,  obtusely  ser- 
rate, downy  on  the  midrib  beneath,  shining  above,  becoming  thickish  ;  peduncles 
of  the  sterile  flowers  longer  than  the  petioles,  of  the  fertile  short ;  calyx-teeth 
smooth,  acute.  —  Wet  grounds,  Va.  to  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  southward.     May. 

5.  I.  monticola,  Gray.  Leaves  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  ample  {3-5'  long), 
taper-pointed,  thin-membranaceous,  smooth,  sharply  serrate;  fertile  flowers 
very  short-peduncled ;  calyx  ciliate.  —  Damp  woods,  Taconic  and  Catskill 
Mountains,  and  Cattaraugus  Co.,  N.  Y.,  through  Penn.  (east  to  Northampton 
Co.),  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.     May. 

6.  I.  mollis,  Gray.  Leaves  soft  downy  beneath,  oval,  ovate,  or  oblong, 
taper-pointed  at  both  ends,  especially  at  the  apex,  thin-membranaceous,  sharply 
serrulate ;  sterile  flowers  very  numerous  in  umbel-like  clusters,  the  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  petiole  and  (with  the  calyx)  soft-downy,  the  fertile  peduncles 
very  short.  —  Burgoon's  Gap,  Alleghanies  of  Penn.  {J .  R.  Lowrie,  Porter),  and 
along  the  mountains  in  the  Southern  States.  —  Resembles  the  last. 

§  3.  PRIXOS.  Parts  of  the  sterile  flowers  commonly  in  fours,  flves,  or  sixes, 
those  of  the  fertile  flowers  commonly  in  sixes  {rarely  in  flves,  sevens,  or  eights)  ; 
nutlets  smooth  and  even ;  shrubs. 


CELASTRACE.E.       (STAFF-TUEK    FAMILY.)  109 

»  Leaves  deciduous ;  Jlowers  in  sessile  clusters,  or  the  fertile  solitary  ;  fruit  briijlit 

red. 

7.  I.  verticill^ta,  Gray.  (Black  Alder.  WixTKnnEnRv.)  Leaves 
oval,  obovate,  or  wedge-lanceolate,  pointed,  acute  at  lnuso,  sorrute,  dou-nij  on 
the  veins  beneath  ;  Jlowers  all  very  short-peduncled.  —  Low  grounds;  common. 
May,  June. 

8.  I.  laevigata,  Gray.  (Smooth  Wintek«erkv.)  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  bt)th  en(b,  appressed-serrulate,  shining  al»ovo, 
beneath  mostly  r//a6rt»MS  ;  sterile  Jlowers  lon(j-peduTicled. —  Wet  grounds,  Maine' 
to  the  mountains  of  Va.  June.  —  Fruit  larger  than  in  tlie  List,  rijteniiig 
earlier  in  the  autumn. 

«  *  Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen  and  shining ,  often  black-dotted  beneath  ;  fruit 

black: 

9.  I.  glabra,  Gray.  (Inkbekrv.)  Leaves  wedge-lanceolato  or  oblong, 
sparingly  toothed  toward  the  apex,  smooth;  peduncles  (.V  long)  of  the  sterile 
flowers  3  -  6-flowered,  of  the  fertile  1-flowered;  calyx-teeth  rather  blunt. — 
Sandy  grounds,  Cape  Ann,  Mass.,  to  Va.,  and  southward  near  the  coast.  June. 
—  Shrub  2-3°  high. 

2.    NEMOPANTHES,    Raf.        Mountaix  Hollv. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  in  the  sterile  flowers  of  4-5  minute  de- 
ciduous teeth,  in  the  fertile  ones  obsolete.  Petals  4-5,  oblong-linear,  spread- 
ing, distinct.  Stamens  4  -  5  ;  filaments  slender.  Drupe  with  4-5  bony  nutlets, 
light  red.  —  A  much-branched  shrub,  with  ash-gray  bark,  alternate  and  oblong 
deciduous  leaves  on  slender  petioles,  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  smooth.  P'low- 
ers  on  long  slender  axillary  peduncles,  solitary  or  sparingly  clustered.  (Name 
said  by  the  author  to  mean  "  flower  with  a  filiform  peduncle,"  therefore  prob- 
ably composed  of  vrj/iia,  a  thread,  irovs,foot,  and  6.vQos,  flower.) 

1.  N.  fasciCUl^ris,  Raf.  (N.  Canadensis,  DC.) — Damp  cold  woods, 
from  the  mountains  of  Va.  to  Maine,  Ind.,  Wise,  and  northward.     May. 

Order  26.      CELASTRACE^.      (Staff-tree  Family.) 

Shrubs  with  simple  leaves,  and  small  regular  Jlowers ,  the  sepals  and  the 
petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  4  or  5  perigynous  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  a  disk  which  flU  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx  and  sometimes  covers  the  ovary.  Seeds  arilled.  —  Ovules  ono 
or  few  (erect  or  pendulous)  in  each  cell,  anatropous ;  styles  united  into 
one.  Fruit  2-5-cellc(l,  free  from  the  calyx.  Embryo  large,  in  fleshy 
albumen;  cotyledons  broad  and  thin.  Stipules  minute  and  fugacious. 
Pedicels  jointed. 

*  Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  Celastrus.    A  shrubby  climber.     Fruit  globose,  orange,  3-valved.     Aril  scarlet. 

*  *  Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  in  axillary  cyiues  or  solitary. 

2.  Euonymus.    Ereotshrubs.    Leaves  deciduous.    Fruit  3-5-li)l)ed.  .T-.Vvalved.    ,\rilred. 
8.  Pachystima.     Dwarf  evergreen  shrub.     Flowers  very  small.     Fruit  oblong,  2-v:ilvcd. 

Aril  white. 


110  CELASTRACE^.        (STAFF-TREE    FAMILY.) 

1.     C  E  L  A  S  T  E.  U  S,    L.        Staff-tree.     Shrubby  Bitter-sweet. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious.  Petals  (crenulate)  and  stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  margin  of  a  cup-shaped  disk  which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pod  glo- 
bose (orange-color  and  berry-like),  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1  or  2 
in  each  cell,  erect,  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  scarlet  aril.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
small,  greenish,  in  raceme-like  clusters  terminating  the  branches.  (An  ancient 
Greek  name  for  some  evergreen,  which  our  plant  is  not.) 

1.  C.  scandens,  L.  (Wax-work.  Climbixg  Bitter-sweet.)  Twin- 
ing shrub ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  finely  serrate,  pointed.  —  Along  streams  and 
thickets.  June.  —  The  opening  orange-colored  pods,  displaying  the  scarlet 
covering  of  the  seeds,  are  very  ornamental  in  autumn. 

2.    EUdNYMUS,    Tourn.        Spixdle-tree. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  the  base,  forming  a  short  and  flat 
calyx.  Petals  4-5,  rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  very  short,  inserted  on  the 
edge  or  face  of  a  broad  and  flat  4  -  5-angled  disk,  which  coheres  with  the  calyx 
and  is  stretched  over  the  ovary,  adhering  to  it  more  or  less.  Style  short 
or  none.  Pod  3 - 5-lobed,  3 - 5-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  1-4  in  each  cell, 
enclosed  in  a  red  aril.  —  Shrubs,  Avitli  4-sided  branchlets,  opposite  serrate 
leaves,  and  loose  cymes  of  small  flowers  on  axillary  ])eduncles.  (Derivation 
from  eZ,  good,  and  uvo^a,  name,  because  it  has  the  bad  reputation  of  poisoning 
cattle.     Tourn.) 

1.  E.  atropurpureus,  Jacq.  (Burxixg-Bush.  AYaahoo.)  Shrub 
tall  (6-14<^  higli)  and  upright;  leaves  petio/ed,  OA'al-oblong,  pointed;  parts  of 
the  (dark-purple)  flower  commonly  in  fours  ;  pods  smooth,  deepli/  lobed.  —  N.  Y, 
to  Wise,  Neb.,  and  southward ;  also  cultivated.  June.  —  Ornamental  in  autumn, 
by  its  copious  crimson  fruit,  drooping  on  long  peduncles. 

2.  E.  Americ^nus,  L.  (Strawberry  Bush.)  Shrub  Ioav,  upright  or 
straggling  (2-5°  liigli) ;  leaves  almost  sessile,  thickish,  bright  green,  varying 
from  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  ;  parts  of  the  greenish-purple 
flowers  mostly  in  fives;  pods  roxf/h-urn-ti/,  depressed,  crimson  when  ripe;  the 
aril  and  dissepiments  scarlet.  —  Wooded  river-banks,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  south- 
ward.    June. 

Var.  obovatUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Trailing,  with  rooting  branches ;  flower- 
ing stems  1-2°  high;  leaves  thin  and  dull,  obovate  or  oblong.  —  Low  or  wet 
places;  the  commoner  form.  * 

3.    PACHYSTIMA,    Raf. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  and  petals  4.  Stamens  4,  on  the  edge  of  the  broad 
disk  lining  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary  free ;  style  very  short.  Pod  small,  oblong, 
2-celled,  loculicidally  2-valved.  Seeds  1  or  2,  enclosed  in  a  Avhite  membrana- 
ceous many-cleft  aril.  —  Low  evergreen  shrubs,  with  smooth  serrulate  coria- 
ceous opposite  leaves  and  very  small  green  flowers  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the 
axils.     (Derivation  obscure.) 

1 .  P.  Canbyi,  Gray.  Leaves  linear  to  linear-oblong  or  oblong-obovate, 
obtuse,  S"-V  long;  pedicels  very  slender,  often  solitary,  shorter  than  the 
leaves ;  fruit  2"  long.  —  Mountains  of  S.  W.  Va. 


RHAMNACE^.       (BUCKTHORN    FAMILY.)  Ill 

Order  27.     RHAMNACE^.     (Rccktiiorn  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  simple  leaves,  small  and  regular  flowers  {some- 
times apetalous),  with  the  4  or  5  perigijnous  stamens  as  many  as  the  valvate 
sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  accordingly  opposite  the  petals!  Drupe  or 
pod  with  only  one  erect  seed  in  each  cell,  not  arilled.  —  Petals  folded  in- 
wards in  the  bud,  hooded  or  concave,  inserted  along  with  the  stamens 
into  the  edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  which  lines  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx 
and  sometimes  unites  it  to  the  lower  part  of  the  2-5-celled  ovary. 
Ovules  solitary,  anatropous.  Stigmas  2  -  5.  Embryo  large,  with  broad 
cotyledons,  in  sparing  fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers  often  polygamous,  some- 
times dioecious.  Leaves  mostly  alternate  ;  stipules  small  or  obsolete. 
Branches  often  thorny.  (Slightly  bitter  and  astringent;  the  fruit  often 
mucilaginous,  commonly  rather  nauseous  or  drastic.) 
*  Calyx  and  disk  free  from  the  ovary. 

1.  Bercheiuia.    Petals  sessile,  entire,  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Drupe  with  thin  flesh  and  a 

2-celled  bony  iiutamen. 

2.  Rliainnus.    Petals  small,  short-clawed,  notched,  or  none.     Drupe  berry-like,  with  2-4 

separate  seed-like  nutlets. 

,        *  *  Calyx  with  the  disk  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

3.  Ceanotlius.    Petals  long-clawed,  hooded.     P'ruit  dry,  at  length  dehiscent. 

1.    BERCHEMIA,    Necker.        Supple-Jack. 

Calyx  with  a  very  sliort  and  roundish  tube  ;  its  lobes  equalling  the  5  oblong 
sessile  acute  petals,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Disk  very  thick  and  flat,  filling 
the  calyx-tube  and  covering  the  ovary.  Drupe  oblong,  with  thin  flesh  and  a 
bony  2-celled  putamen.  —  Woody  high-climbing  twiners,  with  tiie  pinnate  veins 
of  the  leaves  straight  and  parallel,  the  small  greenish-white  flowers  in  small 
panicles.     (Name  unexplained,  probably  personal.) 

1.  B.  volubilis,  DC.  Glabrous;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  scarcely 
seiTulate ;  style  short.  —  Damp  soils,  Va.  to  Ky.  and  jNIo.,  and  southward. 
June.  —  Ascending  tall  trees.  Stems  tough  and  very  lithe,  whence  the  poj)- 
ular  name. 

2.     RHAMNUS,     Tourn.         Buckthorn. 

Calyx  4  -  5-cleft ;  the  tube  campanulate,  lined  with  the  disk.  Petals  small, 
short-clawed,  notched  at  the  end,  wrapped  around  the  short  stamens,  or  some- 
times none.  Ovary  free,  2-4-celled.  Drupe  berry-like  (black),  containing 
2-4  separate  seed-like  nutlets,  of  cartilaginous  texture.  —  Shrubs  or  small 
trees,  with  loosely  pinnately  veined  leaves,  and  greenish  polygamous  or  dioe- 
cious flowers,  in  axillary  clusters.     (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

§  1.  KHAMNUS  proper.  FUnccrs  usually  dtaciuus ;  nutlets  and  seeds  deeply 
grooved  on  the  back ;  rhaplie  dorsal ,-  cotyledons  foliaceous,  (he  jitargins 
revolute. 

*  Calyx-lobes  and  stamens  5;  petals  wanting. 

1.  R.  alnifblia,  L'Her.  A  low  shrub;  leaves  oval,  acute,  serrate,  nearly 
straight-veined;  fruit  3-seeded.  —  Swamps,  Maine  to  Peuu.,  Neb.,  and  north- 
ward.   June. 


112  RHAMNACE^.       (BUCKTHORN   FAMILY.) 

*  *  Calyx-lobes,  petals,  and  stamens  4. 

E..  CATHARTiCA,  L.  (CoMMON  BUCKTHORN.)  Leaves  ovate,  miuutely  ser- 
rate ;  fruit  3  -  4-seeded ;  branchlets  thorny.  —  Cultivated  for  hedges ;  spariugl/ 
naturalized  eastward.     May,  June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  R.  lanceolata,  Pursh.  Leaves  oblong -lanceolate  and  acute,  or  on 
flowering  shoots  oblong  and  obtuse,  finely  serrulate,  smooth  or  minutely 
downy  beneath ;  petals  deeply  notched ;  fruit  2-seeded.  —  Hills  and  river-banks, 
Penn.  (Mercersburg,  Green)  to  111.,  Tenn.,  and  westward.  May.  —  Shrub 
tall,  not  thorny ;  the  yellowish-green  flowers  of  two  forms  on  distinct  plants, 
both  perfect ;  one  with  short  pedicels  clustered  in  the  axils  and  with  a  short 
included  style ;  the  other  with  pedicels  of tener  solitary,  the  style  longer  and 
exserted. 

§2.   FRAXGULA.     Floicers  perfect ;  nutlets  and  seeds  not  furrowed ;  cotijle- 
dons  flat,  thick;  rhaphe  lateral. 

3.  R.  Carolini^na,  Walt.  Thornless  shrub  or  small  tree ;  leaves  (3  -  5' 
long)  oblong,  obscurely  serrulate,  nearly  glabrous,  deciduous ;  flowers  5-merous, 
in  one  form  umbelled,  in  another  solitary  in  the  axils,  short-peduncled ;  drupe 
globose,  3-seeded.  (Frangula  Caroliniaua,  Gray.)  —  Swamps  and  river-banks, 
N.  J.,  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  southward.     June. 

3.     CEANOTHUS,    L.        New  Jersey  Tea.    Red-root.  * 

Calyx  .5-lobed,  incurved  ;  the  lower  part  cohering  with  the  thick  disk  to  the 
ovary,  the  upper  separating  across  in  fruit.  Petals  hooded,  spreading,  on 
slender  claws  longer  than  the  calyx.  Filaments  elongated.  Fruit  3-lobed,  dry 
and  splitting  into  its  3  carpels  when  ripe.  Seed  as  in  §  Frangula.  —  Shrubby 
plants  ;  flowers  in  little  umbel-like  clusters,  forming  dense  panicles  or  corymbs 
at  the  summit  of  naked  flower-branches ;  calyx  and  pedicels  colored  like  the 
petals.     (An  obscure  name  in  Theophrastus,  probably  misspelled.) 

1.  C.  Americanus,  L.  (New  Jersey  Tea.)  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  3-ribbed,  serrate,  more  or  less  pubescent,  often  slightly  heart-shaped  at 
base;  common  peduncles  elongated.  —  Dry  woodlands.  July.  —  Stems  1  -3° 
high  from  a  dark  red  root »  branches  downy.  Flowers  in  pretty  white  clus- 
ters, on  leafy  shoots  of  the  same  year.  The  leaves  were  used  for  tea  during 
the  ATuerican  Revolution. 

2.  C.  ovatus,  Desf.  Leaves  narrowly  oval  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  finely 
glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  as  well  as  the  short  common  pedun- 
cles. (C.  ovalis,  Blgel.)  —  Dry  rocks,  W.  Yt.  and  Mass.  to  Minn.,  111.,  and 
southwestward ;  rare  eastward.     May. 

Order  28.     VITACE^E.     (Vine  Family.) 

Shrubs  ivith  icatery  Juice,  usually  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  small  regular 
flowers,  a  minute  or  truncated  calyx,  its  limb  mostly  obsolete,  and  the  stamens 
as  many  as  the  valvate  petals  and  opposite  them  !  Berry  2-celled,  usually 
A-seeded.  —  Petals  4-5,  very  deciduous,  liypogynous  or  perigynous. 
Filaments  slender ;  anthers  introrse.  Pistil  with  a  short  style  or 
none,  and  a  slightly  2-lobed  stigma ;  ovary  2-celled,  with  2  erect  anatro- 
pous  ovules  from  the  base  of  each  cell.     Seeds  bony,  with  a  minute 


VITACE^,.        (vrXE    FAMILY.)  113 

embryo  at  the  base  of  the  hard  albumen,  whicli  is  rrpooved  on  one  side. 
—  StipuU'S  deciduous.  Leaves  alternate,  j)alniatily  viined  or  compound  ; 
tendrils  and  ilower-elusters  oj)posite  the  leaves.  Flowers  small,  greenish, 
commonly  polygamous.  (Young  shoots,  foliage,  etc.,  acid.) 
•  Ovary  surrounded  by  a  nectariferous  or  f,'landuliferou.s  disk  ;  plants  climbing  by  the  coiling 
of  naked-tipped  tendrils. 

1.  Vitis.     Corolla  caducous  without  expanding.     Hypogynous  glands  5,  alteniato  with  the 

stamens.     Fruit  i>ulpy     Leaves  simple. 

2.  Cissus.     Corolla  expanding.     Disk  cupular.     Berry  with  scanty  pulp,  inedible.     Leaves 

simple  or  pinnately  comjiound. 
»  •  No  distinct  hypogynous  disk  ;  plants  climbing  by  the  adhesion  of  the  diluted  tips  of  the 
tendril-branches. 

3.  Axnpelopsis.    CortiUa  expanding.     Leaves  digitate. 

1.     VITIS,     Touru.         Grape. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious  (some  plants  with  perfect  flowers,  others  stam- 

inate  with  at  most  a  rudimentary  ovary),  .5-merous.     Calyx  very  short,  usually 

■with  a  nearly  entire  border  or  none  at  all.     Petals  separating  only  at  base  and 

falling  off  without  expanding.     Hypogynous  disk  of  5  nectariferous  glands 

alternate  with  the  stamens.     Berry  pulpy.     Seeds  pyriform,  with  beak-like 

base.  —  Plants  climbing  by  the  coiling  of  uaked-tipped  tendrils.     Flowers  in  a 

compound  thyrse, very  fragrant;  pedicels  mostly  umbellate-clustered.    Leaves 

simple,  rounded  and  heart-shaped.     (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

§L   VITIS  proper.     Bark  loose  and  shreddy  ;  tendrils  forked ;  nodes  solid. 

-»-  A  tendril  {or  inflorescence)  opposite  each  leaf. 

1.  V.  Labriisca,  L.  (Northern  Fox-Gkape.)  Branchlets  and  young 
leaves  very  woolly  ;  leaves  large,  entire  or  deeply  lobed,  slightly  dentate,  con- 
tinuing rusty-woolly  beneath  :  fertile  panicles  compact ;  berries  large.  —  Moist 
thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  south  to  S.  Car.  June. 
Fruit  ripe  in  Sept.  or  Oct.,  dark  purple  or  amber-color,  with  a  tough  musky 
pulp.  Improved  by  cultivation,  it  has  given  rise  to  the  Isabella,  Catawba, 
Concord  and  other  varieties. 

-I-  -t-  Tendrils  intermittent  {none  opposite  each  third  leaf). 
•*-*■  Leaves  pubescent  and  JJoccose,  especialli/  beneath  and  ivhcn  young. 

2.  V.  aestivalis,  Michx.  (Summer  Grape.)  Branchlets  terete  ;  leaves 
large,  entire  or  mure  or  less  deeply  and  obtusely  3-5-lubcd,  with  short  broad 
teeth,  very  woolly  and  mostly  red  or  rusty  when  young ;  berries  middle-sized, 
black  with  a  bloom,  in  compact  bunches.  —  Thickets  ;  common.  May,  June. 
Berries  pleasant,  ripe  in  Sept.  —  V.  bicolor,  LeConte,  has  its  leaves  smoothish 
when  old  and  pale  or  glaucous  beneath  j  common  north  and  westwanl. 

3.  v.  cinferea,  Engelm.  (I)owny  Grapk.)  Branchlets  angular;  pu- 
bescence whitish  or  grayish,  persistent  j  leaves  entire  or  slightly  3-lobed; 
inflorescence  large  and  loose;  berries  small,  black  without  bloom.  —  Central 
111.  to  Kan.  and  Tex. 

■»-*.  -^Leaves  glabrous  and  mostly  shining,  or  short-hairy  especially  on  the  ribs 
beneath,  inciscly  lobed  or  undivided 

4.  V.  COrdif61ia,  Michx.  (Frost  or  Chicken  Grape.)  Leaves  3 -4' 
wide,  not  lobed  or  slightly  3  lobed,  cordate  with  a  deep  acute  sinus,  acuminate, 


114  VITACE^,        (vine    family.) 

coarsely  and  sharply  toothed;  stipules  small;  inflorescence  ample,  loose; 
berries  small,  black  and  shining,  very  acerb,  ripening  after  frosts  ;  seeds  I  or 
2,  rather  large,  with  a  prominent  rhaphe.  — Thickets  and  stream-banks,  New 
Eng.  to  central  111.,  Mo.,  Neb.,  and  southward.     May,  June. 

5.  V.  riparia,  Michx.  Differing  from  the  last  in  the  larger  and  more  per- 
sistent stipules  (2 -3"  long),  more  shining  and  more  usually  3-lobed  leaves  with 
a  broad  rounded  or  truncate  sinus  and  large  acute  or  acuminate  teeth,  smaller 
compact  inflorescence,  and  berries  (4-5"  broad)  with  a  bloom,  sweet  and  very 
juicy,  ripening  from  July  to  Sept. ;  seeds  very  small ;  rhaphe  indistinct.  (V. 
cordifolia,  var.  riparia,  Gray.)  —  Stream-banks  or  near  water,  W.  New  Eng.  to 
Penn.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan.    Eastward  the  berries  are  sour  and  ripen  late. 

6.  V.  palmata,  Vahl.  Branches  bright  red ;  leaves  dark  green  and  dull, 
3  -  5-lobed,  with  a  broad  sinus,  the  lobes  usually  long-acuminate ;  inflorescence 
large  and  loose ;  berries  black,  without  bloom,  ripening  late ;  seeds  very  large 
and  rounded;  otherwise  like  n.  5.     (V.  rubra,  Michx.)  —  111.  and  Mo. 

7.  V.  rupestris,  Scheele.  (Sand  or  Sugar  Grape.)  Usually  low  and 
bushy,  often  without  tendrils ;  leaves  rather  small,  shining,  broadly  cordate, 
abruptly  pointed,  with  broad  coarse  teeth,  rarely  slightly  lobed ;  berries  rather 
small,  sweet,  in  very  small  close  bunches,  ripe  in  Aug.  —  Mo.  to  Tex. ;  also 
found  in  Tenn.,  and  reported  from  banks  of  the  Potomac,  near  Washington. 

§  2.  MUSCADIXIA.  Bark  close! y  adherent  on  the  branches ;  pith  continuous 
throiujh  the  nodes  ;  tendrils  simple,  intermittent ;  seeds  with  transverse  writikles 
on  both  sides. 

8.  V.  rotundifdlia,  Michx.  (MrscADixE,  BuLLACE,  or  Southern 
Fox-Grape.)  Leaves  shining  both  sides,  small,  rounded  with  a  heart-shaped 
base,  very  coarsely  toothed  with  broad  and  bluntish  teeth,  seldom  lobed  ; 
panicles  small,  densely  flowered ;  berries  large  (^-f  in  diameter),  musky, 
purplish  without  a  bloom,  with  a  thick  and  tough  skin,  ripe  early  in  autumn. 
(V.  vulpina,  Man.,  not  L.  ?)  —  River-banks,  Md.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and 
southward.  Ma}'  —  Branchlets  minutely  warty.  This  is  the  original  of  the 
Scuppernong  Grape,  etc. 

2.    CISSUS,    L. 

Flowers  perfect  or  sometimes  polygamous,  4-merous  or  (in  ours)  5-merous. 
Petals  expanding.  Disk  cup-shaped,  surrounding  tlie  base  of  the  ovary. 
Berry  inedible,  with  scanty  pulp.  Seeds  usually  triangular-obovate.  —  Ten- 
drils in  our  species  few  and  mostly  in  the  inflorescence.  A  vast  genus,  mainly 
tropical.     (Greek  name  of  the  Ivy.) 

1  C.  Ampelopsis,  Pers.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  acuminate,  not  lobed ;  panicle 
small  and  loose  ;  style  slender ;  berries  of  the  size  of  a  pea,  1  -  3-seeded,  bluish 
■  or  greenish.  ( Vitis  indivisa,  Willd.)  —  River-banks,  Va.  to  111.,  and  southward. 
June. 

2.  C.  Stans,  Pers.  Nearly  glabrous,  bushy  and  rather  upright;  leaves 
twice  pinnate  or  ternate,  the  leaflets  cut-toothed;  flowers  cymose;  calyx  5- 
toothed;  disk  very  thick,  adherent  to  the  ovary;  berries  black,  obovate. 
(Vitis  bipinnata,  Torr.  Sf  Gray.)  —  Rich  soils, Va.  to  Mo.,  and  southward. 


SAPINDACE^.       (soapberry    FAMILY.)  115 

3.     AMPELOPSIS,     Miclix.         Virginian  Ckkeper. 

Calyx  slightly  5-toothed.  Petals  concave,  tliick,  expanding  hefore  they  fall. 
Disk  none.  —  Leaves  digitate,  with  5  (3  -  7)  oblong-lanccolatc  sparingly  serrate 
leaflets.  Flower-clusters  cymose.  Tendrils  fixing  themselves  to  trunks  or 
walls  by  dilated  sucker-like  disks  at  their  tips.  (Name  from  &fxir(Kos,  a  vine, 
and  o\pis,  appearance.) 

1.  A.  quinquef611a,  Michx.  A  common  woody  vine,  in  low  or  rich 
grounds,  climbing  extensively,  sometimes  by  rootlets  as  well  aa  by  its  disk- 
bearing  tendrils,  blossoming  in  July,  ripening  its  small  blackish  berries  in 
October.  Also  called  American  Ivij,  and  still  less  appropriately,  Wuudbine. 
Leaves  turning  bright  crimson  in  autumn. 

Order  29.     SAPINDACE^.     (Soapberry  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  mostly  unsymmetrical 
and  often  irregular  Jlowers ;  the  4-5  sepals  and  petals  imbricated  in  cesti- 
vation  ;  the  5-10  stamens  inserted  on  ajleshy  {perigynous  or  hypogynous) 
disk;  a  2-3-celled  and  -lobed  ovary,  with  1-2  {rarely  more)  ovules  in 
each  cell :  and  the  embryo  (except  Staphylea)  curved  ur  convolute,  with- 
out albumen.  —  A  large  and  diverse  order. 

SuBORDKR  I.  Sapiiideae.  Flowers  (often  polygamous)  mostly  un- 
symmetrical and  irregular.  Stamens  commonly  more  numerous  than  tlic 
petals,  rarely  twice  as  many.  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell.  Embryo 
curved  or  convolute,  rarely  straight ;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  —  Leaves 
alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  without  stiijules,  mostly  compound. 

\.  ^sculus.    Flowers  irregular.     Calyx  5-lobed.    Petals  4  or  5.    Stamens  conimouly  7. 

Fruit  a  leathery  3-vaived  pod     Leaves  opposite,  digitate. 
?.  Sapindus.     Flowers  regular.     Sepals  4  -  5,  in  two  rows.     Petals  4 -5.     Stamens  8-10. 

Fruit  a  globose  or  2-3-lobed  beiTy     Leaves  alternate,  pinnate. 

Suborder  IT.  Acerinene.  (Maple  Family.)  Flowers  (polyga- 
mous or  diuicious)  small,  regular,  but  usually  unsymmetrical.  Petals 
often  wanting.  Ovary  2-lobed  and  2-celled,  with  a  pair  of  ovules  in  each 
cell.  Fruits  winged,  1 -seeded.  Embryo  coiled  or  folded ;  the  cotyle- 
dons long  and  thin.  —  Leaves  opposite,  simple  or  compound. 

3.  Acer.    Flowers  polygamous.     Leaves  simple. 

4.  Negundo.    Flowers  dioecious.     Leaves  pinnate,  with  3  -  5  leaflets. 

Suborder  III.  Stapliyleae.  (Bladder-Nut  Family.)  Flowers 
(perfect)  regular;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovules  1-8  in  each 
cell.  Seeds  bony,  with  a  straight  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.  —  Shrubs 
with  opposite  pinnately  compound  leaves,  both  stipulate  and  stipellate. 

5.  Staphylea.     Lobes  of  the  colored  calyx  and  pettls  5,  erect.    Stamens  5.    Fruit  a  3- 

cellcd  bladdery-inflated  pod.  * 

1.    ^SCULUS,    L.        IIoRSE-CHESTNCT.    Bdckeye. 

Calyx  tubular,  .'i-lobed,  often  obliciue  or  gibbons  at  base.  Petals  4  -  5,  more 
or  less  unequal,  with  claws,  nearly  hypogynous.     Stamons  7  (rarely  0  or  8) ; 


116  SAPINDACE^.       (soapberry    FAMILY.) 

filaments  long,  slender,  often  unequal.  Style  1 ;  ovary  3-celled,  with  2  ovules 
in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  leathery  pod,  3-celled  and  3-seeded,  or  usually  by  abor- 
tion 1-celled  and  1-seeded,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seed  very  large,  with  thick 
shining  coat,  and  a  large  round  pale  scar.  Cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy, 
their  contiguous  faces  coherent,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination ; 
plumule  2-leaved;  radicle  curved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  digi- 
tate; leaflets  serrate,  straight-veined,  like  a  Chestnut-leaf.  Flowers  in  a 
terminal  thyrse  or  dense  panicle,  often  polygamous,  most  of  them  Avith  imper- 
fect pistils  and  sterile ;  pedicels  jointed.  Seeds  farinaceous,  but  imbued  with 
a  bitter  and  narcotic  principle.  (The  ancient  name  of  some  Oak  or  other 
mast-bearing  tree.) 

§  1 .   ^SCULUS  proper.     Fruit  covered  with  prickles  when  young. 

7R,  HippocXsTAxuM,  L.  (Common  Horse-chestxut.)  Corolla  spread- 
ing, wliite  spotted  with  purple  and  yellow,  of  5  petals ;  stamens  declined  ; 
leaflets  7.  —  Commonly  planted.     (Adv.  from  Asia  via  Eu.) 

1.  ^.  glabra,  Willd.  (Fetid  or  Ohio  Blckeye.)  Stamens  curved, 
longer  than  the  pale  yellow  corolla  of  4  upright  petals;  leaflets  usually  5. — 
River-banks,  W.  Penn.  to  Mich.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  southward.  June.  —  A  large 
tree;  the  bark  exhaling  an  unpleasant  odor,  as  in  the  rest  of  the  genus. 
Flowers  small,  not  shoAvy. 

§2.    PAVIA.     Fruit  smooth;  petals  4,  conniving ;  the  2  upper  smaller  and 
longer  than  the  others,  with  a  small  rounded  blade  on  a  very  long  claw. 

2.  ^.  flava,  Ait.  (Saveet  Buckeye.)  Stamens  included  in  the  yellow 
corolla;  calyx  ohlong-campanulate ;  leaflets  5,  sometimes  7,  glabrous,  or  often 
minutely  doAvny  underneath.  —  Rich  Avoods,  Va.  to  Ohio,  Mo.,  and  soutliAvard. 
May.     A  large  tree  or  a  slirub. 

Var.  purpurascens,  Gray.  Calyx  and  corolla  tinged  Avith  flesh-color 
or  dull  purple ;  leaflets  commonly  doAvny  beneath.  —  From  W.  Va.,  south 
and  Avestward. 

3.  ^.  Pavia,  L.  (Red  Buckeye.)  Stamens  not  longer  than  the  co- 
rolla, Avhich  is  briglit  red,  as  Avell  as  the  tubular  calyx ;  leaflets  glabrous  or 
soft-doAvny  beneath.  —  Fertile  valleys,  Va.,  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  southAvard.  May. 
A  shrub  or  small  tree. 

2.     SAPINDUS,    L.        Soap-berry. 

Flowers  regular,  polygamous.  Sepals  4-5,  imbricated  in  2  rows.  Petals 
4-5,  Avith  a  scale  at  the  base.  Stamens  8-10,  upon  the  hypogynous  disk. 
Ovary  3-celled,  with  an  ascending  OAule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  globose  or  2-3- 
lobed  berry,  1  -3-seeded.  Seed  crustaceous,  globose.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  Avith 
alternate  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  floAvers  in  terminal  or  axillary 
racemes  or  panicles.  (Name  a  contraction  of  Sapo  Lidicus,  Indian  soap,  hav- 
ing reference  to  the  saponaceous  character  of  the  berries.) 

1.  S.  aeuminatus,  Raf.  A  tree  20-60°  high;  leaflets  4-9  pairs,  ob- 
liquely lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate,  entire,  1^-3'  long;  the  rhachis  of  the 
leaf  not  Avinged ;  floAvers  Avhite,  in  a  large  panicle ;  fruit  mostly  globose,  6" 
broad.  (S.  marginatus  of  authors,  not  Willd.)  —  S.  Kan.  to  La.,  Fla.,  and 
Mex. 


SAPINDACE.E.        (SOAIMiERKY    FAMILY.)  117 

3.     ACER,     Tcurii.         Mait.k. 

Flowers  polygamo-dlcrcious.  Calyx  colored,  5-  (rarely  4 -12-)  loV)ed  or 
parted.  Petals  either  none  or  as  many  ai>  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  etjual,  with 
short  claws  if  any,  inserted  on  the  inar<;in  of  the  lohed  disk,  wliich  is  either 
perirjynous  or  hypogynous.  Stamens  3-12.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  ])air  of 
ovules  in  each  cell;  styles  2,  lon^  and  slender,  united  only  below,  stij^niatic 
down  the  inside.  From  the  back  of  each  carpel  grows  a  wing,  converting  the 
fruit  into  two  1 -seeded,  at  length  sei)arable  samanis  or  keys.  Embryo  vari- 
ously coiled  or  folded,  with  large  and  thin  cotyledons.  —  Trees,  or  sometimes 
shrubs,  with  ojjposite  palmately-lobed  leaves,  and  small  flowers.  Pedicels  not 
jointed.     (The  classical  name,  from  the  Celtic  ac,  hard.) 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes, greenish,  appearim]  n'',er  the  leaves  ;  stamens  6-8. 

1.  A.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.  (Striped  ..Iaple.)  Leaves  .'5-lobed  at 
the  apex,  finely  and  sharply  doubly  serrate,  the  short  lobes  taper-pointed 
and  also  serrate ;  racemes  droopinfj,  loose :  petals  obocate ;  fruit  with  large 
diverging  wings.  —  Rich  woods,  INIaiue  to  Minn.,  aud  southward  to  Va.,  Ky., 
and  Mo.  June.  —  A  small  and  slender  tree,  with  light-green  bark  striped 
with  dark  lines,  and  greenish  flowers  and  fruit.  Also  called  Striped  Dog- 
wood and  Moose-  Wood. 

2.  A.  spic^tum,  Lam.  (Mountain  M.)  Leaves  downy  beneath,  3-  (or 
slightly  5-)  lobed,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lobes  ta])er-])ointed ;  racemes  upright, 
c?f?«se,  somewhat  compound;  petals  linear-spatulate ;  fruit  with  small  erector 
divergent  wings.  —  ^Nloist  woods,  with  the  same  range  as  n.  1.  June.  —  A  tall 
shrub,  forming  clumps. 

*  *  Flowers  in  nearly  sessile  terminal  and  lateral  itmbellate-cori/mbs,  greenish- 

yellow,  appearing  with  the  leaves. 

3.  A.  saccharinum,  Wang.  (Sigar  or  Rock  M.)  Leaves  3 -5-lobed, 
with  rounded  sinuses  and  ])ointed  sparingly  sinuate-toothed  lobes,  either  heart- 
shaped  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  whitish  and  smooth  or  a  little  downy  on 
the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  from  terminal  leaf-bearing  and  lateral  leafless  buds, 
drooping  on  very  slender  hairy  pedicels ;  calyx  hairy  at  the  apex  ;  petals  none ; 
wings  of  the  fruit  broad,  usually  slightly  diverging.  —  Rich  woods,  es])ecially 
nortliward  and  along  the  mountains  .soutliward.  April,  May.  —  A  large  and 
handsome  tree. 

Var.  nigrum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Black  Sugar-M.)  Leaves  scarcely  paler 
beneath,  but  often  minutely  downy,  the  lobes  wider,  often  shorter  and  entire, 
the  sinus  at  the  base  often  closed.  —  With  the  ordinary  form ;  quite  variable, 
sometimes  appearing  distinct. 

»  *  *  Flowers   in  umbel-like  clusters  arising  from  separate  lateral  buds,  and 
much  preceding  the  leaves;  stamens  3-G. 

4.  A.  dasyc^rpum,  Ehrh.  (White  or  Silver  M.)  Leaves  very  deeply 
h-lobed  with  the  sinuses  rather  acute,  silvery-white  (and  when  young  downy) 
underneath,  the  divisions  narrow,  cut-lobed  and  toothed ;  flowers  (greenish- 
yellow)  on  short  pedicels ;  petals  none ;  fruit  icoolly  when  young,  with  large 
divergent  wings. —  River-banks;  most  common  southward  and  westward. 
March  -  April.  —  A  fine  oruameutal  tree. 


118  SAPINDACE.E.        (SOAPBERRY    FAMILY.) 

5.  A.  rilbruin,  L.  (Red  or  Swamp  M.)  Leaves  3-5  lobed,  with  Sicute 
sinuses,  whitish  uuderueath ;  the  lobes  irregularly  serrate  and  notched,  acute, 
the  middle  one  usually  longest;  petals  Unear-oblowj ;  flowers  (scarlet,  crimson, 
or  sometimes  yellowish)  on  very  short  pedicels;  but  the  smooth  fruit  on  pro- 
longed''drooping  pedicels. -r- Swamps  and  wet  woods.  April.  —  A  small  tree, 
with  reddish  twigs ;  the  leaves  varying  greatly  in  shape,  turning  bright  crim- 
son in  early  autumn. 

4.    !N"  EG  UN  DO,    Moench.        Ash-leaved  Maple.     Box-Elder. 

Flowers  dioecious.  C:ilyx  miuute,  4  -  5-cleft.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4  -  .5. 
Disk  none.  —  Sterile  flowers  in- clusters  on  capillary  pedicels,  the  fertile  in 
drooping  racemes,  from  lateral  buds.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  3  or  5  leaflets. 
Fruit  as  in  Acer.     (Name  unmeaning.) 

1.  N.  aceroides,  Moench.  Leaflets  smoothish  when  old,  very  veiny, 
ovate,  pointed,  toothed ;  fruit  smooth,  with  large  rather  incurved  wings.  — 
River-banks,  W.  New  Eng.  to  Dak.,  south  and  westward.  April.  —  A  small 
'but  handsome  tree,  with  light-green  twigs,  and  very  delicate  drooping  clusters 
of  small  greenish  flowers,  rather  earlier  than  the  leaves. 

5.     STAPHYLEA,    L.        Bladder-Nut. 

Calyx  deeply  S-parted,  the  lobes  erect,  whitish.  Petals  o,  erect,  spatulate, 
inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  thick  perigynous  disk  which  lines  the  base  of 
the  calyx.  Stamens  .5,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Pistil  of  .3  several-ovuled 
carpels,  united  in  tlie  axis,  their  long  styles  lightly  cohering.  Pod  large, 
membranaceous,  inflated,  3-lobed,  3-celled,  at  length  bursting  at  the  summit ; 
the  cells  containing  1-4  bony  anatropous  seeds.  Aril  none.  Embryo  large 
and  straight,  iu  scanty  albumen ,  cotyledons  broad  and  thin.  —  Upright  shrubs, 
with  opposite  pinnate  leaves  of  3  or  5  serrate  leaflets,  and  white  flowers  in 
drooping  raceme-like  clusters,  terminating  the  branchlets.  Stipules  and  stipels 
deciduous.     (Name  from  <Tra(f>v\T],  a  cluster.) 

1.  S.  trifolia,  L.  (Americax  Bladder-nut.)  Leaflets  3,  ovate,  pointed. 
—  Thickets,  in  moist  soil.  May. —  Shrub  10°  high,  with  greenish  striped 
branches. 

Order  .30.     ANACARDIACEJE.     (Cashew  Family.) 

Trees  or  shruhs;,  with  resinous  or  milky  acrid  juice,  dotless  alternate 
leaves,  and  small,  often  poli/ganious,  regular,  b-merous  flowers,  hut  the  ovary 
l-celled  and  1-ovuled,  loilh  3  styles  or  stigmas.  —  Petals  imbricated  in  the 
bud.  Fruit  mostly  drupaceous.  Seed  without  albumen,  borne  on  a 
curved  stalk  that  rises  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Stipules  none.  Juice 
or  exhalations  often  poisonous. 

1.     RHUS,     L.        Sumach. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  edge  or 
between  the  lobes  of  a  flattened  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  small 
and  indehisceut,  a  sort  of  dry  drupe.  —  Leaves  usually  compound.  Flowers 
greenish-white  or  yellowish.     (The  old  Greek  and  Latin  name.) 


ANACARDIACEiE.       (CASIIEW    FAMILY.)  119 

§  1.   RHUS  proper.     Fruit  symmetrical,  with  the  styles  terminal. 

*  Flowers  polygamous,  i)i  a  terminal  thyrsoid  panicle ;  fruit  globular,  clothed 

with  acid  crimson  hairs  ;  stone  smooth  ;  leaves  odd-pinnate.    {Sot  poisonous.) 
—  (§  Sumac,  DC.)  '  _ 

1.  R.  typhina,  L.  (Staohorx  St^MACn)  Branches,  and  stalla  densely 
velvet y-hair y :  leaflets  11  -31,  pale  beneath,  oblons^-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate, 
rarely  laeiniate.  —  Hillsides.  'June.  —  Shrub  or  tree  10-30°  higlj,  jvltli  orange- 
colored  wood.     Apparently  hybridizes  with  the  next. 

2.  R.  glabra,  L.  (Smooths.)  Smooth,  somewhat  (jlaitcous  ;  Xcw^iit^  \\ - 
31,  whitened  beneath,  lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  serrate. —  Rocky  or  barren 
soil.     rFune,  July..— Shrub  2-12*^  high.     A  var.  has  laeiniate  leaflets. 

3.  R.  COpallina,  L.  (Dwarf  S.)  Branches  and  sialks  dnnny -,  ptfioUs  . 
wincj-manjined  between  the  9-21  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  (often  entire)  leaf- 
lets, which  are  obli(jae  or  unequal  at  tlie  b;i.se,  smootli  and  shining  above. — 
Rocky  hills.     July.  —  Shrub  1  -  ''^  high,  with  running  roots. 

*  *  Flowers  polygamous,  in  loose  and  slender  axillary  panicles  ;  fruit  globular, 

glabrous,  whitish  or  dun-colored ;  the  stone  striate;  leaves  odd-pi^nale  or  3- 
foliolate,  thin.     (Poisonous.)  —  (§  Toxicodendron,  DC.) 

4.  R.  venenata,  DC.  (Poison  S.  or  Dogwood.)  Smooth,  or  nearly 
so;  leaflets  7-13,  obovate-oblong ,  entire.  —  Swamps.  June.  —  Shrub  6-18° 
high.     The  most  poisonous  species;  also  called  Poison  Elder.  O     i''^'  ^  ^    ' ' 

5.  R.  Toxicodendron,  L.  (Poison  Ivy.  Poison  Oak.)  Climbing 
by  rootlets  over  rocks,  etc.,  or  ascending  trees,  or  sometimes  low  and  erect ; 
leaflets  3,  rhombic-ovate,  mostly  pointed,  and  rather  downy  beneath,  vafiously 
notched,  sinuate,  or  cut-lobed,  —  high-climbing  plants  (R.  radlcans,  L.)  having 
usually  more  entire  leaves.  —  Thickets,  low  grounds,  etc.    June. 

*  *  *  Flowers  pol ygamo-di<ecious,  in  small  solitary  or  clustered  spikes  or  heads 

ivhich  develop  in  spring  before  the  leaves  ;  leaves  Sfoliolate  ;  fruit  as  injirst 
group.     (Not  poisonous).  —  (§  Louadium,  Torr.  &  Gray.) 

6.  R.  Canadensis,  Marsh.  Leaves  soft-pubescent  when  young,  becom- 
ing glabrate;  leaflets  rhombic-obovate  or  ovate,  unequally  cut-toothed,  1  -3' 
long,  the  terminal  one  cuneate  at  base  and  sometimes  3-cleft;  flowers  pale 
yellow.  (R.  aromatica,  ^1/7.)  —  Dry  rocky  banks,  W.  Vt.  to  Minn.,  and 
southward.  —  A  straggling  bush,  3-7°  high;  the  cruslied  leaves  not  uu])lea3- 
antly  scented. 

Var.  trilob^ta,  Cray^  With  smaller  leaflets  (i  -  1'  long),  crenately  few- 
lobed  or  incised  toward  the  summit.  —  Long  Pine,  Neb,,  and  common  west- 
ward.    Unpleasantly  scented. 

§  2.  C6TINUS.  Ovary  becoming  very  gibbous  in  fruit,  with  the  remains  of  the 
styles  lateral ;  flowers  in  loose  ample  panicles,  the  pedicels  elongating  and 
becoming  plumose  ;  leaves  simple,  entire. 

7.  R.  OOtinoideS,  Xntt.  '  Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  thin,  oval,  3  -  6' 
long;  flowers  and  fruit  iw  in  the  cultivated  Smoke-tree  (R.  Cotinus)  — Mo.  to 
Tenn.,  and  southward.  —  A  tree,  25-40°  high. 


120  polygalace.e.     (milkwort  family.) 

Order  :3I.     POLYGALACE^E.     (Milkwort  Family.) 

Plants  with  irregular  liypogynous flowers,  4-8  diadelphous  or  monadel- 
phous  stamens,  their  l-celled  anthers  opening  at  the  top  by  a  pore  or  chink; 
the  fruit  a  2-celled  and  2-seeded  pod. 

1.    POLYGALA,    Tourn.        Milkavort. 

Flower  very  irregular.  Calyx  persistent,  of  5  sepals,  of  which  3  (the  upper 
and  the  2  lower)  are  small  and  often  greenish,  while  the  two  lateral  or  inner 
(called  wirtqs)  are  much  larger,  and  colored  like  the  petals.  Petals  3,  hypogy- 
nous,  connected  with  each  other  and  with  the  stamen-tube,  the  middle  (lower) 
one  keel-shaped  and  often  crested  on  the  back.  Stamens  6  or  8 ;  their  fila- 
ments united  below  into  a  split  sheath,  or  into  2  sets,  cohering  more  or  less 
with  the  petals,  free  above ;  anthers  l-celled,  often  cup-shaped,  opening  by  a 
hole  or  broad  chink  at  the  apex.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous 
ovule  pendulous  in  each  cell ;  style  prolonged  and  curved ;  stigma  various. 
Fruit  a  small,  loculicidal  2-seeded  pod,  usually  rounded  and  notched  at  the 
apex,  much  flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  partition.  Seeds  caruncu- 
late.  Embryo  large,  straight,  with  flat  and  broad  cotyledons,  in  scanty  albu- 
men.—  Bitter  plants  (low  herbs  m  temperate  regions),  Avith  simple  entire  often 
dotted  leaves,  and  no  stipules ;  sometimes  (as  in  the  first  two  species)  bearing 
cleistogamous  flowers  next  the  ground.  (An  old  name  composed  of  iroAvs, 
muc/i^  and  yd\a,  jnilk,  from  a  fancied  property  of  its  increasing  this  secretion.) 

*  Perennial  or  biennial ;  flowers  purple  or  white  ;  leaves  alternate. 

•^  Flowers  showy,  rose-purple,  conspicuously  crested ;  also  hearing  inconspicuous 

colorless  cleistoyavious  flowers  on  subterranean  branches. 

1,  P.  paucifblia,  Willd.  Perennial;  flowering  stems  short  (3 -4' high), 
from  long  slender  prostrate  or  subterranean  shoots,  which  also  bear  concealed 
fertile  flowers ;  lower  leaves  small  and  scale-like,  scattered,  the  upper  ovate, 
petioled,  crowded  at  the  summit ;  flowers  1-3,  large,  peduncled ;  Avings  obovate, 
rather  shorter  than  the  fringe-crested  keel ;  stamens  6  ;  caruncle  of  2  or  3  awl- 
shaped  lobes  longer  than  the  seed.  —  Woods,  in  light  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn,, 
111,,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies.  May,  —  A  delicate  plant,  with 
very  handsome  flowers,  9"  long,  rose-purple,  or  rarely  pure  white.  Sometimes 
called  Flowering  Wintergreen,  but  more  appropriately  Fringed  Polygala. 

2,  P.  polygama,  Walt,  Stems  numerous  from  the  biennial  root,  mostly 
simple,  ascending,  very  leafy  (6-9'  high);  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong; 
terminal  raceme  loosely  many  flowered,  the  broadly  obovate  wings  longer  than 
the  keel ;  stamens  8  ;  radical  flowers  racemed  on  short  subterranean  runners ; 
lobes  of  the  caruncle  2,  .scale-like,  shorter  than  the  seed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil; 
common.     July. 

-(-  -*-  Flowers  uinte,  in  a  solitary  close  spike;  none  cleistogamous. 

3,  P.  Senega,  L.  (Seneca  Snakeroot.)  Stems  several  from  thick 
and  hard  knotty  rootstocks,  simple  (6-  12'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  with  rough  margins ;  wings  round-obovate,  concave ;  crest  short ; 
caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Rocky  soil,  W,  New  Eng,  to  Minn,,  and 
southward.     Mav,  June. 


POLYGALACE.*:.        (MILKWORT    FAMILY.)  121 

Var.  latifdlia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Taller,  sonjetimes  branched ;  leaves  ovato 
or  ovate-huKColate,  2-4'  long,  taperin<;  to  each  cud.  —  Md.  to  Mich,  and  Ky. 

4.  P.  alba,  Nutt.  Steins  several  from  a  liard  rootstock,  r^lii|^h;  leaves 
narrowly  linear,  3-  12"  lon<^,  acute  ;  wings  oblong-obovate  ;  crest  small ;  lobes 
of  the  caruncle  half  the  length  of  the  apprcssed-silky  seed.  —  Neb.  and  Kan. 
to  Tex. 

*  *  Annuals,  with  all  the  leaves  alternate ;  Jlowers  in  terminal  spikes,  heads  or 

racemes,  purple  or  rose-color,  in  summer;  none  subterranean. 

H-  Keel  conspicuously  crested ;  claws  of  the  true  petals  united  into  a  long  and 

slender  cleft  tube  much  surpassing  the  wings. 

5.  P.  incarn^ta,  L.  Glaucous ;  stem  slender,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves 
minute  and  linear-awl-shaped;  spike  cylindrical;  liowers  Hesh-color;  caruncle 
longer  than  the  narrow^  stalk  of  the  hairy  seed.  —  Dry  soil,  I'cnn.  to  Wise, 
Iowa,  Neb.,  and  southward ;  rather  rare. 

•♦-  H-  Keel    minuteli/  or  inconspicuously  crested ;  the  true  petals  not  longer  but 
mostly  shorter  than  the  wings ;  seed  pear-shaped. 

6.  P.  sanguinea,  L.  Stem  sparingly  branched  above,  leafy  to  the  top ; 
leaves  oblong-linear ;  heads  globular,  at  length  oblong,  very  dense  (4-5"  thick), 
bright  red-purple  (rarely  paler  or  even  white);  pedicels  scarcely  any ;  wings 
broadly  ovate,  closely  sessile,  longer  than  the  pod ;  the  2-parted  caruncle  almost 
equalling  the  seed.  —  Sandy  and  moist  ground;  common. 

7.  P.  fastigi^ta,  Nutt.  Stem  slender,  at  length  corymbosely  branclied  ; 
leaves  narroicly  linear,  acute,  3-8"  long;  spikes  short  and  dense  (.3"  in  diam- 
eter) ;  the  small  rose-purple  flowers  on  pedicels  of  about  the  length  of  the  pod ; 
wings  obovate-  or  oval -oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  scarcely  exceeding  the 
pod ;  bracts  deciduous  with  the  flowers  or  fruits ;  caruncle  as  long  as  and  nearly 
enveloping  the  stalk-like  base  of  the  minutely  hairy  seed.  —  Fine  barrens  of 
N.  J.  and  Del.  to  Ky.,  and  southward. 

8.  P.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Kesembles  the  last,  but  usually  lower; 
spikes  cylindrical,  narrow;  flowers  duller  or  greenish  purple,  on  very  short 
pedicels ;  the  aw  1-shaped  scaly  bracts  persistent  on  the  axis  after  the  flowers  or 
fruits  fall;  seed  very  hairy,  the  caruncle  smaller.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  coast  of 
Mass.  to  Mo.,  and  southw^ard.  —  Spike  sometimes  rather  loose. 

9.  P,  Curtissii,  Gray.  Slender  (9'  high) ,  leaves,  etc.,  a.s  in  the  two  pro- 
ceding  ,  flowers  rose-purple,  in  usually  short  racemes;  pedicels  about  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  persi.stent  bracts;  the  narrow  oblong  erect  wings  fully  twice  the 
length  of  the  pod :  caruncle  small,  on  one  side  of  the  stalk-like  ba.«!e  of  the  very 
hairy  seed,  which  is  conspicuously  apiculate  at  the  broader  end.  —  Md.  to  Ga.  — 
The  species  was  founded  upon  an  abnurnial  form  with  elongated  racemes  and 
pedicels. 

»  *  *  Annuals  with  at  least  the  lower  stem-ieaves  whorled  in  fours,  sometimes  in 

Jives ;  spihes  terminating  the  stem  and  branches ;  fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

•*-  Spikes  short  and  thick  (4-9"  in  diameter)  ;  bracts  persisting  after  the  fall  of 

the  (middle-sized)  I'ose  or  greenish  purple  Jlowers  ;  crest  small. 

10.  P.  cruciita,  L.  Stems  (3-10' high)  almost  winged  at  the  angles, 
with  spreading  opposite  branches;  leaves  nearly  all  in  fours,  linear  and  some- 
what spatulate  or  oblanceolate ;  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so;   icings  broadly 


122  POLYGALACEiE.        (MILKWORT    FAMILY.) 

deltoid-ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped ,  tapering  to  a  bristlij  point  or  rarely  point- 
less; caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  —  Margin  of  swamjjs,  Maine  to 
Va.  and  southward  near  the  coast,  and  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb. 

11.  P.  brevifolia,  Nutt.  leather  slender,  branched  above;  leaves  scat- 
tered on  the  branches,  narrower;  spiles  ped uncled;  ivings  hmceolate-oi-ate, 
pointless  or  barely  mucronate.  —  Margin  of  sandy  bogs,  II.  I.,  N.  J.,  and 
southward. 

•«-  H-  Spikes  slender  (about  2"  thick),  the  bracts  falling  tvith  the  flowers,  which 
are  snail,  greenish-white  or  barely  tinged  with  purple,  the  crest  of  the  keel 
larger. 

12.  P.  vertieillata,  L.  Slender  (6-10'  high),  much  branched;  stem- 
leaves  all  whorled,  those  of  the  (mostly  opposite)  branches  scattered,  linear, 
acute ;  spikes  peduncled,  usually  short  and  dense,  acute ;  wings  round,  clawed ; 
the  2-l()bed  caruncle  half  the  length  of  the  seed.  —  Dry  soil ;  common. 

Var.  ambigua.    Leaves  (and  branches)  all  scattered  or  the  loAvest  in  fours ; 
spikes  long-peduncled,  more  slender,  the  flowers  often  purplish  and  scattered. 
(P.  ambigua,  Nutt.)  —  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  and  southward. 
*-  *  *  *  Biennials  or  annuals,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers,  which 

(ire  disposed  to  turn  greenish  in  drying ;  crest  small ;  flowering  all  summer. 

13.  P.  Itltea,  L.  Tiow;  flowers  {bright  orange-yellow)  in  solitary  ovate  or 
oblong  heads  (f  tliick)  terminating  the  stem  or  simple  branches;  leaves  (1  -2' 
long)  obovate  or  spatulate ;  lobes  of  the  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  — 
Sandy  swamps,  X  J  and  soutliward,  near  the  coast. 

14.  P.  ramosa,  Ell.  Flowers  (cifron-yellow)  in  numerous  short  and  dense 
spike-like  racemes  collected  in  a  flat-topped  compound  cyme;  leaves  oblong- 
linear,  the  lowest  spatulate  or  obovate ;  seeds  ovoid,  minutely  hairy,  twice  the 
length  of  the  caruncle.  —  Damp  pine-barrens,  Del.  and  southward. 

15.  P.  eymbsa,  Walt.  Stem  short,  naked  above,  the  numerous  racem&s 
in  a  usually  nearly  simple  cyme ,  leaves  narrow,  acuminate ;  seeds  globose, 
without  caruncle.  —  Del.  and  southward. 

Order  32.     LEGUMINOS^.     (Pulse  Family.) 

Plani.'i  with  papilionaceous  or  sometimes  regular  flowers^  10  (rarely  5  and 
sometimes  many)  monadclphous,  diadelphous,  or  rarely  distinct  stamens,  and 
a  single  simple  free  pistd,  becoming  a  legume  in  fruit.  Seeds  mostly  tvith- 
oui  albumen.  Leaves  alternate.,  with  stipules,  usually  compound.  One  of 
the  sepals  inferior  (i.  e.  next  the  bract)  ;  one  of  the  petals  superior  (i.  c. 
next  the  axis  of  the  inflorescence).  —  A  very  large  order  (nearly  free 
from  noxious  qualities),  of  which  the  princij)al  representatives  in  north- 
ern temperate  regions  belong  to  the  first  of  the  three  suborders  it 
comprises. 

Suborder  I.  Papilioiiacese.  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  more  or  less 
united,  often  unequally  so.  Corolla  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx, 
of  5  irregular  petals  (or  very  rarely  fewer),  more  or  less  distinctly  papil- 
ionaceous, i.  e.  with  the  upper  or  odd  petal  (vexillum  or  standard)  larger 
than  the  others  and  enclosing  them  in  the  bud,  usually  turned  backward 


LEGUMINOS^.        (ril.Si:    FAMILY.)  123 

or  sprearling;  the  two  lateral  ones  (winf/s)  ol)li(juo  and  exterior  to  tlie 
two  lower,  which  last  are  connivent  and  connnonly  more  or  less  coherent 
by  their  anterior  edges,  forming  the  carina  or  keel,  which  usually  encloses 
the  stamens  and  pistil.  Stamens  10,  very  rarely  5,  inserted  with  the 
corolla,  monadelphous,  diadel])hous  (mostly  with  9  united  into  a  tulxj 
which  is  cleft  on  the  upper  side,  and  the  tenth  or  uj)per  one  separate), 
or  occasionally  distinct.  Ovary  l-cclled,  sonictimcs  2-cellcd  by  an  intru- 
sion of  one  of  the  sutures,  or  transversely  2 -many-celled  by  cross-divisi(m 
into  joints;  style  simple;  ovules  amphitropous,  rarely  anatropous.  Co- 
tyledons large,  thick  or  thickish ;  radicle  incurved.  —  Leaves  simple  or 
simply  compound,  the  earliest  ones  in  germination  usually  opposite,  the 
rest  alternate ;  leaflets  almost  always  quite  entire.  Flowers  perfect,  soli- 
tary and  axdlary,  or  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles. 
I.  Stamens  (10)  distinct. 
♦  Leaves  palmately  3-foliolate  or  simple  ;  calyx  4  -5-lobe(i  ;  herbs.  (Podalvrie.e.) 
1    Baptisia.     Pod  inflated. 

2.  Ttiermopsis.    Pod  flat,  linear. 

♦  *  Leaves  pinnate ;  calyx-teeth  short.    (Sophore^.  ) 

3.  Clatlrastis.    Flowers  panicled,  white.    Pod  flat.     A  tree. 

4.  Sopliora.     Flowers  racemose,  white.    Pod  terete,  moniliform.     Herbaceous. 

II.     Stamens  monadelphous,  or  diadclphous  (9  and  1^  rarely  5  and  5);  nearly 

distinct  in  n.  14. 
♦  Anthers  of  two  forms  ;  stamens  monadelphous  ;  leaves  digitate  or  simple  ;  leaflets  entire. 

(Geniste^.) 
ft    Crotalaria.    Calyx  5-lobed.     Pod  inflated.     Leaves  simple. 

6.  Genista.    Calyx  2-lipped.     Pod  flat.    Seed  estrophiolate.    Leaves  simple.     Shrubby. 

7.  Cylisus.    Calj'x  2-lipped.    Pod  flat.    Seed  strophiolate.    Leaves  1  -  3-foliolate.    Shrubby. 

8.  Lupinus.    Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.    Pod  flat.     Leaves  7- 11-foliolate. 

*  *  Anthers  uniform  (except  in  n.  13  and  29). 
--  Leaves  digitately  (rarely  pinuately)  3-foliolate  ;  leaflets  denticulate  or  serrulate  ;  stamens 
diadelphous  ;  pods  small,  1- few- seeded,  often  enclosed  in  the  calyx  or  curved  or 
coiled.     (Trifolie^.) 
9.  Trifolium.    Flowers  capitate.    Pods  membranaceous,  1 -6-.seeded.    Petiils  adherent  to 
tno  stamen-tube 

10.  Melilotus.     Flowers  racemed.     Pod  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  1  -  2-seeded, 

11.  Meclicago.     Flowers  racemed  or  spiked.     Pods  curved  or  coiled,  1 -few-seeded. 

•»-  -t-  Leaves  unequally  pinnate  (or  digitate  in  n.  13);  pod  not  jointed;  not  twining  nor 

climbing  (except  n.  20). 

*+  Flowers  umbellate  (solitary  in  ours)  on  axillary  peduncles.    (LoTEiE.) 

12.  Hosackia.    Leaves  1  -  3-follolate.     Peduncle  Icafy-bracteate      Pod  linear, 

**  **  Flowers  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  heads.     (Galege^.) 

=  Herbage    glandular-dotted ;    stamens  mostly  monadelphous ;    pod  small,    indehiscent, 

mostly  l-.sceded  ;  leaves  pinnate  (except  in  n.  13). 

13.  Psoralea.     Corolla  truly  papilionaceous.     Stamens  10.  half  of  the  anthers  oft^n  smaller 

or  less  perfect.     Leaves  mostly  palmately  3  -  5-fnliolate. 

14.  Amorpha.    Corollaof  one  petal !    Stamens  10.  monadelphous  at  base. 

15.  Dalea.    Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous.     Stamens  9  or  10 ;  the  cleft  tube  of  fila- 

ments bearing  4  of  the  petals  about  its  middle. 

16.  Petalostemon.    Corolla  scarcely  at  all  pai.ilionaceous.     Stamens  5 ;  the  cleft  tube  of 

filaments  bearing  4  of  the  iietals  on  its  suuimit 


124  LEGUMINOS.E.        (pulse    FAMILY.) 

=  =  Herbage  not  glandular-dotted  (excei>t  in  n.  23) ;  stamens  mostly  diadelphous ;  pod 
2-valved,  several-seeded  ;  leaves  pinnately  seyeral-foliolate  ;  flowers  i-acemose. 
a.   Wings  cohering  with  the  keel ;  pod  flat  or  4-angled  ;  hoary  perennial  herbs. 

17.  Tephrosia.    Standard  broad.     Pod  flat.     Leaflets  pinnately  veined. 

18.  ludigofera.    Calyx  and  standard  small.    Pod  4-angled.    Leaflets  obscurely  veined. 
h.   Flowei's  large  and  showy ;  standard  broad ;  wings  free;  woody;  leaflets  stipellate. 

19.  Robinia.     Pod  flat,  thin,  margined  on  one  edge.     Trees  or  shrubs. 

20.  "Wistaria.    Pod  tumid,  marginless.    Woody  twiners  ;  leaflets  obscurely  stipellate. 

c.   Standard  narrow,  erect ;  pod  turgid  or  inflated  ;  perennial  herbs. 

21.  Astragalus.    Keel  not  tipped  with  a  point  or  sharp  apjiendage.    Pod  with  one  or  both 

the  sutures  turned  in,  sometimes  dividing  the  cell  lengthwise  into  two. 

22.  Oxytropis.     Keel  tipped  with  an  erect  jioint ;  otherwise  as  Astragalus. 

23.  Glycyrrhiza.    Flowers,  etc.,  of  Astragalus.    Anther-cells  confluent.     Pod  prickly  or 

muricate,  short,  nearly  indehiscent. 
.»-.!-■»-  Herbs  with  pinnate  or  pinnately  1  -  3-foliolate  leaves ;  no  tendrils  ;  pod  transversely 
2-several-jointed.  the  reticulnted  1-seeded  joints  indehiscent,  or  sometimes  reduced  to 
one  such  joint.    (Hedysari.e.) 

=  Leaves  pinnate,  with  several  leaflets,  not  stipellate. 
24   .^schynomene.    Stamens  equally  diadelphous  (5  and  5).    Calyx  2-lipped.    Pod  several- 
jointed  ;  joints  square. 

25.  Coronilla.    Stamensunequally  diadelphous  (9  and  1).    Calyx  5-toothed.    Joints  oblong, 

4-angled.     Flowers  umbellate 

26.  Hedysarum.    Stamens  unequally  diadelphous  (9  and  1).     Calyx  5-cleft.     Pod  several- 

jointed  ;  joints  roundish. 

=  =  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate,  rarely  1-foliolate. 

27.  Desmodiiim.    Stamens  diade*lphous  (9  and  1)  or  monadelphous  below.    Calyx  2-lipped. 

Pod  several-jointed.     Flowers  all  of  one  sort  and  complete.     Leaflets  stipellate. 

28.  Liespedeza.   Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1);  anthers  uniform.   Pod  1  -  2-jointed.    Flow- 

ers often  of  2  sorts,  the  more  fertile  ones  apetalous.    Leaflets  not  stipellate. 

29.  Stylosantlies.    Stamens  monadelphous  ;  anthers  of  2  sorts.    Pod  1  -  2-jointed.    Calyx 

deciduous,  the  tube  narrow  and  stalk-like.     Leaflets  not  stipellate. 
••-  -^  -^  -t-  Herbs  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves,  terminated  by  a  tendril  or  bristle  ;  stamens 
diadelphous  ;  pod  continuous,  2-valved,  few-several-seeded.    (Vicie.«.  ) 

30.  Vicia.    Wings  adherent  to  the  keel.    Style  filiform,  bearded  with  a  tuft  or  ring  of  hairs 

at  the  apex. 

31.  L.athyru8.    Wings  nearly  free.    Style  somewhat  dilated  and  flattened  upwards,  bearded 

down  the  inner  face, 
■t-  -^  -t-  -t-  ••-  Twining  (sometimes  only  trailing)  herbs ;  leaves  pinnately  3-  (rarely  1-  or 
5-7-)  foliolate  ;  no  tendrils}  peduncles  or  flowers  axillary    pod  not  jointed,  2-valved. 
(Phaseole^.  ) 

=  Leaves  pinnate. 

32.  Apios.    Herbaceous  twiner  ;  leaflets  5-7.    Keel  slender  and  much  incurved  or  coiled. 

=  =  Leaves  3-foliolate.     Ovules  and  seeds  several.    Flowers  not  yellow. 

33.  Phaseolus.    Keel  spirally  coiled  ;  standard  recurved-spreading.    Style  bearded  length- 

wise.    Flowers  racemose.     Seeds  round-reniform. 

34.  Strophostyles.     Keel  long,  strongly  incurved.     Style  bearded  lengthwise.     Flowers 

sessile,  capitate,  few.    Seeds  oblong,  mostly  pubescent. 

35.  Centrosema.    Calyx  short,  5-cleft.     Standard  with  a  spur  at  the  base ;  keel  broad, 

merely  incurved.    Style  minutely  bearded  next  the  stigma. 

36.  Clitoria.      Calyx  tubular,   5-lobed.     Standard  erect,  spurless ;  keel  scythe-shaped. 

Style  bearded  down  the  inner  face. 

37.  Ampliicarpaea.    Calyx  tubular,  4  -  5-toothed.    Standard  erect ;  keel  almost  straight. 

Style  beardless.     Some  nearly  apetalous  fertile  flowers  next  the  ground. 


LEGUMINOS^.        (PILSK    FAMILY.)  125 

88.  Galactia.    Calyx  4-cleft.  the  upper  lobe  broadest  ami  entire.    Style  beardless.     Drart 

and  bractlcts  minute,  mostly  deciduous. 
==  =  ==  Leaves  1  -  3-folioIate.    Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  nr  two.     Flowers  ydlow. 

89.  Bhynchosia.    Keel  scytbe-shaped.     Calyx  4 -5-partcd.     Tod  short. 

SuBORDKR  II.  Cscsalpiiiieae.  (Hrasilktto  Family. j  COrolU 
imperfectly  or  not  at  all  pa[)ilionaceoas,  sonietiine.s  nearly  rpfrular,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud,  the  uj)per  or  odd  ])etal  inside  and  enclosed  hv  the  other.", 
Stamens  10  or  fewer,  commonly  distinct,  in.'Jerted  on  the  calyx.  Seeds 
anatropous,  often  with  albumen.     Embryo  straight. 

•  Flowers  imperfectly  papilionaceous,  jierfeot.    Trees. 

40.  Cercis.    Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothcd.     Pod  flat,  wing-margined.    Leaves  simple. 

»*  Flowers  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  perfect.     Calyx  5-parted.    Herbs. 

41.  Cassia.    Leaves  simply  and  abruptly  pinnate,  not  glandular-punctate. 

42.  Hoffnianseg^gia.    Leaves  bipinnate,  glandular-punctate. 

»  *  *  Flowers  not  at  all  papilionaceous,  polygamous  or  dioecious.     Trees. 

43.  Gymnocladus.      Leaves  all  doubly  pinnate.      Calyx-tube  elongated,  at  its  summit 

bearing  5  petals  resembling  the  calyx-lobes.    Stamens  10. 

44.  Gleditschia.    Thorny  ;  leaves  simply  and  doubly  pinnate.    Calyx-tube  short ;  its  lobes, 

petals,  and  the  stamens  3-5. 

Suborder  III.  Miinoseae.  (Mimosa  Family.)  Flower  regular, 
small.  Corolla  valvate  in  aBstivation,  often  united  into  a  4  -  S-lohed  cup, 
hypogynous,  as  are  the  (often  very  numerous)  exserted  stamens.  Em- 
bryo straight.     Leaves  twice  pinnate. 

45.  Desmanthus.    Petals  distinct.    Stamens  5  or  10.     Pod  smooth. 

46.  Sclirankia.    Petals  united  below  into  a  cup.    Stamens  8  or  10.    Pod  covered  witk 

small  prickles  or  rough  projections. 

1.     BAPTIST  A,    Vent.        False  Indigo. 

Calyx  4  -  5-toothed.  Standard  not  longer  than  the  wings,  its  sides  reflexed ; 
keel-petals  nearly  separate,  and,  like  the  wings,  straight.  Stamens  10,  dis- 
tinct. Pod  stalked  in  the  persistent  calyx,  roundish  or  oblong,  inflated, 
pointed,  many-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  3-foliolate  (rarely 
simple)  leaves,  which  generally  blacken  in  drying,  and  rarcme<l  flowers. 
(Named  from  ^ainl^o},  to  dye,  from  the  economical  use  of  some  species,  which 
yield  a  poor  indigo.) 
*  Racemes  rnnm/,  slw7-t  and  loose,  terminal,  often  leaf  if  at  base  ,  flowers  yellow. 

1.  B.  tinctbria,  I\.  Br.  (Wild  Indigo.)  Smooth  and  slender  (2-3° 
high),  rather  glauc(jus;  leaves  almost  sessile,  leaflets  rounded  wcdge-obovate 
{\-\\'  long);  stipules  and  bracts  miinite  and  deciduous ;  pods  oval-globose, 
on  a  stalk  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Sainly  dry  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to 
Minn,  and  La. 

*  *  Racemes  fewer,  opposite  the  leai^es. 

•♦-  Flowers  i/ellow. 

2.  B.  vill6sa,  Fdl.  Sometimes  soft -hairy,  usually  minutely  pul)escent 
when  young,  erect  (2  -  3*^  high)  with  divergent  branches ;  leaves  almost  ses- 


126  LEGUMINOS^.        (pulse    FAMILY.) 

sile ;   leaflets  wedge-lanceolate  or  obovate ;  lower  stipules  lanceolate  and  per- 
sistent, on  the  branchlets  often  small  and  subulate ;  racemes  many-flowered ; 
pedicels   sliort ;    bracts   subulate,  mostly  deciduous ;   pods   ovoid-oblong   and 
taper-pointed,  minutely  pubescent.  —  Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 
-I-  -1-  Floicers  ichiie  or  cream-color. 

3.  B.  leucophaea,  Nutt.  Hairy Jow  (1°  high),  with  divergent  branches; 
leaves  almost  sessile  ,  leaflets  narrowly  obloug-obovate  or  spatulate ;  stipules  and 
bracts  large  and  leafg,  persistent;  racemes  long  (often  1°),  reclined ;  flowers 
on  elongated  pedicels,  cream-color ;  pods  pointed  at  both  ends,  hoary.  —  Mich, 
to  Minn.,  south  to  Tex.     April,  May. 

4.  B.  leucantha,  Torr.  &.  Gray.  Smooth ;  stems,  leaves,  and  racemes  as 
in  u.  6 ;  stipules  earlij  deciduous ;  flowers  ivhite ;  pods  oval-oblong,  raised  on  a 
stalk  full//  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  — Alluvial  soil,  Ont.  and  Ohio  to  Minn., 
south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

5.  B.  alba,  R.  Br.  Smooth  (1  -3°  high)  ,  the  branches  slender  and  widely 
spreading ;  petioles  slender;  stipules  and  bracts  minute  and  deciduous;  leaflets 
oblong  or  oblanceolate ;  racemes  slender  on  a  long  naked  peduncle;  pods 
hnear-oblong  (1  -  1^  long),  short-stalked.  —  Dry  soil,  S.  lud.  and  Mo.,  to  La., 
N.  C,  and  Fla.    July. 

-H-  ^-  +-  Floicers  indigo-blue. 

6.  B.  austr&lis,  R.  Br.  (Blue  False-Indigo.)  Smooth,  tall  and  stout 
(4  -  5°) ;  leaflets  oldong-wedge-form,  obtuse ;  stipules  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the 
petioles,  rather  persistent ;  raceme  elongated  (1  -  2°)  and  many-flowered,  erect; 
bracts  deciiluous  -,  stalk  of  the  oval-ol)long  pods  about  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
—  Alluvial  soil,  Penn.  to  Ga.,  west  to  S.  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Ark. 

2.    THERMOPSIS,    R.  Br. 

Pod  sessile  or  shortly  stipitate  in  the  calyx,  flat,  linear,  straight  or  curved. 
Otherwise  nearly  as  Baptisia.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  palmately  3-foliolate 
leaves  and  foliaceous  stipules,  not  ])lackening  in  drying,  and  yellow  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes.     (Name  from  Q4pixos,  the  lupine,  and  o^is,  resemblance.) 

1.  T.  mollis,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Finely  appressed-pubescent,  2-3°  high; 
leaflets  rhombic-lanceolate,  1-3'  long;  stipules  narrow,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  petiole .  raceme  elongated ;  pods  narrow,  short-stipitate,  somewhat  curved, 
2-4  long.  —  Mountains  of  S.  Va.  and  N.  C. 

2  T.  rliomblfdlia,  Nutt.  Low,  with  smaller  leaves  and  broad  conspic- 
uous stipules ;  racemes  short,  few-flowered ;  pods  broadly  linear,  spreading, 
usually  strongly  curved.  —  Sask.  to  E.  Col.,  near  or  in  the  mountains ,  reported 
from  central  Kan. 

3.     CLADRASTIS,     Baf.        Yello^v-Wood. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Standard  large,  roundish,  reflexed ;  the  distinct  keel-petals 
and  wings  straight,  oblong.  Stamens  10,  distinct;  filaments  slender,  incurved 
above.  Pod  short-stalked  above  tlie  calyx,  linear,  flat,  thin,  marginless,  4-6- 
seeded,  at  length  2-valved.  — A  handsome  tree,  with  yellow  wood,  smooth  bark, 
nearly  smooth  pinnate  leaves  of  7-11  oval  or  ovate  leaflets,  and  ample  pani- 
cled  racemes  (10-20'  long)  of  showy  white  floAvers  drooping  from  the  ends  of 


LEGUMINOSiE.       (PULSE    FAMILY.)  127 

the  branches.  Stipules  obsolete.  Base  of  the  petioles  hollow,  pnclosin?  the 
leaf-buds  of  the  next  year.  Bracts  minute  and  fugacious.  (Name  from  K\abos, 
a  branch,  and  dpavaros,  brittle.) 

1.  C.  tinctdria,  Kaf.  Sometimes  50°  high  ;  pods  .1  -  4'  long.  —  Rich  hill- 
sides, central  Ky.  and  Tenn.  to  N.  C.  Also  in  cultivation.  Tlie  wood  yields 
a  yellow  dye. 

4.    SOPHORA,    L. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  shortly  .5-toothed.  Standard  rounded;  keel  nearly 
straight.  Stamens  distinct  or  nearly  so.  I'od  coriaceous,  stipitatc,  terete, 
more  or  le.ss  constricted  between  the  seeds,  indchiscent.  Seeds  suhglobose.  — 
Shrubby  or  ours  an  herbaceous  perennial,  the  leaves  pinnate  with  numerous 
leaflets,  and  flowers  white  or  yellow  in  terminal  racemes.  (Said  by  Linnaeus 
to  be  the  ancient  name  of  an  allied  plant.) 

1.  S.  sericea,  Nutt.  Silky-canescent,  erect,  1°  high  or  less;  leaflets  ob- 
long-obovate,  3  -  6''  long ;  flowers  white ;  pods  few-seeded.  —  Central  Kan.  to 
Col.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

5.    CRO  TALARI  A,    L.        RATXLE-nox. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  scarcely  2-li])pod.  Standard  large,  heart-shaped  ;  keel  scythe- 
shaped.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens  cleft  on  the  upper  side ;  5  of 
the  anthers  smaller  and  roundish.  Pod  inflated,  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs 
with  simple  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  KporaKov,  a  rattle;  the 
loose  seeds  rattling  in  the  coriaceous  inflated  pods.) 

1.  C.  sagittalis,  L.  Annual,  hairy  (3-6'  high) ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  scarcely  petioled ;  stipules  united  and  decurrent  on  the  stem,  so  a.s 
to  be  inversely  arrow-shaped;  peduncles  few-flowered;  corolla  not  longer 
than  the  calyx;  pod  blackish.  —  Sandy  soil;  ^Nlaine  to  111.,  Minn.,  Kan.,  and 
southward. 

6.     GENISTA,     L.        Woad-Waxex.     Whin. 

Calyx  2-lipped.  Standard  oblong-oval,  spreading,  keel  oblong,  straight, 
deflexed.  Stamens  monadelphous,  the  sheath  entire ;  .5  alternate  antliers 
shorter.  Pod  mostly  flat  and  several-seeded. — Shrubby  plants,  with  simple 
leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.     (Name  from  tlie  Celtic  (jen,  a  busli.) 

G.  tinct6hia,  L.  (Dvek's  (lUEiiN-WKKi).)  Low,  not  tliorny,  with  striate- 
angled  erect  liranches  ;  leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  in  spiked  racemes.  —  Estal>- 
lished  on  sterile  hills,  eastern  N.  Y.  and  JNIass.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

7.     CYTISUS,     Tourn.        Bkoom. 

Calyx  campanulate,  with  2  short  broad  lips.  Petals  broad,  the  keel  olttnse 
and  slightly  incurved.  StanuMis  monadciplunis.  Pod  flat,  much  longer  than 
the  calvx.  '  Seeds  several,  with  a  stropliiolo  at  the  hilum.  —  Shrubs,  with  stiff 
green  branches,  leaves  mostly  digitately  3-foliolate,  and  large  bright  yellow 
flowers.     (The  ancient  Koman  name  of  a  plant,  probal)ly  a  Medicago.) 

C.  sror.\Rirs,  Link.  (Scotch  Bk<»<>m.)  (ilabrous  or  nearly  .»<o  (.3-r)° 
high);  leaflets  small,  obovate,  often  rednced  to  a  single  one ;  flowers  .solitary 
or  in  pairs,  on  slender  ])0(ii(cls,  in  the  axils  of  the  old  leaves,  forming  leafy 
racemes  along  the  upper  hranciies ;  style  very  long  and  spirally  incurved. — 
Ya.  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Ku.) 


128  LEGUMINOS^..        (pulse    FAMILY.) 

8.     LUPIN  US,     Tourn.         Lupixe. 

Calyx  very  deeply  2-lipped.  Sides  of  the  standard  reflexed ;  keel  scythe- 
shaped,  pointed.  Sheath  of  the  monadelphous  stamens  entire ;  anthers 
alternately  oblong  and  roundish.  Pod  oblong,  flattened,  often  knotty  by  con- 
strictions between  the  seeds.  Cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  —  Herbs,  with 
palmately  1-1 5-f oliolate  leaves,  stipules  adnate  to  base  of  the  petiole,  and 
showy  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes.  (Name  from  Lupus,  a  w^olf, 
because  these  plants  were  thought  to  devour  the  fertility  of  the  soil.) 

1.  L.  perennis,  L.  (Wild  Lupixe.)  Perennial,  somewhat  hairy;  stem 
erect  (1-2'^);  leaflets  7- 11,  oblanceolate ;  flowers  in  a  long  raceme,  showy, 
purplish-blue  (rarely  pale) ;  pods  broad,  very  hairy,  5  -  6-seeded.  —  Sandy  soil, 
N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  south  to  the  Gulf.  —  Var.  occidentAlis,  Watsou, 
has  stems  and  petioles  more  villous.  —  Mich,  and  Wise. 

2.  L.  pusillus,  Pursh.  Annual,  low,  villous;  leaflets  usually  5  ;  racemes 
short,  sessile ;  flowers  purple  or  rose-color ;  pods  oval,  hirsute,  2-seeded.  — 
Central  Dak.  and  Kan.,  and  westward. 

9.     TRIFOLIUM,     Tourn.         Clover.    Trefoil. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft,  the  teeth  bristle-form.  Corolla  mostly  withering 
or  persistent ;  the  claws  of  all  the  petals,  or  of  all  except  the  oblong  or  ovate 
standard,  more  or  less  united  below  with  the  stamen-tube ;  keel  short  and  ob- 
tuse. Tenth  stamen  more  or  less  separate.  Pods  small  and  membranous, 
often  included  in  the  calyx,  1  -  6-seeded,  indehiscent,  or  opening  by  one  of  the 
sutures.  —  Tufted  or  diffuse  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  palmately,  sometimes  pin- 
nately  3-foliolate ;  leaflets  usually  toothed.  Stipules  united  with  the  petiole. 
Flowers  in  heads  or  spikes.     (Name  from  tres,  three,  and  folium,  a  leaf.) 

*  Flowers  sessile  in  dense  heads ;  corolla  purple  or  purplish,  withering  awai/  after 

flowering,  tubular  below,  the  petals  more  or  less  coherent  with  each  other. 

■»-  Calyx-teeth  silky-plumose,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla ;  root  annual. 

T.  ARVENSE,  L.  (Rabbit-foot  or  Stone  Clover.)  Silky,  branching 
(5-10'  high);  leaflets  oblanceolate;  heads  becoming  very  soft-silky  and 
grayish,  oblong  or  cylindrical.  —  Old  fields,  etc.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

•<-  -t-  Cali/x  scarceli/  hairjj  except  a  bearded  ring  in  the  throat,  shorter  than  the  rose- 
purple  elongated-tubular  corolla.    ( Short-lived  perennials  ;  flowers  sweet-scented.) 

T.  pratense,  L.  (Red  C.)  Stems  ascending,  somewhat  hairy ;  leaflets 
oral  or  oboirate,  often  notched  at  the  end  and  marked  on  the  upper  side  with  a 
pale  spot;  stipules  broad,  bristle-pointed ;  heads  ovate,  sessile.  —  Fields  and 
meadows;  largely  cultivated.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

T.  MEDIUM,  L.  (Zigzag  C.)  Stems  zigzag,  smoothish;  leaflets  oblong, 
entire,  and  spotless ;  heads  mostly  stalked ;  flowers  deeper  purple,  otherwise  too 
like  the  last.  —  Dry  hills,  N.  Scotia  to  E.  Mass.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  pedicelled  in  umbel-like  round  heads  on  a  naked  peduncle,  their  short 

pedicels  reflexed  ichen  old;  corolla  ichite  or  rose-color,  withering-persistent 

and  turning  brownish  in  fading  ;  the  tubular  portion  short. 

1.   T.  reflexum,  L.    (Buffalo  C.)    Annual  or  biennial ;  stems  ascending, 

downy ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  finely  toothed ;  stipules  thin,  ovate ;  standard 

rose-red,  wings   and   keel   whitisli ;   calyx-teeth   hairy ;   pods   3  -  5-seeded.  — 

Western  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Iowa,  Kan.,  and  southward. 


LE(irMINOSit:.        (PLLSK    FAMILY.)  129 

2.  T.  Stoloniferum,  Muhl.     (Running   Buffalo-C.)     Smooth,  pevei^ 

nial ;  stems  irilli  Ioikj  runners  from  tlie  base  ;  leajltts  hroaclli/  ohovate  nrobcordate, 
minutely  toothed ;  heads  loose ;  flowers  wliite,  tinged  with  purple ;  pods  2- 
seeded.  —  Open  woodlands  and  prairies,  Ohio  and  Ky.,  west  to  Iowa  and  Kan. 

3.  T.  ripens,  L.  (White  C.)  Smooth,  perennial;  the  slender  stems 
spreading  and  creepinfj ;  leaflets  inverselij  heart-shaped  or  merely  notelied,  ol>- 
scurely  toothed ;  stipules  scale-like,  narrow ;  petioles  and  especially  the  i>edun- 
cles  very  long ;  heads  small  and  loose  ;  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  nhite  rontlla  ; 
pods  about  4-sceded.  —  Fields  and  copses,  everywhere.  Indigenous  only  in 
the  northern  ])art  of  our  range,  if  at  all. 

4.  T.  Carolini^num,  Michx.  Somewhat  pubescent  small  perennial, 
procumbent,  in  tufts;  leaflets  wedge-obovate  and  slightly  notched ;  stipules 
ovate,  foliaceous;  heads  small  on  slender  peduncles;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate, 
nearly  equalUnej  the  purplish  corolla  ;  standard  pointed  ;  pods  4-seeded.  —  Waste 
ground  near  Philadelphia,  south  to  Va.,  Fla.,  and  Tex. 

T.  HV'BniDi  M,  L.  (Alsike  C.)  Resembling  T.  repens,  but  the  stems 
erect  or  ascending,  not  rooting  at  the  nodes;  flowers  rose-tinted.  —  Becoming 
common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  short-ped icelled  in  close  heads,  rejiexed  when  old ;  corolla  yellow, 
persistent,  turninc/  dry  and  chestnut-brown  with  age,  the  standard  becoming 
hood-shaped  ;  annuals,  Ji.  in  summer. 

T.  agrXrium,  L.  (Yellow  or  Hop-C.)  Smoothish,  somewhat  upright 
(6-12'  high) ;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  cdl  three  from  the  same  point  (palmate)  ami 
nearly  sessile;  stipules  narrow,  cohering  with  the  petiole  for  more  than  half' its 
length.  —  Sandy  fields  and  roadsides;  N.  Scotia  to  Va. ;  also  iu  western  N.  Y. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

T.  PROcuMBExs,  L.  (Low  Hop-C.)  Stems  spreading  or  ascending,  pu- 
bescent (3  -  6'  high) ;  leaflets  n-edge-obovate,  notched  at  the  end,  the  lateral  at 
a  small  distance  from  the  other  (pinnately  3-foliolate) ;  stipules  ovate,  short.  — 
Sandy  fields  and  roadsides,  common.  —  Var.  Mi.virs,  Gray,  has  smaller  heads, 
the  standard  not  much  striate  with  age.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

10.     MELILOTUS,     Tourn.        :Melilot.     Sweet  Clover. 

Flowers  much  as  in  Trifolium,  but  in  spike-like  racemes,  small ;  corolla  de- 
ciduous, free  from  the  stamen-tube.  Tod  ovoid,  coriaceous,  wrinkled,  longer 
tlian  the  calyx,  scarcely  dehiscent,  1-2-seeded.  —  Annual  or  biennial  herl)s, 
fragrant  in  drying,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  leaflets  toothed.  (Name 
from  f/.4\i,  honey,  and  Awtos,  some  leguminous  plant.) 

M.  officixXlis,  Willd.  (Yellow  Melilot.)  Upright  (2-4°  high); 
leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse;  corolla  yellow;  the  petals  nearly  of  ejjual 
lengtli.  —  Waste  or  cultivated  grounds.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

M.  Alka,  Lam.  (White  M.)  J^eaflets  truncate;  corolla  trhite ;  the 
standard  longer  than  the  other  petals.  —  In  similar  ph\ces.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

11.     MEDIC  A  GO,     Tourn.        Medick. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Melilotus.  Pod  1 -several-seeded,  scythe-shaped,  in- 
curved, or  variously  coiled.  —  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliohite;  leaflets  toothed; 
stipules  often  cut.  (MtjSjkt^,  the  name  of  Lucerne,  because  it  came  to  the 
Greeks  from  Media.) 

M.  SATivA,  L.  (Li'CERNE.  Alfalfa.)  Upright,  smooth,  perennial ;  leaf- 
lets obovate-ol)long,  toothed;  flowers  {purple)  racemcd ;  pods  spirally  twisted. 
—  Cultivated  for  green  fodder;  spontaneous  from  Mass.  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

1) 


130  LEGUMINOS^.       (pulse   FAMILY.) 

M.  LUPULiNA,  L.  (Black  Medick.  Nonesuch.)  Procumbent,  pubes- 
cent, annual ;  leaflets  wedge-obovate,  tootbed  at  the  apex ;  flowers  in  short 
spikes  (yellow);  pods  kidney -form,  1 -seeded.  —  AVaste  places,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla., 
west  to  Mich.,  loAva,  and  Mo.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

M.  macuiAta,  AVilld.  (Spotted  Medick.)  Spreading  or  procumbent 
annual,  somewhat  pubescent ;  leaflets  obcordate,  with  a  purple  spot,  minutely 
toothed ;  peduncles  3  -  bflowered ;  floAvers  yellow ;  pods  compactli/  spiral, 
of  2  or  3  turns,  compressed, /((/Tou-'ec/  on  the  thick  edge,  said  fringed  with  a 
double  row  of  curved  prickles.  —  N.  BrunsAvick  to  Mass.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

M.  denticuiAta,  VVilld.  Nearly  glabrous ;  pods  loosely  spiral,  deeply 
reticulated,  and  with  a  thin  keeled  edge;  otherwise  like  the  last,  and  with  the 
same  range.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

12.    HO  S  A  OKI  A,    Douglas. 

Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal.  Petals  free  from  the  diadelphous  stamens  ;  stand- 
ard ovate  or  roundish,  jts  claw  often  remote  from  the  others ;  Avings  obovate 
or  oblong ;  keel  incurved.  Pod  linear,  compressed  or  somewhat  terete,  sessile, 
several-seeded.  —  Herbs,  Avith  pinnate  leaves  (in  ours  1  -  3-foliolate,  Avith  gland- 
like stipules),  and  small  yelloAv  or  reddish  floAA'ers  in  umbels  (ours  solitary) 
upon  axillary  leafy-bracteate  peduncles.  (Named  for  Dr.  David  Hosack,  of 
NeAV  York.) 

1.  H.  Purshiana,  Benth.  Annual,  more  or  less  silky-villous  or  gla- 
brous, often  1°  high  or  more;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  the  1-3  leaflets  OA'ate  to 
lanceolate  (3  -  9"  long) ;  peduncles  often  short,  bracteate  with  a  single  leaflet. 
—  N.  C. ;  S.  W.  Minn,  to  Ark.,  and  Avest  to  the  Pacific.     Very  variable. 

13.    PSORALEA,    L. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  the  loAver  lobe  longest.  Stamens  diadelphous  or 
sometimes  monadelphous.  Pod  seldom  longer  than  the  calyx,  thick,  often 
Avrinkled,  indehiscent,  1-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  usually  sprinkled  all  over 
or  roughened  (especially  the  calyx,  pods,  etc.)  Avith  glandular  dots  or  points. 
Leaves  mostly  3  -  5-f oliolate.  FloAvers  spiked  or  racemed,  Avhite  or  mostly 
blue-purplish.  Root  sometimes  tuberous  and  farinaceous.  (Name,  ^upaXeos, 
scurfy,  from  the  glands  or  dots.) 

*  Leaves  pinnately  3-foIiolate. 

1.  P.  Onobrychis,  Nutt.  Nearly  smooth  and  free  from  glands,  erect 
(3  -  5°  high) ;  leaflets  lanceolate-ovate,  taper-pointed  (3'  long) ;  stipules  and 
bracts  aid-shaped ;  racemes  elongated ;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves :  pods 
roughened  and  Avrinkled.  —  River-banks,  Ohio  to  111.  and  Mo. ;  also  south  and 
east  to  S.  C.     July. 

2.  P.  stipulata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  smooth  and  glandless ;  stems  dif- 
fuse ;  leaflets  ovate-elliptical,  reticulated ;  stipules  ovate ;  flowers  in  heads  on 

rather  short  peduncles ;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  sharp-pointed.  —  Rocks,  S.  Ind. 
and  Ky.     June,  July. 

3.  P.  melilotoides,  Michx.  Somewhat  pubescent,  more  or  less  glan- 
dular; stems  erect  (1  -2°  high),  slender;  leaflets  lanceolate  or  narroivly  oblong ; 
spikes  oblong,  long-peduncled  ;  stipules  awl-shaped ;  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed ;  pods  strongly  Avrinkled  transversely.  —  Dry  soil,  Fla.  to  Teun., 
S.  Ind.  and  Kan.    June. 


LEGUMINOS^..        (PULSE    FAMILY.)  181 

*  *  Leaves  palmateli/  3  -  b-fuliolate  ;  roots  not  tuberous. 

4.  P.  tenuifldra,  J'ursh.  Slender,  erect,  mjuh  hraucheil  aiid  bushy 
(2-4°  liigli),  ininutelji  hmir n-puhesrcnt  wlieii  young;  leaflets  varying  from 
linear  to  obovate-obloug  (^-1^'  l<^"g),  glandular-dotted ;  y/owprji  (2 -."J"  long) 
in  loose  racemes:  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  ovate,  acute;  pod  glandular. 
(P.  tloribuiida,  Niitt.)  —  Prairies,  Minn,  to  111.,  Tex.,  and  westward.  June- 
Sept. 

5.  P.  argoph^lla,  Pursh.  -S"//f?pr//.s///7/-ir/(//eallover,  erect,  divergently 
branched  (l-.'i^  higli) ;  leaflets  elliptiral-lanceolate ;  spikes  interrupted ;  loltcs 
of  the  calyx  and  bracts  lanceolate.  —  High  jdains,  N.  Wise,  to  Iowa,  Kan.,  and 
westward.     June.  —  Flowers  4  - .')"  long. 

6.  P.  digit^ta,  Nutt.  More  slender  and  less  hoary,  1  -  2°  high  ;  leaflets 
linear-oblanceolate ;  bracts  of  the  interrupted  spike  ol)cordate ;  calvx-lobcs 
oblong,  acute.  —  Central  Kan.  to  Col.  and  Tex. 

7.  P.  lanceol^ta,  Pursh.  Glal)rous  or  nearly  so,  yellowish  green,  densely 
punctate ;  leaflets  3,  linear  to  oblanceolate ;  flowers  small,  in  very  short  spikes  ; 
calyx  1"  long,  with  short  broa<l  teeth.  —  Central  Kan.  to  the  Sask.  and  westward. 

*  *  *  Leaves  palmateli/  5-foliolate  ;  root  tuberous ;  spike-like  racemes  dense. 

8.  P.  escul^Dta,  Pursh.  Rougliish  hairy  all  over;  stem  stout  (5-15' 
high)  and  erect  from  a  tuberous  or  turni])-shapcd  farinaceous  root;  leaflets 
obovate-  or  lanceolate-oblong;  spikes  oblong,  long-peduncled ;  lobes  of  tho 
calyx  and  bracts  lanceolate,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla  (^'  long).  —  High 
plains,  Sask.  to  Wise,  Iowa,  and  Tex.  June.  The  Tom-me  blanch?:,  or 
Po.MME  DK  Prairie,  of  the  voyageurs. 

9.  P.  hypogaea,  Nutt.  Tuber  small;  nearly  acaulescent,  hoary  with 
appressed  hairs ;  leaflets  linear ;  spikes  short-capitate,  on  peduncles  i  -  2'  long; 
calyx  narrow,  3-6"  long.  —  Central  Kan.  to  Col.  and  Tex. 

10.  P.  CUSpid^ta,  Pursh.  Stout,  tall,  from  a  deep-seated  tuber,  hoary 
with  appressed  hairs;  leaflets  usually  broadly  oblanceolate,  obtuse;  flowers 
large,  the  petals  (6  -  8"  long)  exceeding  the  lanceolate-lobed  calyx  —  Central 
Kan.  to  Col.  and  Tex. 

14.  AMORPHA,  L.  False  Indigo. 
Calyx  inversely  conical,  5-tootlied,  persistent.  Standard  (the  other  petals 
entirely  wanting!)  wrapped  around  the  stamens  and  style.  Stamens  10, 
monadelphous  at  the  very  base,  otherwise  distinct.  Pod  ol)long,  longer  th:m 
the  calyx,  l-2-seeded,  roughened,  tardily  dehiscent.  —  Shrubs,  with  o<ld- 
pinnate  leaves;  the  leaflets  marked  with  minute  dots,  usually  stijxllate,  the 
midvein  excurrent.  Flowers  violet  or  i>uri)le,  crowded  in  clustered  termin;il 
spikes.  (Name,  &iiop<pos,  deformed,  from  the  absence  of  four  of  the  petals.) 
*  I^ods  \-sreded ;  leajlrls  small  (.^'  long  or  less),  croivdid. 

1.  A.  CaneSCenS,  Nutt.  (Lkai>-Plant.)  Whittned  with  hoanj  donn 
(1-3°  higli) ;  leaflets  15-25  ])airs,  oblong-ellij)tii-al,  becoming  sinoothish 
above;  spikes  usually  clustered  at  the  summit.  —  Sask.  to  Ind.  and  Te.x.,  west 
to  the  Rocky  Mts. ;  also  eastward  to  (ia. 

2.  A.  microphylla,  Pursh.  Nearly  glabrous  throughout,  1°  high  or 
less;  leaflets  ratlier  rigid;  spikes  usually  solitary.  —  Sask.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa, 
west  to  the  Kockv  Mts. 


132  LEGUMINOS^.        (pulse   FAMILY.) 

*  *  Pods  2-seeded^'  leaflets  larger,  scattered. 
3.   A.  frutic6sa,  L.     (False  Indigo.)     A  tall  shrub,  rather  pubescent 
or  smoothish  ,  leaflets  8-12  pairs,  oblong  to  broadly  elliptical.  —  River-banks, 
S  Penn.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Sask.,  Tex.,  and  the  Rocky  Mts.     Very  variable. 

15.    DALEA,    L. 

Calyx  .5-cleft  or  toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous ;  petals  all  on 
claws;  the  standard  heart-shaped,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx;  the 
keel  and  wings  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  monadelphous  sheath  of  filaments, 
which  is  cleft  down  one  side.  Stamens  10,  rarely  9.  Pod  membranaceous, 
1 -seeded,  indehiscent,  enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx.  —  Mostly  herbs,  more 
or  less  glandular-dotteci,  with  minute  stipules;  the  small  flowers  in  terminal 
spikes  or  heads      (Named  for  Samuel  Dale,  an  English  botanist.) 

*  Glabrous;  flowers  white  or  rose<olor;  leaflets  A -20  pairs  ;  annuals. 

1.  D.  alopecuroides,  Wilkl.  Erect  (1-2°  high);  leaflets  10-20  pairs, 
linear-oblong;  flowers  light  rose-color  or  whitish,  in  cylindrical  spikes  ;  bracts 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  deciduous ;  calyx  very  villous,  with  long  slender 
teeth.  —  Alluvial  soil,  Minn,  to  111.  and  Ala.,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 

2.  D.  laxiflora,  Pursh.  Erect  (1-4°  high),  branching;  leaflets  3-5 
pairs,  linear,  2  -3"  long;  spikes  loosely-flowered;  bracts  conspicuous,  persist- 
ent, almost  orbicular  and  very  obtuse ;  petals  white ;  calyx  densely  villous, 
the  long  teeth  beautifully  plumose.  —  Iowa  and  Mo.  to  Tex.,  west  to  Col. 

*  *  Pubescent :  leaflets  3-4  pairs  ;  perennial  herbs. 

3.  D,  atirea,  Nutt.  Stems  erect  and  simple,  1-3°  high;  leaflets  oblong- 
obovate  to  linear-oblong,  more  or  less  silky-pubescent ;  spikes  solitarv,  oblong- 
ovate,  very  compact  and  densely  silky ;  bracts  sliort,  rhombic-ovate ;  petals 
yellow,  —  On  the  plains,  Mo.  to  Tex.,  and  westward. 

4.  D.  lanata,  Spreng.  Very  pubescent  throughout,  1  -  2°  high,  branch- 
ing; leaHets  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  2-3"  long;  spikes  slender,  rather 
loose,  the  obovate  acute  bracts  equalling  the  small  short-toothed  calyx ;  petals 
short,  purple.  —  Central  Kan.  to  Tex.,  and  westward. 

16.     PETALOSTEMON,    Michx.        Prairie  Clover. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  indistinctly  papilionaceous ;  petals  all  on  thread- 
sliaped  claws,  4  of  them  nearly  similar  and  spreading,  borne  on  the  top  of  the 
monadelphous  and  cleft  sheath  of  filaments,  alternate  with  the  5  anthers ;  the 
fifth  (standard)  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  heart-sliaped  or  oblong. 
Pod  membranaceous,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1  -2-seeded.  —  Chiefly 
perennial  herbs,  upright,  glandulai'-dotted,  with  crowded  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
minute  stipules,  and  small  flowers  in  very  dense  terminal  and  peduucled  heads 
or  spikes.  (Name  combined  of  the  two  Greek  words  for  petal  and  stamen, 
alluding  to  the  peculiar  union  of  these  organs  in  this  genus.) 

1-  P.  Violaceus,  Michx.  Smoothish;  leaflets  5,  narrowly  linear ;  heads 
globose-ovate^  or  oblong-cylindrical  when  old ;  bracts  pointed,  not  longer  than 
the  silky -hoary  calyx;  corolla  rose-purple.  —  Dry  prairies,  Minn,  to  lud.  and 
Tex.,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts     July. 


LKGUMINOS.E.        (PLLSE    FAMILY.)  133 

2.  P.  C^ndidus,   Mithx.     Smooth;   leaflets  7-9,  lanceolate  or  linear-ob- 

lon<l ;  Itcdds  oUdikj,  when  old  c-yliiulric:il ;  hnicts  awiicil,  lunger  than  the  nearly 
glabrous  (.-alyx  ;  corolla  icliite. —  With  ii.  1. 

3.  P.  villbSUS,  Xutt.  Sojl-doiniij  or  si/ki/ i\\l  u\\tT;  li  ajltts  i:i- 17,  linear 
or  oblouij,  small  (4 -5"  long);  spikes  cylindrical  (1-5'  long),  8hort-i>cduucled, 
soft-villous;  corolla  rose-color.  —  Wia^.  to  Mo.,  west  to  the  Kocky  Mts. 

4.  P.  folibsus,  Gray.  *S'mooM,  very  leafy  ;  leaflets  15 -20,  linear-oblong  ; 
spikes  ciiliiulrical,  short-peduucled ;  bracts  slender-awned  from  a  lanceolate 
base,  exceeding  the  glabrous  calyx ;  ;je<a/s  rose-color.  —  Kiver-banks,  111.  and 
Tenn. 

5.  P,  multifl6rus,  Nutt.  67«/>?o/<.s- througliout,  erect,  branching ;  leaf- 
lets 3-9,  linear  to  oblong;  sjnL-es  (J I ohose,  the  subulate-setaceous  bracts  much 
shorter  than  the  acutely  toothed  calyx;  petals  white.  —  Kan.  to  Tex. 

17.    TEPHROSIA,    Ters.        IIoauy  Pka. 

Calyx  about  equally  5-cleft.  Standard  roundish,  usually  silky  outside,  turned 
back,  scarcely  hunger  than  the  coherent  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  monadel- 
phous  or  diadelphous.  Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  2-valved.  —  Iloary  per- 
ennial herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or  purplish  racemed  flowers. 
Leaflets  niucronate,  veiny.     (Name  from  T€<pp6s,  ash-colored  or  hoary.) 

1.  T.  Virgini^na,  Pers.  (Goat's  Rue.  Catgut.)  Silki/-villons  with 
whitish  hairs  when  young  ;  stem  erect  and  simple  (1  -2°  high),  leafi/  to  the  top ; 
leaflets  17-29,  linear-oblong;  flowers  large  and  numerous,  clustered  in  a  ter- 
minal oblong  dense  raceme  or  panicle,  yellowish-white  marked  witli  purple.  — 
Dry  sandy  soil.     June,  July.  —  Roots  long  and  slender,  very  tough. 

2.  T.  spickta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Villous  with  rusti/  hairs ;  stems  branched 
below,  straggling  or  ascending  {2°  \or\g),  few-leaved ;  leaflets  9 -I."),  obovate 
or  oblong-wedge-shaped,  often  notched;  flowers  few,  in  a  loose  and  inter- 
rupted veri/  long-ped uncled  spike,  reddish.  —  Dry  soil,  from  Del.  and  Va.  to 
Fla.  and   Miss.     July. 

3.  T.  hispidula,  Pers.  Hairy  with  .'iome  long  and  rusty  or  only  minute 
and  ap))ressed  pubescence;  stems  slender  (9-24'  long),  divergently  branched, 
straggling;  leaflets  5-15,  oblong,  varying  to  obovate-wedge-shaped  and  ob- 
lanceolate ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  2-4-flowered ,  flowers  reddish- 
purple. —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

18.    INDIGOFERA,    L.        Ixmoo. 

Calyx  small,  equally  o-cleft.  Standard  roundish,  silky  outside,  wings  co- 
herent; keel  erect,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  base.  Stamens  diadelphous;  con- 
nective gland-like.  Pod  1  -  several-seeded,  septate  within  between  the  seeds. 
—  Herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly  canescent  with  appressed  hairs  fixed  by  the  middle, 
with  odd-pinnate  faintly-nerved  leaves,  and  pink  or  purplish  flowers  in  naked 
axillary  spikes.  (So  named  because  some  of  the  species  yield  the  indigo  of 
commerce.) 

1.  I.  Iept0s6pala,  Nutt.  A  perennial  herb,  ^-2°  high;  leaflets  5-9, 
oblanceolate ;  spikes  very  loose;  pods  linear,  6-9  seeded,  obtusely  4-angled, 
reflexed,  V  long.  —  Kan.  to  Tex.  and  Fla. 


134  LEGUMINOS^.        (pulse    FAMILY.) 

19.     ROB  INI  A,    L.        Locust-tree. 

Calyx  short,  5-toothed,  slio;htly  2-lipped.  Standard  large  and  rounded, 
turned  back,  scarcely  longer  tlianthe  wings  and  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Pod  linear,  flat,  several-seeded,  margined  on  the  seed-bearing  edge,  at  length 
2-valved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  Avith  prickly  spines  for  stipules.  Leaves 
odd-pinnate,  the  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets  stipellate.  Flowers  showy,  in  hanging 
axillary  racemes.  Base  of  the  leaf-stalks  covering  the  buds  of  the  next  year. 
(Named  in  honor  of  John  Robin,  herbalist  to  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  his  son 
Vespasian  Robin,  Avho  first  cultivated  the  Locust-tree  in  Europe.) 

1.  R.  Pseudacacia,  L.  (Commox  Locust  or  False  Acacia.)  Branches 
naked ;  racemes  slender,  louse  ;  flowers  white,  fragrant ;  pod  smooth.  —  S.  Penn. 
to  Ind.,  loAva,  and  southward.  Commonly  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree, 
and  for  its  valuable  timber;  naturalized  in  many  places.     June. 

2.  R.  visc6sa,  Vent.  (Clammy  L.)  Branchlets  and  leaf-stalhs  clammy ; 
Jlowers  crowded  in  obloncj  racemes,  tinged  with  rose-color,  nearly  inodorous  ; 
pod  glandular-hispid.  —  Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Ga.,  in  the  mountains.  Cultivated, 
like  the  last,  and  often  escaped.     June. 

3.  R.  hispida,  L.  (Bristly  L.  or  Rose  Acacia.)  Shrub  3  -  8°  high  ; 
branchlets  and  stalks  bnstli/;  flowers  large  and  deep  rose-color,  inodorous; 
pods  glandular-hispid.  —  Varies  with  less  bristly  or  nearly  naked  branchlets; 
also  with  smaller  flowers,  etc.  —  Mts.  of  ^^a.  to  N.  C.  and  Ga.     May,  June. 

20.    WISTARIA,    Xutt. 

Calyx  campanulate,  somewhat  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  of  2  short  teeth,  the  lower 
of  3  longer  ones.  Standard  roundish,  large,  turned  back,  with  2  callosities  at 
its  base ;  keel  scythe-shaped ;  wings  doubly  auricled  at  the  base.  Stamens  di- 
adelphous. Pods  elongated,  thickish,  knobby,  stipitate,  many-seeded,  at  length 
2-valved.  Seeds  large.  —  Woody  twiners,  climbing  high,  with  minute  stipules, 
pinnate  leaves  of  9  - 13  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets,  with  or  without  minute  stipels, 
and  dense  racemes  of  large  and  showy  lilac-purple  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  the 
late  Professor  Wisfar,  of  Philadelphia.) 

1.  W.  frutescens,  Poir.  DoAvny  or  smoothish  when  old;  wings  of  the 
corolla  with  one  short  auricle  and  an  awl -shaped  one  as  long  as  the  claw.  — 
Alluvial  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Ind.,  Kan.  and  La.  May.  —  Some- 
times cultivated  for  ornament,  as  is  the  still  handsomer  Chinese  species. 

21.    ASTRAGALUS,    Tourn.        Milk-Vetch. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  usually  long  and  narrow ;  standard  narrow,  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  wings  and  blunt  keel,  its  sides  reflexed  or  spreading. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  several  -  many-seeded,  various,  mostly  turgid,  one 
or  both  sutures  usually  projecting  into  the  cell,  either  slightly  or  so  as  to 
divide  the  cavity  lengthwise  into  two.  — Chiefly  herbs  (ours  perennials),  with 
odd-pinnate  leaves  and  spiked  or  racemed  flowers.  Mature  pods  are  usually 
necessary  for  certain  identification  of  the  species.  (The  ancient  Greek  name 
of  a  leguminous  plant,  as  also  of  the  ankle-bone ;  but  the  connection  between 
the  two  is  past  aU  guess.) 


LEGUMINOS.F..        (rULSK    F'AMILY.)  135 

I.  Pod  turgid,  completeli/  or  imppr/ecf/i/  2-ce/led  bt/  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal 
suture,  the  ventral  suture  beimj  not  at  all  or  less  dtejilj  injlixud.  —  Astua- 
GAUs  proper. 

»  Pod  j)lum-s/uij)ed,  succulent,  becoming  thick  and  Jieshi/,  indvltL^irnt,  not  stiin- 
tate,  completeli/  2-celled. 

1.  A.  caryocarpus,  Ker.  (Guoi'vd  Pum.)  Pale  and  niimitoly  ap- 
pressed-piiboscent ;  leatlets  uarrowly  oblong;  flowers  in  a  short  Hpikc-like 
raceme  ;  corolla  oiolet-purple  ;  fruit  glabrous,  orate-glubular,  more  or  less  pointed, 
about  §' in  diameter,  verg  thirk-wcdled,  cellular  or  corky  when  dry.  —  Sxsk. 
aud  Minn,  to  Mo.,  Col.,  and  Tex.     May. 

2.  A.  Mexicanus,  A.  DC.  Smoother,  or  pubescent  with  looser  hairs, 
larj^er;  loaHets  roundish,  obovate,  or  oblong;  flowers  larger  (10- 12"  long) ; 
calyx  softly  hairy  ;  corolla  cream-color,  bluish  onlg  at  the  tip  :  fruit  globular,  very 
obtuse  and  pointless,  1' or  more  in  diameter;  otherwi.se  like  the  last.  —  Prai- 
ries and  open  plains.  111.  to  Kan.,  south  to  Tex.  The  unripe  fruits  of  both 
resemble  green  plums  —  whence  the  popular  name  —  and  are  eaten,  raw  or 
cooked,  by  travellers. 

3.  A.  Plattensis,  Xutt.  Loosely  villous ;  stipules  conspicuous ;  leaflets 
oblong,  often  glabrous  above ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  short  spike  or  oblong  heail, 
creaniK-olor  ofteu  tinged  or  tipped  with  purple ;  y)-M<7  ovale,  pointed,  and  with 
the  calyx  villous.  —  Gravelly  or  sandy  banks,  Minn,  to  Ind.  and  Ala.,  west  to 
Col.  and  Tex.  —  Var.  Tennesseensis,  Gray,  has  the  pod  oblong  and  slightly 
curved,  and  much  less  fleshy,     INIay. 

*  *  Pod  drij,  coriaceous,  cartilaginous  or  membranous,  dehiscent. 
H-  Pod  completely  2<eUed,  sessile. 

4.  A.  mollissimus,  Torr.  Stout,  decumbent,  densely  silky-villous  through- 
out and  tomentuse  ;  leaflets  19-29,  ovate-oblong;  peduncles  elongated;  spikes 
dense,  with  rather /ar^e  ^.vo/ef  y?ou;ers  (6-12"  long);  pod  narrow-oblong  (5- 
9"  long),  glabrous,  somewhat  obcompressed  and  sulcate  at  both  sutures,  at  length 
incurved.  —  Neb.  to  Kan.  and  Tex.,  west  to  Col.  The  most  commou  "loco"- 
plant,  and  said  to  1)e  very  poisonous  to  cattle. 

5.  A.  Canadensis,  L.  Tall  and  erect  {\  -4°  hls^h),  some u-hat  pubescent 
or  glabrate  ;  leaflets  21-27,  oblong;  fowers  greenish  cream-color,  very  numer- 
ous, in  long  dense  spikes;  pods  crowded,  oblong  (6"  long),  glabrous,  ttrete, 
scarcely  sulcate  and  only  on  the  back,  nearly  straight.  —  Hiver-banks,  western 
N.  Y.  to  N.  Ga.,  and  far  westward. 

6.  A.  adsiirgens,  Pall.  Ascending  or  decumbent  (4-  18'  high),  cinereous 
witli  minute  appressed  pubescence  or  glabrate;  leaflets  about  21,  narrowly  or 
linear-oblong;  spike  dense,  with  medium-sized  pale  or  j)urplish  flowers;  ;>«- 
bescence  of  calyx  appr-essed ;  pod  oblong  (4-5"  lonv;),  finely  pubesnnt,  trian- 
gular-compressed, icith  a  deep  dorsal  furrow,  straight.  —  Red  Kiver  valley,  Minn., 
to  W.  Kan.,  and  west\vard.     (Asia.) 

7.  A.  hypoglottis,  L.  Slender  (6' -2°  long),  diffusely  procumbent  or 
ascending,  zt'/i/i  a  rather  loose  pubescence  or  nearly  glabrous^;  leaflets  15-21, 
oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse  ;  flowers  violet,  capitate  :  calyx  loosely  /nibesrent :  pod 
as  in  the  last,  but  ovate  aud  silky-villous.  —  Red  River  valley,  Minn.,  to  central 
Kan.  and  westward. 


136  LEGUMINOSiE.       (PLLSE    FAMILY.) 

-f-  -)-  Pod  not  completely  2-celled. 
-w-  Pod  stipitate,  pendent. 

8.  Ao  alpinus,  L.  Diffuse  (6-12' high),  smooth  or  slightly  hairy;  leaf- 
lets 13  -  25 ;  flowers  violet-purple,  or  at  least  the  keel  tipped  with  violet  or  blue ; 
calyx  campauulate ;  pod  narrowly  oblong,  short-acuminate,  black-pubescent, 
triangular-turgid,  deeply  grooved  on  the  back,  straight  or  curved,  its  stipe  usu- 
ally rather  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Rocky  banks.  Lab.  to  Maine  and  N.  Vt. 

9.  A.  Robbinsii,  Gray.  Nearly  smooth  and  erect  (1°  high),  slender; 
leaflets  7-11;  calyx  more  ohloug ;  Jiowers  white;  pod  oblong  (6"  long),  ob- 
tuse or  acutish,  minutely  darkish-pubescent,  somewhat  laterally  compressed,  not 
dorsally  sulcate  or  obsoletely  so,  straight  or  somewhat  incurved,  rather  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  at  base  into  the  often  included  stipe.  —  Rocky  ledges,  Vt. 

10.  A.  racemosus,  Rursh.  Stout  (1-2°  high),  erect  or  ascending,  ap- 
pressed-pubescent  or  glabrate ;  leaflets  13-25;  flowers  numerous,  white,  pen- 
dent; calyx  campanulate,  gibbous,  white-pubescent;  pod  straight,  narrow, 
1'  long,  acute  at  both  ends,  triangular-compressed,  deeply  grooved  on  the  back, 
the  ventral  edge  acute.  —  Neb.  to  Mo.,  and  westward. 

++  ++  Pod  sessile. 

11.  A.  gracilis,  Nutt.  Subcinereous,  slender  (1°  high  or  more);  leaflets 
11-17,  linear,  obtuse  or  retuse  ;  racemes  loose;  flowers  small  (3"  long) ;  pods 
pendent,  2  -  3''  long,  coriaceous,  elliptic-ovate,  concave  on  the  back,  the  ventral 
suture  prominent,  ivhite-hairy,  at  length  glabrous,  transversely  veined.  —  Minn, 
to  Neb.  and  Mo.,  and  westward. 

12.  A.  distortus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Low,  diffuse,  many-stemmed,  subgla- 
brous ;  leaflets  17-25,  oblong,  emarginate ;  flowers  in  a  short  spike,  pale-purple ; 
pod  ovate-  or  lance-oblong,  curved,  6  -  9"  long,  glabrous,  thick-coriaceous,  some- 
what grooved  on  the  back,  the  ventral  suture  nearly  flat.  —  111.  to  Iowa,  Mo., 
Ark.  and  Tex. 

13.  A.  lotifldrus,  Hook.  Hoary  or  cinereous  with  appressed  hairs ;  stems 
very  short;  leaflets  7-13,  lance-oblong;  flowers  yellowish,  in  few-flowered 
heads,  with  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves  or  very  short;  calyx  campamdate, 
the  subulate  teeth  exceeding  the  tube  ;  pod  oblong-ovate,  9-12"  long,  acuminate, 
acute  at  base,  canescent,  the  back  more  or  less  impressed,  the  acute  ventral 
suture  nearly  straight.  —  Sask.  to  Neb.  and  Tex.,  Avest  to  the  mountains. 

14.  A.  Missouriensis,  Nutt.  Short-caulescent,  hoary  with  a  closely 
appressed  silky  jnibescence ;  leaflets  5-15,  oblong,  elliptic  or  obovate ;  flowers 
few,  capitate  or  spicate,  5  -  8"  long,  violet :  calyx  oblong,  the  teeth  very  slender ; 
pod  oblong  (1'  long),  acute,  obtuse  at  base,  pubescent,  nearly  straight,  obcom- 
pressed  or  obcompressed-triangular,  depressed  on  the  back  and  the  ventral  su- 
ture more  or  less  prominent,  transversely  rugulose.  —  Sask.  to  Neb.  and  N.  Mex. 

XL     Pod  1-celled,  neither  suture  being  injlexed  or  the  ventral  more  intruded  than 
the  dorsal.  —  Phaca. 

15.  A.  Cooper i,  Gray.  Nearly  smooth,  erect  (1-2°  high) ;  leaflets  11-21, 
elliptical  or  oblong,  somewhat  retuse,  minutely  hoary  beneath ;  flowers  white, 
rather  numerous  in  a  short  spike ;  calyx  dark-pubescent ;  pod  coriaceous,  in- 
flated, ovate-globose  (6-9"  long),  acute,  glabrous,  slightly  sulcate  on  both  sides, 
cavity  webby.  —  Out.  and  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 


LEGUMINOS.«.        (rULSK    FAMILY.)  1;)7 

16.  A.  flexubSUS,  Dougl.  Ashy-imhcruh-nt,  {wcendin^  (1-2°  hx^rh) . 
leaflets  11-21,  iiidstlv  narrow;  flowers  small,  in  h.use  racenms ;  jmmI  tliin-eori- 
aceous,  cijlindrit  (8-11"  long,  2"  i)roa<l),  pointed,  straight  or  eurved,  pubcr- 
ulent,  very  shortly  stipitate.  —  Ked  Kiver  Valley,  Minu.,  to  Col. 

22.    OXYTROPIS,     DC. 

Keel  tipped  with  a  sharj)  jirojeeting  ])oint  or  a])pendage;  (jtherwise  a.s  in 
Astragalus.  Pod  often  more  or  les.s  2.celled  by  the  intrusion  of  tiie  ventral 
suture.  —  Our  species  are  low,  nearly  ac-aulescent  perennials,  witli  tufts  of 
numerous  very  short  stems  from  a  hard  and  thiek  root  or  rootstock,  covered 
with  scaly  adnate  stipules ;  i)innate  leaves  of  many  leaflets ;  j)eduncled  scajie- 
like,  bearing  a  head  or  short  spike  of  flowers.  (Name  from  o^vs,  s/turj>,  and 
rpSiTis,  keel.) 

*  Leaves  shnpli/  /)iiuiate. 

1.  O.  Campestris,  DC,  var.  cserulea,  Koch.  Pubescent  or  srnootlu'sh  } 
leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong;  flowers  violet  or  blue,  sometimes  pure  white; 
pods  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  of  a  thin  or  papery  texture.  —  N.  Maine  to 
Labrador. 

2.  O.  Lamberti,  Pursh.  Silkij  withfne  appre.ssed  hairs  ;  leaflets  mostly 
linear;  flowers  larger,  purple,  violet,  or  sometimes  white;  pods  carti/a(jinous 
or  Jirm-corlaceons  in  texture,  silky-pubescent,  strictly  erect,  cylindraceous-lan- 
ceolate  and  long-pointed,  almost  2-celled  by  intrusion  of  the  ventral  suture.  — 
Dry  plains,  Sask.  and  Minn,  to  Mo.  and  Tex.,  west  to  the  mountains. 

*  *  Leaflets  numerous,  mostli/  in  fascicles  of  3  or  4  or  more  along  the  rhachis. 

3.  O.  spl^ndens,  Dougl  Silvery  silky-villous  (6-12'  high) ;  scape  spi- 
cately  several  to  many-flowered  ;  floAvers  erect-spreading ;  pod  ovate,  erect.  2- 
celled,  hardly  surpassing  the  very  villous  calyx  — Plains  of  ISask.  and  W.  Minn., 
to  N.  Mex.  and  the  Rocky  Mts. 

23.     GLYCYRRHIZA,    Tourn.        Liquorice. 

Calyx  with  the  two  upper  lobes  shorter  or  partly  united.  Anther-cells  con- 
fluent at  the  apex,  the  alternate  ones  smaller.  Pod  ovate  or  oblong-linear, 
compressed,  often  curved,  clothed  with  rough  glands  or  short  prickles,  scarcely 
dehiscent,  few-seeded.  The  flower,  etc..  otherwise  as  in  Astragalus  —  Long 
perennial  root  sweet  (whence  the  name,  from  yXvKvs,  su-eet,  and  ^i(a,  root) ; 
herbage  glandular-viscid;  leaves  odd-pinnate, witii  minute  stipules*,  flowers  iu 
axillary  spikes,  white  or  bluish. 

1.  G.  lepidbta,  Nutt.  (Wild  Lu^i okk  i:.)  Tall  (2-3^  high) ;  leaflets 
15-19,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate-])ointed,  sprinkled  with  little  scales  when 
young,  and  with  corresponding  dots  when  old ;  s])ikes  pedunded,  short ;  flowers 
whitish;  ]>od3  oblong,  beset  witli  hocjked  prickles,  so  as  to  resemble  the  fruit 
of  Xantliium  on  a  smaller  scale.  —  Minn,  to  Iowa  and  Mo.,  and  westwanl ;  Ft. 
Erie,  Out. 

24.    ^SCHYNOMENE,     L.        Sexsitive  Joixt-Vetch. 

Calyx  2-li])ped;  the  upper  lip  2-,  tiie  lower  3-cleft.  Standard  nmndish ; 
keel  boat-shaped.     Stamens  diadelphous  in  two  sets  of  5  each.     PihI  flattened. 


138  LEGUMINOS^,        (pulse    FAMILY.) 

composed  of  several  easily  separable  joints.  —  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  several 
pairs  of  leaflets,  sometimes  sensitive,  as  if  shrinking  from  the  touch  (whence 
the  name,  from  al(rxvuofj.^ur],  being  ashamed.) 

1.  M.  hispida,  Willd.  Erect,  rough-bristly  annual ;  leaflets  37 -51,  lin- 
ear ;  racemes  few-flowered ;  flowers  yellow,  reddish  externally ;  pod  stalked, 
6  -  10-jointed.  —  Along  rivers,  S.  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.     Aug. 

25.    CORONILLA,    L. 

Calyx  .5-toothed.  Standard  orbicular  ;  keel  incurved.  Stamens  diadelphcus, 
9  and  1.  Pod  terete  or  4-angled,  jointed  ;  the  joints  oblong.  —  Glabrous  herbs 
or  shrubs,  witli  pinnate  leaves,  and  the  flowers  in  umbels  terminating  axillary 
peduncles      (Diminutive  of  corona,  a  crown,  alluding  to  the  inflorescence.) 

C.  vXria,  L.  a  perennial  herb  with  ascending  stems ;  leaves  sessile ;  leaf- 
lets 1.5  -  2.5,  oblong ;  flowers  rose-color ;  pods  coriaceous,  3  -  7-jointed,  the  4-an- 
gled joints  3  -  4"  long.  —  Conn,  to  N.  J.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

26.     HEDYSARUM,    Tourn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  awl-sliaped  and  nearly  equal.  Keel  nearly  straight, 
oblifiuely  truncate,  not  appeudaged,  longer  than  the  wings.  Stamens  diadel- 
phous,  5  and  1.  Pod  flattened,  composed  of  several  equal-sided  separable 
roundish  joints  connected  in  the  middle.  —  Perennial  herbs;  leaves  odd-pin- 
nate.    (Name  com])Osed  of  ^5ys,  stceet,  and  ipco/xa,  smell.) 

I.  H.  boreale,  Nutt.  Leaflets  13-21,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  nearly  gla- 
brous ;  stipules  scaly,  united  opposite  the  petiole ;  raceme  of  many  deflexed 
purple  flowers;  standard  shorter  than  the  keel ;  joints  of  the  pod  3  or  4,  smooth, 
reticulated.  —  Lab.  to  northern  Maine  and  Vt. ;  north  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and 
north  and  westward. 

27.    DESM  ODIUM,    Desv.        Tick-Trefoil. 

Calyx  usually  more  or  less  2-lipped.  Standard  obovate ;  wings  adherent  to 
the  straight  or  straightish  and  usually  truncate  keel,  by  means  of  a  little  trans- 
verse appendage  on  each  side  of  the  latter.  Stamens  diadelphous,  9  and  1,  or 
monadelphous  below.  Pod  flat,  deeply  lobed  on  the  lower  margin,  separating 
into  few  or  many  flat  reticulated  joints  (mostly  roughened  with  minute  hooked 
hairs,  by  which  they  adhere  to  the  fleece  of  animals  or  to  clothing).  —  Per- 
ennial herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  (rarely  1-foliolate)  leaves,  stipellate. 
Flowers  (in  summer)  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes,  often  panicled,  and  2  or 
3  from  each  bract,  purple  or  purplish,  often  turning  green  in  withering.  Stip- 
ules and  bracts  scale-like,  often  striate  (Name  from  Sea-fios,  a  bond  or  chain, 
from  the  connected  joints  of  the  pods.) 

§  1.  Pod  raised  on  a  stalk  {stipe)  mam/  tiines  longer  than  the  slightly  toothed 
calyx  and  nearly  as  lo7ig  as  the  pedicel,  straightish  on  the  upper  margin,  deeply 
sinuate  on  the  lower  ;  the  1-4  joints  mostly  half-obovate  and  concave  on  the 
back ;  stamens  monadelphous  below;  plants  nearly  glabrous:  stems  erect  or 
ascending;  raceme  terminal,  panicled;  stipules  bristle-form,  deciduous. 

1.  D.  nudiflorum,  BC  Leaves  all  crowded  at  the  summit  of  sterile  stems; 
leaflets  broadly  ovate,  bluntish,  whitish  beneath ;  raceme  elongated  on  an  ascend- 
ing mostly  leafless  stalk  or  scape  from  the  root,  2°  long.  —  Dry  woods,  common. 


LEGUMINOSyE.        (PULSK    FAMILY.)  139 

2.  D.  acuminatum,  DC.  leaves  ail  crowded  at  ihe  summit  of  tite  stem 
from  wliitli  arist  s  lln  i  hfin/nled  naked  raceme  or  /mnic/e  ;  leallcUs  roun<l-<>v:itc, 
taper-pointed,  pjrecii  both  sides,  the  end  one  round  (4-5'  lon^).  —  Kith  woods, 
from  Canada  to  the  Gulf. 

3.  D.  pauciflbrum,  DC.  Leaves  scattered  alon^  the  low  (.S-15'  high) 
asoeiidin;;  steins;  leallets  rhombic-ovate,  blunti.sh,  pale  beneath;  raceme  ftu>- 
foirered,  terminal.  —  Woods,  Ont.  to  I'enn.,  Mich.,  Kan.,  and  southward. 

§  2.   Pod  raised  on  a  stalk  {stipe)  little  if  at  all  surpassing  the  deeply  cleft  calyx ; 

stems  long  and  prostrate  or  decumbent ;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal. 
«  Stijiules  conspicuous,  orate,  attenuate,  striatey persistent ;  racemes  mostly  simple. 

4.  D.  rotundifolium,  DC.  Soft-hairy  all  over,  truly  prostrate;  leajlets 
orbicular,  or  the  odd  one  slightly  rhomboid  ;  flowers  purple  ;  pods  almost  equally 
sinuate  on  both  edges,  3  -  .5-jointed  ;  the  joints  rhomboid-oval.  —  Dry  rocky 
wot)ds,  N.  Kng.  to  P'la.,  west  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  La. 

Var.  glabratum,  Gray,  is  almost  glabrous,  otherwise  nearly  as  the  ordi- 
nary form.  —  Mass.  and  N.  Y. 

5.  D.  OChroletlCUm,  INT.  A.  Curtis.  Stems  sparsely  hairy,  decumbent; 
leaflets  nearly  glabrous,  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  transversely  reticulated  be- 
neath, the  lateral  ones  smaller  or  sometimes  wanting ;  racemes  much  elongated ; 
corolla  whitish  ;  pods  twisted,  2  -4-jointed,  the  large  rhomboid  joints  smooth  and 
reticulated  but  the  margins  downy.  —  Woodlands,  Md.  and  Va. 

*  *  Stipules  smaller,  lanceolate  and  aid-shaped,  less  persistent;  racemes panicled. 

6.  D.  humifusum,  Beck.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  procumbent ;  leajlets 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  much  smaller  than  in  the  two  preceding 
(lJ-2'  long) ;  corolla  purple  ;  pods  2 -4-jointed,  flat,  the  oval-rhomboid  joints 
minutely  scabrous  throughout.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  S.  Penn.  to  Md. 

§  3.    Pod  slightly  if  at  all  stalked  in  the  calyx;  racemes  panicled. 

*  Stems  tall  (3-5°)  and  erect ;  the  persistent  stipules  and  deciduous  bracts  large 
and  conspicuous,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed ;  floivers  rather  large. 

•*-  Pods  of  i- 7  unequal-sided  rhombic  joints,  ivhich  are  considerably  longer  than 
broad  {about  6"  long). 

7.  D.  can6scens,  DC.  Stem  loosely  branched,  hairy ;  leajlets  ovate, 
bluntish,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles,  tchitish  and  reticulated  beneath,  both 
sides  roughish  with  a  close  fine  pubescence ;  joints  of  the  pod  very  atlhesive. — 
Moist  grounds,  Mass.  and  Vt.  to  Minn,  and  southward,  chiefly  westward. 
Branches  clothed  with  botli  minute  and  hooked,  and  longer,  spreading,  rather 
glutinous  hairs. — Var.  viLLosfssiMCM,  Torr.  &  Gray,  ha.s  the  panicle  and  upper 
part  of  the  stem  very  villous,  and  leaflets  oblong-ovate.  —  Mo. 

8.  D.  CUSpid^tum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Very  smooth  except  the  panicle  ;  .stem 
straight ;  leajlets  lanceolate-ovate  and  taper-pointed,  green  both  sides,  longer 
than  the  petiole  (3-5');  joints  of  the  pod  rhomboid-oblong,  smoothish. — 
Thickets,  common.     The  conspicuous  bracts  and  stipules  J'  long. 

-t-  H-  Pods  of  3-5  ov(d  joints  (not  over  3"  long). 

9.  D.  lUinoense,  Gray.  Erect  (3-5''  I'ig'O  ;  stem  and  leaves  with  short 
rough  pubescence  ;  k'aflets  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  (2-4'  long),  ubtu.><e, 
subcoriaceous,  cinereous  beneath,  veins  and  veinlcts  prominent,  strongly  retic- 


140  LEGUMINOS^.        (pulse    FAMILY.) 

ulated,  the  lower  leaflets  nearly  equalling  the  petiole ;  pods  scarcely  over  1 '  long, 
sinuate  on  both  margins  (deeper  below).  —  Dry  ground,  111.  to  Iowa  and  Kan. 

*  *  Stevis  {2-5°  high)  erect;  stipules  and  bracts  rnostli/  deciduous,  small  and 

inconspicuous;  joints  of  the  pod  3 -.5,  triangular  or  half-rhombic  or  i-eri/  un- 
equal-sided rhomhoidal,  longer  than  broad,  3"  or  less  in  length ;  flowers 
viiddle-sized. 

10.  D.  Isevigatum,  DC.  Smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout ;  stem  straight ; 
leaflets  oi'a/e,  bluntish,  pale  beneath  (2-3'  long);  panicles  minutely  rough- 
pubescent. —  Pine  woods,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

11.  D.  viridiflorum,  Beck.  Stem  verij  downg,  rough  at  the  summit; 
leaflets  broadlg  ovate,  very  obtuse,  rough  above,  ivhitened  with  a  soft  velvety 
down  underneath  (2-3'  long).  —  Southern  N.  Y.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla.,  west  to 
Mich.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

12.  D.  Dillenii,  Darlingt.  Stem  pubescent ;  leaflets  ohlong  or  oblong-ovate, 
commonly  l)lnntish,  pale  beneath,  softly  and  flnelg  pubescent,  mostly  thin  (2-3' 
long).  —  Open  woodlands,  common. 

13.  D.  panicul^tum,  DC.  Nearly  smooth  throughout;  stem  slender, 
tall ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point, 
thin  (3 -.5'  long) ;  racemes  much  panicled.  —  Copses,  common. 

14.  D.  Strictum,  DC.  Stem  very  straight  and  slender,  simple  (2-3° 
high),  the  upper  part  and  narrow  panicle  rough-glandular ;  leaflets  linear,  blunt, 
strongly  reticulated,  thickish,  very  smooth  (1  -2'  long,  ^'  wide) ;  joints  of  the  pod 
1-3,  semi-obovate  or  very  gibbous  (only  2"  long).  —  Tine  woods,  N.  J.  to 
Fla.  and  La. 

*  *  *  Stipules  small  and  inconspicuous,  mostly  deciduous ;  pods  of  few  roundish 

or  obliquely  oval  or  sometimes  roundish-rhomboidal  joints,  1^-2^"  long. 
•*-  Stems  erect;  bracts  before  flowering  conspicuous ;  racemes  densely  flowered. 

15.  D.  Canadense,  DC.  Stem  hairy  (3-6°  high) ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  with  numerous  straightisli  veins,  much  longer 
than  the  petiole  (1^-3'  long) ;  flowers  showy,  larger  than  in  any  other  species 
{^-Y  ^^OHg)-  —  ^^^y  rich  woods,  N.  Brunswick  to  N.  C,  Minn.,  and  Kan. 

16.  D.  sessilifolium,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  pubescent  (2-4°  high); 
leaves  nearly  sessile ;  leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  blunt,  thickish,  reticulated, 
rough  above,  downy  beneath;  branches  of  the  panicle  long;  flowers  small. — 
Copses,  Penn.  and  Ky.,  west  to  Mich.,  Iowa,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

•*-  ■*-  Stems  ascending  (1-3°  high);  Irracts  small ;  racemes  or  panicles  elongated 
and  loosel y  flowered ;  flowers  small. 

17.  D.  rigidum,  DC.  Stem  hvaxxcWmg,  some wliat  hoary,  \\\.e  the  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves,  Avith  a  close  roughisli  pul)esceuce;  leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
blunt,  thickish,  reticulated-veiny,  rather  rough  above,  the  latercd  ones  longer  than 
the  petiole.  —  Dry  liillsides,  Ma.ss.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  La. 

18.  D.  Ciliare,  DC.  Stem  slender,  harry  or  rough-pubescent;  leaves 
crowded,  on  very  .short  hairy  petioles  ;  leaflets  round-ovate  or  oval,  thickish,  more 
or  less  hairy  on  the  margins  and  underneath  (^-1'  long).  —  Dry  hills  and 
sandy  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

19.  D.  Marilandicum,  F.  Boott.  Nearly  smooth  throughout,  slender ; 
leaflets  ovate  or  roundish,  very  obtuse,  thin,  the  lateral  ones  about  the  length  of 


LEGUMINOSiK.        (I'LLSK    FAMILY.)  141 

the  si ey^der  petiole  ;  otherwise  resembling  tlic  prc'ce(liii<;.  —  Copses,  N.  Eng.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  Midi.,  Mo.,  and  I^a. 

^_  H_  H_  Steins  reclining  or  proatratc  ;  racemes  loosely  flnwerfd. 
20.   D.  lineitum,  DC.     Stem  minntoly  pubescent,  striato-angleil ;  leaf- 
lets orbituhir,  smootliish   (^-T  l()n<^),  much  ItJiiger  than   the  petiole;  pod 
Sfaively  stalked  in  the  calyx.  —  Dry  soil,  Md.  and  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

28.     LESPEDEZA,    Michx.        Bush-Clovku. 

Calyx  5-cleft;  tlie  lobes  nearly  ecjual,  slender.  Stamens  diadclphous  (9  and 
1);  anthers  all  alike.  Pods  of  a  single  1-seeded  joint  (sometimes  2-jointed, 
with  the  lower  joint  empty  and  stalk-like),  oval  or  ronndisli,  flat,  reticulated. 
—  IIer])s  witli  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  not  sti|)ellate.  Flowers  often 
polygamous,  iu  summer  and  autumn.  (Dedi.iitcd  to  Lesjiedez,  the  Sjianisli 
governor  of  Florida  in  the  time  of  Michaux.) 
§  1.    Stipules  subulate-setaceous  ;  bracts  minute  ;  calijx-lohesottenuate  ;  perennial. 

*  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  larger  {violet-purple)  perfect ,  but  seldom  fruitful  ,pan- 

icled  or  clustered  ;  with  smaller  pistillate  and  fertile  but  mostlij  apetalous  ones 
intermixed  or  in  small  subsessile  clusters  ;  calyx  1  -2"  long ;  pod  exserted. 

1.  Xi.  prOCUmbens,  Michx.  Slender,  trailing  and  prostrate,  minutely 
appressed-hairy  to  soft-down y ;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate-elliptical,  3-9"  long; 
peduncles  verg  slender,  few-flowered ;  keel  equalling  the  wings ;  pod  small, 
roundish,  obtuse  or  acute.     (Inch  L.  reperis,  Bart.)  —  Dry  sandy  soil ;  common. 

2.  L.  vioiacea,  Pers.  Stems  upright  or  spreading,  slender,  branched, 
rather  sparse!  g  leafg  and  sparingly  pubescent ;  leafets  thin,  broadlg  oral  or  olt- 
/o«7,  finely  ap])rcssed-pubescent  beneath;  peduncles  verg  slender,  loosclg  few- 
flowered,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  3-4"  long,  the  keel  often  tho 
longest;  pod  ovate,  2-3"  long,  nearly  glabrous.  —  Dry  copses,  N.  Eng.  to 
Minn,  and  E.  Kan.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

3.  L.  reticulata,  Pers.  Stouter,  erect,  verg  lenfg  ;  leaflets  thickish,  linear 
to  linear-oblong,  6-15"  long,  finely  appressed-pubescent;  //owers  (scarcely  3" 
long)  clustered  on  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  keel  shorter  than 
the  standard  ;  pods  ovate,  acute,  2"  long,  appressed-subpube.sceut.  (L.  vioiacea, 
var.  angustifolia,  Toi-r.  ^-  Crag.)  —  Mass.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

4.  L.  Stuvei,  Nutt.  Stems  upright-spreading,  verg  leafg,  simple  or  some- 
what branched,  downg  with  spreading  pubescence  ;  leaflets  oval  or  roundish  vary- 
ing to  oblong  or  rarely  linear-oldong,  silkg  or  white-woollg  beneath  and  sometimes 
above ;  flowers  as  in  the  la.st,  often  numerous  and  crowded  ;  pods  ovale,  acumi- 
nate, mostly  3"  long,  downg.  —  Mass.  to  Mich.,  and  south  to  Va.  antl  Tex. 

Var.  intermedia,  Watson.  Pubescence  mi>re  scanty  and  usually  fine 
and  a])pres.se<l  as  in  n.  3,  but  the  leaflets  oval  to  oldong;  inflorescence  often 
more  open  ;  pod  of  n.  4  or  of  n.  3.  (I...  vioiacea,  var.  se.ssiliflora,  of  Man., 
mainly.)  —  Mass.  to  Fla.,  aud  west  to  Mich.,  111.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Ark. 

*  *  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  in  close  spikes  or  heads;  corolla  whitish  or 

cream<olor  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  standard,  about  the  length  of  the  downy 
5-parted  calgx;  pod  included ;  stems  upright,  wand-iike  (2-4°  high). 

5.  L.  polystachya,  Michx.  stem  with  mostly  spreading  ])ubescence; 
petioles  2  -  0"  lung ;  leaflets  from  urbicular  to  oblong-ovate ,  hairy;  spikes  oblong, 


142  LEGUMINOS^.       (pulse    FAMILY.) 

on  elongated  peduncles ;  pod  (at  maturity)  oblong-ovate,  pubescent,  nearly  3" 
long,  hardly  shorter  than  the  calyx.     (L.  hirta.  Ell.)  — Dry  hills,  common. 

6.  L.  capitata,  Michx.  Stems  rigid,  woolly ;  petioles  very  short;  leaflets 
oblong  to  narroioly  oblong,  thickish,  reticulated  and  mostly  smooth  above,  silky 
or  sometimes  downy  beneath ;  heads  of  Jloicers  globular,  on  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaves;  pod  oblong-ovate,  pubescent,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Dry 
and  sandy  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  La. 

7.  L.  angUStifolia,  Ell.  Like  tlie  last,  but  mosth-  appressed-silky,  the 
leajlets  linear,  the  smaller  often  oblong  heads  on  distinct  and  sometimes -slender 
peduncles,  the  pod  round-ovate,  acutish,  1^-2"  long,  hardly  shorter  than  the 
calyx.  (L.  capitata^  var.  augustifolia,  Pursh.)  —  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich., 
Iowa,  and  La. 

8.  L.  leptostachya,  Gray.  Clothed  with  appressed  silky  pubescence; 
stems  often  branched,  slender;  leajlets  linear  to  narrowly  oblong;  spikes  slen- 
der, somewhat  looseiy-Jlowered,  on  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves;  pod  ovate, 
small  {\\"  long),  about  equalling  the  calyx,  densely  pubescent.  —  111.,  Iowa, 
and  Minn. 

§  2.    Stipules  and  bracts  broad  and  scarious ;  calyx-loles  broad ;  annual. 

L.  STRIATA,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Diffusely  branched,  decum})ent,  subpubescent; 
petioles  very  short ;  leaflets  oblong-obovate,  6"  long  or  less ;  peduncles  very 
short,  1  -5-tlowered;  pod  small,  little  exceeding  tlie  calyx.  —  Common  in  the 
Southern  States,  extending  into  Mo.     (Nat.  from  E.  Asia.) 

29.  STYLOSANTHES,    Swartz. 

Calyx  early  deciduous;  tube  slender  aud  stalk-like;  limb  unequally  4-5- 
cleft,  the  lower  lobe  more  distinct.  Corolla  and  monadelphous  stamens  in- 
serted at  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube;  standard  orbicular;  keel  incurved. 
Anthers  10,  the  5  longer  ones  fixed  near  their  base,  and  the  5  alternate  shorter 
ones  fixed  by  the  middle.  Style  filiform,  its  upper  part  falling  off  after  flower- 
ing, the  lower  part  incurved  or  hooked,  persistent  on  the  1  -2-jointed  small  and 
short  reticulated  pod;  the  lower  joint  when  present  empty  and  stalk-like. — 
Low  perennials,  branched  from  the  base,  with  wiry  stems,  pinnately  3-foliolate 
leaves,  the  sheathing  stipules  united  to  the  petiole,  no  stipels,  and  small,  yellow 
flowers  in  terminal  heads  or  short  spikes.  (Name  composed  of  arvKos,  a  col- 
umn, and  &v9os,  a  flower,  from  the  stalk-like  calyx-tube.) 

1.  S.  elatior,  Swartz.  Tufted;  leaflets  lanceolate,  strongly  straight- 
veined;  heads  or  clusters  small  and  few-flowered.  —  Pine  barrens,  Long  Island 
and  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Ind.,  Kan.,  aud  Ark. 

30.  VI  CIA,  Tourn.        Vetch.    Tare. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  .5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  often  shorter,  or  the  lowest 
longer.  Wings  of  the  corolla  adhering  to  the  middle  of  the  keel.  Stamens 
more  or  less  diadelphous  (9  and  1 ) ;  the  orifice  of  the  tube  oblique.  Style  fili- 
form, hairy  all  round  or  only  on  tlie  back  at  the  apex.  Pod  flat,  2-valved,  2  - 
several-seeded.  Seeds  globular.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  remaining  under 
ground  in  germination.  —  Herbs,  mostly  climbing  more  or  less  by  the  tendril 
at  the  end  of  the  pinnate  leaves.  Stipules  half-sagittate.  Flowers  or  pedun- 
cles axillary.     (The  classical  Latin  name.) 


LEGUMTNOSiE.       (rULSE    FAMILY.)  143 

*  Annual ;  Jlowers  1  or  2  in  the  axils,  nearly  srssi/pjarrje,  riolef-purp/e. 

V.  SAT^A,  L.  (Common  Vktcii  or  Takk.)  Sninowluit  pnlioscont ;  stom 
simple;  leaflets  5-7  ]):iirs,  varviiig  from  oliovate-ohlontr  to  linear,  iintrhed 
anil  mucronate  at  the  a])ex  ;  pod  linear,  several-seeded.  —  I'ultivnifd  fields  and 
waste  places,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  .1.  and  southward,  west  t«)  Mich,  and  Minn. — 
Var.  ANCiLSTiFOLiA,  Serluge,  has  longer  and  narrow  leaflets.    (Adv.  from  V.\i.) 

*  *  Annual,  slender  ;  peduncles  elomjated ;  Jloictrs  small . 

V.  TETnASPEU.MA,  L.  Peduncles  \-2-floxcered ;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  linear- 
ohlong,  obtuse ;  calyx-teeth  uncijual ;  corolla  whitish;  jhkU  narroir,  ■\-s<t:iLii^ 
smooth. —  Waste  places,  near  the  coast,  N.  Scotia  to  N.  J.     (Nat.  from  Ku.) 

V.  Hius^TA,  Koch.  Peduncles  3  -  ^-flowered  ;  leaflets  6-8  pairs,  truncate  ; 
calyx-teeth  equal;  corolla  bluish  ;  />0£/6-  oblony,  2-seeded,  hairj.  —  N.  Brun.s- 
wick  to  Mass.  and  Va.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Perennial ;  peduncles  eloiif/ated  ;  cali/x-teeth  unequal;  pod  sfvfral-seeded. 

1.  V.  Cr^CCa,  L-  Downy-pubesceut ;  leaflets  20-24,  olilonrj-lanreolate, 
stroncjli)  mucronate;  spikes  denseli/  manij-Jlowered,  1 -sided;  flowers  blue,  turn- 
ing purple,  6"  long,  reflexed ;  calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  tube.  —  Borders  of 
thickets,  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Ky.,  Iowa,  and  Minn.     (Eu.) 

2.  V.  Carolini^na,  Walt.  Nearly  smooth  ;  leaflets  8  -  24,  ohlonrj,  ohtuse, 
scarcely  mucronate;  peduncles  loosehj-Jiowered ;  flowers  small,  more  scattered 
than  in  the  preceding,  whitish,  the  keel  tipped  with  blue ;  calyx-teeth  very 
short.  —  Kiver-banks,  Out.  and  N.  Y.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

3.  V.  Americana,  Muhl.  Glabrous;  leaflets  \0-\4,  elliptircd  or  ovate- 
oblong,  very  obtuse,  many-veined;  peduncles  4-  8-flou-ered :  flowers  purplish 
(8"  long).  —  Moist  soil,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.,  to  Kan.,  Minn.,  and  westward.  —  Var. 
lineXris,  Watson,  a  low  form  with  linear  leaflets,  occurs  in  Kan.  and  Neb., 
and  is  common  westward. 

31.     LATHYRUS,     Tourn.        Vetchlixg.     Everlasting  Pea. 

Style  flattish,  dilated  and  flattish  (not  grooved)  above,  hairy  along  tiie  inner 
side  (next  the  free  stamen).  Sheath  of  the  filaments  scarcely  oblique  at  the 
apex.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Vicia.  —  Our  species  are  perennial  and  mostly 
smooth  plants,  the  rhachis  of  tlie  leaves  in  some  not  produced  into  a  tendril. 
{Addvpos,  a  leguminous  plant  of  Theophrastus.) 

*  Tendrils  present ;  stipules  large  and  broad  ;  leaflets  3-5  pairs. 

1.  L.  maritimus,  Bigelow.  (Beach  Pea.)  Stout  (1°  high  or  more); 
stipules  broadly  ovate  and  halberd-shaped,  nearly  as  large  as  the  leaflets,  the 
lower  lobe  larger  and  usually  coarsely  tootlied ;  leaflets  thick;  ovate-oblong 
(i  -2'  long) ;  peduncles  a  little  sh(n-ter  tl;an  the  leaves,  6  -  10-flowered  .  flow- 
ers targe  (9"  loug),/^»/7>/e.  — Se;vshore  from  N.  .1.  and  Oregon  to  the  Arctic 
Sea;  also  on  the  Great  lyakes.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.  OchroleUCUS,  Hook.  Stem  slender  (1-3^  liigli) ;  stipules  semi- 
cordate,  half  as  large  as  the  thin  orate  leaflets;  peduncles  7  -  10-flowereil ;  flow- 
ers smaller, yellowish-white.  —  nWUides,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  westward. 

*  *  Tendrils  present ;  stipules  narrow,  semi-sagittate,  acuminate. 
■*-  Flowers  purple  ;  leaflets  several  pairs. 

3.  L.  ven6sus,  Muhl.  S7o»^  climbing,  usually  somewhat  downy;  stip- 
ules very  small  and   mostly  slender;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  oblong  ovate,  mostly 


144  LEGUMINOS^.        (pulse   FAMILY.) 

obtuse  (about  2'  long) ;  peduncles  mamj-Jioicered. ;  flowers  6  -  8''  long.  —  Shadj 
banks,  Penn.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Kan.  and  Minn. 

4.  L.  palustris,  L.  Slender,  glabrous  or  somewbat  pubescent;  stem 
often  winged;  stipules  lanceolate,  sbarp-pointed  at  both  ends;  leaflets  2-4 
pairs,  narroivli/  oblong  to  linear,  acute  (1 -2' long) ;  peduncles  2-6flowered; 
flowers  6"  long.  —  Moist  places,  N.  Scotia  to  N.  J.,  and  westAvard  across  the 
continent.     (Eu.) 

Var.  myrtifblius,  Gray.     Stipules  usually  broader  and  larger ;  leaflets 
ovate  to  oblong  (1'  long  or  less).  —  Same  range,  and  extending  south  to  N.  C. 
-)-  -I-  Flowers  yellow  ;  leaflets  a  single  pair. 

L.  PRATENSis,  L.  Low  and  straggling;  leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate  to 
linear,  acute  ;  peduncles  several-flowered.  —  Spontaneous  in  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and 
Out.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Tendrils  usmdly  wanting ;  low,  mosdi/  erect ;  stipules  semi-sagittate  ;  flow- 
ers i-erij  large,  purple ;  pod  stipitate  in  the  cal//x. 

5.  L.  polymorphus,  Nutt.  Leaflets  3-6  pairs,  narrowly  oblong  to 
linear,  thick  and  strongly  nerved,  1-2'  long;  seeds  with  a  narrow  footstalk 
and  short  hilum.  —  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  westward. 

6.  L.  ornatus,  Nutt.  Like  the  last,  but  leaflets  always  narrow,  3-12" 
long ;  seeds  with  a  very  broad  footstalk  and  long  hilum.  —  Ivan,  to  Col.  and 
Dak.     Scarcely  1^  high. 

32.     A  PI  OS,    Boerhaave.        Ground-nut.    Wild  Bean. 

Calyx  soniewliat  2-lipped,  the  2  lateral  teeth  being  nearly  obsolete,  the  upper 
very  short,  the  lower  one  longest.  Standard  very  broad,  reflexed ;  the  long 
scythe-sha])ed  keel  strongly  incurved,  at  length  coiled.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Pod  straight  or  slightly  curved,  linear,  elongated,  thickish,  many-seeded.  —  A 
perennial  herb  (with  some  milky  juice!),  twining  and  climbing  over  bushes, 
and  bearing  edible  tubers  on  underground  shoots.  Leaflets  3  -  7,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, obscurely  stipellate.  Flowers  in  dense  and  short,  often  brandling 
racemes.     (Name  from  awiov,  a  pear,  from  the  shape  of  the  tubers.) 

1.  A.  tuberbsa,  Moench.  Flowers  brown-purple  or  chocolate-color,  violet- 
scented. —  Low  grounds,  N.  Brunswick  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  La. 

33.     PHASEOLUS,    Touru.        Kidney  Bean. 

Calyx  .5-toothed  or  5-cIeft,  the  two  upper  teeth  often  higher  united.  Keel  of 
the  corolla,  with  the  included  stamens  and  style,  spirally  coiled.  Stamens  dia- 
delphous. Style  bearded  along  the  upper  side;  stigma  oblique  or  lateral. 
Pod  scythe-shaped,  several -many-seeded,  tipped  with  the  hardened  base  of 
the  style.  Seeds  round-reniform,  with  very  short  hilum.  Cotyledons  thick 
and  fleshy,  rising  out  of  the  ground  nearly  unchanged  in  germination.  —  Twin- 
ing herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves.  Flowers  racemose,  pro- 
duced in  summer  and  autumn.     (The  ancient  name  of  the  Kidney  Bean.) 

1.  P.  perennis,  Walt.  (Wild  Bean.)  Stem  climbing  high  from  a 
perennial  root ;  leaflets  roundish-ovate,  short-pointed ;  flowers  purple,  hand- 
some, but  small;  pods  drooping,  strongly  curved,  4-.5-seeded.  —  Copses,  N. 
Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  La. 


TJ-.nUMINOS^.       (riLSE    FAMILY.)  145 

34.    STROPHOSTYLES,    KlI. 

Keel  of  the  corolla  with  the  included  stamens  and  stvle  elonpjated.  stronj^lv 
incurved,  not  spirally  coiled,  l^od  linear,  terete  or  Hattisli,  straight  or  nearlv 
so.  Seeds  quadrate  or  oblong  with  truncate  ends,  niealy-pulioscent  or  j;Iahrate ; 
hilum  linear.  Flowers  few,  sessile  and  capitate  clustered  on  the  mostly  long 
peduncles.  Otherwise  as  Phaseolus.  —  Stems  prostrate  or  dimliing,  moru  or 
less  retrorsely  hairy.  Stipules  and  bracts  striate.  (Name  from  (rTpo(pr],  a  turn- 
in;/,  and  (TTvKo?,  (I  stij/c.)  I 

1.  S.  angulbsa,  1^11.  Annual ;  stems  hranched,  1  -G°  long;  leaflets  ovatn 
to  oblong-ovate  (rarely  linear-oblong),  wilh  a  more  or  less  prominent  roumltd 
lobe  toward  the  base  {the  terminal  2-lobe(l),  or  some  or  all  often  entire,  about  I' 
(6-20")  long;  corolla  greenish-white  and  purplish;  pod  terete,  2-3'  long  by 
3"  wide,  4-8-seeded,  nearly  glabrous ;  seeds  oblomj,  about  3"  lonff,  usually  very 
pubescent.  (Phaseolus  diversifolius,  Per*-.  1*.  lielvolus, />.)  —  Sandy  shores 
and  river-banks;  coast  of  Ma.^^s.  and  southward,  along  the  Great  Lakes  to 
Minn.,  and  south  to  Kan.  and  Tex. 

Var.  Missouriensis,  Watson  in  herb.  Climbing  high  (10-30°) ;  leaves 
often  3'  long,  rliomhic-ovate,  rarely  at  all  lobed  ;  seeds  3-4"  long.  —  River- 
bottoms  near  Indojiendence,  Mo.;  nearly  two  months  later.     (F.  Bush.) 

2.  S.  peduncularis,  Ell.  Stems  more  slender,  from  a  perennial  root- 
stock,  2-4^  long;  leaflets  ovate  to  oblong-linear,  rareli/  at  all  lobed,  V  long  or 
less;  pod  1^-2'  long  and  scarreli/  2"  wide ;  seeds  much  smaller,  1^-2"  long, 
sliort-oblong  to  quadrate.  (Phaseolus  helvolus,  A/an.,  etc.  i  not  L.)  —  Sandy 
ground,  Long  Island  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Ind.,  Ky.,  and  La. 

3.  S.  pauciflbrus,  Watson  in  herb.  Annual,  slender,  low-climbing,  pu- 
bescent ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  not  lobed,  l'  long; 
pod  pubescent,  V  long,  tiattish ;  seeds  as  in  the  last,  very  finely  mealy,  soon 
glabrate.  (Phaseolus  pauciflorus,  Bentlt.)  —  Hiver-banks,  Ind.  to  Minn.,  south 
to  Miss,  and  Tex. 

35.    CENTROSEMA,    DC.        Spurked  Bi  tteuflv-Pea. 

Calyx  short,  5-cleft.  Corolla,  etc.,  much  as  in  Clitoria,  but  the  spreading 
standard  with  a  spur-shaped  projection  on  the  back  near  the  base;  keel  broa<l. 
Style  bearded  at  the  apex  around  the  terminal  stigma.  Pod  long  aiul  line^ir, 
flat,  pointed  with  the  awl-shaj)ed  style,  many-seeded,  thickened  at  the  edges, 
the  valves  marked  with  a  raised  line  on  each  side  next  the  margin.  —  Twining 
perennials,  with  3-foliolate  stii)ellate  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers.  Stipules, 
bracts,  and  bractlets  striate,  the  latter  longer  than  tlie  calyx.  (Xame  from 
Kfvrpov,  a  spur,  and  a-fjfja,  a  standard.) 

1.  C.  Virgini^num,  IJenth.  Kather  rough  witli  minute  hairs;  leaflets 
varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate  and  linear,  very  veiny, shining;  pedun- 
cles 1  -4-flowere(l;  calyx-teeth  linear-awl-shaped;  corolla  violet,  1'  long;  pods 
straight,  4-5'  long.  —  Sandy  wooils,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  Ark.     (Trop.  Am.) 

36.     CLITORIA,     L.        B>  ttkuflv-Pi.a. 

Calyx  tubular,  .5-toothed.  Standard  much  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  flower, 
erect, rounded, notched  at  the  top, not  si)urred  on  the  back;  keel  small, shorter 

10 


146  LEGUMINOSiE.        (PULSE    FAMILY.) 

than  the  wings,  incurved,  acute.  Stamens  monadelphous  below.  Style  bearded 
down  the  inner  face.  Pod  linear-oblong,  flattish,  knotty,  several-seeded,  pointed 
with  the  base  of  the  style.  —  Erect  or  twining  perennials,  Avith  mostly  piuuately 
3-f oliolate  stipellate  leaves,  and  very  large  flowers.  Peduncles  1  -  3-flowered ; 
bractlets  opposite,  striate.     (Derivation  recondite.) 

1.  C.  Mariana,  L.  Loav,  ascending  or  twining,  smooth ;  leaflets  oblong- 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate;  stipules  and  bracts  awl-shaped;  peduncles  short; 
the  showy  pale-blue  flowers  2'  long.  —  Dry  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Va.  and  Fla.,.west 
to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

37.    AMPHICABPiEA,    Ell.        Hog  Pea-nut. 

FloAvers  of  2  kinds ;  those  of  the  racemes  from  the  upper  branches  perfect, 
but  seldom  ripening  fruit ;  those  near  the  base  and  on  filiform  creeping  branches 
with  the  corolla  none  or  rudimentary,  and  few  free  stamens,  but  fruitful.  Ca- 
lyx about  equally  4-  (rarely  5-)  toothed ;  bractlets  none  or  minute.  Keel  and 
wing-petals  similar,  almost  straight ;  the  standard  partly  folded  round  them. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Style  beardless.  Pods  of  the  vipper  flowers,  when 
formed,  somewhat  scymetar-shaped,  stipitate,  3-4-seeded;  of  the  lower  ones 
commonly  subterranean  and  fleshy,  obovate  or  pear-shaped,  ripening  usually 
but  one  large  seed.  —  Low  and  slender  perennials;  the  twining  stems  clothed 
with  brownish  hairs.  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  sti- 
pellate. Flowers  in  simple  or  compound  racemes,  purplish.  Bracts  persistent, 
round,  partly  clasping,  striate,  as  well  as  the  stij)ules.  (Name  from  ajxcpi,  loth, 
and  KapiTos,  fruit,  in  allusion  to  the  two  kinds  of  pods.) 

1.  A.  monoica,  Nutt.  Leaflets  thin,  j-2'  long;  racemes  nodding; 
calyx  of  upper  flowers  2"  long,  the  ovary  glabrous  except  the  hairy  margin ; 
pod  1'  long;  ovary  and  pod  of  the  rudimentary  flowers  hairy.  —  Kich  damp 
woodlands,  common.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  A.  Piteheri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaflets  usually  2 -4' long;  rhachis  of 
the  racemes  usually  villous;  calyx  3"  long,  the  teeth  acuminate :  ovary  hairy. 
—  Western  N.  Y.  to  111.,  Mo.,  La.,  and  Tex.  Tlie  upper  flowers  more  com- 
m6nly*fertile ;  apparently  producing  subterranean  fruit  but  rarely. 

38.     GALACTIA,     P.  Browne.        Milk-Pea. 

Calyx  4-cleft ;  the  lobes  acute,  the  upper  one  broadest,  entire.  Keel  scarcely 
incurved.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so.  Style  be«ardless.  Pod  linear, 
flat,  several-seeded  (some  few  of  them  rarely  partly  subterranean  and  fleshy  or 
deformed) .  —  Low,  mostly  prostrate  or  tAvining  perennial  herbs.  Leaflets  usu- 
ally 3,  stipellate.  FloAvers  in  someAvhat  interrupted  or  knotty  racemes,  pur})lish ; 
in  summer.  (Name  from  yaXa,  -axTos,  milk ;  some  species  being  said  to  yield 
a  milky  juice,  Avhich  is  unlikely.) 

1.  G.  glabella,  Michx.  Stems  nearhj  smooth,  prostrate;  leaflets  elliptical 
or  ovate-oblong,  sometimes  slightly  hairy  beneath ;  racemes  short,  4-8-floAvered ; 
jjods  somewhat  hairij.  —  Sandy  Avoods,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  Fla.,  and  Miss. 

2.  G.  pilosa,  Ell.  Stems  (decumbent  and  someAvhat  tAvining)  and  leaves 
beneath  soft-downy  and  hoarij ;  leaflets  oval ;  racemes  many -flowered ,  pods  very 
downy.     (G.  mollis,  Gray,  Manual;  not  Michx.)  —  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 


LEGUMINOSiE.       (iTLSE    FAMILY.)  147 

39.    RHYNCHOSIA,     L.mr. 

Calyx  somewhat  2-Hj)ped,or  deeply  4-5-parte<l.  Keel  srytho-shaped,  or  in- 
curved at  the  apex.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Ovules  only  2.  Pod  1 -2-seeded, 
short  and  flat,  2-valved.  —  Usually  twining  or  trailing  perennial  herhs,  pin- 
uately  3-foli(jlate,  or  with  a  single  leaflet,  not  stipellate.  Flowers  yellow,  rac- 
emose or  clustered.     (Name  from  pvyxoSfCi  beak,  from  the  shape  of  the  keel.) 

1.  R.  tomentbsa,  Hook.  &  Am.  Trailing  and  ticiniwj,  the  stem  and 
leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs ;  leaflets  3,  roundish  or  round- 
rhombic,  acute  or  acutish ;  racemes  few-flowered,  almost  sessHe  in  the  arils  ; 
calyx  about  as  long  as  the  corolla,  4-parted,the  u])por  lohe  2-cleft;  pod  oblong. 
(R.  tomentosa,  var.  volubilis,  Torr.  ij-  G'rai/.)  —  Dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  R.  erecta,  DC.  Erect,  1-2°  high ;  stem  and  leaves  more  or  less  tomen- 
tose ;  leajlets  3,  oval  to  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish ;  racemes  short  and  shortly  pe- 
dunculate.   (K.  tomentosa,  var.  erecta,  Torr.  ^  Gray.)  —  Del.  to  Fla,  and  Miss. 

3.  R.  renif6rmis,  DC.  Dwarf  and  upright,  3-8'  high ;  pubescence  spread- 
ing;  leajiets  solitarij  (rarely  3),  round-ren  if  or  m,  very  ohtuse  or  apiculate;  ra- 
cemes few-flowered,  sessile  in  the  axils.  (11.  tomentosa,  var.  mouophylla, 
Torr.  Jf  Gray.) — Va.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

40.     CERCIS,     L.        Red-bud.     Judas-tree. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous ;  standard  smaller  than 
the  wings,  and  enclosed  by  them  in  the  bud ;  the  keel-petals  larger  and  not 
united.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  declined.  Pod  oblong,  flat,  many-seeded,  the 
upper  suture  with  a  winged  margin.  Embryo  straight.  —  Trees,  with  rounded 
heart-sha})ed  simple  leaves,  caducous  stipules,  and  red-purple  flowers  in  umbel- 
like clusters  along  the  branches  of  the  last  or  preceding  years,  appearing  before 
the  leaves,  acid  to  the  taste.     (The  ancient  name  of  the  (Oriental  .Tudas-tree.) 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  (Red-bud.)  Leaves  pointed  ;  pods  nearly  sessile 
above  the  calyx.  —  Kicli  soil,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Minn.,  Kan., 
and  La.     A  small  ornamental  tree,  often  cultivated. 

41.     CASSIA,     Tourn.        Senna. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  united  at  base.  Petals  5,  little  uncciual,  spreading.  Sta^ 
mens  5- 10,  unccjual,  and  some  of  them  often  inijierfect,  spreading;  anthers 
opening  l)y  2  pores  or  chinks  at  the  apex.  Pod  many-seeded,  often  with  cross 
partitions.  —  Herbs  (in  the  United  States),  with  simply  and  abrujitly  pinnate 
leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.     (An  ancient  name  of  obscure  derivation.) 

♦  Leaflets  large ;  stipides  deciduous ;  the  three  upper  anthers  deformed  and  im- 
perfect;  flowers  in  short  axillary  racemes,  the  upper  ones  panicled  ;  herbage 
glabrous. 

1.  C.  Maril&ndiea,  L.  (Wiud  Senna.)  Stem  3-4°  high;  /^^rz/r/s  6-9 
pairs,  lanceolate-oblong ,  obtuse  ;  petiole  with  a  club-shaped  gland  near  the  b:ise; 
pods  linear,  slightly  curved,  flat,  at  first  hairy  (2-4'  long) ;  root  perennial. — 
Alluvial  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich.,  S.  E.  Neb.,  Kan.,  and  La. 

2.  C.  T6ra,  L.  Annual;  leaflets  3  or  rarely  2  pairs,  obovate,  obtuse,  with 
an  elongated  gland  between  those  of  the  lower  pairs  or  lowest  pair ;  pods  slen- 


148  LEGUMINOS^.        (pulse    FAMILY.) 

der,  6'  long,  curved.     (C.  obtusifolia,  L.)  —  River-banks,  S.  Ya.  to  Fla.,  west 
to  S.  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Ark. 

C.  occidextXlis,  L.  Annual;  leaflets  4-6  pairs,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute; 
an  ovate  gland  at  the  base  of  tlie  petiole ;  pods  long-linear  (5'  k)ng)  with  a 
tumid  border,  glabrous.—  Va.,  S.  Ind., and  southward.  (Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

*  *  Leaflets  small ,  somewhat  sensitive  to  the  touch;  stipules  striate, persistent ;  a 
cup-shaped  gland  beneath  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets ;  anthers  all  perfect; 
flowers  in  small  clusters  above  the  axils;  pods  flat;  root  annual. 

3.  C.  Chamsecrista,  L.  (Partridge  Pea.)  Stems  spreading  (1°  long) ; 
leaflets  10-15  pairs,  linear-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base ;  flowers  {large)  on  slen- 
der pedicels,  2  or  3  of  the  shoAvy  yellow  petals  often  with  a  purple  spot  at  base; 
anthers  10,  elongated,  unequal  (4  of  them  yellow,  the  others  purple) ;  style  slen- 
der. —  Sandy  fields ;  common,  especially  southward. 

4.  C.  nictitans,  L.  (Wild  Sexsitive-Plant.)  Leaflets  10-20  pairs, 
oblong-linear ;y?o«er5  {verij  small)  an  very  short  pedicels  ;  anthers  5,  nearhj  equal; 
style  short.  —  Sandy  fields,  X.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ind.,  Kan.,  and  La. 

42.    HOFFMANSEGGIA,    Cav. 

Calyx  5-pai-ted.  Petals  5,  nearly  eqwal,  oblong  or  oval.  Stamens  10,  dis- 
tinct, slightly  declined;  anthers  dehiscing  longitudinally.  Pod  flat,  oblong, 
often  falcate,  few -several-seeded.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  or  woody  at  base, 
punctate  with  black  glands,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  and  naked  racemes  of  yel- 
low flowers  opposite  the  leaves  or  terminal.  (Named  for  Count  von  Hoffman- 
segg,  a  German  botanist.) 

1 .  H.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Herbaceous,  finely  pubescent ;  pinna  2 
or  3  pairs  with  an  odd  one,  the  small  oblong  leaflets  5-9  pairs ;  pods  broad, 
falcate,  1'  long,  2-3-seeded.  —  Central  Kan.  to  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and  Mex. 

43.     GYMNdCLADUS,    Lam.        Kentucky  Coffee-tree. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  regular.  Calyx  elongated-tubular  below, 
5-cleft.  Petals  5,  oblong,  equal,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  cah'x-tube. 
Stamens  10,  distinct,  short,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Pod  oblong,  flattened, 
hard,  pulpy  inside,  several-seeded.  Seeds  flattish.  —  A  large  tall  tree,  with 
rough  bark,  stout  branchlets,  not  thorny,  and  large  unequally  twice-pinnate 
leaves ;  the  leaflets  standing  vertically. — Flowers  whitish,  in  terminal  racemes. 
(Name  from  yvfivos,  naked,  and  KAdSoy^a  branch,  aUuding  to  the  stout  branches 
destitute  of  spray.) 

1.  G.  Canadensis,  Lam.  Leaves  2-3°  long,  with  several  large  partial 
leafstalks  bearing  7-13  ovate  stalked  leaflets,  the  lowest  pair  with  single  leaf- 
lets; stipules  wanting;  pod  6-10'  long,  2'  broad;  the  seeds  over  Y  across. — 
Rich  woods,  western  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Minn.,  E.  Neb.,  and  Ark. 

44.     GL  ED  ITS  CHI  A,    L.        Hoxey-Loclst. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  short,  3  -  5-cleft,  the  lobes  spreading.  -  Petals 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  equalling  them,  the  2  lower  sometimes  united.  Sta- 
mens 3-10,  distinct,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  base  of  the  calyx.    Pod  flat, 


LKCIMINOS.K.        (iMLSi:    KAMII.V.)  ll'J 

1  -many-seoded.  Seeds  Hat.  —  Thorny  trees,  with  ahruptly  once  or  twice  pin- 
nate leaves,  and  inconspicuous  greenish  Howers  in  small  spikes.  Thorns  ahovo 
the  axils.  (Named  in  honor  of  J.  G.  Glcdilsch,  a  botanist  c(jntenii>orarv  with 
Linnaius.)  « 

1.  G.  triacanthos,  L.  (Tiiree-thorned  Acacia,  or  IIonuy-Locist.) 
Thorns  stout,  often  triple  or  compound;  leaflets  lanrcolate-oh/onf/,  somewhat 
serrate;  pods  linear,  elongated  (1-1^°  long),  often  twisted,  filled  with  sweet 
pulp  between. the  seeds.  —  Uich  w^oods,  western  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Ca.,  west 
to  Mich.,  E.  Neb.,  Kan.,  and  La.  A  large  tree,  common  in  cultivation,  with 
very  hard  and  heavy  wood. 

2.  G.  aquatica,  Marsh.  (Water-Locust.)  Thorns  slender,  mostly 
simple;  leajlets  ovate  or  oblowj  ;  pods  oval,  \-seedcd,  pulpless.  (G.  raonosper- 
ma,  Walt.)  —  Deep  swamps,  Mo.  to  IS.  Ind.,  S.  Car.,  and  southward.  A  smaller 
trie,  30-40^  high. 

45.    DESMANTHUS,    Willd. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  regular.  Calyx  cam})amilate,  5-toothed. 
Petals  5,  distinct.  Stamens  .'i  or  10.  I*od  flat,  membranaceous  or  somewhat 
coriaceous,  several-seeded,  2-valved,  smooth.  —  Herbs,  with  twice-pinnate  leaves 
of  numerous  small  leaflets,  and  with  one  or  more  glands  on  the  petiole,  seta- 
ceous stipules,  and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  a  head  of  small  greenish-white 
flowers.     (Name  compcjsed  of  SeV/ia,  a  bond,  and  &vdos,Jloicer.) 

1.  D.  brachylobus,  Benth.  Nearly  glabrous  perennial,  erect  (1-4° 
high) ;  pinnas  G-  I.t  pairs;  leaflets  20-30  pairs;  peduncles  1  -3'  long;  stamens 
5;  pods  numerous  in  dense  globose  heads,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  curved,  scarcely 
r  long,  2  -  6-seeded.  —  Prairies  and  alluvial  banks,  Ind  and  Ky.  to  Minn..  Mo., 
and  Tex. ;  also  in  Fla. 

2.  D.  leptolobus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Pinnaj  5-8  pairs;  leaflets  10-20 
pairs;  peduncles  V  long  or  less;  heads  rather  loose,  stamens  ^  ;  pods  usually 
few,  narrowly  linear,  erect,  1-2'  long.  —  Central  Kan.  to  Tex. 

46.     SCHRANKIA,     Willd.        Sensitive  Briar. 

Flowers  polygamous,  regular.  Calyx  minute,  5-toothed.  Petals  united  into 
a  funnel-form  5-cleft  corolla.  Stamens  10-12,  distinct,  or  the  filaments  united 
at  base.  Pods  long  and  narrow,  rough-prickly,  several-seeded,  4valved,  i.  e., 
the  two  narrow  valves  separating  on  each  side  from  a  thickened  margin  —  Pe- 
rennial herbs,  nearly  related  to  the  true  Sensitive  Phints  (Mimosa) ;  the  procum- 
bent stems  and  petioles  recurved-prickly,  with  twice-pinnate  sensitive  leaves  of 
many  small  leaflets,  and  axillary  peduncles  bearing  round  heads  of  small  rose- 
colored  flowers.     (Named  for  t\  P.  Schrank.  a  German  bot.inist.) 

1.  S.  uncin^ta,  Willd.  Prickles  hooked ;  pinnaj  4-6  pairs;  leaflets  ellifh- 
tical,  reticulated  with  strong  veins  beneath;  pods  oblong-linear,  ncarlv  terete- 
short-pointed,  densely  prickly  (2'  long).  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to 
S.  111.,  Kan.,  and  Tex. 

2.  S.  angUSt^ta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaflets  oblojig-linear,  scnrcfh/  veined ; 
pods  slender,  taper-pointed,  s}>aringly  prickly  (about  4' long).  —  S.  Va.  (.')  (o 
Fla.,  Teuu.,  and  Tex. 


150  ROSACEA,     (rose  family.) 

Order  33.     ROSACE^E.     (Rose  Family.) 

Plants  ivith  regular  Jiowers,  numerous  (rarely  few)  distinct  stamens  in- 
serted  on  the  calyx,  and  1  -  many  pistils,  which  are  quite  distinct,  or  (in  the 
last  tribe)  united  and  combined  with  the  calyx-tube.  Seeds  (anatropous) 
i  -few  in  each  ovary,  almost  always  without  albumen.  Embryo  straight, 
icith  large  and  thick  cotyledons.  Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules,  these  some- 
times caducous,  rarely  obsolete  or  wanting.  —  Calyx  of  5  or  rarely  3-4- 
8  sepals  (the  odd  one  superior),  united  at  the  base,  often  appearing  double 
by  a  row  of  bractlets  outside.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  (rarely  want- 
ing), mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  inserted  with  the  stamens  on  the 
edge  of  a  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube.  Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.  —  A 
large  and  important  order,  almost  destitute  of  noxious  qualities,  and  pro- 
ducing the  most  valuable  fruits.  Very  intimately  connected  with  Legu- 
minos£B  on  one  hand,  and  with  Saxifragaceas  on  the  other. 

I.     0\ary  superior  and  not  enclosed  m  the  calyx-tube  at  maturity. 
*  Calyx  deciduous,  without  bractlets  ;  pistil  solitaiy,  becoming  a  drupe. 
Tribe  I.     PRUNED.      Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  mostly  serrate  leaves.      Ovules  2, 
pendiilnus,  but  seed  almost  always  solitary.     Style  terminal. 

1.  Prunus.    Flowers  perfect.    Lobes  of  calyx  and  corolla  5.     Stone  of  the  drupe  bony. 

*  *  CaljTC  mostly  persistent ;  pistils  few  to  many  (rarely  solitary), 
■t-  Calyx  without  bractlets  ;  o'sniles  2  -  many. 
Tribe  II.    SPIR^E^.     Pistils  mostly  5,  becoming  2 -several-seeded  follicles.     Shrubs 
or  perennial  herbs. 

a.  Calyx  short,  5-cleft.    Petals  obovate,  equal 

2.  Spiraea.    Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious.     Pods  1-valved.     Herbs  or  shrubs ;  leaves  sim- 

ple or  pinnate. 

3.  Physocarpns*    Pods  inflated,  2-valved.    Shrub :  leaves  palmately  lobed. 

6.  Calyx  elongated,  5-toothed.    Petals  slender,  unequal. 

4.  Gillenia.     Herbs  ;  leaves  3-foliolate. 

Tribe  III.  KUBE^.  Pistils  several  or  numerous,  becoming  drupelets  in  fruit.  Ovules 
2  and  pendulous,  but  seed  solitary.  Perennials,  herbaceous  or  with  biennial  soft-woody 
stems. 

5.  Riibus.     Pistils  numerous,  fleshy  in  fruit,  crowded  upon  a  spongy  receptacle. 

6.  Dalibarda.     Pistils  5  - 10,  in  tlie  bottom  of  the  calyx,  nearly  dry  in  fruit. 

—  -t-  Calyx-lobes  mostly  with  bractlets;  o\Tile  solitary. 
Tribe  IV.    POTENTIL,L.E^.    Pistils  few  -  many,  1-ovuled,  becoming  dry  achenes. 
Heibs 

a.  Styles  persistent  and  elongated  after  anthesis,  often  plumose  or  jointed. 

7.  Geurn.    Calyx-lobes  usually  with  5  alternating  small  bractlets.    Stainens  and  carpels  nu- 

merous   styles  becoming  plumose  or  hairy  tails,  or  naked  and  straight  or  jointed. 
l.  Styles  not  elongated  after  anthesis,  mostly  deciduous, 

8.  Waldsteinia.    Petals  and  calyx-lobes  5 ;  small  or  no  bractlets.    Stamens  numerous. 

Achenes  2  -  6  :  styles  deciduous  from  the  base. 

9.  Fragaria.    Flower  as  in  Potentilla.    Receptacle  much  enlarged  and  pulpy  in  fruit. 

10.  Potentilla.     Petals  5  (rarely  4),  conspicuous.     Calyx-lobos  as  many,  with  an  alternat- 

ing set  ot  bractlets.    Stamens  and  achenes  numerous ;  the  latter  heaped  on  a  dry  re- 
ceptacle.    Styles  commonly  more  or  less  lateral,  deciduous  or  not  enlarging  in  fruit. 

1 1 .  Sibbaldia.    Petals  minute  ;  stamens  and  achenes  5  - 10  ;  otherwise  as  Potentilla. 


ROSACEiT-:.        (UOSK    FAMILY.)  151 

II.     Ovaries  inferior  or  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube. 
Tribe  V.     POTERIE.-E.     Pistils  1-4,  hccominR  arhcnes,  mnipleU'ly  enclosed  in  the 
dry  anil  linn  caiyx-tulte,  which   is  constricted  or  nearly  closed  at  the  thmat.     Herbs 
with  conipound  ur  lobed  leaves.     Petals  often  none. 
12.  Alcheiuilla*    Calyx  urceobit«,  bracteolate.     Petals  none.     SUunens  1-4.     Flowers 

minute,  clustered. 
lo.  Agriinonia.    Calyx  turbinate,  with  a  margin  of  hooked  prickles.    Stiiiuens  5-12. 
FInwei-s  yellow,  in  long  racemes. 

14.  Poteriiim.    Calyx-lobes  petaloid  ;  tube  4-angled,  naked     PeUdsnonc.    Flowci-s  densely 

capitate  or  .spicate. 
Tribe  VI.    KOSE.^.    Pistils  many,  becoming  bony  acheucs,  enclosed  in  the  glob*)se  or 
urn-shaped  fleshy  calyx-tube,  which  resembles  a  pome.    Petids  conspicuous.    Stamens 
numerous. 

15.  Rosa.    The  only  genus.     Prickly  shrubs  with  pinnate  leaves. 

Tribe  VII.  POME..E.  Carpels  2-5,  enclosed  in  and  coalescent  with  the  fleshy  or  berrj'- 
like  calyx,  in  fruit  becondng  a  2  -  several-celled  pome.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stipulea 
free  from  the  petiole. 

a.  Cells  of  the  compound  ovary  as  many  as  the  styles  (2-5),  each  2-  (rarely  several-)  ovuled. 

16.  Pyrus.     Pome  containing  2-5  papery  or  cartilaginous  carpels. 

17.  Craticgus.    Pome  drupe-like,  with  1-5  bony  stones  or  kernels.     Usually  thoniy. 
b.  Cells  of  the  compound  ovary  becoming  twice  as  many  as  the  styles,  each  1-ovuled. 

IS.  Amelanchier.    Pome  usually  of  5  ca^jels  :  each  becomes  incompletely  2-celled  by  a 
projection  from  its  back  ;  otherwise  as  Pyrus. 

1.     PRtJNUS,    Tourn.        Plum,  Cherry,  etc. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  bell-shaped,  urn-shaped  or  tubular-obcouical,  decidu- 
ous after  flowering.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  15-20.  Pistil  solitary, 
with  2  pendulous  ovnles.  Drupe  fleshy,  with  a  l)ony  stone.  —  Small  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  mostly  edible  fruit.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

§  1.  PllUNUS  proper  (and  Cerasps).  Drupe  smooth, and  the  stone  smooth  or 
somewhat  rugged  ;  Jlowers  (usualli/  white)  from  separate  lateral  scali/  buds 
in  early  spring,  preceding  or  coetaneous  with  the  leaves;  the  pedicels  Jew  or 
several  in  simple  umbel-like  clusters. 

1.  P.  Americana,  Marshall.  (Wild  Yellow  or  Eed  Pm'm.)  Tree 
thorny,  8-20°  high;  leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  ol)Ovate,  consjticnoiisli/  pointed, 
coarsclji  or  doublij  serrate,  very  veiny,  glabrous  when  mature ;  fruit  nearly  desti- 
tute of  bloom,  roundish-oval,  yellow,  orange,  or  red,  |-§'in  diameter,  with 
the  turgid  stone  more  or  less  acute  on  both  margins,  or  in  cultivated  states  T 
or  more  in  diameter,  the  flattened  stone  with  l)roader  margins ;  ple:isant-tasted, 
but  with  a  tough  and  acerb  skin.  —  Woodlands  and  river-banks,  common. 

2.  P.  maritima,  AVang.  (Beach  Plum.)  Low  and  straggling  (1  -  5°) ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oval, Jinrly  serrate,  softly  pubescent  underneath;  ])edicols  short, 
pubescent ;  fruit  globular,  pur])le  or  crimson  with  a  bloom  (^-1'  in  diameter) ; 
the  stone  very  turgid,  orj/^e  on  one  edge,  rounded  and  minutely  grooved  on  the 
other.  —  Sea-beaches  and  the  vicinity,  N.  IJrunswick  to  Va.  It  varies,  when  at 
some  distance  from  the  coast  (X.  J.  and  southward),  with  the  leaves  smoother 
and  thinner  and  the  fruit  smaller. 

3.  P.  Alleghanidnsis,  Porter.  A  low  straggling  shrub  or  small  tree 
(3-15*^  high),  seklum  tliurnv;  leaves  lauctulate  to  vblnnff-orate,  ofh  n  loii'/-aru- 


152  ROSACEA,     (rose  family.) 

mlnate,finelij  and  sharply  serrate,  soitly  pubescent  Avhen  3'oung,  glabrate  with 
age  ;  fruit  globose-ovoid,  verj  dark  purple  with  a  bloom  (less  thau  ^'  in  diameter) ; 
stone  turgid,  a  shallow  groove  on  one  side  and  a  broad  flat  ridge  on  the  other. 

—  Bluffs  of  the  Alleghany  Mts.,  Penn. 

4.  P.  Chicasa,  Michx.  (Chickasaw  Plum.)  Stem  scarcely  thorny 
(8-15°  high) ;  leaves  nearli/  lanceolate,  Jitieli/  serrulate, glabrous ;  fruit  globular, 
red,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom  (^-f  in  diameter) ;  the  ovoid  stone  almost  as 
thick  as  wide,  rounded  at  both  sutures,  one  of  them  minutely  grooved. — 
Md.  to  ria.,  west  to  S.  Ind.,  Kan.,  and  Tex. 

5.  P.  gracilis,  Engelm.  &  Gray.  Soft-pubescent,  1-4°  high ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  above,  1-2' 
long ;  pedicels  and  calyx  pubescent ;  fruit  less  thau  ^'  in  diameter;  stone  rather 
turgid,  suborbicular.  —  Prairies  and  sandy  places,  S.  Kan.  to  Tex.  and  Tenn. 

6.  P.  ptiniila,  L.  (Dwarf  Cherrv.  Sand  C.)  Smooth,  depressed 
and  trailing  (6' -6°  high) ;  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  some- 
what toothed  near  the  apex,  pale  underneath;  flowers  2-4  together;  fruit 
ovoid,  dark  red  or  nearly  black  Avhen  ripe,  without  bloom ;  stone  ovoid,  mar- 
ginless,  of  the  size  of  a  large  pea.  —  Rocks  or  sandy  banks,  N.  Brunswick  to 
Va.,  west  to  ISIinn.  and  Kan.     Fruit  usually  sour  and  astringent. 

7.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.  f.  (Wild  Red  Cherry.)  Tree  20-30°  high, 
with  light  red-brown  bark;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  and  sharply 
serrate, shining, green  and  smooth  both  sides;  flowers  many  in  a  cluster, on  long 
pedicels ;  fruit  globose,  light  red,  very  small,  with  thin  and  sour  flesh ;  stone 
globular.  —  Rocky  woods,  Newf.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

P,  spix6sA,  L.  (Sloe.  Black  Thorn.)  Brsmches  ihoTny  ;  leaves  obovate- 
oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  at  length  glabrous  ;  pedicels  glabrous ; 
fruit  small,  globular,  black  with  a  bloom,  the  stone  turgid,  acute  on  one  edge. 

—  Var.  iNSiTiTiA  (Bullace-Plum),  is  less  spiny,  the  pedicels  and  lower  side 
of  the  leaves  pubescent.  —  Roadsides  and  waste  places,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  and 
N.  J.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  PADUS.  Drupe  small,  globose,  ivitliout  bloom  ;  the  stone  turgid-ovate,  mar- 
ginless  ;  floicers  in  racemes  terminating  leafy  branches,  therefore  appearing 
after  the  leaves,  late  in  spring. 

8.  P.  Virginiana,  L.  (Choke-Cherry.)  A  tall  shrub,  with  grayish 
bark ;  leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  obovate,  abruptly  pointed,  very  sliarply  {often  doubly) 
serrate  with  slender  teeth,  thin ;  petals  roundish ;  fruit  red  turning  to  dark  crim- 
son; stone  smooth.  —  River-banks,  Newf.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Neb.,  and 
Tex.  —  Fruit  very  austere  and  astringent.  A  variety  with  very  short  dense 
racemes  and  sweeter  yellowish  fruit  has  been  found  at  Dedham,  Mass. 

9.  P.  ser6tina,  Ehrh.  (Wild  Black  Cherry.)  A  large  tree,  with 
reddish-brown  branches ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  taper-pointed ,  serrate 
with  incurved  short  and  callous  teeth,  thickish,  shining  above ;  racemes  elon- 
gated ;  petals  obovate ;  fruit  purplish-black.  —  Woods,  N.  Scotia  to  Fia.,  west 
to  Minn.,  E.  Neb.,  and  La.  —  Fruit  slightly  bitter,  but  with  a  pleasant  vinous 
flavor. 

10.  P.  demissa,  Walp.  Low  but  tree-like  in  habit,  3-12°  high,  resem- 
bling n.  8  in  foliage,  but  the  leaves  ratlior  thick  and  the  teeth  less  slender;  ra- 
cemes often  elongated;  fruit  purplish-black, sweet  and  but  slightly  astringent. 

—  Central  Kan.  and  Neb.  to  New  Mex.,  Dak.,  and  westward. 


ROSACEA.       (rose    FAMIF.Y.)  1^)'.] 

2.     SPIR^A,  L.        Meadow-Sweet. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  short,  persi.>^tfiit.  Petuls  5,  <»l»<>v:ite,  e(|u;il,  imbricated  in  tho 
bud.  Stamens  10  -  50.  Pods  (follicles)  5  -  8,  not  inflated,  few  -  several-seeded. 
Seeds  linear,  with  a  thin  or  loose  coat  and  no  albumen.  —  Shrubs  or  perennial 
herbs,  with  simple  or  pinnate  leaves,  and  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  co- 
rymbs or  panicles.  (The  Greek  name,  from  a-rrfipdw,  to  ticist,  from  the  twisting 
of  the  pods  in  the  original  species.) 

§  1 .    SPIRj'EA  proper.    Erect  s/irnbs,  roith  simple  leaves  ;  stipules  obsolete  :  pods 
mostljj  .5,  several-seeded. 

1  S.  betulsefblia,  Pall.,  var.  corymbbsa,  Watson.  Nearly  smooth  (1  - 
2*^  high) ;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  cut-toothed  toward  the  apex  ;  corijmhs  larr/f,  fiat, 
several  times  compound  ;  flowers  ivhite.  (S.  corymbosa,  Raf.)  — Mountains  of 
Penn.  and  N.  J.  to  Ga.,  Avest  to  Ky.  and  Mo. 

2.  S.  salieifblia,  L.  (Common  Me  ado  w-Swei;t.)  Xenrli/ smooth  (2- ti° 
high) ;  leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate  ;  Jloirers  in  a  crowded 
pdiiiele,  white  or  Hesh-color ;  pods  smootii.  —  Wet  or  low  grounds,  Newf.  to  the 
mountains  of  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. ;  also  to  the  far  northwest.     (Ku.) 

3.  S.  tomentdsa,  L.  (Hardhack.  STEErLE-Busn.)  Stems  and  lower 
surface  of  the  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  leaves  veri/  woolli/ ;  flowers  in  short  racemes 
crowded  in  a  dense  panicle,  rose-color,  rarely  white;  pods  woolly.  —  Low 
grounds,  N.  Scotia  to  the  mountains  of  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

§  2.    ULMARIA.     Perennial  herbs,  ivith  pinnate  leaves  and  panicled  ci/mose 
Jlowers  ;  stipules  kidney  form  ;  pods  5-8,  1  -  2-seeded. 

4.  S.  lob^ta,  Jacq.  (Queen  of  the  Prairie.)  Glabrous  (2-8°  high); 
leaves  interruptedly  pinnate;  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large,  7-9-parted, 
the  lobes  incised  and  toothed ;  panicle  compound-clustered,  on  a  long  naked 
peduncle ;  flowers  deep  peach-blossom  color,  handsome,  the  petals  and  sepals 
often  in  fours.  —  Meadows  and  prairies,  Penn.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Mich.,  Ky.,  and 
Iowa. 

§  3.  AR UNCUS.  Perennial  herbs,  with  dio'cious  whitish  foivers  in  mam/  slender 
s])ikes,  disposed  in  a  long  compound  panicle  ;  leaves  thrice  pinnate  ;  stipules 
obsolete;  pods  3-5,  several -seeded  ;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit. 

5.  S.  Anincus,  L.  (Goat's-Beari>.)  Smooth,  tall;  leaflets  thin,  lan- 
ceolate-oblong, or  the  terminal  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply  cut 
and  serrate.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Ga.  in  the  mountains,  west  to 
Iowa  and  Mo. 

3.     PHYSOCARPUS,     Maxim.        NixE-nAKK. 

Carpels  1-5,  inflated,  2-valved  ;  ovules  2-4.  Seeds  roundish,  with  a  smooth 
and  shining  crustaceous  testa  and  copious  albumen.  Stamens  30-40.  Other- 
wise as  Spirrea.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  palmately-lobed  leaves  and  umbel-like 
corymbs  of  wliite  flowers.     (Name  from  <pv(ra,  a  bladder,  and  Kaptr'os,  fruit.) 

1.  P.  opulif6Iius,  Maxim.  Shrub  4-10°  high,  with  hmg  recurved 
branches,  tlie  old  bark  loose  and  separating  in  numerous  thin  layers;  leaves 
roundish,  somewhat  3-lobed  aiul  heart-shajjed ;  the  purplish  membnuiaceous 
pods  very  conspicuous.     (Spiraea  opulifolia,  L.     Neillia  opulifolia,  Benth.  <j- 


154"  ROSACEiE.        (rose    FAMILY.) 

Hook.)  —  Tvocky  bauks  of  streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.,  and   the 
Pacific  northward.     Often  cultivated. 

4.     GILLENIA,     Moench.        Ikdiax  Physic. 

Calyx  narrow,  somewhat  constricted  at  the  throat,  .5-toothed ;  teeth  erect. 
Petals  5,  rather  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx, 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10-20,  included.  Pods  5,  included,  at  first 
lightly  cohering  with  each  other,  2  -  4-seeded.  Seeds  ascending,  with  a  close 
coriaceous  coat,  and  some  albumen.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  almost  sessile 
3-foliolate  leaves ;  the  thin  leaflets  doubly  serrate  and  incised.  Flowers  loosely 
paniculate-corymbed,  pale  rose-color  or  white.  (Dedicated  to  an  obscure  Ger- 
man botanist  or  physician,  A.  Gille,  or  GiUenius.) 

1.  G,  trifoliata,  Moench.  (Bowman's  Root.)  Leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
pointed,  cut-serrate ;  stipules  small,  awl-shaped,  entire.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  Y. 
to  N.  J.  and  Ga.,  west  to  Mich.,  Ind.,  and  Mo. 

2.  G.  stipulacea,  Nutt.  (American  Ipecac.)  Leaflets  lanceolate, 
deeply  incised;  stipules  large  and  leaf-like,  doubly  incised. — Western  N.  Y. 
and  Penn.  to  S.  Lid.  and  Kan.,  south  to  Ala.  and  La. 

5.     RUB  US,    Tourn.        Bramble. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous. 
Achenes  usually  many,  collected  on  a  spongy  or  succulent  receptacle,  becoming 
small  drupes ;  styles  nearly  terminal.  —  Perennial  herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby 
plants,  with  white  (rarely  reddish)  flowers,  and  edible  fruit.  (The  Roman 
name,  kindred  with  ruber,  red.) 
§  I.   Fruit,  or  collective  mass  of  drupes,  falling  off  whole  from  the  dry  receptacle 

when  ripe,  or  of  few  grains  which  fall  separately.  —  Raspberry. 
*  Leaves  simple  ;  flowers  large  ;  prickles  none ;  fruit  and  receptacle  flat  and  broad. 

1.  R.  odoratus,  L.  (Purple  Flowering-Raspberry.)  Stem  shrubby 
(3-5°  high) ;  branches,  stalks,  arid  calyx  bristly  with  glandular  clammy  hairs ; 
leaves  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  pointed  and  minutely  toothed,  the  middle  one  pro- 
longed ;  peduncles  many-flowered ;  flowers  shoAvy  (2'  broad) ;  calyx-lobes 
tipped  with  a  long  narrow  appendage ;  petals  rounded,  purple  rose-color ;  fruit 
reddish.  —  N.  Scotia  to  N.  J.  and  Ga.,  west  to  Mich. 

2.  R.  Nutkanus,  Mo9ino.  (Salmon-berry.)  Glandular,  scarcely 
bristly ;  leaves  almost  equally  5-lobed,  coarsely  toothed ;  peduncles  few-flow- 
ered ;  petals  oval,  white.  —  L^pper  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  westward. 

3.  R.  Chamsemdrus,  L.  (Cloud-berry.  Baked-apple  Berry.) 
Herbaceous,  low,  dio'cious ;  stein  simple,  2- 3-leaved,  \  flowered ;  leaves  round- 
ish-kidney-form, somewhat  5-lobed,  serrate,  wrinkled;  calyx-lobes  pointless; 
petals  obovate,  white ;  fruit  of  few  grains,  amber-color.  —  Li  sphagnous  swamps, 
highest  peaks  of  White  Mts.,  coast  of  E.  Maine,  and  north  and  west  to  the 
Arctic  regions.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Leaflets  {pinnately  or pedately)  3-5;  petals  small,  erect,  white. 
•*-  Stems  annual,  herbaceous,  not  prickly  ;  fruit  of  few  separate  grains. 

4.  R.  trifl6rus,  Richardson.  (Dwarf  Raspberry.)  Stems  ascending 
(6-12'  high)  or  trailing;  leaflets  3  (or  pedately  5),  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate- 


ROSACEil!:.        (UOSK    FAMILY.)  155 

lanceolate,  acnte  at  both  ends,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  thin,  smooth  ;  peduncle 
1  -3-flowered.  —  Wooded  liillsides,  Lab.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa.     Se- 
pals and  petals  often  6  or  7.    This  appears  to  be  more  proj>erly  a  blackberry, 
•t-  -t-  Stems  biennial  and  wood  I/,  prick-Ii/  ;  receptacle  oNonj  ;  fruit  hemispherical. 

5.  R.  Strigdsus,  Michx.  (Wild  Red  TIasi'I?ekrv.)  Stems  upright, 
and  with  the  stalks,  etc.,  heset  ivith  stiff' straight  bristles  (or  a  few  becoming 
weak  hooked  prickles),  glandular  when  young,  somewhat  glaucous;  leaflets 
3-5,  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  cut-serrate,  whitish-downy  underneath,  the  lateral 
ones  sessile;  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals;  fruit  lir/ht  red.  —  "^rhickets  and  hills. 
Lab.  to  N.  J.,  and  south  in  the  niountaius  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

6.  B,.  oecident^is,  L.  (Black  RAsrnERKv.  TiiiMnLEnKuuv.) 
Glaucous  all  orer ;  slems  recurved ,  armed  like  the  stalks,  etc.,  with  hooked 
prickles,  not  bristli/ ;  leaflets  3  (rarely  5),  ovate,  ])ointed,  coarsely  doubly  ser- 
rate, whitened-downy  uudcrneath,  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  sUilked;  petals 
shorter  than  the  sepals;  fruit  purple-black  (rarely  a  wliitish  variety),  ripe  early 
in  July.  —  Common,  especially  nortlnvard.  —  An  apparent  liybrid  (R.  neglcc- 
tus.  Peck)  between  this  and  the  last  species  occurs,  with  characters  intermedi- 
ate between  the  two,  and  growing  witli  tliera. 

§  2.  Fruit,  or  collective  drupes,  not  separatinr/  from  the  juicy  prolonged  recep- 
tacle, viosth/  ovate  or  oblong,  blackish;  stems  prickhj  and  flowers  white. — 
Blackberry. 

7.  R.  vill6sus,  Ait.  (Common  or  High  Blackberry.)  Shrubby  (1-6° 
high),  furrowed,  upright  or  reclining,  armed  with  stout  curved  ])rickles ;  branch- 
lets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  hairy  and  glandular ;  leaflets  3  (or 
pedately  5),  ovate,  pointed,  unequally  serrate,  the  terminal  ones  somewliat 
heart-shaped,  conspicuously  stalked  ;  flowers  raccmed,  numerous ;  bracts  short; 
sepals  linear-pointed,  mucli  sliorter  than  the  obovate-oblong  spreatling  petals. 
—  Borders  of  thickets,  etc.,  common,  and  very  variable  in  size,  aspect,  and 
sliape  of  fruit.  —  Var.  froxd6sus,  Torr.,  is  smoother  and  mucli  less  glan- 
dular, with  flowers  more  corymbose,  leafy  bracts  and  roundish  petals.  With 
the  type,  more  common  at  the  north.  — Var.  iiuMirt'sus,  Torr.  &  Gray,  is 
smaller  and  trailing,  with  peduncles  few-flowered.  More  common  southward, 
and  connecting  Avith  the  next  species. 

8.  R.  Canadensis,  L.  (Loav  Blackberry.  Dewberry.)  Shrubby, 
extensively  trailing,  slightly  prickly ;  leaflets  3  (or  pedately  5-7),  oval  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mostly  pointed,  thin,  nearly  smooth,  sharjjly  cut-serrate;  flowers 
racemed,  Avith  leaf-like  bracts.  —  Dry  fields,  common;  Newf.  to  Va.,  west  to 
central  Minn,  and  E.  Kan. 

9.  R.  hispidus,  L.  (Running  Swamp-Blackberry.)  Stems  slender, 
scarcely  woody,  extensively  procumbent,  beset  with  small  reflexcd  prickles ;  leaf- 
lets 3  (or  rarely  pedately  5),  smooth,  thickish,  mostly  persistent,  obovato,  obtuse, 
coarsely  serrate,  entire  toward  the  base;  peduncles  leafless,  several  flowered, 
of  en  bristly ;  flowers  small;  fruit  of  few  grains,  black.  —  In  low  woods  or 
swampy  gnissv  ground,  N.  Scotia  to  Ga.,  we.st  to  Minn,  and  E.  Kan. 

10.  R.  cuneifolius,  Pursh.  (Sand  Blackberry.)  Shrubby  (1-3° 
high),  u})right,  armed  with  .'itout  recurved  prickles ,  branchlets  and  lower  side  of 
the  leaves  whitish-woolly;  leaflets  3-5,  wodge-olwvate,  thickisli,  serrate  above; 


156  ROSACEA,     (rose  family.) 

peduncles  2  -  4-flowered ;  petals  large.  —  Sandy  woods,  southern   N.  Y.  and 
Penn.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  La. 

11.  R.  trivialis,  Michx.  (Low  BuSH-BLACKBERRr.)  Shrubby,  procum- 
bent, bristly  and  prickly ;  leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  nearly  glabrous ;  leaflets 
3  (or  pedately  5),  oA'ate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate;  peduncles  1-3- 
flowered ;  petals  large.  —  Sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

6.  DAIilBARDA,    L. 

Calyx  deeply  5-6-parted,  3  of  the  divisions  larger  and  toothed.  Petals  5, 
sessile,  deciduous.  Stamens  many.  Ovaries  5  - 10,  becoming  nearly  dry  seed- 
like drupes;  styles  terminal,  deciduous.  —  Low  perennials,  with  creeping  and 
densely  tufted  stems  or  rootstocks,  and  roundish-heart-shaped  crenate  leaves 
on  slender  petioles.  Flowers  1  or  2,  white,  on  scape-like  peduncles.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Thomas  Dalibard,  a  French  botanist  of  the  time  of  Linnaeus.) 

1.  D.  ripens,  L.  Downy;  sepals  spreading  in  the  flower,  converging 
and  enclosing  the  fruit.  —  Wooded  banks ;  common  northward.  Juue-xVug. 
—  Li  aspect  and  foliage  resembling  a  stemless  Violet. 

7.  GEUM,    L.       AvENs. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  flattish,  deeply  5-cleft,  usually  with  5  small  bractlets  at 
the  sinuses.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Achenes  numerous,  heaped  on  a  coni- 
cal or  cylindrical  dry  receptacle,  the  long  persistent  styles  forming  hairy  or 
naked  and  straight  or  jointed  tails.  Seed  erect;  radicle  inferior. — Perennial 
herbs,  with  pinnate  or  lyrate  leaves.  (A  name  used  by  Pliny,  of  unknown 
meaning.) 
§  1.    GEUM  proper.     Styles  Jointed  and  bent  near  the  middle,  the  upper  part 

deciduous  and  mostly  hairy,  the  lower  naked  and  hooked,  becoming  elongated  ; 

head  of  fruit  sessile  in  the  calyx ;  calyx-lobes  refexed. 

*  Petals  white  or  pale  greenish-yelloic,  small,  spatulate  or  oblong  ;  stiptdes  small. 

1.  G.  album,  Gmelin.  Smoothish  or  softly  pubescent;  stem  slender  (2° 
liigh) ;  root-leaves  of  3  -  5  leaflets,  or  simple  and  rounded,  with  a  few  minute 
leaflets  on  the  petiole  below ;  those  of  the  stem  3-divided  or  lobed,  or  only 
toothed ;  hairs  upon  the  long  slender  peduncles  ascending  or  spreading ;  recep- 
tacle of  the  fruit  densely  bristly-hirsute.  —  Borders  of  woods,  etc.;  common. 
May  -  Aug. 

2.  G.  Virginianum,  L.  Bristly-hairy,  especially  the  stout  stem ;  lower 
and  root-leaves  pinnate,  very  various,  the  upper  mostly  3-parted  or  divided, 
incised ;  petals  inconspicuous,  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  heads  of  fruit  larger, 
on  short  stout  peduncles  hirsute  with  reflexed  hairs ;  receptacle  glabrous  or 
nearly  so.  —  Borders  of  woods  and  low  grounds;  common.     June -Aug. 

*  *  Petals   golden-yellow,   conspicuous,   broadly-obovate,  exceeding    the   calyx ; 

stipides  larger  and  all  deeply  cut. 

3.  G.  macrophyllum,  Willd.  Bristly-hairy,  stout  (l  -  3°  high) ;  root- 
leaves  lyrately  and  interruptedly  pinnate,  with  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large 
and  round-heart-shaped;  lateral  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  2-4,  minute,  the 
terminal  roundish,  3-cleft,  the  lobes  icedge-form  and  rounded ;  receptacle  nearly 
naked.  —  N.  Scotia  and  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  westward.    June.     (Eu.) 


ROSACEiK.        (rose    FAMILY.)  157 

4.  G.  Strictum,  Ait.     Somewhat  hairy  (3-5°  high);  root-leaves  inter- 

rui)te(lly  piimato,  (ho  leaHfts  \vo(li>;o-«>h()vate ;  leaflets  of  the  utim-lcavcs  3-5, 
rJtombic-ovate  or  ohlonij,  arutr  :  nrefttdc/e  (/uwn//.  —  Moist  meadows,  Newf.  to 
N.  J.,  west  to  Miuu.,  Kan.,  and  westward.     July,  Aug.     (Ku.) 

§  2.    STYLIPUS.     Styles  smooth;  head  of  fruit  conspicuousi  n  stalked  in  the 
cd/i/.r;  bractlcts  of  the  cali/x  none;  otherwise  nearlj  as  §  1. 

5.  G.  vernum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Somewhat  pubescent ;  stems  ascending, 
few-leaved,  slender;  root-leaves  roundi.sli-hcart-sliaped,  3-5-lol)ed,  or  some  ofi 
them  pinnate,  with  tlic  lobes  cut;  petals  yellow,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx  ; 
receptacle  smooth.  —  Thickets,  Penu.  to  111.,  south  to  Ky.  and  Tex.  April-June. 

§3.    CAKYOPHYLLATA.     Stifle  jointed  and  bent  in  the  middle,  the  upper 
joint  plumose  ,-  jlowers  large  ;  cali/x  erect  or  spreading  ;  petals  erect. 

6.  G.  riv^le,  L.  (Water,  or  Purple  Avens.)  —  Stems  nearly  sim- 
ple, several-Howered  (2°  high);  root-leaves  lyrate  and  interruptedly  pinnate, 
those  of  the  stem  few,  3-foliolate  or  3-lobed ;  petals  dilated-obovate,  retu.se, 
contracted  into  a  claw,  purplish-orange ;  head  of  fruit  stalked  in  the  brown- 
purple  calyx.  —  Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Miuu.  and 
Mo.  —  Flowers  nodding;  pedicels  erect  in  fruit.     (Ku.) 

§  4.  SIEVERSIA.  Stj/le  not  jointed,  icholhj  persistent  and  straight ;  heaa  of 
fruit  sessile ;  flowers  large;  calyx  erect  or  spreading.  {Floicering  stems 
simple,  and  bearing  only  bracts  or  small  leaves.) 

7.  G.  triflbrum,  Pursh.  Low,  softly-hairy;  root-leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate ;  leaflets  very  numerous  and  crowded,  oblong-wedge-form,  deeply  cut- 
toothed  ;  flowers  3  or  more  on  long  peduncles ;  brarflets  linear,  longer  than  the 
purple  calyx,  as  long  as  the  oblong  purplish  erect  petals:  styles  very  lonq  (2'), 
strongly  plumose  in  fruit.  —  Rocks,  Lab.  and  northern  N.  Eng.,  to  Minn,  and 
Mo.;  rare.     April -June. 

8.  G.  radiatum,  Michx.  Hirsutely  hairy  or  smoothish ;  root-leaves 
rounded -kid  ney-shaped,TA(\\^to-ye\ned  (2-5'  broad),  doubly  or  irregularly  cut- 
toothed  and  obscurely  5  -  7-lobed,  also  a  set  of  minute  leaflets  down  the  long 
petiole;  stems  (8-18^  h'gli)  1-5-flowered;  bractlefs  minute;  petals  yellow,- 
round-obovate  and  more  or  less  obcordate,  exceeding  the  calyx  {V  long) ,  spread- 
ing ;  styles  naked  except  the  base.     ( High  mountains  of  N.  C.) 

Var.  P6ckii,  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous,  or  the  stalks  and  veins  of  the  leaves 
sparsely  hirsute.  —  Alpine  tops  of  the  White  Mts. 


Drvas  octopetala,  L.,  a  dwarf  matted  slightly  shrubby  ]>lant,  with  simple 
toothed  leaves  and  large  white  s«ditary  flowers,  has  the  characters  of  this  sec- 
tion excepting  its  S-'J-partod  calyx  and  8  or  9  petals.  It  wa.^  said  by  Pursh 
to  have  been  found  on  the  White  Mountains,  X.  11.,  ninety  years  ago,  but  it 
is  not  known  to  have  been  seen  there  since. 

8.     WALDSTEINIA,     Willd. 
Calyx-tube  inversely  conical ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  with  5  often  minute  and  decid- 
uous bractlets.    Petals  5.    Stamens  many,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Achenes  2-6,  minutely  hairy;  the  terminal  .slender  stales  deciduous  from  the 
base  by  a  joint.     Seed  erect;  radicle  inferior.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  witii 


158  ROSACEA,     (rose  family.) 

chiefly  radical  3  -  5-lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers  on  bracted 
scapes.     (Named  in  lienor  of  Fi-ancis  von  Waldstein,  a  German  botanist.) 

1.  W.  fragarioides,  Tratt.  (Barren  Strawberry.)  Low;  leaflets 
3,  broadly  wedge-form,  cut-toothed ,  scapes  several-flowered ;  petals  longer  than 
the  calyx.  —  Wooded  hillsides,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Ind.,  Mich.,  and  Minn. 

9.     FRAGARIA,     Tourn.        Strawberry. 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Potentilla.  Styles  deeply  lateral.  Receptacle  in  fruit 
much  enlarged  and  conical,  becoming  pulpy  and  scarlet,  bearing  tlie  minute  dry 
achenes  scattered  over  its  surface.  —  Stemless  perennials,  Avith  runners,  and 
with  white  cymose  flowers  on  scapes.  Leaves  radical ;  leaflets  3,  obovate- 
Avedge-form,  coarsely  serrate ,  stipules  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petioles, 
which  with  the  scapes  are  usually  hairy.  (Name  from  the  fragrance  of  the 
fruit.)  — Flowering  in  spring.  (The  species  are  indiscriminately  called  Wild 
Straw^berry.) 

1.  F.  Virginiana,  Mill.  Achenes  imbedded  in  the  deeply  pitted  fruiting 
receptacle,  which  usually  has  a  narrow  neck ;  calyx  becoming  erect  after  flower- 
ing and  connivent  over  the  hairy  receptacle  when  sterile  or  unfructified ;  leaf- 
lets of  a  firm  or  coriaceous  texture  ;  the  hairs  of  the  scapes,  and  especially  of  the 
pedicels,  silkij  and  appressed.  —  Moist  or  rich  woodlands,  fields,  etc. ;  common. 

Var.  Illinoensis,  Gray,  is  a  coarser  or  larger  plant,  with  floMcrs  more 
inclined  to  be  polygamo-dioecious,  and  the  villous  hairs  if  the  scape  and  pedi- 
cels icidch)  spreading.  —  Rich  soil,  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  westward. 

2.  F.  vesea,  L.  Achenes  superficial  on  the  glabrous  conical  or  hemispherical 
fruiting  receptacle  (not  sunk  in  pits) ;  calyx  remaining  spreading  or  reflexed  ; 
hairs  on  the  scape  mostly  widely  spreading,  on  the  pedicels  appressed ;  leaflets 
thin,  even  the  upper  face  strongly  marked  by  the  veins.  —  Fields  and  rocky 
places ;  less  common.     (Eu.) 

F.  Indica,  L.,  differing  from  the  true  strawberries  in  having  leafy  runners, 
a  calyx  with  incised  leafy  bractlets  larger  than  the  sepals,  ijellow  petals,  and 
insipid  fruit,  has  become  somewhat  established  near  Philadelphia  and  in  the 
S.  States ;  an  escape  from  cultivation.  Flowers  and  fruit  produced  through 
the  summer  and  autumn,     (Adv.  from  India.) 

10.    POTENTILLA,    L.        Cinque-foil.    Five-fixger, 

Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  as  many  bractlets  at  the  sinuses,  thus  appear- 
ing 10-cleft.  Petals  5,  usually  roundish.  Stamens  many.  Achenes  many, 
collected  in  a  head  on  the  dry  mostly  pubescent  or  hairy  receptacle ;  styles 
lateral  or  terminal,  deciduous.  Radicle  superior.  —  Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs, 
with  compound  leaves,  and  solitary  or  cymose  flowers ;  their  parts  rarely  in 
fours.  (Name  a  diminutive  from  potens,  powerful,  originally  applied  to  P. 
Anserina,  from  its  once  reputed  medicinal  powers.) 

§  1.   Stijles  thickened  and  glandular  toward  the  base  ;  achenes  glabrous,  numer- 
ous :  inflorescence  cymose. 
*  Style  nearly  basal ;  stamens  25  -  30 ;  perennial  glandular-villous  herbs,  with 
pinnate  leaves,  and  rather  large  white  or  yellow  flowers. 

\.  P.  argtlta,  Pursh.  Stems  erect,  usually  stout  (1  -  4°  high),  brownish- 
hairy,  clammy  above ;  leaflets  7-11,  oval  or  ovate,  cut-serrate,  downy  beneath ; 


ROSACE.*:,     (rose  family.)  159 

cyme  strict  and  rather  close;  stamens  mostly  30,  on  a  thick  pjlandnlar  disk. — 
Rocky  hills,  N.  Brnnswick  to  N.  J.,  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  wi-stwnrd. 

*  *  Stijle  terminal;  Jlotvers  small,  i/clluw ;  Itares  jn'niiale  or  tcrnate. 
•4-  Annual  or  biennial ;  leajlets  incisely  serrate,  not  whilc-tomentose  ;  stamens  5  -  20. 

2.  P.  Norvegica,  L.  Stout,  erect,  hirsute  {i-2°  hi^r],) ;  leaves  temate  ; 
leaflets  obovate  or  ohlong-lanceolate ;  ci/rne  rather  close,  leafy ;  cali/x  lanje ; 
stamens  15  (rarely  20).  —  Lab.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan.     (Kn.) 

3.  P.  riv^lis,  Nutt.  More  slender  and  branched,  softly  villous;  leaves 
pinnate,  with  tiro  pairs  of  closely  approximate  leajlets,  or  a  single  )»air  and  the 
terminal  leaflet  3-parted ;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or  -oblong;  cyme  loose,  (ften 
dijfuse,  less  leafy;  calyx  small;  ])etals  minute;  stanieus  10-20  (rarely  5). — 
Neb.  to  Mo.  and  N.  Mex.,  and  westward. 

Var.  millegrana,  Watson.  Leaves  all  ternate ;  stems  erect,  or  weak  and 
ascending;  achenes  often  small  and  light-colored.  —  Minn,  to  Mo.,  N.  Mex., 
and  westward. 

Var.  pentandra,  Watson.  Leaves  ternate,  the  lateral  leaflets  of  the  lower 
leaves  parted  nearly  to  the  base ;  stamens  5,  opposite  to  the  sepals.  —  Iowa, 
Mo.,  and  Ark. 

4.  P.  suplna,  L.  Stems  decumbent  at  base  or  erect,  often  stout,  leafy, 
subrillous ;  leaflets  pinnately  5-11,  obovate  or  oblong;  cyme  loose,  leafy ;  sta- 
mens 20;  achenes  strongly  gibbous  on  the  ventral  side.  (P.  paradoxa,  Nutt.)  — 
Minn,  to  Mo.,  and  westward;  also  eastward  along  the  Great  Lakes.  —  Var. 
NicoLLETii,  AVatscni.  Slender;  leaflets  mostly  but  3;  inflorescence  mucli 
elongated,  leafy,  and  falsely  racemose.  —  Devil's  Lake,  Minn. 

•*-  4-  Herbaceous  perennials,  more  or  less  white-tomentose ;  leaflets  incisely  pin- 
natifld ;  bractlets  and  sepals  nearly  equal;  stamens  20-25. 

5.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  L.  Stems  erect  or  decumbent  at  base  (}-2° 
high);  leaflets  5-9,  white-tomentose  beneath,  short-pubescent  and  greener 
above,  oblong,  obtuse,  the  linear  segments  slightly  or  not  at  all  rev^lute ; 
cyme  fastigiate  but  rather  open.  —  Coast  of  Maine,  N.  IL,  and  the  lower  St. 
Lawrence,  L.  Superior,  and  westward.  July,  Aug.  —  Var.  strig6sa,  Lehm. 
Stems  6-12'  higli ;  silky-tomentose  throughout ;  leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid,  the 
margins  of  the  narrow  lobes  revolute;  cyme  short  and  close.  —  Minn,  and 
westward. 

§  2.   Styles  filiform,  not  glandular  at  base  ;  inflorescence  cymose. 

*  Style   terminal;  achenes  glabrous;  stamens  20;  herbaceous  perennials,  icith 

rather  large  yellow  flowers. 

•»-  Leaves  pinnate. 

6.  P.  Hippikna,  Lehm.  Densely  white-tomentose  and  silky  throughout, 
the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  a  little  darker;  stems  ascending  (1  - 1.^  Idgh), 
slender,  branching  above  into  a  diffuse  cyme;  leaflets  5 - 11 ,  cuneate-oblong, 
incisely  toothed  at  least  toward  the  apex,  diminishing  uniformly  down  the  petiole  ; 
carpels  10-30.  —  N.  W.  Minn.,  and  westward. 

7.  P.  efiftisa,  Dougl.  Tomentose  throughout,  with  scattered  villous  liairs ; 
stems  ascending  (4-12'  high),  diffusely  branched  above;  leaflets  5-11,  inter- 
ruptedly pinnate,  the  alternate  ones  smaller,  cuneate-oblong,  coarsely-incised-ser- 
rate  or  deiitate  ;  carpels  10.  —  W.  Minn,  to  Mont.  audCol. 


160  ROSACE.^,     (rose  family.) 

•*-  -(-  Leaves  palmate,  of  3  or  5  leaflets  ;  tomentose  or  villous. 

8.  P.  argentea,  L.  (Silvery  Cinque-foil.)  Stems  ascending,  pauicu- 
lately  branclied  at  the  summit,  many-flowered,  white-woolly ;  leaflets  5,  wedge- 
oblong,  almost  pinnatifid,  entire  toward  the  base,  with  revolute  margins,  green 
above,  white  with  silvery  wool  beneath.  —  Dry  barren  fields,  etc.,  N.  Scotia  to 
N.  J.,  west  to  Dak.  and  E.  Kan.    June -Sept.     (Eu.) 

9.  P.  frigida,  Till.  Dwarf  (1-3'  high),  tufted,  villous  when  young; 
leaflets  3,  broadly  cuneate-obovate,  deeply  3-5-toothed  at  summit,  nearly  gla- 
brous above ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  small,  on  very  slender  stems ;  bractlets 
and  sepals  equal.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mts.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Style  lateral;  purple  petals  {shorter  than  the  broad  calyx)  somewhat  persist- 

ent; disk  thick  and  hairy;  achenes  glabrous;  hairy  receptacle  becoming 
large  and  spongy. 

10.  P.  paliistris,  Scop.  (Marsh  Five-Fixger.)  Stems  stout,  ascend- 
ing from  a  decumbent  rooting  perennial  base  (^  -  2°  long),  glabrous  below ; 
leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong,  serrate,  lighter  colored  and  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  few  in  an  open  cyme ;  calyx  {V  broad)  dark  purple 
inside.  —  Cool  bogs,  N.  J.  to  N.  Ind.,  111.,  Minn.,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Style  attached  below  the  middle ;  achenes  and  receptacle  densely  villous ; 

icoody  pe7-ennials. 

11.  P.  fruticosa,  L.  (Shrubby  Cinque-foil.)  Stem  erect,  shrubby 
(1-4°  high),  much  branched;  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  5-7,  crowded,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  entire,  silky,  usually  whiter  beneath  and  the  margins  revolute ; 
petals  yellow,  orbicidar.  —  Wet  grounds.  Lab.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn.,  northern 
Iowa,  and  north  and  westward.     June -Sept.     (Eu.) 

12.  P.  tridentata,  Ait.  (Three-toothed  C.)  Stems  low  (1-10'  high), 
rather  woody  at  base,  tufted,  ascending,  cymosely  several-flowered;  leaves 
palmate ;  leaflets  3,  wedge-oblong,  nearly  smooth,  thick,  coarsely  3-toothed  at 
the  apex ;  petals  ivhite  ;  achenes  and  receptacle  very  hairy.  —  Coast  of  N.  Eng. 
from  Cape  Cod  northward,  Norfolk,  Ct.  {Barbour),  and  mountain-tops  of  the 
Alleghauies ;  also  shores  of  the  upper  Great  Lakes,  and  N.  Iowa,  Wise,  and 
Minn. 

§  3.    Styles  flliform,  lateral ;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  l-flowered ;  achenes 
glabrous;  receptacle  very  villous;  herbaceous  perennials,  with  yellow  flowers. 

13.  P.  Anserina,  L.  (Silver-AVeed.)  Spreading  by  slender  many- 
jointed  runners,  ichite-tomentose  and  silk  y-v  ill  ou  s  ;  leaves  all  radical,  pinnate; 
leaflets  7-21,  with  smaller  ones  interposed,  oblong,  sharply  serrate,  silky  to- 
mentose at  least  beneath ;  bractlets  and  stipules  often  incisely  cleft ;  pedun- 
cles elongated.  —  Brackish  marshes,  river-banks,  etc.,  New  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  N. 
Ind.,  Minn.,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

14.  P.  Canadensis,  L.  (Comjion  Cinque-foil  or  Five-Finger.)  Stems 
slender  and  decumbent  or  prostrate,  or  sometimes  erect ;  pubescence  villous,  often 
scanty ;  leaves  ternate,  but  apparently  quinate  by  the  parting  of  the  lateral  leaf- 
lets ;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  or  -obovate,  incisely  serrate,  nearly  glabrous  above ; 
bractlets  entire.  —  Dry  soil ;  common  and  variable.  Apr.  -  July.  —  Often  pro- 
ducing summer  runners. 


ROSACE.K.        (koSK    FAMrLV.)  161 

11.     SIBBALDIA,    L. 

Calyx  flattish,  5-cleft,  with  5  luattlets.  rcLals  '),  linear-ohluug,  iniuutc.  Sta- 
iiieus  5,  inserted  alternate  with  the  petals  into  the  margin  of  the  w<m»11v  disk 
which  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Achencs  5-10;  styles  lateral.  —  Low 
and  depressed  mountain  perennials;  included  l»y  some  in  Potentilla.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Dr.  Robert  Sihbald,  jjrofessor  at  Edinburgh  at  the  clu.se  of  the  17th 
century.) 

1.  S.  prociimbens,  L.  Leaflets  3,  wedge-shaped,  .3-tootheil  at  the  apex  ; 
petals  yellow.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mts.,  and  northward.     (Ku.) 

12.     ALCHEMILLA,     Tourn.        Lai>v's  Mantle. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  conical, contracted  at  the  throat;  limb  4-i»!u-ted  with  aa 
manv  alternate  accessory  li>bes.  IVtals  none.  Stamens  1-4.  I'istils  1-4, 
the  slender  style  ari.sing  from  near  the  ba.so ;  achenes  included  in  the  tube  of 
the  persistent  calyx.  —  Low  herbs,  with  ])alniately  lobed  or  compound  leaves, 
and  small  corymbed  greenish  Howers.  (From  AILeiiifli/eh,  the  Arabic  name, 
having  reference  to  the  silky  jnibescence  of  some  species.) 

A.  ARVKNSis,  Scop.  (Parslky  Pip^rr.)  Small  annual  (.3-8'  high),  leafy; 
leaves  3-parted,  with  the  wedge-sliaped  lobes  2-3-cleft,  ])ubescent ;  flowers 
fascicled  opposite  the  axils.  —  V'a.  and  N.  C.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

13.     A  GRIM  ONI  A,    Tourn.        Aguimony. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  contracted  at  the  throat,  beset  with  hooked  bristles 
above,  indurated  in  fruit  and  enclosing  the  2  achenes ;  the  limb  5-cleft,  closed 
after  flowering.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5 -15.  Styles  terminal.  Seed  suspended 
—  Perennial  herbs,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  in 
slender  spiked  racemes;  bracts  3-cleft.  (Name  a  corruption  of  Ar<jeiuonia,  of 
the  same  derivation  as  Argemone,  p.  59.) 

1.  A.  Eupatoria,  L.  (Common  Agrimony.)  Leaflets  b -1  icith  mhinte 
ones  intermixed,  o/>/om/-oborate,  coarsely  toothed;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  —  Borders  of  woods,  common.     July -Sept.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  parviflora,  Ait.  (Small-flowerkd  A.)  Leaflets  crowded,  11- 
19,  u-ith  smaller  ones  intermixed,  lanceolate,  acute,  deeply  and  regularly  cut- 
serrate,  as  well  as  the  stipules ;  petals  small.  —  Woods  and  glades,  N.  Y.  and 
N.  J.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Mich.,  Kan.,  and  La. 

14.    POTERIUM,    L.        Blrnet. 

Calyx  with  a  top-shaped  tulte,  constricted  at  tlie  throat,  ]»ersistent ;  the  4 
broad  petal-like  spreading  lol)es  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  4-12  or  more,  with  flaccid  filaments  and  short  anthers.  Pistils  1  -  3 ; 
the  slender  terminal  style  tip]»ed  with  a  tufted  or  bru.sh-like  stigma.  Achene 
(commonly  solitary)  enclosed  in  the  4-anglod  dry  and  thickish  closed  calyx- 
tube.  Seed  suspended.  — Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  unc«iually  j)innate 
leaves,  stipules  coherent  with  the  petiole,  and  small,  often  polygamous  or  di- 
oecious flowers  crowded  in  a  dense  head  or  spike  at  the  summit  of  a  long  and 
naked  peduncle,  each  bracteate  and  2-bracteolate.  (Name  iror-ffpiop,  a  drinking- 
cup,  the  foliage  of  Burnet  having  been  used  in  the  preparation  of  some  me- 
dicinal drink.) 


162  ROSACEA,     (rose  family.) 

1.  p.  Canadense,  Benth.  &  Hook.  (Canadian  Burnet.)  Stamens  4, 
long-exserted,  elub-sliaped,  w^hite,  as  is  the  whole  of  the  elongated  and  cylin- 
drical spike ;  stem  3-6°  high ;  leaflets  numerous,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
coarsely  serrate,  obtuse,  heart-shaped  at  base,  as  if  stipellate ;  stipules  serrate. 
—  Bogs  and  wet  meadows,  Newf .  to  mountains  of  Ga.,  west  to  Mich. 

P.  Sanguisorba,  L,  (Garden  Burnet.)  Stamens  12  or  more  in  the 
lower  flowers  of  the  glol)ular  greenisli  head,  with  drooping  capillary  filaments, 
the  upper  flowers  pistillate  onlv ;  stems  about  1°  high;  leaflets  numerous, 
small,  ovate,  deeply  cut.  —  Fields  and  rocks,  N.  Y.  to  Md.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

15.     KOSA,    Tourn.        Rose. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit. 
Petals  5,  obovate  or  obcordate,  inserted  with  the  many  stamens  into  the  edge 
of  the  hollow  thin  disk  that  lines  the  calyx-tube  and  within  bears  the  numerous 
pistils  below.  Ovaries  hairy,  becoming  bony  achenes  in  fruit.  —  Shrubby  and 
usually  spiny  or  prickly,  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and  stipules  cohering  with 
the  petiole ;  stalks,  foliage,  etc.,  often  bearing  aromatic  glands.  Many  of  the 
species  are  very  variable  in  their  characters,  and  are  often  indeterminable 
upon  imperfect  specimens.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

*  Styles  cohering  in  a  protrndinfj  column,  as  lonrj  as  the  stamens. 

1.  R.  setigera,  Michx.  (CLnrnixG  or  Prairie  Rose.)  Stems  climbing, 
armed  with  stout  nearly  straight  scattered  prickles,  not  bristly ;  leaflets  3-5, 
ovate,  acute,  shar{)ly  serrate,  smooth  or  downy  beneath;  stalks  and  calyx 
glandular ;  flowers  corymbed  ;  sepals  pointed ;  petals  deep  rose-color  changing 
to  white;  fruit  (hip)  globular.  —  Borders  of  prairies  and  thickets.  Out.  to 
Ohio,  S.  C,  and  Fla.,  west  to  Wise,  Neb., and  Tex.;  also  cultivated.  July. — 
The  only  American  climbing  rose,  Or  with  united  protruding  styles ;  strong 
shoots  growing  10-20°  in  a  season. 

*  *  Styles  distinct;  sepals  connivent  after  flowering  and  persistent;  pedicels 

and  receptacles  naked. 

-t-  Fruit  ohlong-ohovate  to  oblong  ;  infrastipular  spines  usually  none. 

2.  R.  Engelmanni,  Watson.  Stems  usually  3  -  4°  high  or  less ;  infra- 
stipular spines,  when  present,  straight  and  slender;  prickles  often  abundant; 
leaflets  5-7,  often  somewhat  resinous-puberulent  beneath  and  the  teeth  serru- 
late; flowers  solitary;  sepals  entire,  naked  or  hispid;  fruit  6-12"  long. — 
Whisky  Island,  L.  Huron,  shores  of  L.  Superior,  and  west  to  the  Red  River 
valley,  and  in  the  mountains  from  N.  Mont,  and  N.  Idaho  to  Col. 

M-  +-  Fruit  globose ;  infrastipular  spines  none  ;  acicular  prickles  often  present. 

3.  R.  blanda.  Ait.  Stems  1-3°  high,  it7to%imarwieo?  (occasionally  with 
a  few  or  very  rarely  numerous  prickles) ;  stipules  dilated,  naked  and  entire,  or 
slightly  glandular-toothed ;  leaflets  5-7,  usually  oblong-lanceolate,  cuneate  at 
base  and  petiolulate,  simply  serrate,  not  irsinous ;  flowers  usually  large,  corym- 
bose or  solitary;  sepals  hispid,  entire.  —  On  rocks  and  rocky  shores,  Newf.  to 
N.  Eng.,  central  N.  Y.,  111.  (La  Salle  Co.),  and  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

4.  R.  S^yi,  Schwein.  Stems  usually  low  (1-2°  high),  very  prickly; 
stipules  usually  dilated,  glandular-ciliate  and  resinous ;  leaflets  3-7,  broadly 
elliptical  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  and  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base,  resinous- 


ROSACEA,     (rosk  family.)  163 

pnherulent  and  teeth  serrulate ;  flowcM  lin'ffc,  solitary  (very  rarely  2  or  .'^);  outer 
sc'iKiLs  usually  with  1  or  2  nurrow  latenil  lohcs,  not  hispid.  —  N.  Mich,  and 
Wisf.  to  Minn,  and  Col. 

5.  R.  Arkansana,  Torter.  Stems  low,  vcri/  jirirklij ;  stipules  narrow, 
more  or  less  i^landular-toothed  above  (or  eveu  gland ular-ci Hate) ;  Uajlets  7-11, 
broadly  elliptical  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  suhruneate  at  base,  sessile  or  jMjtiolulate, 
simply  toothed,  not  resinous ;  flowers  corymbose ;  sepals  rarely  hispid,  the  outer 
lobed.  —  Miuu.  to  Mo.  and  W.  Tex.,  west  to  Col. 

•♦-  -t-  •♦-  Fruit  (jlolH)se  ;  infrastipular  spines  present. 

6.  R.  Woodsii,  Lindl.  Stems  usually  low  (i-3°  high),  with  slender 
straiglit  or  recurved  s|jines,  sometimes  with  scattered  prickles,  or  wholly  un- 
armed above  ;  leaflets  5-7,  obovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate,  more  or  less  toothed ; 
flowers  corymbose  or  solitary  ;  scj)als  naked  or  hispid,  the  outer  usually  lolnid  ; 
fruit  globose  with  a  short  neck.  —  Minn,  to  Mo.,  west  to  Col. 

*  *  *  Styles  distinct ;  sepals  spreading  after  powering  and  deciduous ;  infra- 
stipular spines  usually  present,  often  with  scattered  prickles ;  sepals,  globose 
receptacle,  and  pedicel  usually  hispid ;  teeth  simple  ;  pubescence  not  resinous. 

■i-  Leaflets  mostly  finely  many-toothed. 

7.  R.  Carolina,  L.  Stems  usually  tall  (1  -7°  high),  with  stout  straight 
or  usually  more  or  less  curved  s])ines ;  stipules  long  and  very  narrow ;  leaflets 
dull  green,  5-9  (usually  7),  usually  narrowly  oblong  and  acute  at  each  end 
and  petiolulate,  but  often  broader,  usualh'  pubescent  l)eneath.  —  Borders  of 
swamps  and  streams,  N.  Scotia  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Miss. 

-»-  -f-  Leaflets  coarsely  toothed. 

8.  R.  Iticida,  Ehrh.     Stems  often  tall  and  stout  (a  few  inches  to  6°  high), 

with  at  length  stout  and  usually  more  or  less  hooked  spines ;  stipules  usually 
naked,  more  or  less  dilated ;  leaflets  (mostly  7)  dark  green,  rather  thick,  smooth 
and  often  shining  above ;  flowers  corymbose  or  Sf^litary  ;  outer  sepals  freijuently 
with  1  or  2  small  lobes.  —  Margins  of  swamj)s  <n-  moist  ])laces,  Newf.  to 
N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  and  E.  Penn. 

9.  R.  humilis,  Marsh.  Stems  usually  low  (1-.'^°)  and  more  slender, 
less  leafy,  with  straight  slender  sjiities,  spreading  or  sometimes  reflcxcd ;  sti- 
pules  narrow,  rarely  somewhat  dilated ;  leaflets  as  in  the  hist,  but  usually  thin- 
ner and  paler ;  flowers  very  often  solitary  ;  outer  sepals  always  more  or  less 
lobed.  (K.  lucida  of  most  authors.)  —  Mostly  in  dry  soil  or  on  rocky  slopes, 
Maine  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Ind.  Terr.,  and  La. 

10.  R.  nitida,  Willd.  Low,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  throughout,  the  straight 
slender  spines  often  scarcely  stouter  than  the  prickles  whirh  usually  thickly  cover 
the  stem  and  branches;  stipides  mostly  dilated;  leaflets  bright  green  and  shin- 
ing, usually  narrowly  oblong  and  acute  at  each  end  ;  flowers  solitary  (rarely  2 
or  3) ;  sepals  entire.  —  Margins  of  swamps,  Newf.  to  N.  Eng. 

Naturalized  speeies. 

R.  canIna,  L.  (Doo  Kosk.)  Stems  armed  with  stout  recurved  spines, 
without  prickles,  the  branches  sometimes  unarmed;  leaflets  5-7,  elliptical  «)r 
oblong-ovate,  glabrous  or  .somewhat  pubescent,  simply  toothed,  not  rcsinou.s- 
puberuleut;  flowers  solitary  (or  2-4)  on  usually  naked  pedicels;  .sepals  pin- 


1G4  ROSACE.E.        (rose    FAMILY.) 

natifitl,  deciduous ;  fruit  oblong-ovate  to  nearly  globular.  —  Roadsides,  E.  Penn., 
Teuu.,  etc.     (Int.  from  Eu.) 

il.  RUBiGi]s6sA,  L.  (Saveetbrier.  Eglantine.)  Resembling  the  last, 
but  of  more  compact  habit,  the  leaflets  denselij  resinous  beneath  and  aromatic, 
and  doubh/  serrate :  the  short  pedicels  and  pinnatifid  sepals  hispid.  (Inch 
R.  micrantha,  Smith;  less  aromatic,  with  oblong  fruit  and  glabrous  styles.) 
—  N.  Scotia  and  Out.  to  S.  C.  and  Tenn.     (Int.  from  Eu.) 

16.     PYRUS,     L.        Pear.    Apple. 

Calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  the  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  roundish  or  obovate.  Sta- 
mens numerous.  Styles  2-5.  Pome  fleshy  or  berry-like ;  the  2-5  carpels  or 
cells  of  a  papery  or  cartilaginous  texture,  2-seeded.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  Avith 
handsome  flowers  in  corymbed  cymes.     (The  classical  name  of  the  Pear-tree.) 

§  1.   mALUS  (Apple).     Leaves  siviple;  cymes  simple  and  umbel-like;  pome 
fleshy,  globular,  sunk  in  at  the  attachment  of  the  stalk. 

1.  P.  coronaria,  L.  (American  Crab-Apple.)  Leaves  ovate,  often 
rather  henvt-shtxped, cut-serrate  or  lobed, soon  glabrous;  styles  ivoolly  and  united 
at  base.  —  Glades,  Out.  and  AV.  New  York  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and 
La.  May.  —  Tree  20°  high,  somewhat  thorny,  with  large  rose-colored  very 
fragrant  blossoms,  few  in  a  corymb;  fruit  fragrant  and  greenish. 

2.  P.  angUStifolia,  Ait.  Resembling  the  last,  l)Ut  with  leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  often  acute  at  base,  mostly  tootlied,  glabrous;  styles  distinct. — 
Glades,  Penn.  to  Ela.,  west  to  S.  Ind.,  Kan.,  and  La.     April. 

§  2.    ADENORHACHIS.     Leaves  simple,  the  midrib  glandular  along  the  upper 
side  ;  ct/mes  compound  ;  styles  united  at  base  ;  fruit  berry-like,  small. 

3.  P.  arbutifdlia,  L.  f.  (Choke-berry.)  A  shrub  usually  1-3°  high; 
leaves  oblong  or  ol)lanceolate,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  finely  glandular- 
serrate,  tomentose  beneath';  cyme  tomentose;  flowers  white  or  reddish  ;  fruit 
pear-shaped,  or  globose  when  ripe,  small,  red  or  purple,  astringent.  —  Swamps 
and  damp  thickets ;  common,  from  N.  Scotia  to  Ela.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  111., 
Mo.,  and  La. 

Var.  melanocarpa,  Hook.  Nearly  smooth  throughout,  with  larger  black 
fruit ;  leaves  usually  less  acute.  —  Of  apparently  the  same  range. 

§  3.    SORBUS.     Leaves  odd-pinnate,  with  rather  numerous  leaflets  ;  cymes  com- 
pound ;  styles  separate  ;  pome  berry-like,  small. 

4.  p.  Americana,  DC  (American  Mountain-Ash.)  Tree  or  tall 
shxwh,  nearly  glabrous  or  soon  becoming  so;  leaflets  \3-lo,  lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed,  sharply  serrate  with  pointed  teeth,  bright  green ;  cymes  large  and  flat ; 
berries  globose,  bright  red,  not  larger  tlian  peas ;  leaf-buds  pointed,  glabrous 
and  somewhat  glutinous.  —  Swamps  and  mountain-woods,  Newf.  to  mountains 
of  N.  C,  west  to  N.  Mich,  and  Minn.     Often  cultivated. 

5.  P.  sambucifolia,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Leaflets  oblonq,  oval,  or  lance- 
ovate,  mostly  obtuse  or  abruptly  short-pointed,  serrate  (mostly  doubly)  with 
more  spreading  teeth,  often  pale  beneath ;  cymes  smaller ;  flowers  and  berries 
larger,  the  latter  (4"  broad)  when  young  ovoid,  at  length  globose  ,•  leaf-buds 
sparingly  hairy ;  otherwise  nearly  as  the  preceding.  —  Lab.  to  northern  N.  Eng. 
and  Lake  Superior,  and  westward. 


ROSACE.*:,      (kosk  family.)  IC)0 

17.  CRATiSGUS,  L.  IIawtmoks.  Whiti:  Tiiokn. 
Calyx-tuhe  urn-shaped,  the  limh  r)-cleft.  IVtals  5,  roundish.  Stanien.s  many, 
or  only  10-.5.  Styles  1-.5.  Pome  drupe-like,  eon  tain  in  j.^  1-5  lionv  1-seeded 
stones.  —  Thorny  shrul)s  or  small  trees,  with  simple  and  mostly  lohod  leaves, 
and  white  (rarely  rose-colored)  hlossoms  (Name  from  Kparoi,  strenyth,  ou 
account  of  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

*  Cori/mlts  manij-Jlowered. 
-1-  Fruit  small,  depressed-fjlohose  {not  larger  than  peas),  bright  red  ;  flowers  mostly 
small ;  cahjx-teeth  short  and  broad  (except  in  n.  3)  ;  sti/les  5  ;  glabrous  {ex- 
cept C.  Pyracantha)  and  glandless. 

C.  PyracAxtiia,  Pers.  (Evergueen  Thorn.)  Leaves  evergreen,  sliiniiif^ 
(r  long),  uhloiig  or  S])atulate-lanceolate,  crennl  i.  ■ ;  the  short  j>etioles  ami 
young  branchlets  pubescent;  corymbs  smiii.  —  Shrub,  spontaneous  near 
Washington  and  Philadelphia.     (Adv.  from   Lu.) 

1.  C.  spathulata,  Michx.  Shrub  or  tree,  10-25°  high;  leaves  thickish, 
shining,  deciduous,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  with  a  long  tapering  base,  crenate 
above,  rarely  cut-lobed,  nearly  sessile.  —  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

2.  C.  COrd^ta,  Ait.  (Washingtox  Thokx.)  Trunk  15-25°  high; 
leaves  broadly  ovate  or  triangular,  mostly  truncate  or  a  little  heart-shaped  at 
the  base,  on  a  slender  petiole,  variously  3-o<leJl  or  cut,  serrate.  —  Va.  to  Ga, 
in  the  mountains,  west  to  Mo. 

3.  C.  viridis,  L.  A  small  tree,  often  unarmed  ;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate- 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  or  obloug-oI)Ovate,  mostly  acute  at  both  ends,  on  slender 
petioles,  acutely  serrate,  often  somewhat  lobed,  and  often  downy  in  the  axils ; 
flowers  larger,  numerous ;  fruit  brigiit  red  or  rarely  orange.  (C.  arborescens. 
Ell.) — Mississippi  bottoms  from  St.  Louis  to  the  Gulf,  and  from  S.  Car.  to  Tex. 
■*-  -I-  Fruit  small  (i-  J'  long),  ovoid,  deep  red ;  flowers  rather  large  ;  styles  1  -3. 

C.OxYACAXTHA,  L.  (ExGLiSH  Hawtiiorx.)  Smooth ;  leaves  obovate,cut- 
lobed  and  toothed,  wedge-form  at  tlie  base  ;  calyx  not  glandular.  More  or  less 
spontaneous  as  well  as  cultivated.     (Adv.  froni  Eu.) 

4.  C.  apiif olia,  ^Michx.  Softly  pubescent  when  young ;  leaves  roundish, 
with  a  broad  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base,  pinnately  5  -  l-cleft,  the 
crowded  divisions  cut-lobed  and  sharply  serrate;  petioles  slender;  calyx-lobes 
glandular-toothed,  slender.  —  S.  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

-»-  -t-  -^  Fruit  large  (^-V  long),  red ;  flowers  large;  styles  and  stones  even  in 
the  same  s})eries  1-3  {when  the  fruit  is  ovoid  or  pear-shaped)  or  4-5  {in  (/lobu- 
lar fruit):  stipides,  calyx-teeth,  bracts,  etc.,  often  beset  ivith  glands ;  shrubs 
or  low  trees.     [Species  as  characterized  by  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent.] 

5.  C.  COCCinea,  L.  Branches  reddish;  spines  stout,  chestnut-brown; 
villou.s-pubescent  on  the  shoots,  glandular  peduncles,  and  calyx  ;  leaves  on 
slender  petioles,  thin,  pubescent  beneath  or  often  glabrous,  round-ovate,  cu- 
neate  or  subcordate  at  base,  acutely  glandular-tootiied,  sometimes  cut-lobed; 
flowers  Y  hroad ;  fruit  coral-red,  globose  or  obovate,  ^'  broad. —  Xewf.  to  Minn, 
and  southward. — Var.  macracAntiia,  Dudley  ;  spines  longer  ;  leaves  thicker, 
cuneate  at  base,  on  stout  petioles,  often  deeply  incised  ;  cymes  broader ;  flow- 
ers and  fruit  rather  larger.  —  From  the  St.  Lawrence  and  E.  Mass.  to  Minn. 

Var.  in611is,  Torr.  &.  Gray.  Shoots  densely  ])ubescent ;  leaves  large, 
slender-petioled,  cuneate,  truncate  or  cordate  .at  base,  usually  with  acute  narrow 


166  ROSACE.E.        (rose    FAMILY.) 

lobes,  often  subscabrous  above,  more  or  less  densely  pubescent  beneath ;  flow- 
ers 1'  broad,  in  broad  cymes;  fruit  bright  scarlet  with  a  light  bloom,  1'  broad. 
(C.  tomentosa,  var.  mollis,  Gray.  C.  subvillosa,  Schracl.)  — E.  Mass.  to  Mo. 
and  Tex.    Sometimes  20  -  30°  high,  blooming  two  weeks  before  the  type. 

6.  C.  tomentdsa,  L.  Branches  gray,  rarely  with  stout  gray  spines ; 
shoots,  peduncles,  and  calyx  villous-pubescent ;  glands  none ;  leaves  large, 
pale,  prominently  veined,  densely  pubescent  beneath,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong, 
sharply  serrate,  usually  incisely  lobed,  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole ; 
flowers  small,  ill-scented;  fruit  dull  red,  obovate,  rarely  globose  (|' broad),  up- 
right. —  Western  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  Ga.    In  flower  2-3  Aveeks  after  n.  5. 

7.  C.  punctata,  Jacq.  Branches  horizontal ;  glands  none ;  leaves  smaller, 
mostly  wedge-obovate,  attenuate  and  entire  below,  unequally  toothed  above, 
rarely  lobed,  villous-pubescent  becoming  smooth  but  dull,  the  many  veins  more 
impressed,  prominent  beneath;  fruit  globose  (1'  broad),  red  or  bright  yellow. 
(C.  tomentosa,  var.  punctata,  Grai/.)  —  Quebec  to  Ont.  and  south  to  Ga. 

8.  C.  Crus-galli,  L.  (Cockspur  Thorx.)  Branches  horizontal,  with 
slender  thorns  often  4'  long;  (jlahrous ;  leaves  thick,  dark  green,  shining  above, 
icedge-ohovate  and  oUanceolate,  tapering  into  a  very  short  petiole,  serrate  above 
the  middle ;  fruit  globular,  dull  red  (^'  broad).  —  Thickets,  common. 

*  *  Corymbs  simple,  few-  {I  -  6-)  Jlowered ;  calyx,  bracts,  etc.,  glandular. 

9.  C.  flava,  Ait.  (Summer  Haw.)  Tree  15-20°  high,  somewhat  pu- 
bescent or  glabrous ;  leaves  wedge-obovate  or  rhombic-obovate,  narrowed  into  a 
glandular  petiole,  unequally  toothed  and  somewhat  cut  above  the  middle,  rather 
thin,  the  teeth  glandular ;  styles  4-5;  fruit  somewhat  pear-shaped,  yellowish, 
greenish,  or  reddish  {V  broad)  —  Sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Mo.,  and  southward. 

Var.  pubescens,  Gray.  Downy  or  villous-pubescent  when  young  ;  leaves 
thickish,  usually  obtuse  or  rounded  at  tlie  summit;  fruit  larger  (f  broad), 
scarlet  or  sometimes  yellow.  —  Va.  to  Fla. 

10.  C.  parvifolia,  Ait.  (Dwarf  Thorn.)  Shrub  3-6°  high,  downy; 
leaves  thick,  obovate-spatiilate,  crenate-toothed  (^-H'  long),  almost  sessile,  the 
upper  surface  at  length  shining ;  flowers  solitary  or  2  -  3  together  on  very  short 
peduncles  ;  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  the  petals ;  styles  5 ;  fruit  globular  or  pear- 
shaped,  yellowish.  —  Sandy  soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

18.    AMELANCHIER,    Medic.        June-berri'. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  lobes  downy  within.  Petals  oblong,  elongated.  Stamens 
numerous,  short.  Styles  5,  united  below.  Ovary  5-celled,  each  cell  2-OATiled, 
but  a  projection  grows  from  the  back  of  each  and  forms  a  false  cartilaginous 
partition  ;  the  berry -like  pome  thus  10-celled,  Avith  one  seed  in  each  cell  (when 
all  ripen).  —  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  sharply  serrated  leaves,  and 
white  racemose  flowers.     (Amelancier  is  the  name  of  A.  vulgaris  in  Savoy.) 

1.  A.  Canadensis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Shad-bush.  Service-berry.)  A 
tree  10-30°  high, nearly  or  soon  glabrous;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  usu- 
ally somewhat  cordate  at  base,  pointed,  very  sharply  serrate,  1  -  3^'  long ;  bracts 
and  stipules  very  long-silky-ciliate;  flowers  large,  in  drooping  nearly  glabrous 
racemes ;  petals  oblong,  6  -  8"  long ;  fruit  on  elongated  pedicels,  globose,  crim- 
son or  purplish,  sweet  and  edible.  (Var.  Botryapium,  Torr.  Sf-  Gray.)  — Dry 
open  woodlands;  Newf.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  La.     Fruit  ripen- 


CALYCANTHACE^.       (CALVCAXTIIUS    FAMILY.)  1G7 

in":  in  June.  — Var.  K()Ti:m)If6lia,  Torr.  &  (iray,  appears  to  be  only  a  hroad- 
leavod  form. 

Var.  (?)  oblongif61ia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  smaller  tree  or  shruh  (fi- 10° 
hifjch),  the  }oiiiig  leaves  antl  racemes  dcn.sely  white-tumeiitose ;  leaves  oliloug 
or  sometimes  rather  broadly  elliptical,  acute,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  finely 
serrate,  1-2'  long;  Howers  in  denser  ami  shorter  racemes;  petals  :i-4"  l<mi? 
oblong-spatulate ;  fruit  similar  but  more  juicy,  ou  shorter  pedicels.  —  Low 
moist  grounds  or  swampy  woods;  N.  Brunswick  to  Va.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

—  A  form  of  this  with  broader  leaves  (broadly  elliptical  or  rounded),  often  verv 
obtuse  at  the  summit,  and  rounded,  subcordate  or  acute  at  Ikisc,  and  usuallv 
coarsely  toothed,  is  common  from  Manitoba  to  Minn,  and  Iowa,  and  is  some- 
times cultivated  for  its  fruit. 

2.  A.  Oligocarpa,  Koem.  A  low  shrub  2-4°  high,  soon  glabrous; 
leaves  thin,  oh/on;/,  acute  at  both  ends,  fine! //  serrate,  1-2'  long;  flowers  few 
(1  -4-),  rather  long-pedicelled  ;  petals  obloufj-obovate  ;  fruit  broad -p i/riform ,  dark 
purple  with  a  dense  bloom.     (A.  Canadensis,  var.  oligocarpa,  Torr.  <^'  (Jrai/.) 

—  Cold  swamps  and  mountain  bogs;  Lab.  to  northern  N.  Eug.  and  N.  Y.,  and 
the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 

3.  A.  alnifblia,  Nutt.  A  shrub  3-8°  higli,  usually  glabrate  or  nearly 
so;  leaves  somewhat  glaucous  and  thickish,  bruad/t/  elliptical  or  roundish, 
very  obtuse  or  rarelij  acute,  often  subcordate  at  base,  coarseli/  toothed  toward 
the  summit,  ^-2'  long;  raceme  short  and  rather  dense  ;  petals  cuneate-oblong, 
3-8"  long;  fruit  globose,  purple.  (A.  Canadensis,  var.  alnifolia,  Torr.  ^' 
Gray)  —  A  western  mountain  species,  which  occurs  in  Minn,  and  X.  Mich., 
and  which  the  broad-leaved  form  of  A.  Canadensis  sometimes  closelv  simulates. 


Order  34.     CALYCANTHACExE.     (Calycaxtiius  Family.) 

Shrubs  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  sepals  and  petals  similar 
and  indejinitc,  the  anthers  adnate  and  extrorse,  and  the  cotyledons  convolute ; 
the  fruit  like  a  rose-hip.     Chiefly  represented  by  the  genus 

1.      CALYCANTHUS,       L.  Carolina    Allspick.      Swkkt- 

ScENTED  Shrub. 

Calyx  of  many  .lepals,  united  below  into  a  fleshy  inversely  conical  cuj)  (with 
some  leaf-like  bractlets  growing  from  it) ;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  mostly  colored 
lik(*  the  petals,  which  arc  similar,  in  many  rows,  thickish.  in.**erted  on  the  top 
of  tlie  closed  calyx-tube.  Stamens  numerous,  inserte(|  ju.st  within  the  ]>etals. 
short;  some  of  the  inner  ones  sterile  (destitute  of  anthers).  I'istils  .several  or 
many,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube,  inserted  on  its  base  and  inner  face,  re.sentbling 
those  of  the  Kose;  but  the  eidarged  hip  dry  when  rij>e,  enclosing  the  achenes. 
—  The  lurid  purple  flowers  terminating  the  leafj^  branches.  liark  and  foliage 
aromatic;  the  crushed  flowers  exhaling  more  or  le.ss  the  fragrance  of  straw- 
berries. (Name  composed  of  koKv^,  a  nip  or  calyx,  and  Hudos,  jiaurr,  from  the 
closed  cup  which  contains  the  pistils.) 

1.  C.  fl6ridUS,  L.  Lrares  oral,snf}-downy  underneath.  —  Virginia(?)  and 
southward,  on  hillsides  in  rich  soil.     Common  in  gardens.     April- Aug. 


168       CALYCANTHACE.^.   (CALYCANTHUS  FAMILY.) 

2.  C.  Isevigatus,  Willd.  Leaves  oblong,  thin,  either  blunt  or  taper-pointed, 
bright  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides,  or  rather  pale  beneath  ; 
flowers  smaller.  —  Mountains  of  Franklin  Co.,Penu.  {Prof .  Porter),  ^nd  south- 
ward along  the  Alleghanies.     May  -  Aug. 

3.  C.  glauCUS,  Willd.  Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicu- 
oushj  taper-pointed, g/aucous-ivhite  beneath,  roughish  above,  glabrous,  large  (4  -  7' 
long) ,  probably  a  variety  of  the  preceding.  —  Virginia  ( ? )  near  the  mountains 
and  southward.     May  -  Aug. 

Order  35.     SAXIFKAGACE^gE.     (Saxifrage  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  of  various  aspect,  distinguishable  from  Rosaceae  bi/  hav- 
ing copious  albumen  in  the  seeds,  opposite  as  well  as  alternate  leaves,  and 
usually  no  stipules  ,  the  stamens  mostly  definite,  and  the  carpels  commonly 
fewer  than  the  sepals,  either  separate  or  partly  so,  or  all  combined  into 
one  compound  pistil.  Calyx  either  free  or  adherent,  usually  persistent 
or  withering  away.  Stamens  and  petals  almost  always  inserted  on  the 
calyx.     Ovules  anatropous. 

Tribe  I.     SAXIFKAGE^E.     Herbs.    Leaves  alternate  (rarely  opposite  in  n.  2  and  6). 

Fruit  dry,  capsular  or  follicular,  the  styles  or  tips  of  tlie  carpels  distinct. 
*  Ovary  2-  (rarely  3-)  celled  with  axile  placentas,  or  of  as  many  nearly  distinct  carpels. 

1.  Agtilbe.     Flowers  polygamous,  panicled.     Stamens  (8  or  10)  twice  as  many  as  the  small 

petals.     Seeds  few.    Leaves  decompound. 

2.  Saxifraga.    Flowers  perfect.   Petals  5.    Stamens  10.    Seeds  numerous,  with  a  close  coat. 

3.  Boykinia.     Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  only  as  many  as  the  petals,  which  are  convolute 

in  the  bud  and  deciduous      Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.     Seed-coat  close. 

4.  Sullivantia.     Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  5.     Calyx  nearly  free.     Seeds  wing-margined. 

*  *  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  placentas  alternate  with  the  stigmas.  Sterile  stamens  none. 

5.  Tiarella.    Calyx  nearly  free  from  the  slender  ovary.    Petals  entire.     Stamens  10.    Pla- 

centas nearly  basal. 

6.  Mitella.    Calyx  partly  cohering  with  the  depressed  ovary.     Petals  small,  pinnatifid. 

Stamens  10. 

7.  Heuchera.     Calyx  bell-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary  below.     Petals  small,  entire. 

Stamens  5. 
8    Chrysospleniuni.    Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary.     Petals  none.     Stamens  10. 

♦  *  ♦  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3-4  parietal  placentas  opposite  the  sessile  stigmas.     A  cluster  of 

united  sterile  filaments  at  the  base  of  each  petal. 

9.  Parnassia.     Sepals,  petals  and  proper  stamens  5.     Peduncle  scape-like,  1-flowered. 
Tribe  II.     HYDRANGEA.    Shrubs.     Leaves  opposite,  simple     Ovary  2  -  5-celled : 

the  calyx  coherent  at  least  with  its  base.     Fruit  capsular. 
*  Stamens  8  or  10, 

10.  Hydrangea.    CaljTC-lobes  minute  in  complete  flowers.     Petals  valvate  in  the  bud. 

*  ♦  Stamens  20  -  40. 

11.  Decuiuaria.    Calyx-lobes  sftiall.     Petals  7  - 10,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Filaments  subu- 

late.    Style  1. 

12.  Philadelphus.    Calyx-lobes  conspicuous.    Petals  4-5,  convolute  in  the  bud.    Fila- 

ments linear.     Styles  3-5 
Tribe  III.    ESCAL,I.ONIEiE.    Shrubs.     Leaves  alternate  and  simple.     Ovary  2-5- 
celled.     Fruit  capsular. 

13.  Itea.    Calyx  5-cleft,  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary,  which  becomes  a  septicidal  capsule. 


SAXIFRAGACEJE.   (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.)  1G9 

Tribe  IV.    RIBESIE^E.    Shrubs.     Leaves  alternate  and  simple,  with  stipules  adnate 

to  tlie  petiole  or  wanting.     Fruit  a  berry. 
14.  Kibes.     Cal\.\-tube  adnate  to  tiie  1-celled  ovary.     Placentas  2,  i»arictal,  many-see<le<i. 

1,    A  ST  I  LB  E,    Don.        False  Goatsijkaki>. 

Flowers  dicjeciously  poIygamoiLs.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  8niall.  I'etals  4-5 
spatulate,  small,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Ovary  2-celln(l,  almost 
free,  many-ovulcd ;  styles  2,  short.     Capsule  2<-elled,  separating  into  2  follicles, 

each  ripening  few  seeds.     Seed-coat  loose  and  thin,  tapering  at  each  end. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  twice  or  thrice  ternately-compound  ample  leaves,  cut-lohrd 
and  toothed  leaflets,  and  small  white  or  yellowish  flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes, 
wliich  are  disposed  in  a  compound  panicle.  (Name  composed  of  d-  privative 
and  cttiA/Qtj,  a  briylit  surface,  because  the  foliage  is  not  shining.) 

1.  A.  dec^ndra,  Don.  Somewhat  pubescent  (3-5°  high);  leallcts 
mostly  heart-shaped  ;  petals  minute  or  wanting  in  the  fertile  flowers  ;  stamens 
10.  —  Rich  woods  ;  mountains  of  S.  W.  Va.  to  N.  C  and  Ga.  Closely  imitating 
Spiraja  Aruucus,  but  coarser. 

2.     SAXIPRAGA,    L.        Saxifrage. 

Calyx  either  free  from  or  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  ovarv,  5-clcft  or 
parted.  Petals  5,  entire,  imbricated  m  the  bud,  commonly  deciduous.  Sta- 
mens 10.  .  Styles  2.  Capsule  2-beaked,2-celled,  opening  down  or  between  the 
beaks,  or  sometimes  2  almost  separate  follicles.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  close 
coat.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  the  root-leaves  clustered,  those  of  the  stem 
mostly  alternate.  (Name  from  saxuin,  a  rock,  audy'm«^o,  to  break;  manv 
species  rooting  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.) 
*  Stems  prostrate,  m  tufts,  leaf/;  leaves  opposite;  cal^jx  free  from  the  capsule. 

1.  S.  oppositif61ia,  L.  (Mountain  Saxifrage.)  Leaves  fleshy,  ovate, 
keeled,  ciliate,  imbricated  on  the  sterile  branches  (1-2"  long):  flowers  soli- 
tary, large;  ])etals  purple,  obovate,  much  louger  than  the  5-cleft-calyx. — 
Rocks,  Willoughby  Mountain,  Vt.,  and  northward,     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stems  ascending  :  leaves  alternate;  cali/x  co/ierent  below  with  the  capsule. 

2.  S.  rivul^ris,  L.  (Alpine  Brook-S.)  Small,  stems  weak,  3-5- 
fiowered;  lower  leaves  rounded,  3-b-/olted,  on  slender  petioles,  the  upper  lan- 
ceolate; petals  uhite, ovate  — Alpine  region  of  tiie  White  Mts.,  to  Lab.     (Mn.) 

3.  S.  aizoides,  L.  (Yellow  Molntain-S.)  Low  (3-5' high),  in  tufts, 
with  few  or  several  corymbose  flowers;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire, flesh v, 
distantly  spinulose-ciliate  ;  petals  yellow,  spotted  with  orange,  oblong.  —  X.  \'t. 
to  S.  W.  New  York,  N.  Mich.,  and  northward.    June,     (I>u.) 

4.  S.  tricuspid^ta,  Ketz.  Stems  tufted  (4  -  8'  high),  naked  aliove  ;  flow- 
ers corymbose  ,  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate,  with  3  rigid  sharp  teeth  at  the  summit ; 
petals  ohovate-oblong,  yellow.  —  Shore  of  L.  Superior,  and  northward.     (Ku.) 

»  *  *  Leaves  clustered  at  the  root ;  scape  mang  flowered,  erect,  clammif-pubescent. 
■*-  Petals  all  alike. 

5.  S.  Aizbon,  Jacq.  Scape  5  -  10'  high  ;  leaves  persi.stnit,  thick-,  sfmtulate, 
ivith  white  cartilaginous  toothed  margins;  calyx  partly  adherent;   petals  ol> 


170  SAXIFRAGACE^.       (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

ovate,  cream-color,  often  spotted  at  the  base.  —  Moist  rocks,  Lab.  to  N.  Yt., 
L.  ^Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

6  S.  Virginiensis,  Michx.  (Early  S.)  Low  (4  -  9' high) ;  leaves  oh- 
ovate  or  oval-spatulate,  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole,  crenate-toothed,  thickish ; 
flowers  in  a  clustered  cyme,  which  is  at  length  open  and  loosely  panicled ;  lobes 
of  the  nearly  free  calijx  erect,  not  half  the  length  of  the  ohlonrj  obtuse  {white)  petal s  ; 
follicles  united  merely  at  the  base,  divergent,  purplish.  —  Exposed  rocks  and 
dry  hillsides;  N.  Brunswick  to  Ga.,  and  west  to  Minn.,  Ohio,  and  Tenn. ; 
common,  especially  northward.     April -June. 

7.  S.  Pennsylvaniea,  L.  (Swamp  S.)  Large  (1-2°  high)  ;  leaves  oh- 
lanceolate,  ohscureljj  toothed  (4  -  8'  long),  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  and  broad 
petiole ;  cymes  in  a  large  oblong  panicle,  at  first  clustered ;  lobes  of  the  nearly 
free  calyx  recurved,  about  the  length  of  the  linear-lanreolate  (greenish)  small 
petals ;  filaments  awl -shaped ;  follicles  at  length  divergent.  —  Bogs,  N.  Eng. 
to  Va.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

8.  S.  erosa,  Pursh.  (Lettuce  S.)  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse, 
sharplij  toothed,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole  (8-  12'  long) ;  scape  slender 
(1-3°  high);  panicle  elongated,  loosely  flowered  ;  pedicels  slender ;  cali/x  re- 
flexed,  entirelg  free,  nearli/  as  long  as  the  oval  obtuse  {white)  petals;  Jilaments 
club-shaped  ;  follicles  nearly  separate,  diverging,  narrow,  pointed,  2-3"  long. 
—  Cold  mountain  brooks,  Penn.  to  Va.  and  N.  C. 

9.  S.  Porbesii,  Vasey.  Stem  stout,  2 - 4°  high  ;  leaves  denticulate,  oval 
to  elongated  oblong  (4  -  8'  long)  ;  filaments  Jili  form  ;  follicles  short,  ovate  ;  other- 
wise as  in  the  last.  —  Shaded  cliffs,  near  Makanda,  S.  111.  {Forbes) ;  E.  Mo. 
(Letterinann.) 

-t-  ■«-  Petals  unequal,  with  claws,  vhite,  all  or  some  of  them  with  a  pair  of  ijelloio 
spots  near  the  base;  leaves  oblong,  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate  ;  calyx  free 
and  refiexed. 

10.  S.  leucanthemifdlia,  Michx.  Leaves  coarsely  toothed  or  cut,  ta- 
pering into  a  petiole ;  stems  (5-18'  high)  bearing  one  or  more  leaves  or  leafy 
bracts  and  a  loose,  spreading  corymbose  or  paniculate  cyme;  petals  lanceolate, 
the  3  larger  ones  with  a  heart-shaped  base  and  a  pair  of  spots,  the  2  smaller 
with  a  tapering  base  and  no  spots.  —  Mts.  of  Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Ga. 

11.  S.  Stellaris,  L.,  var.  comosa,  AVilld.  Leaves  wedge-shaped,  more 
or  less  toothed ;  scape  (4  -  5'  high)  bearing  a  small  contracted  panicle,  many 
or  most  of  the  flowers  changed  into  little  tufts  of  green  leaves ;  petals  all  Ian 
ceolafe  and  tapering  into  the  claw.  —  Mt.  Katahdin, "Maine,  north  to  Lab.  and 
Greenland.     (Eu.) 

3.    BOYKINIA,    Nutt. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  2-celled  and  2-beaked  capsule. 
Stamens  5,  as  many  as  the  deciduous  petals,  these  mostly  couA^olute  in  the 
bud.  Otherwise  as  in  Saxifraga.  —  l^erennial  herbs,  with  alternate  palmately 
.5  -  7-lobed  or  cut  petioled  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  cymes.  (Dedicated  to 
the  late  Dr.  Boykin  of  Georgia.) 

I.  B.  aconitifdlia,  Nutt.  Stem  glandular  (6  - 20' high) ;  leaves  deeply 
5 -7-lobed.  —  Mountains  of  southwestern  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.     Julv. 


saxifragace.t:.      (saxifua<;k  famii.v.)  171 

4.     SULLIVANTIA,     Torr.  &  (iray. 

Calyx  bell-shapod,  colicring  bclmv  uiily  with  tlm  l»:i.se  of  the  ovarv,  5-cleft. 
Petals  5,  oblanceolate,  entire,  acutish,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  5,  shorter 
than  the  petals.  Cai)sule  2-celle(l,  2 -beaked,  many-seeded,  opening  iMitween 
the  beaks ,  the  seeds  wing-margined,  ind)rieated  upward.  —  A  low  and  reelined- 
spreading  perennial  heri),  with  rounded  and  eut-tootlied  or  slightly  lol^d 
smooth  leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  anil  small  white  flowers  in  a  branehed  lo<»sely 
rvmose  panicle,  raised  on  a  nearly  leafless  slender  stem  (G-  12'  long).  Pedun- 
cles and  calyx  glandular;  pedicels  recurved  iu  fruit.  (Dedicated  to  the  di.s- 
tiiiguished  bryologist  who  discovered  our  species.) 

1  S.  Ohionis,  Torr.  &  Gray.  —  Limestone  cliffs,  Ohio  to  lud.,  Iowa,  and 
^iinu.     June. 

6.     TIARELLA,    L.        False  Mitre-wort. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  uearly  free  from  the  ovary,  5-parted.  Petals  5,  with  claws, 
entire.  Stamens  10,  long  and  slender.  Styles  2.  Capsule  membranaceous, 
1 -celled,  2-valved ;  the  valves  unequal.  Seeds  few,  at  the  base  of  each  parietal 
placenta,  globular,  smooth.  —  Perennials ;  flowers  white.  (Name  a  diminutive 
from  Tidpa,  a  tiara,  or  turban,  from  the  form  of  the  pod,  or  rather  j)i.stil,  which 
is  like  that  of  Mitella,  to  which  the  name  of  M'ltre-ivort  properly  belongs.) 

1.  T.  COrdifolia,  L.  Leaves  from  the  rootstock  or  summer  runners 
heart-sliaped,  sharply  lobed  and  toothed,  sparsely  hairy  above,  downy  beneath  ; 
stem  leafless  or  rarely  with  I  or  2  leaves  (5-12'  higli) ;  raceme  simple ;  petals 
oblong,  often  subserrate. —  Rich  rocky  woods,  N.  Eug.  to  Miuu.  and  lud.,  and 
southward  in  the  mountains.     April,  ^lay. 

6.     MI  TEL  LA,     Tourn.        IMitre-wort.     Bi.siiop'.s-C.\p. 

Calyx  short,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  cjvary,  .5-cleft.  Petals  .5,  slender, 
piniiatifid.  Stamens  .5  or  10,  included.  Styles  2,  very  short.  Capsule  short, 
2-beaked,  1 -celled,  with  2  j)arietal  or  rather  b;vsal  several-seeded  placent;e,  2- 
valved  at  the  summit.  Seeds  smooth  .and  shining.  —  Low  and  slender  peren- 
nials, with  round  heart-shaped  alternate  leaves  on  the  rootstock  or  runners,  on 
slender  petioles;  those  cm  the  flowering  stems  opposite,  if  any.  Flowers 
small,  in  a  simple  slender  raceme  or  spike  Fruit  soon  widely  dehiscent. 
(Diminutive  of  mitra,  a  cap,  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  young  pod.) 

1  M.  diph^Ua,  L.  Hairy;  leaves  heart-s/iaped,  acute,  soniowhfit  3-5- 
lobed,  t(jotheil,  those  on  the  manij-Jiowered  stem  2,  opposite,  nearlij  sessile,  with 
interfoliar  stipules;  flowers  white,  in  a  raceme  6-8'  long;  stamens  10. — 
Hillsides  in  rich  woods;  N.  Eng.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     May. 

2.  M.  nuda,  L.  Small  and  slender;  leaves  rounded  or  ki(lneif-/orm,deei>\y 
and  doubly  crenate ;  stem  usualli/  lea/less,  few-Jlowercd ,  very  slender  (4  -  6'  high) ; 
flowers  greenish  ;  stamens  10.  —  Deep  moist  woods,  in  moss,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Y., 
Mich.,  Minn  ,  and  iKjrthward.     May  -duly. 

7.    HEUCHERA,     L.        Alum-root. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  the  tube  cohering  at  the  base  with  the  ovary,  5-cleft.  Pet- 
als . "5,  spatulate,  small,  entire.    Stamens  5.    Styles  2,  slender.    Capsule  I -celled, 


172         SAXIFRAGACE^.   (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.) 

with  2  parietal  many-seeded  placentae,  2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
Seeds  oval,  with  a  rough  and  close  seed-coat.  —  Perennials,  with  the  round 
heart-shaped  leaves  principally  from  the  rootstock ;  those  on  the  stems,  if  any, 
alternate.  Petioles  with  dilated  margins  or  adherent  stipules  at  their  base. 
Flowers  in  small  clusters  disposed  in  a  prolonged  and  narrow  panicle,  greenish 
or  purplish.  (Named  in  honor  of  John  Henrij  Heucher,  a  German  botanist  of 
the  beginning  of  the  18th  century.) 

*  Flowers  small,  loosely  panicled ;  stamens  and  styles  exserted ;  calyx  regular. 

1.  H.  villdsa,  Michx.  Stems  (1-3°  high),  petioles,  and  veins  of  the 
acutely  7  -9-lobed  leaves  villous  ivith  rusty  hairs  beneath  ;  calyx  H"  long  ;  pet- 
als spatulate-linear,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens,  soon  twisted.  —  Rocks,  Md.  to 
Ga.,  west  to  Ind.  and  Mo.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  H.  Rugelii,  Shuttlw.  Stems  slender,  ^  -  2°  high,  glandular-hirsute,  as 
well  as  the  petioles,  etc.;  Iraves  round-remform,  with  7-9  short  and  broad 
rounded  lobes ;  flowers  ver/  s.nall  (1"  long) ;  petals  linear-spatulate,  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx-lobes ;  fruit  narrow.  —  Shaded  cliffs,  S.  111.  to  Tenn.  and  N.  C. 

3.  H.  Americana,  L.  (Common  Alum-root.)  Stems  (2-3°  high), 
etc.,  glandular  and  more  or  less  hirsute  with  short  hairs  j  leaves  roundish,  with 
short  rounded  lobes  and  crenate  teeth ;  calyx  very  broad,  1"  long,  the  spatulate 
petals  not  longer  than  its  lobes.  —  Rocky  woodlands,  Conn,  to  N.  C,  west  to 
Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Miss. 

*  *  Flowers  larger,  in  a  very  narrow  panicle ;  calyx  (3-4"  long)  more  or  less 

oblique  ;  stamens  short ;  leaves  rounded,  slightly  5  -  9-lobed. 

4.  H.  hispida,  Pursh.  Stems  2-4°  high;  hispid  or  hirsute  with  long 
spreading  hairs  (occasionally  almost  glabrous),  scarcely  glandular;  stamens 
soon  exserted,  longer  than  the  spatulate  petals.  —  Mountains  of  Va.  and  N.  C, 
west  to  Minn,  and  E.  Kan.     May,  June. 

5.  H.  pubescens,  Pursh.  Stem  (1-3°  high)  and  petioles  granular- 
pubescent  or  glandular  above,  not  hairy,  below  often  glabrous;  stamens  shorter 
than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  spatulate  petals.  —  Rich  woods,  in  the  moun- 
tains, from  Penn.  to  Ky.,  and  southward.     June,  July. 

8.     CHRYSOSPLENIUM,     Tourn.        Golden  Saxifrage. 

Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  blunt  lobes  4-5,  yellow  Avithin. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  8-10,  very  short,  inserted  on  a  conspicuous  disk. 
Styles  2.  Capsule  inversely  heart-shaped  or  2-lobed,  flattened,  very  short,  1- 
celled  with  2  parietal  placenta,  2-valved  at  the  top,  many-seeded.  —  Low  and 
small  smooth  herbs,  with  tender  succulent  leaves,  and  small  solitary  or  leafy- 
cymed  flowers.  (Name  compounded  of  xp^^^^s,  golden,  and  (tttK-^v,  the  spleen; 
probably  from  some  reputed  medicinal  qualities.) 

1.  C.  Americanum,  Schwein.  Stems  slender,  decumbent  a.nd  forking; 
leaves  principally  opposite,  roundish  or  somewhat  heart-shaped,  obscurely  cre- 
nate-lobed ;  flowers  distant,  inconspicuous,  nearly  sessile  (greenish  tinged  with 
yellow  or  purple).  —Cold  wet  places,  N.  Scotia  to  N.  Ga.,  Avest  to  Minn. 

2.  C.  alternifolium,  L.  Stems  erect;  leaves alte7-nate,TemioTm-coTda,te, 
doubly  crenate  or  somewhat  lobed ;  flowers  corymbose.  —  Decorah,  Iowa,  west 
to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  and  north  through  Brit.  Amer.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 


SAXIFRAGACE^..        (SAXIFHACK    FAMILY.)  173 

9.     PARNASSIA,    Tourn.        Grass  of  Parxassi's. 

Sepals  5,  iiuhricated  iu  tlie  buil,  slightly  united  at  the  baae,  and  sometimes 
also  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  persistent.  Petals  .'i,  veiny, spreading,  at  k-ngth 
deciduous,  imlu-icated  in  the  bud ;  a  cluster  of  sonicwiiat  united  gland-tijjped 
sterile  filaments  at  the  base  of  each.  Proper  stamens  .5,  alternate  with  the 
petals,  persistent;  anthers  iutrorse  or  subextrorse.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  4 
projecting  parietal  plaoentic  ;  stigmas  4,  sessile,  directly  over  the  placcnt:c. 
Capsule  4-valved,  the  valves  bearing  the  placenta;  on  their  middle.  Seeds 
very  numerous,  anatropous,  with  a  thick  wing-like  seed-coat  and  little  if  any 
albumen.  P^mbryo  straight ;  cotyledons  very  short.  —  Perennial  smooth  herbs, 
with  entire  leaves,  and  scditary  flowers  on  long  scaj)e-like  stems,  which  usually 
bear  a  single  sessile  leaf.  Petals  white,  with  greenish  or  yellowish  veins. 
(Named  from  Mount  Parnassus;  called  Grass  of  Parnassus  by  Dioscorides.) 

1.  P.  parviflbra,  DC.  Petals  sessile,  little  longer  than  the  calyx  (3" 
loi.g) ;  sterile  Jilumenls  about  7  in  each  set,  slender;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  ta- 
pering at  base.  —  Sandy  banks,  Lab.  to  Mich.,  N.  Minn.,  and  westward. 

2.  P.  pallistris,  L.  Scapes  3-10'  high;  leaves  heart-shaped;  flower 
nearly  1'  broad;  petals  sessile,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  few-veined;  ster- 
ile Jilaments  9-  15  in  each  set,  slender.  —  Same  range  as  the  last.     (Eu.) 

3.  P.  Caroliniana,  Michx.  Scapes  9' -2°  high;  flower  1-1^'  broad; 
petals  sessile,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  many-veined ;  sterile  Jila- 
vients  3  in  each  set,  stout,  distinct  almost  to  the  base ;  leaves  thickish,  ovate  or 
roundfed,  often  heart-shaped,  usually  but  one  low  down  on  the  scape  and  dasj)- 
iug. — Wet  banks,  N.  Brunswick  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  La. 

4.  P.  asarii'olia,  Vent.  Petals  abruptlij  contracted  into  a  c/tar  at  base; 
sterile  filaments  3  in  each  set;  leaves  rounded,  kidne  y -shaped ;  otherwise  as  in 
the  foregoing.  —  High  mountains  of  Ya.  and  N.  C. 

10.     HYDRANGEA,     Gronov. 

Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  8- 10-ribbed,  coherent  with  the  ovary  ;  the  limb 
4-.5-toothed.  I^etals  ovate,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-  10, slender.  Cajn 
sule  1.5-ribbed,  crowned  with  2-4  diverging  styles,  2-celled  below,  many-seeded, 
opening  by  a  hole  between  the  styles.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  petiolcd  leaves, 
no  stipules,  and  numerous  flowers  in  compound  cymes.  The  marginal -flowers 
are  usually  sterile  and  radiant,  consisting  merely  of  a  showy  mendiranaceous 
and  colored  flat  and  dilated  calyx.  (Name  from  vZwp,  water,  and  tiyyos,  a  vase, 
from  tlie  shape  of  tlio.  (•aj)sule.) 

1.  H.  arborescens,  L.  (Wild  IIvi)uan(;ka.)  Glabrous  or  nearly  .so, 
1-8°  high  ;  leaves  ovate,  rarely  heart-shaped,  pointed,  serrate,  (//t<'«  both  sides; 
cymes  flat ;  flowers  often  all  fertile,  rarely  all  radiant. — Kocky  banks,  Peun. 
to  Fla.,  west  to  bnva  and  Mo. 

2.  H.  radi^ta,  Walt.  Leaves  drnselj/  tomentose  and  paler  or  u-hite  be- 
neath.—  S.  C.  and  Ga.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 

11.    DECUMARIA,    L. 

Flowers  all  fertile.  Calyx-tul)e  turbinate,  7-  10-toothed,  coherent  with  the 
ovary.    Petals  oblong,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Stamens  20-30.     Styles  united 


174  SAXIFRAGACEiE.        (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

into  one,  persistent  Stigma  thick,  7-10-rayed.  Capsule  10- 15-ribbed,  7- 
10-celled,  many-seeded,  bursting  at  the  sides,  the  thin  partitions  at  length  sep- 
arating into  numerous  chaffy  scales.  —  A  smooth  climbing  shrub,  with  opposite 
ovate  or  oblong  entire  or  serrate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  numerous  fragrant 
white  flowers  in  compound  terminal  cymes.  (Name  said  to  be  derived  from 
decern,  ten,  referring  to  the  fact  of  its  being  often  10-merous.) 

1.  D.  barbara,  L.  Leaves  shining,  sometimes  pubescent;  capsule  with 
the  persistent  style  and  stigma  urn-shaped,  pendulous.  —  Banks  of  streams ; 
Dismal  Swamp.  Va  ,  to  Fla-  and  La. 

12.     PHILADELPHUS,    L.        Mock  Orange  or  String  a. 

Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4  -  .5-parted,  spread- 
ing, persistent,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  rounded  or  obovate,  large,  convolute 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  20-40.  Styles  3 -.5.  united  below  or  nearly  to  the  top. 
Stigmas  oblong  or  linear.  Capsule  -3  -  .5-celled,  splitting  at  length  into  as  many 
pieces.  Seeds  very  numerous,  on  thick  placentae  projecting  from  the  axis,  pen- 
dulous, with  a  loose  membranaceous  coat  prolonged  at  both  ends.  —  Shrubs, 
with  opposite  often  toothed  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  solitary  or  cymose-clustered 
showy  white  floAvers.  (An  ancient  name,  applied  by  Linnaeus  to  this  genus  for 
no  obvious  reason.) 

L  P.  inodorus,  L.  Glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed, 
entire  or  with  some  spreading  teeth  ,  flowers  single  or  few  at  the  ends  of  the 
divergmg  brandies,  pure  wliite,  scentless;  calijx-lol)€s  acute,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  tube.  —  Mountains  of  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

2  P.  grandifl6rus,  Willd.  A  tall  shrub,  with  long  and  recurved 
branches ;  like  the  last,  but  somewhat  pubescent,  with  larger  flowers,  and  the 
cali/x-lobes  long  and  taper-pointed.  (P.  inodorus,  var.  grandiflorus,  Gra/j.)  — 
Along  streams,  Va.  to  Fla.     Often  cultivated. 

P.  coronXrius,  L.,  the  common  iNIocK  Orange  or  Svringa  of  cultivation, 
from  S.  Eu.,  with  cream-colored  odorous  flowers,  has  sometimes  escaped. 

13.     ITEA,     Gronov. 

Calyx  .'j-cleft,  free  from  tlie  ovary  or  nearly  so  Petals  .5,  lanceolate,  much 
longer  than  tbe  calyx,  and  longer  than  the  5  stamens.  Capsule  oblong,  2- 
grooved,  2-celle(l,  tipped  witli  the  2  united  styles,  2-parted  (septicidal)  when 
mature,  several-seeded  —  Shrubs,  Avith  simple,  alternate,  petioled  leaA'es,  with 
out  stipules,  and  small  white  flowers  in  simple  racemes.  (Greek  name  of  the 
Willow.) 

1  I.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  pointed,  minutely  serrate  ; 
seeds  oval,  flattish,  with  a  crustaceous  coat.  —  Wet  places,  Penn  and  N  J.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  Mo  and  La 

14.     E-IBES,     L.        Currant.     Gooseberry. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  often  colored ;  the  tube  coherent  with  the  ovary.  Petals  5, 
inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  small.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Ovary  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae  and  2  distinct  or  united  styles.  Berry 
crowned  with  the  shrivelled  remains  of  the  calyx  ,  the  surface  of  the  numerous 
seeils  swelling  into  a  gelatinous  outer  coat  investing  a  crustaceous  one.     Em- 


SAXIFRAGACILt:.        (saXIKUA(;K    FAMILY.)  175 

bryo  minute  at  the  base  of  hard  albumen.  —  Low,  sonu-tinies  pricklv  f»hrul)s, 
with  ultornate  and  palmately-lohed  leaves,  which  are  i)laitL'd  in  the  l»ud  (cvcopt 
in  one  species),  often  fascicled  on  the  branches;  the  small  thtwers  from  the 
same  clusters,  or  from  sejiarate  lateral  buds.  (From  riehs,  i\  (Jcrnuin  pojiular 
name  for  the  currant.  Grossularia  was  the  i)roper  name  to  have  been  adopted 
for  the  genus.) 

§  1.  GROSSULARIA.  (Gooseberry.)  Stems  mostli/  hmrinfj  t/mrna  (it  the 
base  of  the  leafstalks  or  clusters  of  leaves,  and  often  with  scattered  ftristli/ 
prickles ;  berries  pricklij  or  smooth.  {Our  species  are  Indlscrnnlnatelij  called 
Wild  Gooseberry;  the  flowers  greenish.) 

*  Peduncles    I  -  3-Jlowered ;    cali/x  as  high   as    broad;    lea  res  round  ish-hi  art- 
shaped,  3  -  ')-lol)ed. 
4-  Cali/x-lohes  decidedly  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  brrries  apt  to  be  pricklj. 

1.  R.  Cynosbati,  L.  Stamens  and  undivided  style  not  longer  tlian  the 
broadly  bell-shaped  calyx ;  berries  large,  armed  with  long  prickles  or  rarely 
smooth.  —  Rocky  woods,  N.  Brunswick  to  the  mountains  of  N.  C,  and  west  to 
Minn,  and  Mo. 

+-  -t-  Cali/x-lobes  decidedlij  longer  than  the  short  and  rather  narrow  tube ;  berries 
smooth,  purple,  sweet  and  pleasant. 

2.  R.  gracile,  Michx.  (Missouri  Goosererry.)  Spines  often  long, 
stout  and  red  ;  peduncles  long  and  slender  ;  fowers  white  or  whitish  ,  filaments 
capillary,  4-  6'^  long,  generally  connivent  or  closely  parallel,  soon  conspicuousli/ 
longer  than  the  oblung-Unear  calijx-lobes.  (R.  rotundifolium,  M<^x.,  in  part.)  — 
Mich,  to  Tenn.,  west  to  Tex.,  Minn.,  and  the  Rocky  Mts. 

3  R.  rotund  if 61mm,  Michx.  Spines  short;  peduncles  short :  flowers 
f/reenish  or  the  l(d)cs  dull  purplish  ;  filaments  slender,  2-3"  long,  more  or  less 
crceedinq  the  narrowli/  oblong-spatulate  cahjx-lobes.  —  AV.  Mass.  and  N.  Y.,  south 
in  the  AUeghanies  to  N.  C. 

4.  R.  OXyacanthoideS,  L.  Peduncles  verji  short ,  flowers  greenish  or 
dull  purplish  :  stamens  usual/ 1/  scarceli/  equalling  the  rather  broodl//  oblong  calijx- 
lobes.  (K.  hirtellum,  Michx  )  —  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Ind.,  Minn.,  and  west- 
ward. The  common  smooth-fruited  gooseberry  of  the  north ,  the  whitish 
spines  often  numerous. 

*  *  Flowers  several  m  a  nodding  raceme,  small  and  flattish,  greenish. 

5.  R.  laciistre,  I'oir.  Young  stems  clothed  with  bristly  prickles  and 
with  weak  thorns ;  leaves  heart-shaj)od,  3  -  S-parted,  with  the  lobos  deeply  cut ; 
calyx  broad  and  flat ;  stamens  and  style  not  longer  than  the  petals ;  fruit 
bristly  (small,  unpleasant).  —  Cold  woods  and  swamps,  Xewf.  to  X.  Kng.,  west 
to  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  Minn. 

§2.    RIBESIA.     (CiRKANT.)      Thornless  and  priclcless  ;  racemes  few- man  1/- 
flowcred .  stamens  short. 

6.  R.  prostr^tum,  LTIer.  (Fetid  Currant.)  Stems  reclined  ;  leaves 
deeply  heart-sliaped,  5-  7-lol)ed,  smooth,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate ; 
racemes  erect, »\euder ,  calyx  flattish;  pedicels  and  the  (pale  red)  fruit  glandu- 
lar- bristli/.  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  rocks,  Lab.  to  mountains  of  N.  C,  west  to 
Mich.,  Minn.,  and  the  Rocky  Mts. 


176  SAXIFKAGACE^.        (SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY.) 

7.  R.  floridum,  L'Her.  (Wild  Black  Currant.)  Leaves  sprinkled  with 
resinous  dots,  slightly  heart-shaped,  sharply  3  -  5-lobed,  doubly  serrate ;  racemes 
drooping,  downj ;  bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels  ;  flowers  large,  whitish ;  calyx 
tubular-bell-shaped,  smooth ;  fruit  round-ovoid,  black,  smooth.  —  Woods,  N.  Eng. 
to  Va.,  west  to  Ky.,  Iowa,  aud  Minn. 

8.  R.  rilbrum,  L.,  var.  subglandulosum,  Maxim.  (Red  Currant.) 
Stems  straggling  or  reclined ;  leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped,  obtusely  3-5- 
lobed,  serrate,  downy  beneath  when  young;  racemes  from  lateral  buds  distinct 

from  the  leaf-buds,  drooping ,  calyx  flat  (green  or  purplish) ;  fruit  globose, 
smooth,  red.  —  Cold  bogs  and  damp  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Ind.  and 
Minn. 

§3.     SIPH6CALYX.     Thornless  and  prickless  ;  leaves  convolute  in  the  bud  ; 
racemes  several -Jiowered ;  cahjx-tube  elongated;  berry  naked  and  glabrous. 

9.  R.  aureum,  Pursh.  (Missouri  or  Buffalo  Currant.)  Shrub 
5-12°  high,  leaves  3 -5-lobed,  rarely  at  all  cordate;  racemes  short;  flowers 
golden-yellow,  spicy-fragrant ;  tube  of  salverform  calyx  (6"  long  or  less)  3  or  4 
times  longer  than  the  oval  lobes ;  stamens  short ;  berries  yellow  or  black.  — 
Banks  of  streams,  Mo.  and  Ark.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  and  westward.  Common 
in  cultivation. 

Order  36.     CRASSULXcE^.     (Orpine  Family.) 

Succulent  herbs,  with  perfectly  symmetrical  flowers ;  viz.,  the  petals  and 
pistils  equalling  the  sejials  in  number  (3  -  20),  and  the  stamens  the  same  or 
double  their  rmmber,  —  technically  different  from  Saxifrageas  only  in  this 
complete  symmetry,  and  in  the  carpels  (in  most  of  the  genera)  being  quite 
distinct  from  each  other.  Also,  instead  of  a  perigynous  disk,  there  are 
usually  little  scales  on  the  receptacle,  one  behind  each  carpel.  Fruit  dry 
and  dehiscent ;  the  pods  (follicles)  opening  down  the  ventral  suture,  many- 
rarely  few-seeded.  —  Stipules  none.  FloAvers  usually  cymose,  small. 
Leaves  mostly  sessile,  in  Penthorum  not  at  all  fleshy. 

*  Not  succulent ;  the  carpels  united,  forming  a  5-celled  capsule. 

1.  Penthorum.    Sepals  5.    Petals  none.     Stamens  10.     Pod  5-beaked,  many-seeded- 

*  *  Leaves,  etc.,  thick  and  succulent.     Carpels  distinct. 

2.  Tillaea.    Sepals,  jietals,  stamens,  and  pistils  3  or  4.     Seeds  few  or  many. 

3.  Sedum.    Sepals,  petals,  and  pistils  4  or  5.     Stamens  8  -  10.     Seeds  many. 

1.     PENTHORUM,     Gronov.        Ditch  Stone-crop. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  rare,  if  any.  Stamens  10.  Pistils  5,  united  below,  forming 
a  5-angled,  5-horned,  and  ."j-celled  capsule,  which  opens  by  the  falling  off  of  the 
beaks,  many-seeded.  —  Upright  weed-like  perennials  (not  fleshy  like  the  rest  of 
the  family),  with  scattered  leaves,  and  yellowish-green  flowers  loosely  spiked 
along  the  upper  side  of  the  naked  branches  of  the  cyme.  (Name  from  TreVre. 
fve,  and  opos,  a  mark,  from  the  quinary  order  of  the  flower.) 

1.  P.  sedoides,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends.  —  Open  wet 
places ,  N.  Brunswick  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Tex.  July  -  Oct. 
Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  sixes  or  sevens. 


CRASSULACEiE.       (ORPINE    KAMII.Y.)  177 

2.    TILL^A,    Mich. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  ."3  ur  4.  IVLs  2  -  mauy-seedecl.  —  Very 
small  tufted  annuals,  with  opj)osite  entire  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Mirli<trl  Angela  Tilli,  an  early  Italian  hotani.st.) 

1.  T.  simplex,  Nutt.  Rooting  at  the  base  (1-2'  high);  leaves  linear- 
oblong  ;  flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile  ;  calyx  half  the  lengtli  of  the  (greeni.sh- 
white)  petals  and  the  narrow  8-  10-seeded  pods,  the  latter  with  a  stale  at  the 
base  of  each.  —  Muddy  river-banks,  ^lass.  to  Md.     .July  -Se])t. 

3.     SEDUM,    Tourn.        Stone-croi'.    Orimnk. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5.  Stamens  8  or  10.  Follicles  many-seeded  ;  a  little 
scale  at  the  base  of  each.  —  Chiefly  perennial,  smooth,  and  thick-leaved  herbs, 
with  the  flowers  cymose  or  one-sided.  Petals  almost  always  narrow  and  acute 
or  pointed.  (Name  from  sedeo,  to  sit,  alluding  to  the  manner  in  which  these 
plants  fix  themselves  upon  rocks  and  walls.) 

*  Flowers  perfect  and  sessile,  as  it  were  spiked  along  one  side  of  spreading  Jloicer- 

ing  branches  or  of  the  divisions  of  a  scorpioid  ci/me,  thejirst  or  central  flower 
vwstli/  5-merous  and  lO-cmdrous,  the  others  often  4:-merons  and  S-androus. 
H-  Flowers  white  or  purple. 

1.  S.  pulchellum,  Michx.  Stems  ascending  or  trailing  (4 -12' high); 
leaves  terete, linear-fliforjn, much  crowded;  spikes  of  the  cyme  several, densely 
flowered;  petals  rose-purple.  —  Va.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Ky.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Tex.; 
also  cultivated  in  gardens.     July. 

2.  S.  N6vii,  Gray.  Stems  spreading,  simple  (3-5'  high) ;  leave$  all  alter- 
nate, those  of  the  sterile  shoots  icedge-ohovate  or  spatulate,  on  flowering  stems 
linear-spatulate  and  flattish ;  cyme  about  3-spiked,  densely  flowered ;  petals 
ichite,  more  pointed  than  in  the  next ;  the  flowering  3  or  4  weeks  later ;  leaves 
and  blossoms  smaller.  —  Kocky  cliffs,  mountains  of  Va.  to  Ala. 

3.  S.  ternatum,  Michx.  Stems  spreading  (3 -6' high);  leaves  flat,  the 
lower  whorled  in  threes,  wedge-ohovate,  the  upper  scattered,  ohlong  ;  cyme  3-spiked, 
leafy;  petals  white.  —  Rocky  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Ind.  and  Tenn. 

■t-  -»-  Flowers  i/ellow. 

S.  Acre,  L.  (Mossy  Stone-crop.)  Spreading  on  the  ground,  moss  like; 
leaves  very  small,  alternate,  almost  iml)ricated  on  the  branches,  ovate,  very 
thick;  petals  yellow.  —  Escaped  from  cultivation  to  rocky  road.sidcs,  etc. 
July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.  S.  Torreyi,  Don.  Annual ;  stems  simple  or  branched  from  the  ba^e 
(2-4'  high) ;  leaves  flat  or  teretish,  scattered,  ohlong,  2-3"  long ;  petals  rather 
longer  than  the  ovate  sepals;  carpels  at  length  widely  divergent.  —  Mo.  to 
Ark.  and  Tex. 

*  *  Flowers  in  a  terminal  naked  and  regular  cyme  or  cluster,  more  or  less  pedun- 

cle d  ;  leaves  flat,  ohovate  or  oblong,  mostli/  alternate. 
-*-  Flowers  perfect,  5-merous,  lO-androus. 

5.  S.  telephioides,  Michx.  Stems  ascending  (6-12'  high),  stout,  leafy 
to  the  top;  leaves  oldong  or  oval,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed ;  cyme  small; 
petals  flesh-color,  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  ;  fuliicles  tapering  into  a  slender 
sti/le.  —  Dry  rocks,  from  western  New  York  to  N.  Ga.  and  S.  Ind.     June. 

12 


178  CRASSULACE^.        (ORPINE    FAMILY.) 

S.  Telephium,  L.  (Garden  Orpine  or  Live-for-ever.)  Stems  erect 
(2°  high),  stout ;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  toothed  ;  cymes  compound  ;  petals  purple, 
oblong-lanceolate ;  /b///c/es  abrupthj  pointed  with  a  short  style.  —  Rocks  and 
banks,  escaped  from  cultivation  in  some  places.     July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

5.  reflexum,  L.  Glabrous,  erect,  1°  high;  leaves  crowded,  cylindric,  subu- 
late-tipped spreading  or  rejiexed ;  Jloivers  i/ellow,  pedicelled.  —  Coast  of  Mass. ; 
western  N.  Y. ;  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•f-  -t-  Flowers  diieciotis,  mostly  4-meroiis  and  S-androus. 

6.  S.  Rhodiola,  DC.  (Roseroot.)  Stems  erect  (.5  - 1 0' high) ;  leaves 
oblong  or  oval,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding ;  fiowers  in  a  close  cyme,  greenish- 
yellow,  or  the  fertile  turning  purplish.  —  Throughout  Arctic  America,  extend- 
ing southward  to  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  cliffs  of  Delaware  River ;  also  in  the 
western  mountains.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

Order  37.     DKOSERACE^E.     (Sundew  Family) 

Bog-herbs,  mostly  glandular-haired,  with  regidar  hypogynous  flowers,  pen- 
tamerous  and  icithering-persistent  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens,  the  anthers 
Jixed  by  the  middle  and  turned  outward,  and  a  \-celled  capsule  with  twice 
as  many  styles  or  stigmas  as  there  are  parietal  placentce.  —  Calyx  imbri- 
cated. Petals  convolute.  Seeds  numerous,  anatropous,  with  a  short  and 
minute  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen.  —  Leaves  circinate  in  the  bud, 
i.  e.,  rolled  up  from  the  apex  to  the  base  as  in  Ferns.  A  small  family  of 
insectivorous  plants. 

1.    DROSERA,    L.        Sundew. 

Stamens  5.  Styles  3,  or  sometimes  5,  deeply  2-parted  so  that  they  are  taken 
for  6  or  10,  slender,  stigmatose  above  on  the  inner  face.  Capsule  3-  (rarely  5-) 
valved ;  the  valves  bearing  the  numerous  seeds  on  their  middle  for  the  whole 
length.  —  Low  perennials  or  biennials  ;  the  leaves  clothed  with  reddish  gland- 
bearing  bristles,  in  our  species  all  in  a  tuft  at  the  base ;  the  naked  scape  bearing 
the  flowers  in  a  1-sided  raceme-like  inflorescence,  which  nods  at  the  undevel- 
oped apex,  so  that  the  fresh-blown  flower  (which  opens  only  in  sunshine)  is 
always  highest.  The  plants  yield  a  purple  stain  to  paper.  (The  glands  of  the 
leaves  exude  drops  of  a  clear  glutinous  fluid,  glittering  like  dew-drops,  whence 
the  name,  from  dpoa-fpSs,  dewy.) 

1.  D.  rotundifolia,  L.  (Rodnd-leaved  Sundew.)  Leaves  orbicular, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  the  spreading  hairy  petioles ;  seeds  spindle-shaped,  the 
coat  loose  and  chaff-like ;  flowers  white,  tlie  parts  sometimes  in  sixes.  —  I'eat- 
bogs,  Lab.  to  Minn.,  lud.,  and  southward;  common.     July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.  D.  intermedia,  Hayne,  var.  Americana,  DC.  Leaves  spatulate- 
oblong,  tapering  into  the  long  rather  erect  naked  petioles ;  seeds  oblong,  with  a 
rough  close  coat ;  flowers  white.  (D.  longifolia,  Gray,  Manual.)  —  Bogs,  with 
the  same  range  but  less  common.  June  -  Aug.  —  Plant  raised  on  its  prolonged 
caudex  when  growing  in  water.     (Eu.) 

3.  "D.  linearis,  Goldie.  (Slender  Sundew.)  Leaves  linear,  ohtViS,Q,t\\e 
blade  (2  -  3'  long,  scarcely  2"  wide)  on  naked  erect  petioles  about  the  same  length ; 
seeds  oblong,  with  a  smooth  and  perfectly  close  coat ;  flowers  whita  —  Shore 
of  L.  Superior,  Mich.,  and  Minn. 


HAMAMELIDE^.       (WITCII-HAZKL    FAMILY.)  170 

4.  D.  filif6rmis,  Raf.  (Thread-leaved  Sindew.)  Leaves  verif  Innrj 
and  Jilifonii,  erect,  with  no  distinction  between  Itlade  and  stalk  ;  wedB  spindle- 
shaped  ;  flowers  numerous,  purj)le  ruse-coh^r  {V  broad).  —  Wet  sand,  near  the 
coast.  Mass.  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. 


Di<>n:ea  Mi'sofiMLA,  Ellis,  the  Venits's  Flv-thap,  —  so  nested  for  the  ex 
traordinary  irritability  of  its  leaves,  closing;  quickly  at  the  touch,  —  is  :i  native 
of  the  sandy  savannas  of  the  eastern  ])art  of  N.  ( '.  It  differs  in  several  resiiccts 
from  the  character  of  the  order  _e;iven  above;  the  stamens  bein*,^  15^  the  stvles 
united  into  one,  and  the  seeds  all  at  the  base  of  the  pod. 

Order  38.     HAMAMEL-IDEtK.     (Witch-IIazf.i.  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  ic'Uh  alternate  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules ,  flow- 
ers in  heads  or  spikes,  often  polygamous  or  monoecious ;  the  calyx  cohering 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  lohich  consists  of  2  pistils  united  below,  and  forms 
a  2-beaked,  2-celled  woody  capsule,  opening  at  the  summU,  with  a  single,  bony 
need  in  each  cell,  or  several,  only  one  or  tico  of  them  ripening.  —  Petals  in- 
serted on  the  calyx,  narrow,  valvate  or  involute  in  the  bud,  or  often  none 
.it  all.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  half  of  them  stiTllc  nn<l 
changed  into  scales,  or  numerous.  Seeds  anatropous.  Phnhryo  lar;;e  and 
straight,  in  scanty  albumen  ;  cotyledons  broad  and  flat. 

*  Flowers  with  a  manifest  calyx,  or  calyx  and  coi-olla,  and  a  single  ovule  suspeiuled  from  the 

summit  of  each  cell. 

1.  Hamamelis.    Petals  4,  strap-shaped.     Stamens  and  scales  each  4.  short. 

2.  Fothergilla.     Petals  none.     Stamens  about  24,  long  ;  filaments  thickened  upward. 

*  *  Flowei-s  naked,  with  barely  rudiments  of  a  caljTC  and  no  corolla,  crowded  uito  catkin- 

like heads.    Ovules  several  or  many  in  each  cell. 

3.  liiqnidambar.    Monoecious  or  polygamous.    Stamens  very  numerous.    Capsules  con- 

solidated by  their  bases  in  a  dense  head. 

1.    HAM  A  ME  LIS,    L.        Witch  Hazel. 

Flowers  in  little  axillary  clusters  or  heads,  usually  surrounded  by  a  scale-like 
3-leaved  involucre.  Calyx  4-part^d,  and  with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  its  ba.se.  Pet- 
als 4,  strap-shaped,  long  and  narrow,  spirally  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8. 
very  short ;  the  4  alternate  with  the  petals  anther-bearing,  the  others  imperfect 
and  scale-like.  Styles  2,  short.  Capsule  opening  loculicidally  from  the  top  ; 
the  outer  coat  separating  from  the  inner,  which  encloses  the  single  hw^v  and 
bony  seed  in  each  cell,  but  soon  bur.><ts  elastically  into  two  pieces.  —  Tall  slirui)s, 
with  straight-veined  leaves,  and  yellow,  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers.  (From 
aytio,  at  the  same  time  with,  and  n-qXisy  an  apple-tree ;  a  name  anciently  applied 
to  the  Medlar,  or  some  similar  tree.) 

1.  H.  Virgini^na,  L.  Leaves  o])ovate  or  oval,  wavy -toothed,  somewhat 
downy  when  young;  blossoming  late  in  antnmn,  when  the  leaves  are  falling, 
and  maturing  its  seeds  the  next  summer.  —  l)ani]>  woods,  N.  Scotia  to  Kla., 
west  to  E.  Minn,  and  La. 

2.    FOTHERGILLA,    L- 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  catkin-like  spike,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  bell  shaped, 
the  summit  truncate,  slightly  .")-7-t(K)thed.     Petals  none.     Stamens  about  24, 


180  HAMAMELIDE^.        (wiTCH-HAZEL    FAMILY.) 

borne  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx  in  one  row,  all  alike ;  filaments  very  long, 
thickened  at  the  top  (white).  Styles  2,  slender.  Capsule  cohering  with  the 
base  of  the  calyx,  2-lobed,  2-celled,  with  a  single  bony  seed  in  each  cell.  —  A 
low  shrub  ;  the  oval  or  obovate  leaves  smooth,  or  hoary  underneath,  toothed  at 
the  summit ;  the  flowers  appearing  rather  before  the  leaves,  each  partly  covered 
by  a  scale-like  bract.     (Dedicated  to  the  distinguished  Dr.  John  Fothergill.) 

1.  F.  Garden!,  L.  (F.  alnifolia,  L.  f.) — Low  grounds,  Va.  to  N.  C. 
April,  May. 

3.    LIQUIDAMBAR,    L.        Sweet-Glm  Tree. 

Flowers  usually  monoecious,  in  globular  heads  or  catkins  ;  the  sterile  arranged 
in  a  conical  cluster,  naked ;  stamens  very  numerous,  intermixed  with  minute 
scales ;  filaments  short.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  of  many  2-celled  2-beaked 
ovaries,  subtended  by  minute  scales  in  place  of  a  calyx,  all  more  or  less  cohering 
together  and  hardening  in  fruit,  forming  a  spherical  catkin  or  head ;  the  cap- 
sules opening  between  the  2  awl-shaped  beaks.  Styles  2,  stigmatic  down  the 
inner  side.  Ovules  many,  but  only  one  or  two  perfecting.  Seeds  with  a  \Wng- 
angled  seed-coat.  —  Catkins  racemed,  nodding,  in  the  bud  enclosed  by  a  4-leaved 
deciduous  involucre.  (A  mongrel  name,  from  liquidits,  fluid,  and  the  Arabic 
amhar,  amber;  in  allusion  to  the  fragrant  terebinthine  juice  which  exudes 
from  the  tree.) 

1.  L.  Styraciflua,  L.  (Sweet  Gum.  Bilste/).)  Leaves  rounded, 
deeply  5-7-lobed,  smooth  and  shining,  glandular-serrate,  the  lobes  pointed. — 
Moist  woods,  from  Conn,  to  S.  111.,  and  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  April.  —  A 
large  and  beautiful  tree,  with  fine-grained  wood,  the  gray  bark  commonly  with 
corky  ridges  on  the  branchlets.  Leaves  frJigrant  when  bruised,  turning  deep 
crimson  in  autumn.  The  woody  pods  filled  mostly  with  abortive  seeds,  re- 
sembling sawdust. 

Order  39.     HALORAGE^aE.     (Water-Milfoil  Family.) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  plants  (at  least  in  northern  countries),  with  the  incon- 
spicuous symmetrical  (perfect  or  unisexual)  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  or  bracts,  calyx-tuhe  coherent  icith  the  ovary  (or  calyx  and  corolla 
wanting  in  Callitriche),  ichich  consists  of  2-^  more  or  less  united  carpels 
(or  in  Hippuris  of  only  one  carpel),  the  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  distinct. 
Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  very  short  in  fertile  flowers.  Petals  small 
or  none.  Stamens  1-8.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1-4-celled,  with  a  single 
anatropous  seed  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell.  Embryo  in  the 
axis  of  fleshy  albumen ;  cotyledons  minute. 

1.  Myriophyllutn.     Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamoiis,  the  parts  in  fours,  with  or  with- 

out petals.     Stamens  4  or  8.     Leaves  often  whorled,  the  immersed  iiinnately  dissected. 

2.  Proserpiiiaca.     Flowers  perfect,  the  parts  in  threes.     Petals  none.     Leaves  alteruate, 

the  immersed  pinnately  dissected. 

3.  Hippuris.     Flowers  usually  perfect.     Petals  none.     Stamen,  style,  and  cell  of  the  ovary 

only  one.     Leaves  entire,  in  whorls. 

4.  Callitriche.    Flowers  moncecious.    Calyx  and  petals  none.    Stamen  1.     Ovary  4-celled, 

with  2  filiform  styles.     Leaves  entire,  opposite. 


IIALORAr.E.T:.        (WATKR-MILKOIL    FAMII.V.)  181 

1.    MYRIOPHYLLUM,    Vaill.        Watkr-Milfoil. 

Flowers  iiiuna'tious  or  ijolygainous  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted, 
of  the  fertile  4-toothecl.  Petals  4,  or  none.  Stamens  4-8.  Fruit  nut-like,  4- 
celled,  deeply  4-lohed;  stigmas  4,  recurved.  —  Perennial  aquatics.  Leaves 
crowded,  often  whorled ;  those  under  water  pinnately  parted  into  cajjillary 
divisions.  Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  usually  ah<jvo  water 
in  summer;  the  uppermost  staminate.  (Name  from  /xvpios,  a  thousand,  and 
(pvWov,  a  leaf,  i.  e..  Milfoil.) 

*  Staine/is  8;  petals  deciduous ;  carpels  even;  leaves  xvhorled  in  threes  or  fours. 

1.  M.  spicatum,  L.  Leaves  all  pinnately  parted  and  capillary,  except 
tlic  floral  ones  or  bracts  ;  these  ovate,  entire  or  toothed,  and  chiejiy  shorter  than 
the  flowers,  which  thus  form  an  interrupted  spike.  —  Deep  water,  Newf.  to  N. 
Eng.  and  N.  Y.,  west  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  and  the  Pacific.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  verticill^tum,  L.  Floral  leaves  much  longer  than  the  flowers,  pec- 
tinate-pinnatifd;  otherwise  nearly  as  n.  \.  —  Ponds,  etc.,  common.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stamens  4;  petals  rather  persistent;  carpels  1  -2-ridged  and  roughened  on 
the  back ;  leaves  whorled  in  fours  and  Jives,  the  lower  with  capillary  divisions. 

3.  M.  heteroph^llum,  Michx.  Stem  stout ;  floral  leaves  ovate  and  lance- 
olate, thick,  crowded,  sharply  serrate,  the  lowest  pinnatifid  ;  fruit  obscurely  rough- 
ened. —  Lakes  and  rivers,  Out.  and  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

4.  M.  SCabratum,  Michx.  Stem  rather  slender ;  lower  leaves  pinnately 
parted  with  fe^v  capillary  divisions;  floral  leaves  linear  (rarely  scattered),  pec- 
tinate-toothed or  cut-serrate  ;  carpels  strongly  2-ridged  and  roughened  on  the  back. 
—  Shallow  ponds,  S.  New  Eng.  to  S.  C,  west  to  Mo.  and  La. 

*  *  *  Stamens  4;  petals  rather  persistent;  carpels  even  on  the  back,  leaves 

chief  y  scattered,  or  wanting  on  the  flowering  stems. 

5.  M.  ambiguum,  Nutt.  Immersed  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  about  10 
very  delicate  capillary  divisions  ;  the  emerging  ones  pectinate,  or  the  upper  for  al 
linear  and  sparingly  toothed  or  entire;  flowers  mostly  perfect :  fruit  (minute) 
smooth.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Mass.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn. ;  also  in  Ind.  —  Var. 
capillXceum,  Torr.  &  Gray,  has  stems  floating,  long  and  very  slender,  and 
leaves  all  immersed  and  capillary.  Var.  lim(')Sum,  Torr.,  is  small,  rooting  in 
the  mud,  with  leaves  all  linear,  incised^  toothed,  or  entire. 

6.  M.  ten^Uum,  Bigelow.  Flowering  stems  nearly  leafless  and  srape4ike 
(3-10'  high),  erect,  simple ;  the  sterile  shoots  creeping  and  tufted,  bracts 
small,  entire ;  flowers  alternate,  monoecious ;  fruit  smooth.  —  Borders  of  ponds, 
Newf.  to  N.  Eng.,  west  to  Mich. 

2.    PROSERPINACA,    L.        Mrrmaid-wekd. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx-tube  3-sidod,t]ie  limb  3-parted.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens 3.  Stigmas  3,  cylindrical.  Fruit  bony,  3-angled,  3-celled,  3-seeded,  nut- 
like. —  Low,  perennial  herbs,  with  the  stems  creeping  at  ba.se,  alternate  leaves, 
and  small  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils,  solitary  or  3-4  together,  in  summer. 
(Name  applied  bv  Pliny  to  a  Polygonum,  meaning  pertaining  to  Proserpine.) 

1.  P.  palustris,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  the  lower  pectinate 
when  under  water ;  fruit  sharply  angled.  —  Wet  swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla..  west 
to  Minn,  and  Tex. 


182  HALORAGE^.       (WATER-MILFOIL    FAMILY.) 

2.  P.  pectinacea,  Lam.  Leaves  all  pectinate,  the  divisions  linear-awL 
shaped ;  fruit  rather  obtusely  angled.  —  Sandy  swamps,  near  the  coast,  Mass. 
to  Ela.  and  La. 

3.     HI  FPU  HIS,     L.        Mare's  Tail. 

FloAvers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  entire.  Petals  none.  Stamen  one, 
inserted  on  the  edge  of  the  calyx.  Style  single,  thread-shaped,  stigmatic  doAvn 
one  side,  received  in  the  groove  between  the  lobes  of  the  large  anther.  Fruit 
nut-like,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  —  Perennial  aquatics,  with  simple  entire  leaves  in 
whorls,  and  minute  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  in  summer.  (Name  from  'lincos, 
a  horse,  and  ovpd,  a  tail.) 

1.  H.  vulgaris,  L.  Stems  simple  (1  -2°  high) ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  8  or 
12,  linear,  acute ;  fruit  nearly  1"  long.  —  Ponds  and  springs,  Penn.  to  Ind.  and 
Minn.,  and  northward,     (Eu.) 

4.    CALLITRICHE,    L.        Water-Starwort. 

Flowers  monoecious,  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axil  of  the  same  leaf, 
wholly  naked  or  between  a  pair  of  membranaceous  bracts.  Sterile  flower  a 
single  stamen ;  filament  bearing  a  heart-shaped  4-celled  anther,  wdiich  by  con- 
fluence becomes  1-celled,  and  opens  by  a  single  slit.  Fertile  floAver  a  single  4- 
celled  ovarv,  either  sessile  or  pedicelled,  bearing  2  distinct  and  filiform  sessile, 
usually  persistent  stigmas.  Fruit  nut-like,  compressed,  4-lobed,  4-celled,  sep- 
arating at  maturity  into  as  many  closed  1-seeded  portions.  Seed  pendulous, 
filling  the  cell;  embryo  slender,  straight  or  slightly  curved,  nearly  the  length 
of  the  oily  albumen.  —  Low,  slender  and  usually  tufted,  glabrous,  or  beset 
with  minute  (microscopic)  stellate  scales,  with  spatulate  or  linear  entire  leaves, 
both  forms  of  leaves  often  occurring  on  the  same  stem.  (Name  from  «aAds, 
beaittifHl,a.nd  dpi^y/mir,  from  the  often  almost  capillary  stems.) 

*  Small  annuals,  forming  tufts  on  moist  soil,  destitute  of  stellate  scales:  leaves 
uniform,  very  small,  obovate  or  ohlanceolate,  3-nerved,  crowded  ;  bracts  none, 

1.  C.  deflexa,  Braun,  var.  Austini,  Hegelm.  Stems  i-V  high;  fruit 
small  (Y'  broad),  broader  than  high,  deeply  notched  above  and  below,  on  a 
pedicel  often  nearly  of  its  own  length  or  nearly  sessile  ;  lobes  of  the  fruit  nar 
rowly  winged  and  with  a  deep  groove  between  them ;  persistent  stigmas  shorter 
than  the  fruit,  spreading  or  reflexed ;  leaves  1  -  2"  long.  (C-  Austini,  En(jehn) 
—  On  damp  soil,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  Tex.     (S.  Am.) 

*  *  Amphibious  perennials;  leaves  with  stellate  scales,  the  floating  ones  obovate 

and  3-nerved,  the  submersed  linear  {all  uniform  and  narrow  In  terrestrial 
forms)  :  flowers  usually  between  a  pair  of  bracts. 

2.  C  verna,  L.  Fruit  (Y'  long)  higher  than  broad,  obovate,  slightly  ob- 
cordate,  usually  thickest  at  the  base,  sessile,  its  lobes  sharply  keeled  or  very 
narrowly  winged  above,  and  with  a  wide  groove  between  them ;  stigmas  sliorter 
than  the  fruit,  almost  erect,  usually  deciduous ;  floating  leaves  crowded  in  a 
tuft,  obovate,  narrowed  into  a  petiole.  —  Common  in  stagnant  waters.  New 
England  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  the  Pacific.     (Eu.) 

3.  C.  heterophylla,  Pursh.  Fruit  smaller,  as  broad  or  broader  than 
high,  deeply  emargiuate,  thick,  almost  ventricose,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  its  lobes 


melastomace.t:.     (mklastoma  family.)  18:3 

obtusely  angled,  with  a  small  groove  between  them ;  stigmas  as  long  &n  the 
fruit,  erect,  persistent;  floating  leaves  crowdod  in  a  tuft,  broad) v  spatulate, 
often  retuse,  abrujjtly  narrowed  into  a  long  petiole.  —  Stagnant  water,  MuftS. 
and  N.  J.  to  S.  Ind.  and  Mo. 

*  *  »  Submersed  perennial ,  with  numerous  uniform  linear  X-nerved  leaves  ;  flow- 

ers witliintt  bracts ;  carpels  separate  nearli/  to  the  aris. 
4.  C.  autumn^lis,  L.  Stems  3-6'  high  ;  fruit  large  (1"  wiilo  or  more), 
flattened,  circular,  deeply  and  narrowly  notclied,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  its  lobes 
broadly  winged,  and  with  a  very  deep  and  narrow  groove  between  them  ; 
stigmas  very  long,  reflexed,  deciduous;  leaves  all  linear  from  a  bro;i(b'r  base, 
retuse  or  notched  at  the  tip  (2-6"  long).  —  W.  Masa.,  Lake  Champlaiu  and 
N.  New  York,  Lake  Superior,  and  westward.     (Lu.) 

Order  40.     MELAST03IACE^.     (Melastoma  Family.) 

Plants  icith  opposite  3-  l-ribbed  leaves,  and  dfjinile  stamens,  the  anthers 
opening  by  pores  at  the  apex  ;  otherwise  much  as  in  the  Onagraceaj.  —  All 
tropical,  except  the  genus 

1.     R  HE  XI  A,    L.        Deer-Grass.     Meadow-Bkaitv. 

Calyx-tnl)e  urn-sliaped,  colierent  witli  the  ovary  below,  and  continued  al)Ove 
it,  persistent,  4-cleft  at  the  apex.  Petals  4,  convolute  in  the  bud,  ol)li(jue,  in- 
serted along  with  the  8  stamens  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Anthers 
long,  1-celled,  inverted  ni  the  bud.  Style  1  ;  stigma  1.  Capsule  invested  by 
the  permanent  calyx,  4-celled,  with  4  many-seeded  ])lacentaj  projecting  from 
the  central  axis.  Seeds  coiled  like  a  snail-shell,  without  albumen.  —  Low  per- 
ennial herl)s,  often  bristly,  with  mostly  sessile  3  -  5-nerved  and  bristly-edged 
leaves,  and  large  showy  cymose  flowers ;  in  summer ;  the  petals  falling  early. 
(A  name  in  Pliny  for  some  unknown  plant,  probably  from  pv^is,  a  crevice,  from 
the  place  of  growth.) 

*  Anthers  linear,  curved,  with  a  minute  spur  on  the  back  at  the  attachment  of  the 

Jilament  above  its  base;  flowers  cymose,  ped uncled. 

1.  R.  Virginica,  L.  Stem  square,  w^ith  wing-like  angles;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  acute ;  calyx-tube  and  pedicels  more  or  less  hispid  with  gland- 
tipped  hairs;  petals  bright  purple.  —  Sandy  swamps;  coast  of  Maine  to  FLa., 
west  to  northern  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  La.     Slender  rootstocks  tnl»eriferoua. 

2.  R.  arist6sa,  Britt.  Branches  somewhat  wing-angled ;  leaves  linear- 
oblong,  sessile,  not  narrowed  at  l)ase,  naked  or  very  sjjarsely  hairy;  hairs  of 
tlie  calyx  mostly  below  the  throat,  not  gland-tipped ;  petals  sj)ars(dy  villous, 
bright  purple.  —  Egg  Harbor  CMty,  N.J.  (./.  E.  letters);  also  Sumter  Co., 
S.  C.  (./.  D.  Smith). 

3.  R.  Mariana,  L.  Stems  a/lindrical ;  leaves  linear-oblomj,  narrowed 
below,  mostly  petiolate ;  petals  paler.  —  Sandy  swamps;  N.J.  to  Fla.,  west 
to  Mo.  and  La. 

*  *  Anthers  oblong,  straight,  without  any  spur ;  flowers  few,  sessile. 

4.  R.  cilidsa,  Michx.  Stem  scpuire,  glabrous;  leaves  broadly  ovate, 
ciliate  with  long  bristles;  calyx  glabrous.  —  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


184  LYTHRACEiE.        (LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY.) 

Order   41.     LYTHRACE.^.     (Loosestrife  Family.) 

Herbs,  luith  mostly  opposite  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  the  calyx  enclosing 
hut  free  from  the  1  --i-celled  many-seeded  ovary  and  membranous  capsule, 
and  bearing  the  4-7  deciduous  petals  and  4-14  stamens  on  its  throat ;  the 
latter  lower  down.  Style  1  ;  stigma  capitate,  or  rarely  2-lobed.  —  Flowers 
axillary  or  whorled,  rarely  irregular,  perfect,  sometimes  dimorphous  or 
even  trimorphous,  those  on  different  plants  with  filaments  and  style  re- 
ciprocally longer  and  shorter.  Petals  sometimes  wanting.  Capsule  often 
1-celled  by  the  early  breaking  away  of  the  thin  partitions ;  placentae  in  the 
axis.     Seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen,  —  Branches  usually  4-sided. 

*  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 
^  Flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

1.  Didiplis.    Calyx  short,  without  appendages.    Petals  none.    Stamens  4.    Capsule  inde- 

his(;ent.     Small  aquatic. 

2.  Kotala.     Calyx  short,  the  sinuses  appeudaged.     Petals  and  stamens  4.     Capsule  septi- 

cidal,  with  3-4  valves. 

3.  Ammannia.    Flowers  not  ti'imorphous.    Petals  generally  4  or  none.    Stamens  4.    Cap- 

sule bursting  irregularly. 

■*-  —  Flowers  in  3  -  manj'-flowered  axillary  cymes  (rarely  solitary). 

4.  Liytlinmi.      Calyx  tubular.      Petals  usually  6.     Stamens  mostly  6  or  12.     Flowers 

cyniose-sjncate  in  one  species. 

5.  Decodon*    Flowers  trimorphous.    Petals  5  (rarely  4).    Stamens  8-10.     Capsule  3-4- 

valved,  loculicidal. 

*  *  Flowers  irregular  and  unsymmetrical,  with  6  petals  and  11  stamens. 

6.  Cuphea.    Calyx  spurred  or  enlarged  on  one  side  at  base.     Petals  unequal. 

1.     DIDIPLIS,     Raf.         Water  Purslane. 

Calyx  short-campanulate  or  semiglobose,  with  no  appendages  at  the  sinuses 
(or  a  mere  callous  point).  Petals  none.  Stamens  4,  short.  Capsule  globular, 
indehiscent,  2-celled.  —  Submersed  aquatic  (sometimes  terrestrial),  rooting  in 
the  mud,  with  opposite  linear  leaves,  and  very  small  greenish  flowers  solitary 
in  their  axils.  ("  Didiplis  means  two  doubling  ;  "  from  5/s,  twice,  and  5nr\6os, 
double.) 

1.  D.  linearis,  Raf.  Leaves  when  submersed  elongated,  thin,  closely 
sessile  by  a  broad  base,  when  emersed  shorter  and  contracted  at  base ;  calyx 
with  broad  triangular  lobes ;  style  very  short ;  capsules  very  small.  (Amman- 
nia Nuttallii,  Gray.)  —  From  Minn,  and  Wise,  to  Tex.,  east  to  N.  C.  and  Fla. 

2.    ROTALA,    L. 

Calyx  short-campanulate  or  semiglobose,  Avith  tooth-like  appendages  at  the 
.sinuses  (abnormally,  in  our  species).  Petals  4  (in  ours).  Stamens  4,  short. 
Capsule  globular,  4-celled,  septicidal,  the  valves  (under  a  strong  lens)  trans- 
versely  and  densely  striate.  (Xame  a  diminutive  of  7-ota,  a  Avheel,  from  the 
whorled  leaves  of  the  original  species.) 

1 .  R.  ranadsior,  Koehne.  Leaves  tapering  at  base  or  into  a  short  petiole, 
linear-oblanceolate  or  somewhat  spatulate;  flowers  solitary  (rarely  3)  in  the 
axils  and  sessile ;  accessory  teeth  of  calyx  as  long  as  the  lobes  or  shorter. 


LYTIIRACE.*:.        (loOSKSTKIFK    IAMILV.)  1.S5 

(Ammannia  humlUSy  Mir hx.)  —  Low  or  wot  groun*!,  M;iss.  to  Fla.,  west  to 
Ind.,  Kau.,  and  Tex.  —  With  Ammaiinia-like  hahit,  an  exception  in  the  genus. 

3.    AMMANNIA,     llou.su.n. 

Flowers  in  3  -  many-flowered  axillary  cy ines.  Calyx  globular  or  hell-shaped, 
4-angled,  4-to()thed,  usually  with  a  little  horn-shaped  a])pendage  at  each  sinus. 
Petals  4  (purplish),  small  and  deciduous,  sonu'times  wanting.  Stamens  4-8. 
Capsule  globular,  2-4-celled,  bursting  irregularly.  —  Low  and  inc(jnspicuous 
smooth  herbs,  with  opposite  narrow  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  their  axils, 
proauced  all  summer.  (Named  after  Paul  Ammann,  a  German  botanist  ante- 
rior to  Linnanis.) 

1.  A.  eoccinea,  liottb.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  (2-3'  long),  with  a 
broad  auricled  sessile  base ;  cymes  subsessile,  dense ;  petals  purplish  ;  stamens 
more  or  less  exserted  ;  style  usually  slender;  capsule  included.  (A.  latifolia, 
(jiay.  Manual,  not  L.)  —  N.  J,  to  Fla.,  west  to  vS.  Ind.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.  The 
style  varies  uiuch  in  length,  sometimes  in  the  same  specimen.  Apparently 
the  more  developed  form  of  the  southern  A.  latifolia,  Linn.,  which,  as  limited 
by  Koehne,  has  apetalous  flowers,  with  included  stamens  and  short  style. 

4.     LYTHRXJM,     L.        Loosestrife. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  5-7-toothed,  with  as  many  little  processes  in  the 
sinuses.  Petals  .5  -  7.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  the  number, 
insei'ted  low  down  on  the  calyx,  commonly  nearly  equal.  Capsule  oblong,  2- 
celled.  —  Slender  herbs,  with  opposite  or  scattered  mostly  sessile  leaves,  and 
purple  (rarely  white)  flowers;  produced  in  summer.  (Name  from  Kvdpov, 
blood ;  perhaps  from  the  styptic  properties  of  some  species.) 

*  Stamens  and  petals  5-7  ;  floicers  small,  solitari/  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils 

of  the  mostly  scattered  upper  leaves  ;  proper  calyx-teeth  often  shorter  than  the 
intermediate  processes  ;  plants  smooth. 

1.  L.  Hyssopifolia,  L.  Low  annual  (6-1 0' high),  pale;  leaves  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  inconspicuous  flowers ;  petals  pale-purple ;  sta- 
mens usually  4-G,  included.  —  Marslies,  near  the  coast,  Maine  to  N.  J.     (Ku.) 

2.  L.  lineare,  L.  Stem  slender  and  tall  (3-4°  high),  bushy  at  top,  trilh 
2  margined  am/les  ;  leaves  linear,  chiefly  opposite  ;  petals  whitish  ;  flowers  with 
6  included  stamens  and  a  short  style,  or  the  stamens  exserted  and  style  short ; 
ovary  on  a  thick  short  stalk;  no  fleshy  hypofjynous  ring.  —  Brackish  marshes, 
N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  L.  al^tum,  Pursh.  Tall  and  wand-like  perennial ;  branches  irith  mar- 
gined angles;  leaves  ohiong-ovate  to  linear-lanreolate,  acute,  icith  a  cordate  or 
rounded  base,  the  upper  mostly  alternate ;  calyx  2  -  4"  long ;  petals  rather  large, 
deep-purple;  stamens  of  the  short-styled  flowers  exserted;  fleshy  hypogyuuus 
ring  prominent.  —  Ont.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.,  Ark.,  and  Col. ;  also  near  Boston. 

*  *  Stamens  12  {rarely  8  or  10),  tivice  the  nund>er  of  the  petals,  6  longer  and  6 

shorter;  floxvers  large,  croioded  and  whorled  in  an  inteirupted  spike. 

L.  SalicXria,  L.  (Spiked  Tvoosestrife.)  More  or  less  downV  and  tall ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  heart-shaped  at  base,  sometimes  whorled  in  threes;  rit)wer.s 
])urple,  trimor])hous  in  the  relative  lengths  of  the  stamens  and  style.  —  Wet 
meadows,  N.  Scotia  to  Del.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


186  LYTHRACE^.         (LOOSESTRIFE     FAMILY.) 

5.     DECODON,     Gmel.        Swamp  Loosestrife. 

Calyx  short,  broadly  bell-shaped  or  hemispherical,  with  5-7  erect  teeth,  and 
as  many  longer  and  spreading  horn-like  processes  at  the  sinuses.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  10  (rarely  8),  exserted,  of  two  lengths.  Capsule  globose,  3  -  5-celled, 
loculicidal.  —  Perennial  herbs  or  slightly  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  or 
whorled  leaves,  and  axillary  clusters  of  trimorphous  flowers.  (Name  from 
SdKa,  ten,  and  odovs,  tooth.) 

1.  D.  verticill^tUS,  Ell.  Smooth  or  downy;  stems  recurved  (2-8° 
long),  4-6-sided;  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  opposite  or  whorled,  the 
upper  with  clustered  flowers  in  their  axils  on  short  pedicels ;  petals  5,  wedge- 
lanceolate,  rose-purple  (|-'  long) ;  stamens  10,  half  of  them  shorter.  (Nes{3ea 
verticillata,  HBK.)  —  Swampy  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Out.,  Minn., 
and  La.     Bark  of  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  often  spongy-thickened. 

6.    CIJPHEA,    Jacq. 

Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed,  somewhat  inflated  below,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the 
base  on  the  upper  side,  6-toothed  at  the  apex,  and  usually  with  as  many  little 
processes  in  the  sinuses.  Petals  6,  very  unequal.  Stamens  mostly  12,  approxi- 
mate in  2  sets,  included,  unequal.  Ovary  with  a  curved  gland  at  the  base  next 
the  spur  of  the  calyx,  1  -  2-celled ;  style  slender ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  ob- 
long, few-seeded,  early  ruptured  through  one  side.  —  Flowers  solitary  or  race- 
mose, stalked.     (Name  from  Kv(p6s,  gibbous,  from  the  shape  of  the  calyx.) 

1.  C.  viscosissima,  Jacq.  (Clammy  Cuphea.)  Annual,  very  viscid- 
hairv,  branching;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate;  petals  ovate,  short-clawed,  purple; 
seeds  flat,  borne  on  one  side  of  the  placenta,  which  is  early  forced  out  of  the 
ru])tured  capsule.  —  Dry  fields,  R.  I.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Kan.  and  La. 

Order  42.     ONAGRACE.^.     (Evening-Primrose  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  A-merous  {sometimes  2  -  3-  or  5  -  Q-merous)  perfect  and  sym- 
metrical flowers  ;  the  tube  of  the  calyx  cohering  with  the  2 -^-celled  ovary, 
its  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  or  obsolete  ,  the  petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  some- 
times wanting  ;  and  the  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or 
calyx-lobes,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube.  Style  single,  slen- 
der; stigma  2-4-lobed  or  capitate.  Pollen  grains  often  connected  by 
cobwebby  threads.  Seeds  anatropous,  small,  without  albumen. — Mostly 
herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves.     Stipules  none  or  glandular. 

*  Parts  of  the  flower  iu  fours  or  more. 

t-  Fruit  a  many-seeded  pod,  usually  loculicidal. 

*-*■  Calyx-liuib  divided  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  persistent 

1.  Jusslsea.    Petals  4-6.     Stamens  twice  as  many.    Capsule  elongated. 

2.  L.utlwigia.    Petals  4  or  none.    Stamens  4.    Capsule  short. 

♦+  -H-  Calyx- tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  (scarcely  so  in  n  3)  and  deciduous  from  it 
Flowers  4-mei'ous. 

3.  Epilobium.    Seeds  silky-tufted.      Flowers  small,   not  yellow.      Lower  leaves  often 

opposite. 

4.  CEuothera.    Seeds  naked.     Flowers  mostly  yellow.     Leaves  alternate 


ONAGRACE^..       (eVENING-PRIMROSK    FAMILY.)  187 

••-  t-  Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  1-4-sceilcd.     Leaves  alteiiiate. 
5.  Gaura.    Calyx-tube  obconical.     Filaments  apj)endaged  at  bas»-. 
G.  Stcnosiplion.     Calyx-tube  lilifonn.     Filaments  not  appcndaged. 

♦  •  Parts  of  the  flower  in  twos.    Leaves  opposite. 

7.  Circaea.     Petals  2,  obcordatc  or  2-lobed.     Stjuncns  2.     Fruit  I  -S-see<leil,  bristly. 

1.    JUSSI^A,    L. 

Calyx-tul)e  elongated,  not  at  all  j)r()l()nge(l  beyond  the  ovary  ;  the  lohes  4-6, 
herl)ac'eous  and  persistent.  Petals  4-9.  Stamens  twice  jus  many  as  the  petals. 
Capsule  4-6-cellcd,  usually  long,  opening  between  the  ribs.  Seeds  very  nu- 
merous.—  Herbs  (ours  glabrous  perennials),  with  mostly  entire  and  alternate 
leaves,  and  axillary  yellow  flowers,  in  summer.  (Dedicated  to  Bernard  de 
Jussien,  the  founder  of  the  Natural  System  of  Botany.) 

1.  J.  deClirrens,  DC.  Stem  erect  (1-2°  high),  branching,  winged  by  the 
decurreut  lanceolate  leaves  ;  cali/x-luhes  4,  as  long  us  the  petals ;  cdpsiile  oUonr/- 
club-shaped,  iving-an'jJed ;  seeds  in  several  rows  in  each  cell.  —  Wet  places,  V:i, 
to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  111.,  Ark.,  and  La. 

2.  J.  ripens,  L.  Stem  creeping,  or  floating  and  rooting ;  leaves  oblong, 
tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  flowers  large,  long-peduucled ;  caii/x-iohcs  and 
obocate  petals  5 ;  pod  woody,  cylindrical,  with  a  tapering  base ;  seeds  quadrate, 
in  1  row  in  eacii  cell,  adherent  to  the  spongy  endoearp.  —  In  water,  111.  and 
Ky.  to  E.  Kan.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 

2.    LUDWIGIA,    L.        False  LoosESTitiFii. 

Calyx-tul)e  not  at  all  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  the  lobes  4,  usually  per- 
sistent. Petals  4,  often  small  or  wanting.  Stamens  4,  Capsule  short  or 
cylindrical,  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  naked.  —  Pereimial  herbs,  with  axil- 
lary (rarely  capitate)  flowers,  through  summer  and  autumn.  (Named  for  C.  G. 
Ludicig,  Pi-ofessor  of  Botany  at  Leipsic,  contemporary  with  Linna;us.) 

*  Leaves  cdl  alternate,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

•*- Flowers  peduncled  in  the  upper  axils,  with  conspicuous  i/elloiu  petals  (4-8" 
long),  equalling  the  orate  or  lanceolate  foliaceous  lobes  of  the  calgx. 

1.  L.  alternifolia,  L.  (Seed-hox.)  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  branched 
(3°  high);  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  at  both  ends; 
capsules  cubical,  rounded  at  base,  wing-angled.  —  Swami)s,  K.  Mjvss.  to  Fla., 
west  to  Mich.,  E.  Kan.,  and  La. 

2.  L.  hirt^Ua,  Kaf.     Ifairg  all  over;  stems  nearly  simjile  (I  -2°  liigh) ; 
leaves  oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  blunt  at  both  ends  ;  capsules  nearly  as  in  the 
last,  but  scarcely  wing-angled.  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla,  and  Tex. 
■*-  H-  Flowers  small,  sessile  {solitari/  or  sometimes  clustered)  in  the  axils,  with  very 

small  greenish  petals  {in  n.  5)  or  niostli/  none  ;  leaves  mostly  lanceolate  or  linear 
on  the  erect  stems  (1-3°  high)  and  numei-ous  branches  ;  but  prostrate  or  creep- 
ing sterile  shoots  often  produced  from  the  base,  thickly  beset  with  shorter  ol" 
ovate  or  spatulate  leaves.     (Our  species  glabrous,  except  n.  3.) 

3.  L.  sphserocarpa,  Ell.  Minutely  pubescent,  especially  the  calyx,  or 
Dearly  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  tapering  at  ba.se,  those 
of  the  runners  obovate  with  a  wedge-shaped  base  and  glandular-denticulate; 


188  ONAGRACE^.        (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY.) 

bractlets  minute,  obsolete,  or  none ;  capsules  globular  or  depressed  (sometimes 
acute  at  base),  uot  louger  than  the  calyx  lobes  (less  than  2"  long).  —  Water  or 
wet  swamps,  E.  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Bark  below  often  spongv-thickened. 

4.  L.  polyearpa,  Short  &  Peter,  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at 
both  ends,  those  of  the  runners  oblong-spatulate,  acute,  entire ;  bra  diets  Imear- 
awl-shaped  and  conspicuous  on  the  base  of  the  4-sided  somewhat  top-shaped  cap- 
sule, which  is  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Wet  places,  E.  Mass.  and  Conn, 
to  Mich.,  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Ky. 

5.  Ij.  linearis,  Walt.  Slender,  mostly  low ;  leaves  narroAvly  linear,  those 
of  the  short  runners  obovate ;  minute  petals  usually  present ;  bractlets  minute  at 
the  base  of  the  elongated  top-shaped  4-sided  capsule,  which  is  3"  long  and  much 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Bogs,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.,  and  southward. 

6.  L.  cylindrica,  Ell.  Much  branched;  leaves  oblong-  or  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  much  tapering  at  the  base  or  even  petioled ;  bractlets  very  minitfe  at 
the  base  of  the  ci/lindrical  capsule,  which  is  3"  long,  and  several  times  exceeds 
the  calyx-lobes.  —  Swamps,  S.  111.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

*  *  Leaves  all  opposite;  stems  creeping  or  floating. 

7.  L.  pallistris,  Ell.  (Water  Purslane.)  Smooth ;  leaves  ovate  or 
oval,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole ;  petals  none,  or  small  and  reddish  when 
the  plant  grows  out  of  water ;  calyx-lobes  very  short ;  capsules  oblong,  4-sided, 
not  tapering  at  base,  sessile  in  the  axils  (2"  long).  —  Ditches,  common.    (Eu.) 

8.  L.  arcukta,  Walt.  Smooth,  small  and  creeping ;  leaves  oblanceolate, 
nearly  sessile ;  flowers  solitary,  long-peduucled ;  petals  yellow,  exceeding  the 
calyx  (3"  long);  capsules  oblong-club-shaped,  somewhat  curved  (J' long). — 
Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla. 

3.     EPILOBIUM,     L.        Willow-herb. 

Calyx-tube  not  or  scarcely  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  limb  4-cleft 
or  -parted,  deciduous.  Petals  4.  Stamens  8  ;  anthers  short.  Capsule  linear, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  end.  —  Mostly  perennials, 
with  nearly  sessile  leaves,  and  violet,  purple,  or  white  flowers ;  in  summer.  A 
large  genus,  many  of  its  species  of  difficult  limitation.  The  following  provi- 
sional arrangement  has  been  made  by  Prof.  W.  Tre lease,  mainly  in  accord- 
ance with  Haussknecht's  revision  of  the  genus.  (Name  composed  of  iiri,  upon, 
and  Kbfiiov,  a  little  pod.) 

§  1.    Flowers  large, purple,  in  a  long  raceme;  calyx-limb  deeply  parted ;  petals 
entire;  stamens  and  style  successively  deflexed ;  stigma  of  4  long  lobes. 

1.  E.  angustifolium,  L.  (Great  Willow-herb.  Fire-weed.)  Stem 
simple,  tall  (4-7°) ;  leaves  scattered,  ample,  lanceolate,  nearly  entire. — Low 
grounds,  especially  in  newly  cleared  lands ;  N.  Eng.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn, 
and  E.  Kan.,  and  far  north  and  westward.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

§  2.   Flowers  mostly  small  and  corymbed  or  panicled ;  calyx-limb  4-cleft;  petals 

mostly  deeply  notched ;  stamens  and  style  erect. 

*  Stigma  4-parted ;  stem  terete. 

E.  HiRStJTUM,  L.  Densely  soft-hairy,  stout,  branching  (3  -  .5°  high) ;  leaves 
mostly  opposite,  lance-oblong,  serrulate,  sessile ,  flowers  in  the  upper  axils  or 


ONAOKACK/K.        ( KVKMNc  i-l'KI  M  I{(..si:    !.\MII,V.)  \H'J 

in  a  leafy  short  raceme;  petals  6"  long,  r()sc-i)ur|.l('.  — Wjuste  prounds,  M.xs.s. 
to  N.  Y.  and  Ont.     (Nat.  from  Ku.) 

*  «  Stiyma  clavute ;  stem  terete,  without  dec.urreut  lines  {or  with  traces  in  n.  2)  ; 

leaves  numerous,  the  lower  opposite,  subentire,  icith  revolute  mari/ins. 

2.  E.  line^re,  Muhl.  l^sually  much  branched  above  and  minutely  hoarv- 
pubeseent,  1  -2°  high  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tajjcring  to  a  short  but  distinct 
petiole,  acutish;  Howers  numerous,  pale;  capsules  hoary,  on  jtedicels  as  long 
as  the  leaves.  (E.  palustre,  var.  linearc,  (irmi,  mainly.)  —  Bogs,  N.  Kng.  to 
I'enn.,  Iowa,  and  northward. 

3.  E.  Strictum,  Muhl.  Erect,  1  -  2^°  high,  densely  beset  with  soft  sj)read- 
ing  somowliat  glandular  white  hairs;  leaves  broader,  more  obtuse  and  with 
evident  veins,  very  short-petioled  or  sessile  ;  pubescence  of  the  cajtsule  soft  and 
spreading.     (E.  molle,  Torr.) — Bogs,  Miiss.  to  Mi. .n.,  south  to  Va.  and  111. 

*  *  Stiyma  clavate  ;  stem  somewhat  (/uailraufjului  with  2-4  ridyts  or  hain/  lines 

decurrent  from  some  of  the  leaves. 
-*-  Tall  and  mostly  hranchiny,  many  flowered ;  leaves  rather  larye,  toothed,  not 
rex'olute,  the  lower  opposite ;  seeds  papillose. 

4.  E.  COloratum,  Muhl.  Somewhat  hoary-pubescent  above  wr  gland- 
ular, 1-3°  high ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrulate  or  denticulate,  acute,  nar- 
rowed to  conspicuous  petioles ;  flowers  pale,  more  or  less  nodding ;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves ;  seeds  dark,  unappendaged ;  coma  cimiamou-color.  — 
Wet  places,  common. 

5.  E.  adenocaulon,  Ilaussk.  Differs  in  its  more  glandular  pubescence 
above,  the  often  blunter  and  less  toothed  leaves  abru])tly  contracted  to  shorter 
petioles,  flowers  erect,  paler  seeds  with  a  slight  jirolongation  at  tojj,  and  a 
merely  dingy  coma.  —  Wet  places  through  the  Northern  States. 

6.  E.  glandulosum,  Lehm.  Subsimple;  puljescence  above  not  gland- 
ular; leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  abruptly  rounded  to  a  sessile  base  and 
more  glandular-toothed;  seeds  larger.  —  Canada  to  the  mountains  of  N.  C. 
[fide  Hausskuecht).     (Asia.) 

H-  -t-  Mostly  loiv,  slender  and  simple  {except  forms  ofn.  10) ;  leaves  chief  y  op- 
posite, less  toothed ;  flowers  few,  noddiny ;  seeds  appendayed  at  the  ajiex. 
++  Seeds  areolate  but  not  papillose  ;  leaves  not  revolute. 

7.  E.  anagallidifblium,  Lam.  Glabrate,  a  span  high  or  le.-<s;  leaves 
erect  or  ascending,  about  equalling  the  internodes,  elliptical-oblong  to  narrowly 
obovate,  entire  or  the  upper  denticulate,  tapering  to  short  jictioles ;  flowers 
purple ;  sej)als  rather  obtuse ;  caj)sules  glabrous  on  jieduncles  exceeding  the 
leaves.  —  White  Mts.  and  Adirondacks  {fide  Hausskuecht).     (Eu.) 

8.  E.  lactiflomm,  Ilaussk.  Glabrous  except  the  pubescent  lines,  G  -  12' 
high,  with  elongated  internodes;  leaves  elliptical  or  the  lowest  round-obovate, 
slightly  rei)and-denticulate,  obtuse,  tapering  into  mostly  elongated  j)etii»lfs; 
flowers  smaller,  white ;  sepals  more  acute;  seeds  more  j)rominently  aj»])cnd- 
aged.  —  White  Mts.,  and  northward  {fide  Hausskuecht).     (Eu.) 

-w-  ■•-••  Seeds  papillose-roughened . 

9.  E.  Hornem^nni,  Iveirhenb.  Glabrate,  8- 18'  high;  leaves  mostly 
horizontal,  ovate,  tlie  u])per  acutish,  remotely  denticulate,  abruptly  contracted 


190  onagracetE.     (evening-primrose  family.) 

to  winged  petioles,  not  revolute ;  seeds  often  only  slightly  roughened,  short 
and  shortly  appendaged.  (E.  alpinum,  Man.)  —  White  Mts.,  dells  of  the  Wis- 
consin River  [Lapham),  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

10.  E.  pallistre,  L.  Slender,  1°  high  or  less,  often  branched,  finely  pu- 
bescent; leaves  erect  or  ascending,  about  equalling  or  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  sessile,  linear  to  linear-lanceolate  or  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  with  revolute 
margins ;  capsules  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous,  mostly  shorter  than  the  slen- 
der peduncles ;  seeds  fusiform,  with  long  beak.  ( E.  palustre,  var.  lineare,  Man., 
in  part.)  —  Penn.  to  Minn,  and  the  White  Mts.,  north  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

4.     GENOTHERA,     L.        Evening  Primrose. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous ;  the  lobes  4,  reflexed. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8 ;  anthers  mostly  linear  and  versatile.  Capsule  4-valved, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  naked.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  yellow,  white  or 
rose-color.  (An  old  name,  of  unknown  meaning,  for  a  species  of  Epilobium.) 
§  1.    Stigma-lobes  linear,  elongated  (except  in  n.  7);  calgx-tube  linear,  slightly 

dilated  at  the  throat ;  anthers  linear. 
*  Caulescent  annuals  or  biennials ;  flowers  erect  in  the  bud,  nocturnal,  yellow,  the 

calyx-tips  free ;  capsules  sessile,  coriaceous ;  seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

H-  Flowers  in  a  leafy  spike ;  capsules  stout,  oblong,  slightly  narrowed  above. 

1.  CE.  biennis,  L.  (Common  Evening  Primrose.)  Rather  stout,  erect 
(1  -  5°  high),  usually  simple,  more  or  less  pubescent  and  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate 
to  oblong-  or  rarely  ovate-lanceolate  (2  -  6'  long),  acute  or  acuminate,  repandly 
denticulate,  the  lowest  petioled ;  calyx-tube  1  -  2^'  long,  the  tips  of  the  sepals 
contiguous;  petals  i-f  long;  capsule  more  or  less  pubescent  or  hirsute. — 
Throughout  the  U.  S.  —  Var.  cruciXta,  Torr.  &  Gray,  with  small  narrow 
petals,  appears  to  be  merely  a  rare  garden  (?)  sport.     E.  Mass. 

Var.  grandifiora,  Lindl.,  has  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx-tube  (1-2^' 
long).  —  Same  range  as  the  type,  but  not  so  common  east. 

2.  OS.  Oakesiana,  Robbins.  Annual,  more  slender,  not  hairy,  the  pu- 
berulence  mainly  appressed ;  calyx-tips  not  contiguous  at  base ;  otherwise 
nearly  as  in  the  tyjiical  form  of  the  last.  (CE.  biennis,  var.  Oakesiana,  Gray.) 
—  Dry  places,  E.  Mass.,  R.  I.,  and  Conn. 

-t-  -!-  Flowers  in  a  leafy  spike  or  axillary ;  capsules  linear. 

3.  CE.  rhonabipetala,  Nutt.  Rarely  branching,  appressed-puberulent 
and  subcanesceut ;  leaves  narroAvly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  the 
lowest  attenuate  to  a  petiole  and  rarely  pinnatifid,  diminishing  upward  into 
the  close,  elongated,  con.spicuously  bracted  spike ;  calyx  silky -canescent  (tube 
\V  long) ;  petals  rhombic-ovate  (6-10'  long).  —  Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

4.  CE.  humifusa,  Nutt.  Stems  decumbent  or  ascending  (|  -  2°  long) ; 
hoary-pubescent  with  short  dense  appressed  hairs ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or 
oblanceolate  (i-1'  long),  sparingly  repand-dentate  or  entire,  the  radical  leaves 
pinnatifid,  the  floral  not  reduced;  capsule  ^-1'  long,  silky,  curved;  seeds 
smooth.  —  On  the  sea-coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

5.  CE.  sinuata,  L.  Stems  ascending  or  decumbent,  simple  or  branched 
(1°  high  or  more),  more  or  less  strigose-pubescent  and  puberulent;  leaves  oblong 
or  lanceolate  (1  -  2'  long),  sinuately  toothed  or  often  pinnatifld,  the  floral  simi- 


ONAGRACE^..       (eVENING-PRIMKOSK    FAMILY.)  ID  1 

lar ;  csipsule  1  -  H'  long ;  soeHs  strom^/i/  piitf,!.  —  \.  J.  to  Khi.,  west  to  E.  Kan. 
and  Tex.     Very  variable. 

*  *  Caulescent  perennial ;  flowers  axillary,  noddinrj  in  the  httrl,  white  turninq 

rose-rolor ;  capsules  sessile,  linear ;  seeds  in  a  sim/le  row. 

6.  CE.  albicaillis,  Nutt.  Stems  erect  (^-4°  high),  simple  or  Lrancho.!, 
white  and  often  shreddy,  f^labrons  or  pnhernlent;  leaves  linear  to  ohloiif^  lan- 
ceolate (1  -3'  long),  entire  or  repand-dentieulate,  or  sinnate-pinnatifid  towanl 
the  base;  calyx-tips  free,  throat  naked;  pods  i-2'  long,  often  curvr-d  or 
twisted ;  seeds  lance-linear,  smooth.  —  W.  Minn,  to  N.  Mex.,  and  westward. 

*  *  *  Caulescent ;  Jlowers  diurnal,  i/ellow  and  erect  in  the  bud  {except  in  n.  11); 

capsules  ohovate  or  clavate,  quadrangular,  the  mlr,'^  rihhrd  and  the  amjlcs 
more  or  less  strongli/  winyed  {except  in  n.  7). 

7.  CE.  linifolia,  Xutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  erect,  very  slender,  simple 
or  diffuse  (G-1;V  high),  glabrous,  the  branchlets  and  capsules  puberulont; 
radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  cauline  linear-Jihform  ^-I'long;  spikes  loosely 
flowered  ;  corolla  2  -  3"  long ;  stigmas  short ;  capsules  obovate  to  oblong-cdavate, 
2 -3"  long,  not  u-in(/ed,  nearly  sessile.  —  111.  to  E.  Kan.,  La.,  and  Tex. 

8.  (E.  pumila,  L.  Biennial,  puberulent,  1-2°  liigh ;  leaves  mostly  gla- 
brous, entire,  obtuse,  the  radical  spatulate,  the  cauline  narrowlij  ohlanrenUttc  : 
Jfowers  loosely  spiked;  corolla  4-12'''  long;  capsule  glabrous,  oh\ong-<:\n\ate, 
3  -  6''  long,  sessile  or  on  a  short  pedicel,  slightly  icinged.  (Incl.  CE.  chrysantha, 
Michx.)  —  Dry  fields,  N.  Scotia  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan.    June. 

9.  CE.  fruticosa,  L.  (Sundrops.)  Biennial  or  perennial,  erect,  often 
tall  and  stout  (1-3°  high),  villous-pubescent  or  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous ; 
leaves  oblong- to  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  denticulate ;  raceme  corymbed  or  loose  : 
petals  9-12"  long ;  capsule  subscssile  or  with  a  pedicel  shorter  than  itself,  promi- 
nently ribbed  and  strongly  ivmged. —  Common  and  very  variable. 

Var.  linearis,  Watson.  Leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate  ;  capsule  usually 
shorter  than  the  pedicel,  rather  less  Ijroadly  winged.  ((E.  linearis  of  Man.,  in 
part.     (E.  riparia,  Niilt.)  — Conn,  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  La. 

Var.  humifusa,  Allen,  Low,  decumbent,  somewhat  woody,  diffusely 
branched,  puberulent;  branches  slender,  flexuous;  leaves  narrow;  flowers 
few,  small;  capsules  pubescent,  about  equalling  the  pedicel.  (CK.  linearis  of 
Man.,  in  ]. art.) —  Suffolk  Co.,  L.  Island. 

10.  CE.  glauca,  Michx.  Perennial,  erect  (2-3°  high),  ///a />ro»s  and  glau- 
cous;  leaves  ovate  to  o/v</f-yWo»^  (2-4' long),  rej)and-denticulate ;  ^//oj/yrs  in 
short  leafy  corymbs;  petals  9-15"  long ;  capsule  glabrous,  ovoid-oblong,  rrry 
broadly  winged,  usually  abruptly  contracted  into  a  pedicel  e(jualling  or  shorter 
than  itself.  —  Mountains  of  Va.  to  Ala.,  west  to  Ky.  and  E.  Kan. 

11.  CE3.  speclbsa,  Nutt.  Perennial,  erect  or  subdecumbent,  finely  jju- 
bescent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  repand-denticulate,  or  more  or  less 
deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid  ,  Jlowers  large,  white  or  rose ;  capsule  clavate-ol)ovate, 
strongly  8-ribbed,  rigid,  acute,  stoutly  pedicelled.  —  Mo.  to  Kan.  and  Tex. 

*  *  *  *  Capsule  oblon<i  to  ovate  or  orbicular,  broadly  winged,  rigid  and  sessile. 

■♦-  Acaulescent  or  nearly  so;  /lowers  white  or  rose-coior. 

12.  (E.  triloba,  Nutt.  Biennial  or  perennial,  nearly  glabrous;  leaves 
2-10'  long,  somewhat  ciliate,  long-petioled,  runcinate-])innatitid  or  oblanceo 


192  ONAGRACE.E.        (eVENING-PRIMKOSE    FAMILY.) 

late  and  ouly  siuuate-toothed ;  calyx-tips  free,  the  tube  slender  (2-4' long); 
petals  6-  12"  long;  capsule  ovate,  i-V  long,  strongly  winged,  net-veined. — 
Ky.  to  Miss,  and  Tex.,  west  to  the  Pacific. 

Var.  (?)  parvifl6ra,  Watson.  Elowers  very  small  (1-2'  long),  fertilized 
in  the  bud  and  rarely  fully  opening;  fruit  abundant,  forming  at  length  a 
densely  crowded  hemispherical  or  cylindrical  mass  nearly  2'  in  diameter  and 
often  2-3'  high.  —  Plains  of  Kan.  and  Neb. 

-V-  H-  Loiv  caulescent  perennials  ;  Jloicers  axillary,  yellow. 

13.  CE.  Missouriensis,  Sims.  Stems  decumbent;  pubescence  short 
and  silky,  closely  appressed,  sometimes  dense  or  wholly  Avauting ;  leaves  thick, 
oval  to  linear,  mostly  narrowly  lanceolate  (2 -.5'  long),  acuminate,  entire  or 
repand-deuticulate ;  calyx-tube  2-5'  long ;  petals  broad,  1  -  2|'  long ;  capsules 
orbicular,  very  broadly  winged  (1-3'  long).  —  Mo.  and  Kan.  to  Tex. 

14.  CE.  Fremontii,  Watson.  Hoary  with  appressed  silky  pubescence ; 
leaves  linear,  pointed,  entire ;  calyx-tube  1-2'  long;  petals  i-1'  long;  cap- 
sule hoary,  oblong,  narrowed  at  base,  9"  long.  —  Central  Kan. 

§  2.  Stigma  discoid;  calyx-tuhe  more  broadly  dilated  above;  antliers  oblong- 
linear  ;  capside  mostly  sessile,  linear-cylindric ;  perennial,  somewhat  woody, 
icith  axillary  yelloic  Jlowers. 

15.  CE.  Hartwegi,  Benth.,  var.  lavandulsefolia,  Watson.  Stems 
numerous  from  a  woody  base,  3-6'  high;  leaves  numerous,  hoary-puberulent, 
mostly  linear,  {-I'long;  calyx-tube  1-2'  long;  capsule  8-10"  long.  —  Cen- 
tral Kan.  to  Col.  and  N,  Mex. 

16.  CE.  serrulata,  Nutt.  Slender  (3-15'  high),  simple  or  branched, 
canescent  or  glabrous;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate  (1-3'  long),  irregularly  and 
sharply  denticulate  ;  calyx-tube  broadly  funnel  form  (2  -  4"  long),  strongly  nerved ; 
petals  broadly  obovate  (3-4"  long),  crenulate;  capsule  9-15"  long.  —  Wise, 
and  Minn,  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  and  N.  Mex. 

5.    GAURA,    L. 

Calyx-tube  much  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous ;  the  lobes  4  (rarely 
3),  reflexed.  Petals  clawed,  unequal  or  turned  to  the  upper  side.  Stamens 
mostly  8,  often  turned  down,  as  is  also  the  long  style.  A  small  scale-like  ap- 
pendage before  the  base  of  each  filament.  Stigma  4-lol)ed,  surrounded  by  a 
ring  or  cup-like  border.  Fruit  hard  and  nut-like,  3  -  4-ribbed  or  angled,  inde- 
hiscent  or  nearly  so,  usually  becoming  1-celled  and  1  -  4-seeded.     Seeds  naked. 

—  Leaves  alternate,  sessile.  Flowers  rose-color  or  white,  changing  to  reddisli 
in  fading,  in  spikes  or  racemes ,  in  our  species  quite  small  (so  that  the  name, 
from  yavpos,  superb,  does  not  seem  appropriate). 

*  Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

1.  G.  biennis,  L.  Soft-hairy  or  doumy  {S-S°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late, denticulate  ;  spikes  wand-like  ;  fruit  oval  or  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  2-3" 
long,  ribbed,  downy.  —  Dry  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  southward.     Aug. 

2.  G.  parviflbra,  Dougl.  Soft-villous  and  puberulent,  2-5°  high  ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  repand-denticulate,  soft-pubescent ;  spikes  dense ;  fruit  oblong- 
clavate,  narrowed  to  both  ends,  4-nerved,  obtusely  angled  above,  3-4"  long. 

—  Mo.  to  La.  and  westward. 


LOASACE.'E.        (l.OAS.V    lAMILV.)  l'J3 

3.  G.  COCCinea,  Xutt.  Canescent,  puheruknt  or  ylabrate  (6-12'  hi^^h), 
very  leafy  ;  /(y//v.s  lanceolate  J  inear-ohlomj  or  linear,  rcpand-dentu-ulaU'  or  entire ; 
flowers  in  simple  spikes, rose-color  turuiug  to  scarlet;  fruit  tente  below, -i-siJeil 
and  broader  aboce,  2-3"  long.  —  Minn,  to  Kan.,  and  westward. 

*  *  Fruit  slender-pedirellcd . 

4.  G.  filipes,  Spaih.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  slemler  (2-4°  liigli) ;  leaves 
linear,  mostly  tootlied,  tapiu-ing  at  bxse ;  hranelies  of  the  i)anic-lo  very  slender, 
naked  ;  frnit  ol)ovate-eluI>-slia])ed,  4-angled  at  the  summit.  —  Open  pluces,  Va. 
to  ria.,  west  to  111.,  Kan.,  and  Ark. 

6.     STENOSIPHON,    8pa<h. 

Calyx  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  filiform  tube.  Filaments  (8)  nut 
ai)pondaged  at  b;use.  Fruit  iH'clled,  l-.seeded.  Otherwise  as  fiuura,  which  it 
also  resembles  in  habit.     (From  <TTev6s,  narrow,  and  aicfxav,  a  tubr.) 

1.  S.  virgatUS,  Spaeh.  Slender,  2-4^  high,  glabrous,  leafy,  leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate  to  linear,  pointed,  entire,  much  niduced  above;  flowers  nu- 
merous in  an  elongated  spike,  white,  ^' long;  fruit  pubescent,  oblong-ovato, 
8-ribbed,  small.  —  E.  Kan.  to  Col.  and  Tex. 

7.     CmC^A,     Tourn.        Enchanter's  Nioiitsii.vde. 

Calyx-tube  slightly  prolonged,  the  end  filled  by  a  cup-shaped  disk,  deciducnis ; 
lobes  2,  reflexe<l.  Petals  2,  inversely  heart-shaped.  Stamens  2.  Fruit  imlo- 
hiscent,  small  and  bur-like,  bristly  with  hooked  hair.s,  1  -  2-celled  ;  cells  l-.seedeil. 
—  Low  and  inconspicuous  perennials,  in  cool  or  damp  w^oods,  with  opposite  thin 
leaves  on  slender  petioles,  and  small  wdiitish  flowers  in  racemes,  produced  in 
summer.     (Named  from  Circe,  the  enchantress.) 

1.  C.  Luteti^na,  L.  Taller  (1-2°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  sliglitly  tootlied  ; 
bracts  none  ;  hairs  of  the  roundish  2-celled  fruit  bristly.  —  Very  common.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  alpina,  L.  Loiv  (3-8'  high),.S7«oo/A  and  weak ;  leaves  heart-shaped, 
thin,  shininij,coarsrli/  toothed ;  bracts  minute  ;  hairs  of  the  obovate-oblong  l-^-tlled 
fruit  soft  and  slender.  —  Deep  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  Ind.,  and  Minn.     (Eu.) 

Okdku  43.     LOASACE^T:.     (Loasa  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  a  rough  or  stinging  pubescence,  no  stipules,  the  C(dyx-tid)e 
adherent  to  a  1-celled  ovary  with  2  or  3  parietal  placenta:;  —  represented 
here  only  by  the  genus 

1.     MENTZELIA,     Plnmior. 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical  or  club-sliai)ed  ;  the  limb  5-parted,  jx^rsistent.  Petals 
5  or  10,  regular,  spreading,  flat,  convolute  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stiimcns  in- 
definite, rarely  few,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Styles 
3,  more  or  less  united  into  one;  stiguKus  terminal,  tninute.  Cajtsule  at  length 
dry  and  opening  by  valves  or  irregularly  at  the  summit,  few -many-seeded. 
Seeds  flat,  anatroj)ous,  with  little  albumen.  —  Stems  erect.  Leaves  alternate, 
very  adhesive  by  the  barbed  ])ubescencc.  Flowers  terminal,  soliUiry  or  cymoHO- 
clustered.     (Dedicated  to  (\  Mmtz^l,  an  early  German  lH)tanist.) 

l.'J 


194  LOASACE^.        (lOASA   FAMILY.) 

*  Seeds  feic,  ohlonrj,  not  wimjed  ;  petals  5,  not  large;  Jilaments  all  jUlform. 

1.  M.  oligosperma,  Nutt.  Eough  and  adhesive  (1-3°  high),  much 
branched,  the  brittle  l>ranches  spreading  ;  leaA^es  ovate  and  oblong,  cut-toothed 
or  angled,  often  petioled  ;  flowers  yellow  (7-10"  broad),  opening  in  sunshine ; 
petals  wedge-oblong,  pointed;  stamens  20  or  more;  capsule  small,  about  9- 
seeded.  —  Prairies  and  plains.  111.  to  Kan.  and  Col.,  south  to  Tex. 

*  *  Seeds  numerous,  rounded  and  win(j-viargined ;  petals  10,  large  and  showi/  ; 
outer  Jilaments  petaloid  in  n.  3;  capsule  large,  oblong  ;  leaves  sessile. 

2.  M.  ornata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stout,  1-2°  high ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
deeply  repand-toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  segments  acute ;  calyx-tube  leafy-brac- 
teate;  petals  2-3'  long,  yellowisK-white ;  filaments  all  filiform  or  the  outer 
dilated  below;  capsule  l|-2'long;  seeds  narrowly  margined.  —  On  the  plains, 
W.  Dak.  to  central  Kan.  and  Tex. 

3.  M.  nuda,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  slender,  1-5°  high;  leaves  somewhat 
lanceolate,  rather  bluntly  pr  shortly  repand-dentate  ;  ^a/re?-s  half  as  large  as 
in  the  last ;  calyx  not  hracteate ;  outer  Jilaments  nan^owhj  dilated,  sterile ;  capsule 
about  V  long ;  seeds  plainly  icinged.  —  Plains  of  Dak.  to  central  Kan.  and  Tex. 

Order  44.    PASSIFLOKACE^E.    (Passion-Flowek  Family.) 

Herbs  or  woody  plants,  clnnhiiuj  by  tendrils,  with  perfect  flowers,  5  mona- 
delphous  stamens,  and  a  stalked  1-ceUed  ovary  Jree  Jrom  the  calyx,  icith  3  or 
4  parietal  placentce,  and  as  many  club-shaped  styles. 

1.    PASSIPLORA,    L.        Passiox-Floavek. 

Calvx  of  5  sepals  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  cup,  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
usually  colored  like  the  petals,  at  least  Avithin ;  the  throat  crowned  Avith  a  double 
or  tri])le  fringe.  Petals  5,  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5 ;  filaments 
united  in  a  tube  Avhich  sheathes  the  long  stalk  of  the  ovary,  separate  above ; 
anthers  large,  fixed  by  the  middle.  Berry  (often  edible)  many-seeded ;  the 
anatropous  albuminous  seeds  invested  by  a  pulpy  covering.  Seed-coat  brittle, 
grooved.  —  Leaves  alternate,  generally  palmately  lobed,  Avith  stipules.  Pedun- 
cles axillary,  jointed.  Ours  are  perennial  herbs.  (An  adaptation  of ^os  passi- 
oriis,  a  translation  oifior  della  passione,  the  popular  Italian  name  early  applied 
to  the  floAver  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  its  parts  to  the  implements  of  the 
crucifixion.) 

1.  P.  lutea,  L.  Smooth,  slender;  leaves  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  the 
lobes  entire;  petioles  glandless;  floAvers  greenish-yeUoAV  (1'  broad)  ;  fruit  Y  in 
diameter.  —  Damp  thickets,  S.  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Avest  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  La. 

2.  P.  incarnata,  L.  Pubescent;  leaves  3-5-cleft,  the  lobes  serrate,  the 
base  bearing  2  glands;  floAA^er  large  (2'  broad),  nearly  A\'hite,  Avith  a  triple 
purple  and  flesh-colored  croAA-n ;  involucre  3-leaA'ed ;  fruit  as  large  as  a  hen's 
egg.  —  Dry  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.,  AA'est  to  Mo.  aiid  Ark.     Fruit  called  maypops. 

Order  45.     CUCUKBITACE..E.     (Gourd  Family.) 

Mostly  succulent  herbs  with  tendrils,  dioecious  or  monoecious  {often  gamo- 
petalous)  Jlowers,  the  calyx-tube  cohering  with  the  1  -  3-celled  ovary,  and  the 


CICUUBITACK.I^:.        ((iOlKI)    FAMILY.)  lOo 

5  or  usually  2^  stamens  (i.  e.,  1  with  a  l-cellcd  an«l  2  with  2-celled  anthers) 
commonly  united  by  their  often  tortuous  anthers,  and  sometimes  also  by  the 
filaments.  Fruit  (pcpo)  Jleshy,  or  sometimes  membranaceous.  —  Limb  of 
the  calyx  and  corolla  usually  more  or  less  combined.  Stigmas  2  or  3. 
Seeds  large,  usually  flat,  anatro{)ous,  with  no  alliinm-n.  Cotyledons  leaf- 
like. Leaves  alternate,  palniately  lobed  or  veined.  —  Mostly  a  tropical 
or  subtropical  order;  represented  in  cultivation  by  the  Goukd  (Lagk- 
NARiA  vulgaris),  Pumprin  and  Squasu  (species  of  Clcurbita),  Ml'sk- 
MELON  (CucuMis   Melo),  Cucumber   (C.  satItos),  and  Watermelon 

(CiTKULLUS    vulgaris). 

*  Fruit  prickly.     Seeds  few,  erect  or  pendulous.     Flowers  white.    AnnuaL 
■*-  Ovary  1 -celled.    Seed  solitary,  pendulous. 

1.  Sicyos.    Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  5-Iobed.     Fruit  indehiscent. 

■*-  •»-  Ovary  2-3-celled.    Seeds  few,  erect  or  ascending. 

2.  Echinocystis.    Corolla  of  the  sterile  flowers  flat  and  spreading,  6-parted.     Anthers  3. 

Fruit  bladdery,  2-celled,  4-seeded,  bursting  at  the  top. 

3.  Cyclanthera.    Corolla  5-parted.    Anther  1,  annular.     Fruit  oblique  and  gibbous. 

•  *  Fruit  smooth.    Seeds  numerous,  horizontal,  attached  to  the  3-5  j^arietal  placentae. 

Perennial. 

4.  Melothiia.     Flowers  small,  greenish  ;  corolla  5-parted.    Slender,  climbing.    Fruit  small, 

5.  Cucurbita.    Flowers  large,  yellow,  tubular-campanulate.     Prostrate.     Fruit  large. 

1.     SICYOS,    L.        One-seeded  Bur-Cuccmber. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  5,  united  below  into  a  bell-shaped  or  flattish 
corolla.  Anthers  cohering  in  a  mass.  Ovary  1 -celled,  with  a  single  suspended 
ovule ;  style  slender ;  stigmas  3.  Fruit  ovate,  dry  and  indehi.scent,  filled  by 
the  single  seed,  covered  with  barbed  prickly  l)ristles  which  are  readily  detached. 
—  Climbing  annuals,  with  3-forked  tendrils,  and  small  whitish  flowers;  the 
sterile  and  fertile  mostly  from  the  same  axils,  the  former  corymbed,  the  latter 
in  a  capitate  cluster,  long-peduncled.     (Greek  name  for  the  Cucumber.) 

1.  S.  angul^tus,  L.  Leaves  roundish  heart-shaped,  5-angled  or  lobed, 
the  lobes  pointed;  plant  clammy-hairy.  —  River-banks,  and  a  weed  in  damp 
yards,  N.  H.  and  Quebec  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Tex.    July  -  Sept. 

2.     ECHINOCYSTIS,     Torr.  &  Gray.         Wild  Balsam-aitle. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Petals  6,  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  into  an  open 
spreading  corolla.  Anthers  more  or  less  united.  Ovary  2-cclled,  with  2  erect 
ovules  in  each  cell;  stigma  broad.  Fruit  fleshy,  at  length  dry,  clothed  with 
weak  prickles,  bursting  at  the  summit,  2-celled,  4-soeded,  the  inner  part  fibrous- 
netted.  Seeds  large,  flat,  with  a  thickish  hard  and  roughened  coat.  —  Tall 
clim])ing  annual,  nearly  smooth,  with  3-forked  tendrils,  tliin  leaves,  and  very 
numerous  small  greenish-white  flowers ;  the  sterile  in  compound  racemes  often 
1°  long,  the  fertile  in  small  clusters  or  solitary,  from  the  same  axils.  (Name 
composed  of  ix^vos,  n  /if'df/dioi/,  and  kvo-tis,  <i  hlndder,  froui  the  prickly  fruit.) 

1  E.  lob^ta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  deeply  and  sharply  .'>  lobed  ;  fruit 
oval  (2'  long) ;  seeds  dark-colored.  —  Kich  soil  along  rivers,  W.  New  Kng  and 
Peun  to  iNlinn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Tex.     Also  cult,  for  arbors.     July -Oct. 


196  CUCIJRBITACE^.       (gOURD    FAMILY.) 

3.    CYCLANTHERA,    Schrad. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5  parted.  Stamens  united  into 
a  central  column,  the  anther  solitary  in  our  species  and  annular.  Ovary  (1  -3) 
usually  2-celled  and  4-locellate  with  4  erect  or  ascending  ovules.  Fruit  spiny, 
obliquely  ovoid  and  gibbous,  beaked,  bursting  irregularly.  Seeds  flattened. 
—  Slender  glabrous  climbing  annuals  or  perennials,  Avith  very  small  racemose 
or  panicled  white  sterile  flowers  and  a  solitary  fertile  one  in  the  same  axil. 
(Name  from  kvk\os,  a  circle,  and  avdi}pa,  anther.) 

1.  C.  dissecta,  Arn.  Annual;  leaves  digitately  3  -  7-foliolate,  the  oblong 
divisions  somewhat  lobed  or  toothed ;  tendrils  simple  or  bifid ;  fruit  1'  long,  ou 
a  short  peduncle.  —  Central  Kan.  to  Tex.  and  Mex. 

4.  MELOTHRIA,    L. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious ;  the  sterile  campanulate,  the  corolla  .5- 
lobed ;  the  fertile  with  the  calyx-tube  constricted  above  the  ovary,  then  cam- 
panulate. Anthers  more  or  less  united.  Berry  small,  pulpy,  filled  Avith  many 
flat  and  horizontal  seeds.  —  Tendrils  simple.  Flowers  very  small.  (Altered 
from  ixT]X(aQpov,  an  ancient  name  for  a  sort  of  white  grape.) 

1.  M.  pendula,  L.  Slender,  from  a  perennial  root,  climbing;  leaves 
small,  roundish  and  heart-shaped,  5-angled  or  lobed,  roughish ;  sterile  flowers 
few  in  small  racemes ;  the  fertile  solitary,  greenish  or  yellowish ;  berry  oval, 
green,  4-6"  long.  —  Copses,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Ind.  and  La. 

5.  CUCURBITA,    L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  mostly  solitary.  Calyx-tube  campanulate ;  corolla  cam- 
panulate, 5-lobed  to  the  middle.  Filaments  distinct;  anthers  linear,  united, 
sigmoid.  Ovary  oblong,  with  short  thick  style,  3-5  2-lobed  stigmas,  and  3-5 
parietal  placentas ,  ovules  numerous,  horizontal.  Fruit  smooth,  fleshy  with  a 
hard  rind,  indehiscent.  —  Prostrate  scabrous  vines,  rooting  at  the  joints,  with 
large  yellow  flowers  and  large  fruit.    (The  Latin  name  for  the  Gourd.) 

1.  C.  fOBtidissima,  HBK.  Root  very  large,  fusiform;  leaves  thick, 
triangular-cordate;  flowers  3 -4' long;  fruit  globose  or  obovoid,  2-3'  in  di- 
ameter.    (C.  perennis.  Gray.)  —  Central  Neb.  to  Tex.,  and  westward. 

Order  4G.     CACTACE^.     (Cactus  Family.) 

Fleshy  and  thickened  mostly  leafless  plants,  of  pecidiar  aspect,  globular 
or  columnar  and  many-angled,  or  flattened  and  jointed,  usually  with  prickles. 
Flowers  solitary,  sessile ;  the  sepcds  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  sev- 
eral rows,  the  bases  adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary.  —  Stamens  numerous, 
with  long  and  slender  filaments,  inserted  on  the  inside  of  the  tube  or  cup 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  sepals  and  petals.  Style  1 ;  stigmas  numerous. 
Fruit  a  1-celled  berry,  with  numerous  campylotropous  seeds  on  several 
parietal  placentae. 

1.  Mamillaria.     Globose  or  oval  plants,  covered  with  spine-bearing  tubercles.     Flowers 

from  between  the  tubercles.     Ovary  naked  ;  berry  succulent 

2.  Opuntia.    Branching  or  jointed  plants  ,  the  joints  flattened  or  cylindrical. 


CACTACE^.       (cactus    FAMILY.)  1^ 

1.    MAMILLARIA.     Haw. 

Flowers  about  as  Ion;;  as  wide,  tlie  tuhc  cainpaimlatc  or  funnel-shaped. 
Ovary  often  hidden  between  the  bases  of  the  tubercles,  naked,  the  succulent 
berry  exserted.  Seeds  yellowish-brown  to  black,  crust;ueous.  —  Cjilobose  or 
oval  plants,  covered  with  spine-bearing  cylindrical,  oval,  or  conical  tubercles, 
the  flowers  from  distinct  woolly  or  bristly  areoles  at  their  ba.se.  (Xanio  fn^ni 
mamil/a,  a  nipple,  referring  to  the  tubercles.) 

1.  M.  vivipara,  Haw.  Simple  or  cespitose,  1-5' high,  the  almost  terete 
tubercles  bearing  bundles  of  5  -  8  retldish-brown  spines  (10"  long  or  less),  sur- 
rounded by  15-20  grayish  ones  in  a  single  series,  all  straight  and  very  rigid  ; 
flowers  purple,  with  lance-subulate  petals  and  fringed  sepals;  berry  oval, 
green  ;  seeils  pitted,  light  brown.  —  Plains  of  Dak.  to  Kan.,  and  westward. 

2.  M.  Missouriensis,  Sweet.  Smaller,  globose,  with  fewer  (10-20) 
weaker  aslwolored  spines;  flowers  yellow,  1-2'  broad;  berry  subgloJ)o.so, 
sc;irlet ,  seeds  few,  black,  pitted.  (M.  Nuttallii,  Engelm.)  —  S.  Dak.  to  centrid 
Kan.,  Tex.,  and  westward. 

2.     O  PUNT  I  A,    Tourn.        Prickly  Pkar.    Indian  Fir.. 

Sepals  and  petals  not  united  into  a  prolonged  tube,  spreading,  regular,  the 
inner  roundish.  Berry  often  prickly.  Seeds  flat  aud  margined,  covered  with 
a  white  bony  arillus.  Embryo  coiled  around  albumen  ;  cotyledons  large,  f(jli- 
aceous  in  germination.  —  Stem  composed  of  joints  (Hattened  in  ours),  bearing 
very  small  awl-shaped  and  usually  deciduous  leaves  arranged  in  a  spiral  order, 
with  clusters  of  barbed  bristles  and  often  spines  also  in  their  axils.  Flowers 
in  our  s])ecies  yellow,  opening  in  sunshine  for  more  than  one  day.  (A  name 
of  Theophrastus,  originally  belonging  to  some  different  plant.) 
*  Spines  small  or  none ;  fruit  pulpy. 

1.  O.  vulgaris,  Mill.  Prostrate  or  spreading,  light  green;  joints  broadly 
obovate  (2 -4' long);  leaves  minute  (2-2^"  long),  ovate-subulate,  r/(';ifm//y  ap- 
pressed ;  bristles  short,  greenish  yellow,  rarely  with  a  few  small  s])ines  ;  flowers 
pale  yellow  (about  2'  broad),  ivith  about  8  jictals;  fruit  1'  long.  —  Sandy  fields 
and  dry  rocks,  Nantucket  to  S.  C,  near  the  coast;  Falls  of  the  Potomac. 

2.  O.  Rafinesquii,  Engelm.  Prostrate,  deep  green  ;  joints  broadly  obo- 
vate or  orbicular  (3  -  5' long) ;  leaves  (3 --i"  long),  spreading  ;  bristles  briglit 
red-brown,  with  a  few  small  spines  and  a  single  strong  one  (9-  12"  long)  or 
none;  flowers  yellow  (2^-3^'  broad),  sometimes  with  a  reddish  centre;  petals 
10-12;  fruit  1|'  long,  with  an  attenuated  base.  — Sterile  soil,  Nantucket  and 
southward  along  the  coast  to  Fla.,  aud  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  from  Mich,  to 
Minn.,  and  south  to  Ky.  and  Ark. 

*  *   Veri/  spmi/ ,  fruit  drij  and  prirklg. 

3.  O.  Missouridnsis,  DC.  Prostrate,  joints  light  grocn,  broad  1 1/ obo- 
vate,  flat  and  tuherculate  (2  -  G' long) ,  leaves  small  (1^-2"  long);  their  arils 
armed  with  a  tuft  of  straw-cnlnred  bristles  and  5  -  \0  flcnder  radiating  spinrs 
(1  -2'  long) ;  flowers  light  yellow  (2-3'  broad) ;  fruit  with  spines  of  variable 
length.  —  Wise,  to  Mo.,  westward  across  the  plains,  very  variable. 

4.  O.  fr^gilis,  Haw.  Subdecumbcnt ;  jojn/s  small  (1-2'  U)ng  or  less), 
ovate,  compressed  or  tumid,  or  even  terete;  leaves  hardly  l"  long,  red;  bn'Mlcs 


198  FICOIDE^. 

few ,  larger  spines  1  -4,  cruciate,  ivith  4-6  smaller  white  radiating  ones  below; 
flowers  yellow  — Minn,  to  Iowa  and  Kan.,  and  Avestward. 

Order  47.     FICOIOE^:. 

A  miscellaneous  group,  chiejly  of  fleshy  or  succulent  plants,  idth  mostly 
opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Differing  from  Caryopliyllacea?  and  Por- 
tulacaceae  by  having  the  ovary  and  capsule  2  -  several-celled,  and  the 
stamens  and  petals  sometimes  numerous,  as  in  Cactaceae  (but  the  latter 
wanting  in  most  of  the  genera) ,  seeds,  as  in  all  these  orders,  with  the 
slender  embryo  curved  about  mealy  albumen.  Our  genera  are  apetalous 
and  with  the  calyx  free  from  the  ovary. 

1    Sesuvium.  Calyx-lobes  5,  petaloid.   Stamens  5 -60.   Capsule  circumscissile.  Succulent. 
2.  MoUugo.    Sepals  5.    Stamens  3  or  5.    Capsule  3-valved.     Not  succulent. 

1.    SESUVIUM,    L.        Sea  Purslaxe. 

Calyx  5-parted,  purplish  inside,  persistent,  free.  Petals  none.  Stamens  5- 
60,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Styles  .3  -  5,  separate.  Pod  .3  -  5-celled,  many-seeded, 
circumscissile,  the  upper  part  falling  off  as  a  lid.  — Usually  prostrate  maritime 
herbs,  with  succulent  stems,  opposite  leaves,  and  axillary  or  terminal  flowers. 
(An  unexplained  name.) 

1.  S.  pentandriim,  Ell.  Annual,  procumbent  or  sometimes  erect; 
leaves  oblong-  to  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse ;  flowers  sessile ;  stamens  5.  (S. 
Portulacastrum,  Graij,  Manual,  not  L.)  —  Sea-coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

2,    M  O  L  L  U  G  O,    L.        Ixdian-Chickweed. 

Sepals  5,  white  inside.  Stamens  hypogynous,  5  and  alternate  with  the  sepals, 
or  3  and  alternate  with  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary.  Stigmas  3.  Capsule  3-celled, 
3-valved,  loculicidal,  the  partitions  breaking  away  from  the  many-seeded  axis. 
—  Low  homely  aimuals,  much  branched ;  the  stipules  obsolete.  (An  old  Latin 
name  for  some  soft  plant.) 

M.  verticillAta,  L.  (Carpet-weed.)  Prostrate,  forming  patches ; 
leaves  spatulate,  clustered  in  whorls  at  the  joints,  where  the  1 -flowered  pedicels 
form  a  sort  of  sessile  umbel ;  stamens  usually  3.  —  Sandy  river-banks,  and  cul- 
tivated grounds.     June  -  Sept.     (An  immigrant  from  farther  south.) 

Order  48.     UMBELLIFER^E.     (Parsley  Family.) 

Herbs,  ivith  small  flowers  in  umbels  (or  rarely  in  heads),  the  calyx  entirely 
adhering  to  the  2-celled  and  2-ovuled  ocary,  the  5  petals  and  5  stamens  in- 
serted on  the  disk  that  crowns  the  ovary  and  surrounds  the  base  of  the  2 
styles.  Fruit  consisting  of  2  seed-like  dry  carpels.  Limb  of  the  calyx 
obsolete,  or  a  mere  5-toothed  border.  Petals  either  imbricated  in  the  bud 
or  valvate  with  the  point  inflexed.  The  two  carpels  (called  mericarps') 
cohering  by  their  inner  face  (the  commissure),  when  ripe  separating  from 
each  other  and  usually  suspended  from  the  summit  of  a  slender  prolon- 
gation of  the  axis  {carpophore);  each  carpel  marked  lengthwise  with  5 
primary  ribs,  and  o£ten  with  4  intermediate  (secondary)  ones ;  in  the  inte?'- 


r 


UMBELLIFER^.        (i»ARSLP:Y    FAMII^Y.)  HM) 

(tices  or  intervals  hetwcon  them  aro  commonly  lod^'od  tho  oil-tul)r8  (vitta), 
which  are  l()n;j;itu(]inal  canals  in  the  substance  of  the  fruit,  containin*' 
aromatic  oil.  (These  are  best  seen  in  slices  made  across  the  fniit.)  Seed 
suspended  from  the  snnnnit  of  the  cell,  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embrvo 
in  hard  albumen.  —  Stems  usually  hollow.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  com- 
pound, the  petioles  expanded  or  sheathin;^  at  base;  rarely  with  true 
stij)ules.  Umbels  usually  compound,  in  which  case  the  secondary  ones 
arc  termed  wnhellets :  the  whorl  of  bracts  which  often  subtends  the  gen- 
eral umbel  is  the  involucre,  and  those  of  the  umbellets  the  inrnlurcls.  The 
base  of  the  styles  is  frequently  thickened  and  cushion-like,  and  called 
the  stijlopodium.  In  many  the  flowers  are  dichoyamous,  i.  e.  the  stNles 
are  protruded  from  the  bud  some  time  before  the  anthers  develop,  —  an 
arrangement  for  cross-fertilization.  —  A  large  family,  some  of  the  plants 
innocent  and  aromatic,  others  with  very  poisonous  (acrid-narcotic)  prop- 
erties. The  flowers  are  much  alike '■in  all,  and  the  fruits,  inflorescence, 
etc.,  likewise  exhibit  comparatively  small  diversity.  The  family  is  con- 
sequently difficult  for  the  young  student. 

I.   Fruit  with  the  secondary  ribs  the  most  prominent,  winged  and  armed  witji 
barbed  or  hooked  prickles,  the  primary  ribs  filiform  and  bristly. 

1.  Daucus.    Calyx-teeth  obsolete.    Fruit  flattened  doi-sally.     Seed-face  flat. 

2.  Caucalis.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.    Fruit  flattened  laterally.    Seed-face  deeply  .sulcate. 
II.   Fruit  with  primary  ribs  only  (hence  but  3  dorsal  ones  on  each  carpel). 

*  Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  with  the  lateral  ribs  prominently  winged. 

•1-  Caulescent  branching  plants,  with  white  flowers. 
+*  Lateral  wings  distinct ;  oil-tubes  usually  more  than  one  in  the  inter^^'lls. 

3.  Angelica.    Stylopodium  mostly  depressed,  but  the  disk  prominent  and  crcnulate 

Dorsal  ribs  strong.    Stout  perennials,  with  mostly  coarsely  divided  leaves. 

4.  Conioselinum.    Stylopodium  slightly  conical.     Dorsal  ribs  prominent.    Tall  slender 

glabrous  perennial ;  leaves  thin,  finely  pinnately  compound. 

♦*  ♦*  Lateral  wings  closely  contiguous;  oil-tubes  solitary  ;  stylopodium  thick-conical. 

5.  Tledeinannia.    Dorsal  ribs  apparently  5,  filiform.    Smooth  swamp  herbs  with  leaves 

few  or  reduced  to  hollow  cylindrical  petioles. 

6.  Heracleuui.    Dor-sal  ribs  filiform,  the  broad  wings  with  a  marginal  nerve.     Oil-tubes 

obclavate.     Petals  conspicuous.     Tall  stout  i)erennials,  with  large  loaves. 

-t-  4-  Caulescent  branching  plants,  with  depressed  stylopodium  and  yellow  flowera. 

7.  Pastinaca.     Fruit  with  filiform  dorsal  ribs,  thin  wings,  and  .solitary  oil-tulws. 

8.  Polytaiiiia.     Fruit  with  a  thick  corky  margin,  obscure  dorsal  ribs,  and  ver)'  numer- 

ous oil-tubes. 
•*-■*-■*-  Acaulesccnt  or  nearly  so,  with  filiform  dorsal  ribs,  thin  wings,  and  no  stylopoilium. 

9.  Peucedanuin.    Flowers  white  or  yellow.    Low  western  plants,  of  dry  {iround,  with 

thick  roots  and  finely  dissected  leaves. 

•  *  Fruit  not  flattened  either  way  or  but  slightly,  neither  prickly  nor  scaly. 

•*-  Kibs  all  conspicuously  winged  ;  stylopcHlium  dei)re.sscd  or  wanting 

10.  Cymopterus.    Low  and  glabrous,  mostly  cespito-so  perennials,  with  pinnaloly  com- 

pound leaves  and  white  flowers.     Oil-tubes  1  to  several.     Westorn. 

11.  Thasplitni.    Tall  perennials,  with  temately  divided  or  simple  leaves,  and  yellow  flow- 

ens  (rarely  purple).     Oil  tubes  .solitary. 


200  UMBELLIFER^.        (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

■I-  ••-  Ribs  all  prominent  and  equal  but  not  winged  ;  flowers  white. 

12.  Ugusticum.     Ribs  acute,  with  broad  intervals.     Stylopodium  conical.     Oil-tubes  nu- 

uierous.     Smooth  perennials,  with  large  compound  leaves. 

13.  .a^thusa.     Ribs  very  broad  and  corky,  acute.     Stylopodium  depressed.     Oil-tubes  soli- 

tary.    Introduced  annual. 

14.  Coelopleurum.     Ribs  thick,  corky  (mostly  obtuse).     Oil-tubes  solitary,  adherent  to 

the  h,eed,  which  is  loose  in  the  pericarp.    Stout  glabrous  sea-coast  perennial. 

■t-  -1-  -»-  Dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  lateral  very  thick  and  corky  ;  oil-tubes  solitary. 

■^5.  Crantzia.    Small  glabrous  creeping  peremiials,  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  small  simple 

umbels  and  leaves  reduced  to  hollow  cylindrical  jointed  petioles. 

*  *  *  Fruit  flattened  laterally. 

•I-  Carpels  depressed  dorsally  ;  fruit  short. 

■•-►  Seed-face  flat :  flowers  mostly  yellow. 

16.  Foeniculitm.    Ribs  prominent    Oil-tubes  solitary.    Stout  aromatic  herb,  with  filiform- 

dis.sected  'eaves 

17.  Piinpinella.     Ribs  filiform.     Oil-tubes  numerous.    Glabrous  perennials,  with  com- 

pound  leaves. 
++  ++  Seed-face  concave ;  flowe:s  white  (yellow  in  n.  20) ;  ribs  filifoi-m  or  obsolete. 

l^.  Eulophus.    Oil-tubes  numerous.    Stylopodium  conical.    Glabrous  perennials  from 

fascicled  tubers,  with  pinnately  compound  leaves. 
\0.  Anthriscas.    Fruic  linear,  long-beaked,  without  ribs  or  oil-tubes,  and  with  conical 

stylopodium.     Leaves  ternately  decompound. 
20.  Buplewrum.    Fruit  oblong,  with  slender  ribs,  no  oil-tubes,  and  prominent  flat  stylo- 
podium.     Leaves  simple,  perfoliate. 

-1-  +-  Carpels  terete  or  slightly  flattened  laterally  ;  flowers  white  (except  n.  24). 
■M-  Seed-face  flat  (or  somewhat  concave  in  n.  28) ;  fruit  short. 
=  Leaves  3-foliolate  ;  stylopodium  conical ;  oil-tubes  solitary. 
31.  Cryptotienia.    Ribs  obtuse,  equal ;  fruit  linear-oblong. 

^  ^  Leaves  once  pinnate  ;  stylopodium  depressed  ;  oil-tubes  numerous.    Aquatic  perennials. 
£2.  Sium.     Fruit  ovate  to  oblong    ribs  prominent,  corky,  nearly  equal. 
2.S.  Berula.     Fruit  nearly  globose ;  ribs  inconspicuous  ;  pericarp  thick  and  corky. 
=  =  =  Leaves  decompound.    Oil-tubes  solitary  (none  in  n.  27).    Perennials. 

24.  Zizia.     Ribs  filiform  ;  stylopodium  none.     Flowers  j-ellow. 

2.).  Caruin.  Ribs  filiform  or  inconspicuous;  stylopodium  short-conical.  Leaf-segments 
filif<inn.     Roots  tuberous. 

2G.  Cicuta.  Ribs  flattish,  corky,  the  lateral  largest.  Marsh  perennials,  with  serrate  leaf- 
lets, the  veins  often  running  to  the  notches. 

27-  .^gopodium.    Ribs  filiform  ;  oil-tubes  none  ;  stylopodium  conical.    Leaves  bitern ate. 

=  ==  =  =  Leaves  finely  dissected  ;  oil-tubes  solitary.    Very  slender  annuals. 

25.  L.eptocaulis.    Fruit  bristly  or  tuberculate,  with  rather  prominent  equal  ribs. 

29.  Discopleura.     Dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  lateral  very  thick  and  corky. 

4+  4+  Seed-face  concave ;  fruit  ovate,  glabrous,  with  depressed  stylopodium,  and  no  oil-tubes. 

30.  Conium.    An  introduced  biennial,  with  spotted  stems,  and  large  decompound  leaves. 

44.4-^++  Seed-face  concave.     Fruit  linear-oblong,  with  conical  stylopodium. 

31.  Chserophyllum.     Fruit  glabrou?,  with  small  mostly  solitary  oil-tubes. 

32.  Osmorrhiza.     Fruit  bristly,  with  oil-tubes  obsolete. 

^  H_  H_  Carpels  (as  well  as  fruit)  strongly  flattened  laterally. 
■H-  Seed  lunate,  deeply  sulcate  on  the  face  ;  umbels  compound,  leafy-bracted. 

33.  Erigenia.     Fruit  nearly  orbicidar,  with  numerous  oil-tubes.     Low,  nearly  acaulescent. 

from  a  deep-seated  tuber.    Leaves  ternately  decompound. 


UMBELLIFER^.        (I'AUSLKY    FAMILY.)  201 

■M.  •«•  Seed  straight,  not  sulcatc  ;  uiiiIm-Is  simitlc. 

34.  Uydrocotyle.     Fruit  more  or  less  orbicular,  with  im  oil  tulic-s.     Low  iKjrcijuiaU,  in  or 

near  water,  with  creeping  stems,  ami  pelt;ite  or  reiiifurin  Icavtts. 

«  *  *  *  Fruit  obovoid  or  globose,  densely  prickly  or  scalj'. 

35.  £ryn|;luin.     Flowers  sessile  in  dense  bracteute  heatls,  white  or  blue.     I^caves  moatly 

rigid  and  more  or  less  spino.se. 

36.  Sanicula.    Flowers  in  irregularly  comi)ound  few-rayed  umbels,  yellow.    Leavejj  pnlniat«. 

1.    D  AUG  US,    Touru.        Carrot. 

Cillyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ohloiii^,  flattened  dorsally ;  stylojjodiiim  ile- 
pres.sed ;  carpel  with  5  .slender  bristly  in-imarv  rih.s  and  4  wini^ed  secondarv 
ones,  eaeli  of  the  latter  bearinj^  a  simple  row  of  barbed  prickles;  oil-tubes  soli- 
tary under  the  secondary  ril)s,  two  oji  the  coinini.ssural  side; ;  seed-face  soniewliat 
concave  or  almost  flat.  —  Bristly  annuals  or  biennials,  with  pinnately  decom- 
pound leaves,  foliaceous  and  cleft  involucral  bracts,  and  white  flowers  in  com- 
pound umbels  which  become  strongly  concave.     (The  ancient  (Jreek  name.) 

D.  Cauot.v,  L.  Biennial;  stem  bristly;  ultimate  leaf-segments  lauceohite 
and  cuspidate;  rays  numerous.  —  Naturalized  everywhere,  from  Ku. 

2.  CAUCALIS,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  flattened  laterally ;  stylo- 
podium  conical ;  prickles  barbed  or  hooked  ;  seed-face  deejdy  sulcate.  Other- 
wise as  Daucus.  —  Our  species  annual.     (Tlie  ancient  Greek  name.) 

C.  NODOSA,  Hudson.  Decumbent,  branching  only  at  base,  stems  1-2°  long, 
retrorsely  hispid  ;  uml)els  naked,  opposite  the  leaves  and  nearly  sessile,  of  2  or 
3  very  short  rays.  —  Md.,  Iowa,  anil  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

C.  Antiikiscis,  Hudson,  has  I-2-piniiate  leaves  with  broad  leaflets,  and 
more  regularly  compounded  umbels.  —  Ohio,  etc.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  ANGELICA,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally ;  primary  ribs  very 
prominent,  the  laterals  extended  into  broad  distinct  wings,  forming  a  double- 
winged  margin  to  the  fruit;  oil-tubes  one  to  several  in  the  intervals  or  indefi- 
nite, 2  to  10  on  the  commissure.  —  Stout  perennials,  with  ternately  or  pinnately 
compound  leaves,  large  terminal  umbels,  scanty  or  no  involucres,  small  many- 
leaved  involucels,  and  white  or  greenish  flowers.  (Named  angelic  from  its 
cordial  and  medicinal  properties.) 

*  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp ;  oil-tubes  one  to  several  in  the  intervals  ;  upper- 
most  leaves  mostly  reduced  to  large  inflated  petioles. 

1.  A.  Curtisii,  Buckley.  Glabrous;  leaves  twice  ternate  or  the  divisions 
quinate;  leaflets  M/h,  ovate-lanceolate  (1-3'  broad),  sharp! i/  and  irregular! // 
toothed ;  fruit  glabrous,  H-3"  broad;  oil-tubes  mostly  one  in  the  intervala 
(sometimes  2  or  3).  —  Along  the  Alleghanies  from  Penn.  to  N.  0.     Aug. 

2.  A.  hirsuta,  Muhl.  Pubescent  above ;  leaves  twice  pinnately  or  ter- 
nately divided  ;  leaflets  thirk-ish,  lanceolate  to  oblong  (5-lO"  broad),  serrate; 
fruit  pubescent,  2"  broad;  oil-tubes  3-6  in  the  interval.-^.  (Archangelica  hir- 
suta, Torr.  (^'  Graij.)  —  Dry  ground,  Conn,  to  Minn.,  Tenn.,  and  Kla.     July. 

*  *  Seed  loose;  oil-tubes  indeflnite  (25-30) ;  upper  petioles  not  so  prominent. 

3.  A.  atropurpiirea,  L.  Very  stout,  glabrous  throughout,  with  dark 
purple  stem  ;  leaves  2-3-tcrnately  divided,  the  pinnate  segments  of  .'>-  7  Ian- 


202  UMBELLIFER.E.        (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

ceolate  to  ovate  leaflets  (1  -H'  broad),  sharply  mueronate-serrate.     (Archan- 
gelica  atropurpurea,  Hoffm.)  —  River-banks,  Lab.  to  Del.,  111.  and  Minn.   June. 

4.     CONIOSELINUM,     Fisch.        Hemlock-Parsley. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  slightly  conical.  Fruit  oval,  flattened 
dorsally,  glabrous,  the  dorsal  ribs  very  prominent,  the  lateral  ones  extended 
into  broad  wings ;  oil-tubes  1  -  4  in  the  intervals,  4  -  8  on  the  commissure ; 
seed  slightly  concave  on  the  inner  face.  —  Tall  slender  glabrous  perennial, 
with  finely  2  -  3-pinnately  compound  leaves,  few-leaved  involucre  or  none,  in- 
volucels  of  elongated  linear-setaceous  bractlets,  and  white  flowers.  (Com- 
pounded of  Conium  and  Selinum,  from  its  resemblance  to  these  genera.) 

1.  C.  Canadense,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaflets  pinnatifid;  wings  nearly  as 
broad  as  the  seed ;  oil-tubes  2  -  3  in  the  intervals,  sometimes  1  or  4.  —  Swamps 
and  cold  cliffs,  from  Maine  to  Minn.,  southward  to  N.  C.  (in  the  higher  moun- 
tains), lud.,  111.,  and  Mo.     Aug. -Oct. 

5.    TIEDEMANNIA,    DC. 

Calyx-teeth  evident.  Fruit  ovate  to  obovate,  flattened  dorsally ;  dorsal  ribs 
filiform,  the  lateral  broadly  winged,  closely  contiguous  and  strongly  nerved 
next  to  the  body  (giving  the  appearance  of  5  dorsal  ribs) ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in 
the  intervals,  2  -  6  on  the  commissure ;  stylopodium  short,  thick-conical.  — 
Glabrous  erect  aquatic  herbs,  with  leaves  reduced  to  petioles  or  of  few  narrow 
leaflets;  involucre  and  involucels  present,  and  flowers  white.  (Dedicated  to 
the  anatomist  Prof.  Tiedemann,  of  Heidelberg.) 

1.  T.  teretifdlia,  DC.  Stem  hollow,  2-6°  high  ;  leaves  reduced  to  cylin- 
drical hollow  pointed  nodose  petioles ;  oil-tubes  filling  the  intervals.  —  Ponds 
and  swamps,  Del.  to  Fla.,  and  west  to  La.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  T.  rigida,  Coult.  &  Rose.  (Cowbane.)  Stem  2-5°  high;  leaves 
simply  pinnate,  with  3-9  linear  to  lanceolate  entire  or  remotely  toothed  leaf- 
lets; oil-tubes  mostly  small.  (Archemora  rigida,  DC.)  —  Swamps,  N.  Y.  to 
Minn.,  south  to  the  Gulf.     Aug.     Poisonous ;  roots  tuberiferous. 

6.    HERACLEUM,    L.        Cow-Parsxip. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  broadly  oval  or  obovate,  like  Pastinaca,  but  with 
a  thick  conical  stylopodium,  and  the  conspicuous  obclavate  oil-tubes  extending 
scarcely  below  the  middle.  —  Tall  stout  perennial,  with  large  ternately  com- 
pound leaves,  broad  umbels,  deciduous  involucre,  and  many-leaved  involucels, 
white  flowers,  and  obcordate  petals,  the  outer  ones  commonly  larger  and  2-cleft. 
(Dedicated  to  Hercules.) 

1.  H.  lanatum,  Michx.  Woolly;  stem  grooved,  4-8°  high;  leaflets 
broad,  irregularly  cut-toothed.  —  Wet  ground,  Newf .  to  the  Pacific,  and  south- 
ward to  N.  C,  Ky.,  and  Kan.    June. 

7.    PASTINACA,    L.        Parsxip. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval,  very  much  flattened  dorsally  ;  dorsal  ribs 
filiform,  the  lateral  extended  into  broad  wings,  which  are  strongly  nerved  to- 
ward the  outer  margin ;  oil-tubes  small,  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  -  4  on  the 
commissure ;  stylopodium  depressed.  —  Tall  stout  glabrous  biennial,  with  pin- 


UMBKI.LIFKK/E.        (I'AKSLKV    lAMILY.)  203 

r.ately  com]iouii(l  leaves,  mostly  no  involucre  or  invoUu-cls.and  vollow  flowers. 
(The  Latin  name,  from  jiastus,  food.) 

P.  SATivA,  L.  Stem  grooved;  leaflets  ovate  to  oldung,  eut-toothcd. — 
Introduced  everywhere.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

8.    POLYT^NIA,    DC. 

Calyx-leeth  conspieuous.  Fruit  ohovate  to  oval,  much  flattened  (h.rsallv; 
dorsal  ribs  small  or  obscure  in  the  depressed  back,  the  lateral  witli  broad  tliick 
corky  closely  contiguous  wings  forming  the  margin  of  the  fruit;  oil-tubes 
12-  18  about  the  seed  and  many  scattered  tlirough  the  thick  corky  pericarj). — 
A  perennial  mostly  glabrous  herb,  with  2-pinnate  leaves  (upper  oj)posite  and 
3-cleft),the  segments  cuneate  and  incised,  no  involucre,  narrow  involucels,  and 
bright  yellow  flowers  in  May.  (Named  from  ttoXvs,  vuinii,  and  raivia,  (ijillet, 
alluding  to  the  numerous  oil-tubes.) 

1.  P.  Nuttallii,  DC.  riant  2-3°  high;  ])edicels  and  involucels  pubes- 
cent.—  Barrens,  Mich,  to  N.  Ala.,  west  to  the  Kocky  Mts. 

9.    PEUCEDANUM,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  mostly  obsolete.  Fruit  roundish  to  oblong,  much  flattened 
dorsally;  dorsal  ribs  filiform  and  approximate;  the  lateral  extended  into 
broad  closely  coherent  wings ;  oil-tubes  1  -  4  in  the  intervals,  2-6  on  the  com- 
missure.—  Dry  ground  acaulescent  (or  short  caulescent)  herbs,  with  fusiform 
roots,  dissected  leaves,  no  involucre,  yellow  or  white  flowers,  and  styloj)odium 
depressed  or  wanting.     (The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

1.  P.  nudicaille,  Nutt.  Pubescent,  with  peduncles  3-8' high;  leaves 
hipinnate,  the  snid/l  oblong  ser/vients  entire  or  toothed ;  involucels  of  scarious-mar- 
gined  {often  purplish)  lanceolate  bractlets ;  fioicers  white  or  pinkish  ;  fruit  almost 
round,  emarginatc  at  base,  glabrous,  with  wings  hardly  as  broad  as  the  body, 
and  indistinct  or  obsolete  dorsal  ribs;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  —  Minn, 
to  Iowa  and  Kan.,  and  westward.     One  of  the  earliest  spring  bloomers. 

2.  P.  foeniculaceum,  Nutt.  Tomentose  or  glabrous,  with  peduncles 
8-12'  long;  leaves  Jinclij  dissected,  with  short  fd if orm  segments;  involucels 
gamophijllous,  5  -  1 -cleft,  with  co7ispicuousli/  hairij  margins  ;  flowers  yellow  ;  fruit 
broadly  oblong,  glabrous,  Avith  wings  half  as  broad  as  the  body,  and  prominent 
dorsal  ribs ;  oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals.  —  Minn,  to  Tex.     March  -  Ajiril. 

3.  P.  villdsum,  Nutt.  More  or  less  puliescent  throughout,  3 -8' higli ; 
leaves  finely  dissected,  with  I'ery  numerous  narrow  crowded  segments;  involurds 
of  ovate  to  linear  bractlets  ;  flowers  yellow ;  fruit  oval,  with  wings  half  a.«»  l)road 
as  the  body, and  prominc7it  dorsal  ribs;  oil-tubes  3  or 4  in  the  interval.^.  —  Minn, 
to  Neb.  and  Dak.,  southwestward  to  Ariz.     l?oot  much  elongated. 

10.  CYMOPTERUS,  Kaf. 
Calyx-teetli  more  or  less  prominent.  Fruit  usually  globose,  witli  all  the 
ribs  cons])icuously  winged;  oil-tubes  one  to  several  in  the  intervals,  2-8  on 
tlie  commissure.  Stylo])odium  depressed.  Seed-face  slightly  concave. — 
Mostly  low  (often  cespitose)  glabrt)us  ])erennials,  fmni  a  thick  elongated  root, 
with  more  or  less  pinnately  compound  leaves,  with  or  without  an  involucre, 
prominent  involucels,  and  white  flowers  (in  ours).  (From  Kv/xa,  a  uavr,  and 
Trr(p6u,  a  wing,  referring  to  the  often  undulate  wings.) 


204  UMBELLIFER^.        (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

1.  C.  glomeratUS,  Kaf.  Low  (3-8'),  with  a  short  erect  caudex  bearing 
leaves  and  peduncles  at  the  summit,  glabrous ;  rays  and  pedicels  very  short, 
making  a  compact  cluster;  involucre  none;  involucel  of  a  single  palmately  5-7- 
parted  bractlet ;  fruit  globose  (3  -  4''  in  diam.) ;  wings  rather  corky ;  oil-tubes  4  or 
5  in  the  intervals.  —  Minn,  and  Wise,  to  Iowa  and  Ark.,  and  westward. 

2.  C.  montknus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Of  similar  habit  (1-6'  high),  glaucous 
and  mostly  glabrous ;  raijs  3  -  9"  long,  pedicels  very  short ;  involucre  and  invo^ 
lucels  of  mostly  broad  membranaceous  usualli/  green-veined  bracts  (more  or  less 
united);  fruit  oblong  to  orbicular  in  outline  (3-6"  long);  wings  thin;  oil- 
tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals.  —  Neb.  to  central  Kan., Tex.,  and  westward.    April. 

11.    THASPIUM,    Nutt.        Meadow-Farsxip. 

Calyx-teetli  conspicuous.  Fruit  ovoid  to  oblong,  slightly  flattened  dorsally ; 
carpel  with  3  or  4  or  all  the  ribs  strongly  winged ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  2  on  the  commissure.  Stylopodium  wanting;  styles  long.  —  Per- 
ennials (2-5°  high),  with  ternately  divided  leaves  (or  the  lower  simple) 
and  broad  serrate  or  toothed  leaflets,  mostly  yellow  flowers,  and  all  the  fruit 
pedicelled.    (Name  a  play  upon  Thapsia,  so  called  from  the  island  of  Thapsus.) 

1.  T.  aiireum,  Nutt.  Glabrous;  root-leaves  mostlij cordate,  serrate ;  stem- 
leaves  simply  ternate  (rarely  biternate) ;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  round  or 
tapering  at  base,  serrate ;  flowers  deep  yellow ;  fruit  globose-ovoid,  about  2" 
long,  a//  the  ribs  equally  icinged.  —  Thickets  and  woodlands,  throughout  the 
Atlantic  States  and  west  into  the  Miss.  Valley.  Fl.  in  summer  and  maturing 
fruit  in  late  summer  or  autumn.     Very  variable,  an  extreme  form  being 

Var.  trifoliatum,  Coult.  &  Rose.  Leaves  or  leaflets  crenate  or  crenately 
toothed.  (T.  trifoliatum,  Gray,  Man.,  in  part.)  —  Ohio  to  111.,  westward  to 
Oregon.     The  common  western  form. 

Var.  atropurpureum,  Coult.  &  Rose.  Petals  dark-purple.  (T.  tri- 
foliatum, var.  atropurpureum.  Gray,  Man.)  —  Same  range  as  the  species. 

2.  T.  barbinbde,  Nutt.  Loosely  branched, /?«6esce??^  on  ^Aejo/w^s,  some- 
times puberulent  in  the  umbels  ;  leaves  1  -3-ternate ;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
acute,  Avith  cuneate  base,  coarsely  cut-serrate,  often  ternately  cleft  or  parted ; 
flowers  light  yellow ;  fruit  broadly  oblong,  about  3"  long  and  2"  broad,  with 

mostly  7  prominent  wings. — Banks  of  streams,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 
May- June.  —  Var.  angustif6lium,  Coult.  &  Rose,  has  narrower,  more  sharply 
cut  leaflets,  and  fruit  more  or  less  puberulent.  —  Penn.  to  111. 

3.  T.  pinnatifidum,  Gray.  Resembling  the  last,  but  puberident  on  the 
branchlets,  umbels,  and  fruit,  with  fewer  leaves  ;  leaflets  1  -  2-pinnatifd,  the  lobes 
linear  or  oblong ;  one  or  two  leaves  near  the  base  often  very  large  and  long- 
petioled;  flowers  light  yellow;  fruit  oblong,  l^-2|"long  and  1-1|"  broad, 
all  the  ribs  winged,  generally  three  of  them  narrowly  so.  (T.  Walteri,  Shuttlew. 
in  herb.)  —  Barrens  and  mountains,  Ky.  to  Tenn.  and  N.  C. 

12.    LIGIJSTICUM,    L.        Lovage. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  or  ovate,  flattened  laterally  if  at  all, 
glabrous ;  carpels  with  prominent  equal  acute  ribs  and  broad  intervals ;  oil- 
tubes  2-6  in  the  intervals,  6- 10  on  the  commissure.  Stylopodium  conical. 
—  Smooth  perennials,  from  large  aromatic  roots,  with  large  ternately  com- 


UMrELLIFER/E.       (PAKSLEY    lAMILV.)  205 

pound  leaves,  mostly  no  involucre,  involucels  of  narrow  hrac-tlcts,  an<l  white 
flowers  in  lar<2^o  Tuaiiy-raycd  umbels.  (Named  from  the  country  A/V/f/r/Vi,  where 
tlie  ortic-inal  l.<>rti(i<  of  tlie  gardens  abounds.) 

1.  L.  actseifblium,  Michx.  (Noxdo.  An(;ki.ic<).)  Stem  HtMut,  branched 
above  (2-6°  hi<^h)  ;  leaves  very  large,  3-4-ternate;  kajlets  hroadli/  oliloin/  (2- 
b'  I (»}()),  coarse!  1/  serrate ;  fruit  ovate  (2-3"  lonr/) ;  seed  with  angieil  back. — 
l\icli  ground,  S.  Penn.  to  Ky.,  southward  to  the  Gulf. 

2.  L.  Scbticum,  L.  (Scotch  Lovage.)  Stem  simple  (1-2°  high); 
leaves  bit ernate ;  leajlets  ovate  {1-2'  lony),  coarseli/  toothed  ;  fruit  uurruu-li/  ult- 
loiifj  (4-5"  Ion;/) ;  seed  with  round  back.  —  Salt  marshes,  along  the  coa.st  from 
E.  Conn,    northward.     Aug.     (Ku.) 

13.     iETHUSA,     L.        Fool's  rAusLi:v. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate-globose,  slightly  flattened  dorsally  ;  carpel 
with  5  thick  sharp  ril)s  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commis.sure. 
—  Poisonous  annuals,  with  2-.'3-ternateiy  compound  leaves,  divisiuiis  j)innato, 
ultimate  segments  small  and  many  cleft,  no  involucre,  long  narrow  invulucels, 
and  white  flowers.     (Name  from  aiOoo,  to  buni,  from  the  acrid  taste.) 

^.  C  vnApium,  L.  a  fetid,  poisonous  European  herb,  in  cultivated  grounds, 
from  N.  Eng.  and  Penn.  to  Minn.     June -Aug. 

14.    CCELOPLEIJRUM,    Ledeb. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  globose  to  oblong,  with  very  prominent  nearly 
equal  thick  corky  ribs  (none  of  them  winged) ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals 
and  under  the  riljs,  2  on  the  commissure.  Seed  loose  in  the  pericarp.  —  Stout 
glabrous  (or  inflorescence  puberulent)  sea-coast  perennial,  with  2-3-tcrnate 
leaves  on  very  large  inflated  petioles,  few-leaved  deciduous  involucre,  involu- 
cels of  numerous  small  linear-lanceolate  bractlets  (rarely  conspicuous  or  even 
leaf-like),  and  greenish-white  flowers  in  many-rayed  umbels.  (From  ko7\os, 
holloiv,  and  TvAevpou,  a  rib.) 

1.  C.  Gm61ini,  Ledeb.  Stem  1-3°  high;  leaflets  ovate,  irregularly  cut- 
serrate  (2-2^'  long);  fruit  2-3|"  long.  (Archangelica  Gmelini,  DC.)  — 
Rocky  coasts,  Mass.  to  Greenland. 

15.    CRANTZIA,    Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Fruit  globose  or  sliglitly  flattened  laterally  ;  dor.sal  ribs 
filiform,  the  lateral  tliick  and  corky  ;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on 
the  commissure.  —  Small  j)ereimials,  creeping  and  rooting  in  tlie  mud,  with 
hollow  cylindrical  or  awl-sliaped  nodose  petioles  in  place  of  leaves,  sim])le  few- 
flowered  umbels,  and  white  flowers.  (Named  for  Prof  Iltnri/  John  Crantz, 
an  Austrian  Itotanist  of  the  1 8th  century.) 

1.  C.  lineata,  Nutt.  Leaves  very  ol)tuse,  1-3'  long,  1-2"  broad;  fruit 
1"  long,  the  thick  lateral  wings  forming  a  corky  margin.  —  In  brackish  marshes 
along  the  coast,  from  Mass.  to  Miss.     .July.     Vvry  wi»k'ly  distributed. 

16.     FCENICULUM,     Adans.    Fknnkl. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  with  pronunent  ribs  and  soli- 
tary  oil-tubes.  —  Stout  glal)r(His  aronuitic    herl),   with  leaves  dissected  into 


206  UMBELLIFER^.        (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

numerous  filiform  segments,  no  involucre  nor  involucels,  and  large  umbels  of 
yellow  flowers.     (The  Latin  name,  ixomfoenum,  hay.) 

F.  officixXle,  ail,  the  cultivated  fennel  from  Europe,  has  become  natu- 
ralized along  the  shores  of  Md.  and  Ya.,  and  is  a  common  escape. 

17.    PIMPINELLA,    L. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  to  ovate,  glabrous,  with  slender  equal 
ribs,  numerous  oil-tubes,  and  depressed  or  cushion-like  stylopodium.  —  Glabrous 
perennials,  Avith  ternately  or  pinnately  compound  leaves,  involucre  and  invo- 
lucels scanty  or  none,  and  white  or  yellow  flowers.  (Name  said  to  be  formed 
from  hipinmda,  referring  to  the  bipinnate  leaves.) 

1.  P.  integerrima,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Glaucous,  1-3°  high,  slender, 
branching ;  leaves  2  -  3-ternate,  with  lanceolate  to  ovate  entire  leaflets ;  flowers 
yellow ;  fruit  broadly  oblong,  2"  long ;  stylopodium  small  or  wanting.  (Zizia 
integerrima,  DC.)  —  Rocky  hillsides,  Atlantic  States  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and 
Ark.     May. 

P.  S.vxfFRAGA,  L.,var,  mXjor,  Koch.  Leaves  simply  pinnate,  with  sharply 
toothed  leaflets;  flowers  Avhite ;  fruit  oblong,  T'long;  stylopodium  cushion- 
like, —  Rocky  shores  of  Delaware  River ;  Sycamore,  Ohio^     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

18.    EIJLOPHUS,    Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  glabrous,  with  equal  filiform 
ribs ;  oil-tubes  1  -  5  in  the  intervals ;  stylopodium  conical,  with  long  recurved 
styles;  seed-face  broadly  concave,  with  a  central  longitudinal  ridge. —  Gla- 
brous perennials  (3  -  5°  high)  from  deep-seated  fascicled  tubers,  with  pinnately 
or  ternately  compound  leaves,  involucels  of  numerous  narrowly  lanceolate 
acuminate  bractlets,  and  long-peduncled  umbels  of  white  flowers.  (Name  from 
€y,  well,  and  \6<pos,  a  crest,  —  not  well  applied  to  a  plant  with  no  crest  at  all.) 

1.  E.  Americanus,  Nutt.  Radical  and  lower  stem-leaves  large,  1  -2- 
pinnately  compound,  with  leaflets  cut  into  short  nan-OAv  segments ;  upper  stem- 
leaves  ternate,  with  narrowly  linear  elongated  leaflets ;  fruit  2  -  3"  long.  — 
Ohio  to  111.  and  Mo.,  south  to  Tenn.  and  Ark.     July. 

19.     ANT  HRI  SOUS,     Hoffm.        Chervil. 

Calvx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear,  notched  at  base,  hmg-beaked,  glabrous, 
without  ribs  (but  beak  rilibed) ;  oil-tubes  none  ,  stylopodium  conical ,  seed-face 
sulcate.  —  Resembling  ChcErophijllum  in  vegetative  characters.  (The  ancient 
Roman  name.) 

A.  Ceref6lium,  Hoffm.  Mature  fruit  smooth  and  shining.  (Chrero. 
phyllum  sativum,  Z.)  —  Naturalized  in  E.  Penn.     (From  Eu.) 

20.    BUPLEURUM,    L.        Thorough-wax. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  with  very  slender  ribs,  no  oil-tubes,  dt- 
presse'd  stylopodium,  and  seed-face  somewhat  concave.  —  Smooth  annual,  with 
ovate  perifoliate  entire  leaves,  no  involucre,  involucels  of  5  very  conspicuous 
ovate  mucronate  bractlets,  and  yellow  flowers.  (Name  from  ^ovs,  an  ox,  and 
irXevpSv,  a  rib.) 

B.  ROTUNDiF6LirM,  L.,  is  very  common  in  fields  and  cultivated  ground, 
N.  y.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Mo.  and  Ark.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


UMBELLIFER^.        (l*A!{SLKV    FAMILY.)  207 

21.    CRYPTOTJENIA,     DC        IIon,:w<.ut. 

Calyx-teeth  ohsolete.  Fruit  liiiear-ohloug,  ^l:il>ruus,  with  »W)tuso  e(inal  rihs; 
oil-tultes  solitary  iu  the  intervals  and  beneath  each  rib;  styh.podiuni  slender- 
conical;  seed-face  plane.  —  A  glal)rous  perennial,  with  thin  3-foliulate  leaves, 
no  involucre,  involucels  of  minute  bractlets  or  none,  and  white  fiuwers.  (Name 
from  KpvTTTos,  Itldilm,  and  raivia,  ajillct,  referring  to  the  concealed  oil-tubes.) 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  DC.  Plant  1-3°  high,  leaflets  large,  ovate  (2-4' 
long),  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  often  lobed ;  umbels  irregular  and  unecjually 
few-rayed;  pedicels  very  unequal;  fruit  2-3"  long,  often  becoming  curved. — 
N.  Brunswick  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Tex.     June -Sept. 

22.     SiUM,     T.mrn.         Water  Parsnip. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  ovate  to  oblong,  glal)rous,  with  prominent  corkv 
nearly  equal  ribs;  oil-tubes  1-3  in  the  intervals;  stylopodium  depres.sed ; 
seed-face  plane.  —  Smooth  perennials,  growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  with 
pinnate  leaves  and  serrate  or  pinnatifid  leaflets,  involucre  and  involucels  of 
numerous  narrow  bracts,  and  white  flowers.  (From  cr'.oy,  the  Greek  name  of 
some  marsli  plant.) 

1.  S.  eicutsefblium,  Gmeliu.  Stout,  2-6°  high;  leaflets  3-8  pairs^ 
linear  to  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  and  mostly  acuminate,  2-5'  loiu/  (lower 
leaves  sometimes  submersed  and  finely  dissected,  as  in  the  next) ;  fruit  1^" 
lony,  with  prominent  ribs.     (S.  lineare,  Michx.)  — Throughout  N.  America. 

2.  S.  Carsbnii,  Durand.  Weak;  1-2°  high;  leajiets  1  -3  pairs,  linear, 
sharply  serrate,  1-2'  long ;  when  submersed  orjluatitn/,  verij  thin,  ovate  to  oblong, 
usuallij  lac.iniately  toothed  or  dissected,  the  leaf  sometimes  reduced  to  the  ter- 
minal leaflet;  fruit  about  \"  long.  —  Mass.,  P.  I.,  Conn.,  and  Penn^ 

23.    BERULA,    Koch. 

Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  nearly  rounds  .^margiuate  at.^ase,  glj^brous; 
carpels  nearly  globose,  with  very  slender  inconspicuous  ribs  and  thick  corky 
pericarp ;  oil-tubes  numerous  and  contiguous  about  the  seed-cavity ;  seed  terete. 
—  Smooth  aquatic  perennial,  with  simply  pinnate  leaves  and  variously  cut 
leaflets,  usually  conspicuous  involucre  and  involucels  of  narrow  bracts,  and 
white  flowers.     (The  Latin  name  of  the  Water-cress,  of  Celtic  origin.) 

1.  B.  angUStifdlia,  Koch.  Erect,  |- 3°  high,  leaflets  5-9  pairs,  linear 
to  oblong  or  ovate,  serrate  to  cut-toothed,  often  laciniately  lobed,  s<»metime8 
crenate  (^-3'  long);  fruit  scarcely  1"  long.  (Siuiu  augustifoliuni,  L.)  — 
Tlu'oughout  the  U.  S.    July,  Aug. 

24.     ZIZIA,     Koch. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ovate  to  oblong,  glabrous,  with  filiform  ril>s; 
oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  broad  intervals,  and  a  small  one  in  each  rib ; 
stylopodium  wanting;  seed  terete.  —  Smooth  perennials  (1-3°  high),  with 
mostly  Thaspium-like  leaves,  no  involucre,  involucels  of  small  bractlets,  yellow 
flowers,  and  the  central  fruit  of  each  umbellet  sessile.  Flowering  in  early 
spring  iu  open  prairies  and  upland  niv^adow.s.  (Named  for  /.  B.  Ziz,  a  Rhen- 
ish botanist.) 


208  UMBELLIFER.E.       (PARSLP^Y    FAMILY.) 

1.  Z.  atirea,  Koch.  Zea 27^5  (except  the  uppermost)  2- 3-ferna/e,  the  radi- 
cal very  long-petioled ;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate ;  rays  1 5  - 
25,  stout  (1-2'  long);  fruit  oblong,  about  1"  long.  (Thaspium  aureum,  var. 
apterum,  Grag,  Manual.)  —  Atlantic  States,  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

Var.  Bebbii,  Coult.  &  Rose.  A  more  slender  mountain  form,  with  leaf- 
lets more  coarsely  serrate,  the  radical  leaves  smaller  and  more  simple;  rays 
2-8,  slender  (2-3'  long) ;  fruit  oval,  1  -  l^"  long.  — W.  Va.  and  Va.  to  Ga. 

2.  Z.  COrd^ta,  DC.  Radical  leaves  mostly  long-petioled,  cordate  or  even 
rounder,  crenatelg  toothed,  very  rarely  lobed  or  divided ;  stem-leaves  simply  ter- 
nate  or  quinate,  with  the  ovate  or  lanceolate  leaflets  serrate,  incised,  or  some- 
times parted  ;  fruit  ovate,  1^"  long.  (Thaspium  trifoliatum,  var.  apterum,  Gray, 
Manual.)  —  Same  range  as  the  preceding,  but  extending  farther  westward. 

25.     CARUM,    L.        Caraway. 

Calyx-teeth  small.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  glabrous,  with  filiform  or  incon- 
spicuous ribs ;  oil-tubes  solitary ;  stylopodium  conical ;  seed-face  plane  or  nearly 
so.  —  Smooth  erect  slender  herbs,^  Avith  fusiform  or  tuberous  roots,  pinnate 
leaves,  involucre  and  involucels  of  few  to  many  bracts,  and  white  (or  yellow- 
ish) flowers.     (Name  perhaps  from  the  country,  Caria.) 

C.  Carui,  L.  (Caraway.)  Leaves  pinnately  compound,  with  filiform  di- 
visions. —  Naturalized  in  many  ])laces,  especially  northward.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

C.  Petroselinum,  Benth.,  the  common  Parsley,  from  Europe,  with  3- 
pinnate  leaves,  ovate  3-cleft  leaflets,  and  greenish  yellow  flowers,  is  occasion- 
ally found  as  an  escape  from  cultivation.     (Petroselinum  sativum,  Hoffm.) 

26.     CI  CUT  A,     L.        Water-Hemlock. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  oblong  to  nearly  orbicular,  glabrous,  with 
strong  flattish  corky  ribs  (the  lateral  largest) ;  oil-tubes  conspicuous,  solitary ; 
stylopodium  depressed ;  seed  nearly  terete.  —  Smooth  marsh  perennials,  very 
poisonous,  with  pinnately  compound  leaves  and  serrate  leaflets,  involucre  usu- 
ally none,  involucels  of  several  slender  bractlets,  and  white  flowers.  (The 
ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Hemlock.) 

1.  C.  macul^ta,  L.  (Spotted  Cowbane  Musquash  Root.  Beaver- 
Poison.)  Stem  stout,  2-6°  high,  streaked  with  purple;  leaves  2-3-pinnate, 
the  lower  on  long  petioles ;  leaflets  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate  (1  -  5'  long), 
acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  the  veins  passing  to  the  notches ;  pedicels  in  the 
umbellets  numerous,  very  unequal;  fruit  broadly  ovate  to  oval,  1-H"  long. 
—  Throughout  the  U.  S.     Aug. 

2.  C.  bulbifera,  L.  Rather  slender,  1-3°  high;  leaves  2-3-pinnate 
(sometimes  appearing  ternate) ;  leaflets  linear,  sparsely  toothed  (1-2'  long); 
upper  axils  bearing  clustered  bulhlets  ;  fruit  (rare)  scarcely  1"  long.- — Common 
in  swamps,  N.  Scotia  to  Del.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

27.    JEGOPODIUM,    L.        Goutweed. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  glabrous,  with  equal  filiform  ribs,  and 
no  oil-tubes;  stylopodium  conical  and  prominent;  seed  nearly  terete.  —  A 
coarse  glabrous  perennial,  with  creeping  rootstock,  biternate  leaves,  sliarply 
toothed  ovate  leaflets,  and  rather  large  naked  umbels  of  white  flowers.  (Name 
from  ai'l,  goat,  and  iro^iov,  a  little  foot,  probably  from  the  shape  of  tlie  leaflets.) 

JSj.  PodagrXria,  L.,  a  common  and  troublesome  weed  in  Europe,  is  re' 
ported  from  R.  I.  to  Del.  and  E.  Peun. 


UMBELLIFEK.*:.       ( PARSLEY    FAMILY.)  209 

28.    LEPTOCAiJLIS,    Nutt. 

Calyx-tcctli  ()l)S()lcte.  Fruit  vt-ry  small,  ov  ate,  usually  l>ristly  or  tuberculate, 
with  somewhat  prominent  ribs ,  oil-tubes  solitary  in  tlic  intervals ;  stvloixxlium 
conical;  seed-face  plane  or  somewhat  concave.  —  Very  slender  smooth  Immch 
in<^  annnals,  with  finely  dissected  leaves  (segments  filiform  or  linear),  and 
small  white  flowers  in  very  unequally  few-rayed  pedunculate  umbels  (Name 
from  AeTTTjj,  slender,  and  KavKbs,  a  stem.) 

1.  L.  divaric^tus,  DC.  Plant  1-2°  high,  with  branches  and  umbels 
diffusely  spreading,  the  very  slender  rays  1-1'  long  and  the  longer  ])edicels 
often  3-6"  long;  fruit  tuberculate,  |"  long.  (Apium  divaricatum,  Benth.  <lj' 
lluuk.)  —  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ark.  and  Tex. ;  reported  from  Kan.     April. 

2.  L.  patens,  Nutt.  Of  similar  habit,  but  the  umbels  .shorter  and  more 
strict,  the  rays  3-6"  long  or  less  and  the  pedicels  short;  fruit  densely  sharj)- 
tuberculato  or  nearly  smooth,  (Apiastrum  i)atens,  Coalt.  c^-  Rose.)  —  Central 
Neb.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

29.    DISCOPLEURA,    DC.        Mock  Bisiior-wEia). 

Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  glabrous ;  car])el  with  dorsal 
ribs  filiform  to  broad  and  obtuse,  the  lateral  very  thick  and  corky,  those  of 
the  two  carpels  closely  contiguous  and  forming  a  dilated  obtuse  or  acute  corky 
band;  oil-tubes  solitary,  stylopodium  conical;  .seed  nearly  terete.  —  Smooth 
branching  annuals,  with  finely  dissected  leaves,  involucre  of  foliaceous  bracts, 
involucels  of  prominent  or  minute  bractlets,  and  white  flowers.  (Name  from 
ZlcTKos,  n  disk,  and  ir\^vp6v,  a  rib.) 

1 .  D.  capillacea,  DC.  riant  l  -  2°  high  (or  even  .5  -  6°) ;  leaves  di.ssected 
into  filiform  divisions;  umbel  5-20-rayed;  involucre  of  filiform  bracts  usually 
cleft  or  parted,  and  involucels  more  or  less  prominent ;  fruit  1  -  H"  long,  ovate, 
acute.  —  Wet  ground,  Mass.  to  Fla.,  west  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  Tex.     June  -  (^ct. 

2.  D.  Nutt^Uii,  DC.  Similar  in  habit;  involucral  bracts  short  and  en- 
tire; fruit  very  small  (^"  long),  as  broad  as  high,  blunt.  —  111.  {{)  to  Ark.,  La., 
and  Tex. 

30.     CONIUM,     L.        Poison  Hemlock 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  somewhat  flattened  at  the  sides,  gla- 
brous, with  prominent  wavy  ribs;  oil-tubes  none,  but  a  layer  of  secreting  cells 
next  the  seed,  whose  face  is  deeply  and  narnnvly  concave.  —  Poisonous  liien- 
nial,  with  spotted  stems,  large  (lecompound  leaves  with  lanceolate  i)innatifid 
leaflets,  involucre  and  involucels  of  narrow  bracts,  and  white  flowers.  {Kwvf  lov, 
the  Greek  name  of  the  Hemlock,  by  which  criminals  and  philosophers  were 
put  to  death  at  Athens.) 

C.  MACULATUM,  L.  A  large  branching  European  herb,  in  waste  jdaces, 
N.  Eug.  to  Penu.,  and  west  to  Iowa  and  Minn 

31.    CH^ROPHYLLUM,    L 

Calvx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  narrowly  oblong  to  linear,  notched  at  base,  with 
short  beak  or  none,  and  equal  ribs;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals;  secd-faco 
more  or  less  deeply  grooved.  —  Moist  ground  annuals,  with  teruately  decom- 
pound leaves,  pinnatifid  leaflets  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  mostly  uo  involucre, 

14 


210  UMHELLIFER^.        (PARSLEY'    FAMILY.) 

involucels  of  many  bractlets,  and  white  flowers.  (Name  from  x«'P'*''  ^^  glad- 
den, and  (pvKXov,  a  leaf,  alluding  to  the  agreeable  odor  of  the  foliage.) 

1.  C.  procumbens,  Crautz.  More  or  less  hairy ;  stems  slender,  spread- 
ing (6- 18' high);  umbels  few-rayed;  fruit  narrowly  oblong  (2|-3|"  long), 
glabrous,  contracted  but  not  tapering  at  the  summit,  the  intervals  broader 
than  the  ribs.  —  N.  Y.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Mich.,  Iowa,  Ark.,  and  Miss. 

Var.  Shortii,  Torr.  &  Gray,  has  more  broadly  oblong  to  ovate  (often 
somewhat  pubescent)  fruit,  not  at  all  contracted  at  the  summit.  —  Ky.  to  Ark. 
and  La. 

32.     OSMORRHIZA,     Raf.        Sweet  Cicely. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear  to  linear-oblong,  with  prominent  caudate 
attenuation  at  base,  very  bristly,  with  equal  ribs ;  oil-tubes  obsolete ;  seed-face 
concave.  —  Glabrous  to  hirsute  perennials  (1 -3*^  high)  from  thick  aromatic 
roots,  with  ternately  compound  leaves,  ovate  variously  toothed  leaflets,  few- 
leaved  involucres  and  involucels,  and  white  flowers  in  few-rayed  and  few-fruited 
umbels.     (Name  from  ocriJi-r],  «  scent,  and  pi^a,  a  rout.) 

1.  O.  brevistylis,  DC.  Rather  stout,  i;///oMs-;>«6esce'nf;  leaves  2  -  3-ter- 
nate;  leaflets  2-3'  long,  acuminate;  fruit  (not  including  the  caudate  attenu- 
ation) 6"  long;  stijlopodium  and  stifle  ^"  long.  —  From  N.Scotia  westward 
through  the  Northern  States,  and  in  the  mountains  to  N.  C.     May,  June. 

2.  O.  longistylis,  DC.  Glabrous  or  slightli/  pubescent ;  like  the  last,  but 
with  the  st;/le  I"  long  or  more,  and  the  seed-face  more  deeply  and  broadly  con- 
cave. —  N.  Scotia  to  Va.,  and  west  to  Tenn,,  E.  Kan.,  and  Dak. 

33.      ERIGENIA,      Nutt.  HARBINGER-OiF-SPRING. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  ohovate  or  spatulate,  fiat,  entire.  Fruit  didy- 
mous,  nearly  orbicular  and  laterally  flattened,  the  carpels  incurved  at  top  and 
bottom,  nearly  kidney-form,  with  5  very  slender  ribs,  and  several  (1-3)  small 
oil-tubes  in  the  intervals ;  inner  face  of  the  seed  hollowed  into  a  broad  deep 
cavity.  —  A  small  glabrous  vernal  plant,  producing  from  a  deep  round  tuber  a 
simple  stem,  bearing  one  or  two  2  -  3-ternately  divided  leaves,  and  a  somewhat 
imperfect  and  leafy-bracted  compound  umbel.  Flowers  few,  white.  (Name 
from  7}f}iy€veia,  born  in  the  spring.) 

1.  E.  bulbosa,  Nutt.  Stem  3-9'  high;  leaf-segments  linear-oblong; 
fruit  1"  long,  U"  broad.  —  W.  New  York  to  Md.  and  Tenn.,  and  west  to  Wise, 
S.  E.  Minn.,  and  Kan. 

34.     HYDROCdTYLE,    Tourn.        Water  Pennywort. 

Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  strongly  flattened  laterally,  orbicular  or  shield- 
shaped  ;  the  carpels  5-ribbed,  two  of  the  ribs  enlarged  and  often  forming  a 
thickened  margin ;  oil-tubes  none,  but  usually  a  conspicuous  oil-bearing  layer 
beneath  the  epidermis.  —  Low,  mostly  smooth,  marsh  or  aquatic  perennials, 
with  slender  creeping  stems,  and  round  shield-shaped  or  kiduey-torra  leaves, 
with  scale-like  stipules.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  simple  umbels  or  clusters, 
which  are  either  single  or  proliferous  (one  above  another),  appearing  all  sum- 
mer. (Name  from  iiSwp,  ivater,  and  kotvXt],  a  flat  cup,  the  peltate  leaves  of 
several  species  being  somewhat  cup-shaped.) 


LMHKI.l.IFKK.i-:.        (I'Ali.^LllV     lA.MlLV.)  211 

*  Pericarp  thin  except  at  the  hroad  rorLi/  dorsal  tt.nl  lateral  ribn ;  leaves  ronntl- 

peltate,  crenate ;  peduncles  as  lowj  as  the  petioles,  fro ni  creeping  rootstocks. 

-«-  Fruit  notched  at  base  and  apex ;  intermediate  rihs  corki/. 

1.  H.  umbell^ta,  L.  UmUels  manij-flown-ed,  simple  (sometinips  pro- 
liferous) ;  pedicels  2-G"  long;  fruit  about  1^"  broad,  strongly  notched,  the 
dorsal  ribs  proniineut  but  obtuse.  —  Mass.  to  Minn.,  south  to  the  (iulf. 

2.  H.  Canbyi,  Coult.  &  Rose.  Umbels  3  -  ^-flinrercd,grnerallij  jiroliferons  ; 
pedicels  vcr>/  short,  but  distinct ;  fruit  about  2  lines  broad :  carpels  broacler  and 
more  flattened  than  in  the  preceding,  sharper  margined,  the  dorsal  and  lateral 
ril)s  much  more  prominent;  seed  section  much  narrower.  (M.  umbellata,  var.? 
ambi^ua,  Graj/,  Manual).  —  N.  J.  to  Md. 

•<-  •«-  Fntit  not  notched ;  intermediate  ribs  not  cork//. 

3.  H.  vertieill^ta,  Thunb.  Umbels  few-flowered,  proliferous,  forming 
an  interrupted  spike;  pedicels  very  short  or  none;  fruit  1^-2"  broad  ;  dorsal 
and  lateral  ribs  very  prominent.     (II.  interrupta,  Muhl.)  —  Mass.  to  Fla. 

»  *  Pericarp  uniformly  cork //-thickened  and  ribs  all  filiform  ;  haves  not  peltate; 

peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles. 

-»-  Fruit  small,  xrithout  secondary  ribs  or  reticulations ;  involucre  small  or  none. 

4.  H.  Americana,  L.  Stems  filiform,  branching  and  creeping ;  leaves 
thin,Tonnd-TemioTm,crenate-lobed  and  the  lobes  crenate,  sliining;  few-flowered 
umbels  axillary  and  cdmost  sessile ;  fruit  less  than  1"  broad  ;  intermediate  ribs 
prominent;  no  oil-bearing  layer;  seed-section  broadly  oval.  —  Common. 

5.  H.  ranunculoldes,  L.  f.  Usnall y  floating ;  leaves  thicker,  round-reni- 
form,  3  -  7-cIeft,  the  lobes  crenate;  peduncles  1-3'  long,  refiexed  in  fruit ;  capi- 
tate umbel  5- 10-flowered  ;  fruit  1-1|"  broad;  ribs  rather  obscure ;  seed-sec- 
tion oblong.  —  E.  Penn.  to  Fla.,  thence  westward. 

•*-  •»-  Fruit  larger  (2-2|"  broad),  with  prominent  secondary  ribs  and  reticula- 
tions; the  2  - 4flou-ered  umbel  subtended  by  tu-o  conspicuous  bracts. 

6.  H.  Asiatiea,  L.  Petioles  and  peduncles  (1-2'  long)  clustered  ou 
creeping  stems  or  runners;  leaves  ovate-cordate,  ropand-toothed,  thickish; 
seed-section  narrowly  oblong.  (II.  repanda,  Pers.)  —  Md.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
(Widely  distributed  in  the  tropics  and  southern  hemisphere.) 

35.     ERYNGIUM,     T.mrn.         Envvr.o. 

Calyx-teeth  prominent,  rigid  and  persistent.  Stylos  slender.  Fruit  ovate 
or  obovate,  covered  with  little  hyaline  scales  or  tubercles,  with  no  ribs,  and 
usually  5  slender  oil-cul)es  on  each  carpel.  —  Chiefly  jjerennials,  with  coriaceous, 
toothed,  cut,  or  prickly  leaves,  and  blue  or  white  bracted  flowers  closely  sessile 
in  dense  heads.  (A  name  used  by  Dioscorides,  of  uncertain  origin.) 
*  Stout,  v.-itli  parallel-veined  elongated  linear  thick  leaves. 

1.  E.  yucC9ef61ium,  Michx.  (Kattlesxake-Master.  BiTTOx  Snake- 
root.)  Branching  above,  1  -G°  high  ;  leaves  rigid,  tapering  to  a  point  (lower 
sometimes  2-3°  long),  the  margins  remotely  bristly  ;  heads  ovate-globose  {*)" 
long),  with  ovate-lanceolate  mostl'f  entire  cuspidate-tipped  bracts  shorter  than 
the  head,  and  similar  bractlets.  —  Dry  or  damp  soil,  N.  J.  to  Mlun.,  south  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.    July  -  Sept. 


212  UMBELLIFER^.        (PARSLEY    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Tall  and  often  stout;  leaves  thick,  not  parallel-veined. 

2.  E.  Virginianum,  Lam.  Slender  (1-3°  high);  radical  and  lower 
stem-leaves  linear-  to  ohlong-lanceolate,  on  long  (sometimes  1°  long)  Jistidous 
petioles,  entire  or  with  small  hooked  teeth ;  upper  leaves  sessile,  spiny-toothed 
or  laciniate ;  heads  ovate-oblong  (6"  long),  with  spiny-toothed  or  entire  reflexed 
bracts,  and  bractlets  with  3  spiny  cusps  (the  middle  one  largest).  —  Margins  of 
ponds  and  streams,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  near  the  coast.     Aug.,  Sept. 

3.  E.  Leavenworthii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stout  (1-3°  high) ;  lowest  stem- 
leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  spinosely  toothed,  the  rest  sessile  and  deeply 
palmatehj -parted  into  narrow  incisely-pinnatijid  spreading  pungent  segments  ; 
heads  ovate-oblong  (1-1^'  long),  with  pinnatifid  spinose  bracts  and  3-7-cus- 
pidate  bractlets,  the  terminal  ones  very  prominent  and  resembling  the  bracts. 

—  Dry  soil,  E.  Kan.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 

*  *  *  Prostrate  and  slender,  rooting  at  the  joints,  diffusely  branched,  with  small 
thin  unarmed  leaves  and  very  small  heads. 

4.  E.  prostratum,  Nutt.  Lower  leaves  oblong,  entire,  few-toothed,  or 
lobed  at  base ;  upper  leaves  smaller,  clustered  at  the  rooting  joints,  ovate,  few- 
toothed  or  entire  (occasionally  some  additional  trifid  ones) ;  reflexed  bracts 
longer  than  the  oblong  heads  (2  -  4"  long).  —  Wet  places,  S.  Mo.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

36.     SAN  I CU  LA,     Tourn.        Samcle.     Black  Snakeroot. 

Calyx-teeth  manifest,  persistent.  Fruit  globular ;  the  carpels  not  separating 
spontaneously,  ribless,  thickly  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  each  with  5  oil- 
tubes. —  Perennial  rather  tall  glabrous  herbs,  with  few  palmately-lobed  or 
parted  leaves,  those  from  the  root  long-petioled.  Umbels  irregular  or  com« 
pound,  the  flowers  (greenish  or  yellowish)  capitate  in  tlie  umbellets,  perfect, 
and  with  staminate  ones  intermixed.  Involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved. 
(Name  said  to  be  from  sano,  to  heal;  or  perhaps  from  San  Nicolas  ) 

1.  S.  Marylandica,  L.  Stem  l-3°  high;  leaves  3-7-parted,  the  di- 
visions mostly  sharply  cut  and  serrate ;  sterile  flowers  numerous  and  long-pedi- 
celled ;  fruit  1^-2"  long,  the  styles  longer  than  tlie  prickles.  —  Throughout  our 
range,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.,  west  to  E.  Kan.  and  Minn.     May -Aug. 

Var.  Canadensis,  Torr.,  has  comparatively  few  and  short-pedicelled 
sterile  flowers,  and  styles  shorter  than  the  prickles.  (S.  Canadensis,  L  )  — 
With  the  last,  but  westward  only  to  Minn,  and  E.  Kan. 

Order  49.     ARALIACE^.     (Ginseng  Family  ) 

Herbs,  shridjs,  or  trees,  with  much  the  same  characters  as  Umbelliferae, 
hut  with  usually  more  than  2  stijles,  and  the  fruit  a  feio  -  several-celled  drupe. 

—  Albumen  mostly  fleshy.     Petals  not  inflexed. 

1.     A  HAL  I  A,    Tourn,        Ginseng.     Wild  Sarsaparilla. 

Flowers  more  or  less  polygamous.  Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the 
teeth  very  short  or  almost  obsolete.  Petals  5.  epigynous,  oblong  or  obovate, 
lightly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  epigynous,  alternate 
with  the  petals.     Styles  2-5,  mostly  distinct  and  slender,  or  in  the  sterile 


coRNACEiV,.     (do<]w<)<)I)  kamikv.)  21:{ 

flowers  short  and  united.  Ovarv  2-5-cellf'd,  with  a  single  anatntpoiw  ovule 
suspended  from  the  top  of  each  cell,  ripening  int<j  a  berry-like  drii|»e,  with  as 
many  seeds  as  cells.  Embryo  minute.  —  Leaves  conij^uund  or  deiumpound. 
P'lowers  white  or  greenish,  in  umbels.  Koots  (i)erennial),  Imrk,  fruit,  etc., 
warm  and  aromatic.     (Derivation  obscure.) 

§  1.  AKALIA.^  Flowers  monceriond  11  poliigamous  or  perfect,  tlie  umliels  usiialh/ 
in  rori/mbs  or  panicles ;  sti/les  and  cells  of  the  [black  or  dark  purple)  fruit 
5;  stems  herbaceous  or  ivoody ;  ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  pinuafe. 

*  Umbels  numerous  in  a  large  compound  panicle  ;  leaves  veri/  larr/e,  decompound. 

1.  A.  spin6sa,  L.  (Angelica-tree.  Hercules' Cliij.)  Shrub, or  a 
loiv  tree  ;  the  stout  stem  and  stalks  prickli/  ;  leaflets  ovate,  jjtiinted,  serrate,  pale 
beneath.  —  River-banks,  Penn.  to  Ind.,  and  south  to  the  Gulf.     July,  Aug. 

2.  A.  raeeni6sa,  L.  (Spikenard.)  Herbaceous  ;  stem  ivideli/ branched  ; 
leaflets  heart-orate,  pointed,  doubly  serrate,  slightly  downy;  umbels  racemose; 
sti/les  united.  —  Rich  woodlands,  N.  Brunswick  to  ■Nlinn.,  south  to  tiie  moun- 
tains of  Ga.     July.     Well  known  for  its  spicy -aromatic  large  roots. 

*  *   Umbt-ls  2-7,  cori/mbed ;  stem  short,  somca-hat  u-oodi/. 

3.  A.  hispida,  Vent.  (Bristly  Sarsaparii.la.  Wili>  Elder.)  Stem 
(1  -2°  high)  brisfli/,  leaf/,  terminating  in  a  peduncle  bearing  several  umbels; 
leaves  twice  pinnate ;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  acute,  cut-serrate.  —  Kocky  and 
sandy  places,  Newf.  to  Dak.,  south  to  the  mountains  of  N.  C.    June. 

4.  A.  nudicaulis,  L.  (Wild  Sarsaparilla.)  Stem  scarcely  rising  out 
of  the  ground,  smooth,  bearing  a  single  long-stalked  leaf  (1°  high)  and  a  shorter 
naked  scape,  with  2-7  umbels;  leaflets  ol>long-ovate  or  oval,  ])ointcd,  .serrate, 
5  on  each  of  the  3  divisions.  —  Moist  woodlands;  range  of  u.  3.  May,  June. 
The  long  horizontal  aromatic  roots  a  substitute  for  officiual  Sarsaparilla. 

§  2.  GINSENG.  Flowers  diceciously  polygamous  ;  styles  and  cells  of  the  red  or 
reddish  fruit  2  or  3;  stem  herbaceous,  low,  simple,  bearing  a  whorl  of  3  pal- 
mately  3-7  foliolate  leaves,  and  a  simple  umbel  on  a  slender  peduncle. 

5.  A.  quinquefdlia,  Decsne.  &  rianch.  (Ginseng.)  Root  large  and 
spindle-shaped,  often  forked  [-i-^'  long,  2iYon\xt\<:) ;  stein  l°high;  leajUts  long- 
stalked ,  mostly  5,  large  and  thin,  obovate-oblong,  pointed;  styles  mostly  2; 
fruit  bright  red.  —  Rich  and  cool  woods,  Vt.  and  W.  Conn,  to  Minn.,  soutli  to 
the  mountains  of  Ga.    July. 

6.  A,  trifdlia,  Decsne.  &  Planch.  (Dwarf  Ginseng.  Ground-nut.) 
Root  or  tuber  globular,  deep  iu  the  ground  (pungent  to  the  taste,  not  aromatic) ; 
stems  4-8'  high  ;  leaflets  3 -5,  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  leafstalk,  narrowly 
oblong,  obtuse;  styles  usually  3;  fruit  yellowish. —  Rich  woods,  N.  Scotia  to 
Minn.,  soutii  to  Ga.     April,  May. 

Order  50.     COKNACE^l^.     (Dogwood  Fa.mii.y.) 

Shrubs  or  trees  (rarely  herbaceous),  with  opposite  or  alternate  simple  leaves, 
the  calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  l-'l-ceUed  ovary,  its  limb  yninute,  the  petals 
(valvate  in  the  bud)  and  as  many  stamens  borne  on  the  mar(/in  of  an  epigy- 
notts  disk  in  the  perfect  flowers ;  style  one :  a  single  anatropous  ovule  hang- 
ing  from  the  top  of  the  cell;  the  fruit  a  l-2-seeded  drupe;  embrno  nearly 


214  CORNACE.E.       (dogwood    FAMILY.) 

as  long  as  the  albumen,  with  large  foliaceous  cotyledons.  —  Including  two 
genera,  of  which  Nyssa  is  partly  apetalous.     Bark  bitter  and  tonic. 

1.  Cornus.     Flowers  perfect,  4-nnerous.     Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

2.  Nyssa.    Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous,  5-merous.    Leaves  alternate. 

1.     CORNUS,     Tourn.        Cornel.     Dogwood. 

Flowers  perfect  (or  in  some  foreign  species  dioecious).  Calyx  minutely  4- 
toothed.  Petals  4,  oblong,  spreading.  Stamens  4 ;  filaments  slender.  Style 
slender ;  stigma  terminal,  flat  or  capitate.  Drupe  small,  with  a  2-celled  and 
2  seeded  stone.  —  Leaves  opposite  (except  in  one  species),  entire.  Flowers 
small,  in  open  naked  cymes,  or  in  close  heads  surrounded  by  a  corolla-like 
involucre.     (Name  from  coma,  a  horn;  alluding  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

§  1 .    Flowers  greenish,  in  a  head  or  close  cluster,  surrounded  by  a  large  and  showy, 
A-leaved,  corolla-like,  ichite  or  rarely  pinkish  involucre ;  fruit  bright  red. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  (Dwarf  Cornel.  Bunch-berry.)  Stems  low 
and  simple  (5  -  7'  higli)  from  a  slender  creeping  and  subterranean  rather  woody 
trunk ;  leaves  scarcely  petioled,  the  lower  scale-like,  the  upper  croAvded  into 
an  apparent  whorl  in  sixes  or  fours,  ovate  or  oval,  pointed;  leaves  of  the  invo- 
lucre ovate ;  fruit  globular.  —  Damp  cold  woods,  N.  J.  to  Ind.  and  Minn.,  and 
the  far  north  and  west.     June. 

2.  C.  florida,  L.  (Flowering  Dogwood.)  Tree  12-40°  high;  leaves 
ovate,  pointed,  acutish  at  the  base;  leaves  of  the  involucre  obcordate  {\}'  long) ; 
fruit  oval.  —  Dry  woods,  from  S.  New  Eng.  to  Out.  a..d  S.  Minn.,  south  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.     May,  June.     Very  showy  in  flower,  scarcely  less  so  in  fruit. 

§  2.  Flowers  ivhite,  in  open  flat  spreading  cymes ;  involucre  none ;  fruit  spherical ; 
leaves  all  opposite  {except  in  n.  9). 

*  Pubescence  woolly  and  more  or  less  spreading. 

3.  C.  circinata,  L'Her.  (Round-leaved  Cornel  or  Dogwood.) 
Shrub  6  -  10°  high  ;  branches  greenish,  warty -dotted  ;  leaves  round-oval,  abruptly 
pointed,  tvoolly  beneath  (2  -  5' broad) ;  cymes  ^at;  fruit  light  blue.  —  Copses, 
in  rich  or  sandy  soil,  or  on  rocks,  N.  Scotia  to  Dak.,  south  to  Va.  and  Mo. 
June. 

4.  C.  serieea,  L.  (Silky  Cornel.  Kinnikinnik.)  Shrub  3-10° 
high ;  branches  purplish ;  the  branchlets,  stalks,  and  lower  surface  of  the  nar- 
rowly ovate  or  elliptical  pointed  leaves  silky-downy  (often  rusty),  pale  and  dull; 
cymes  flat,  close ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate ;  fruit  pale  blue.  —  Wet  places,  Canada 
to  Dak.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La.     June. 

5.  C.  asperifolia,  Michx.  Branches  broirnish  ;  the  branchlets,  etc.,  rough- 
pubescent;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  on  short  petioles,  pointed,  rough  with  a  harsh 
pubescence  above,  and  downy  beneath ;  calyx-teeth  minute;  fruit  white.  (C. 
Drummondii,  Mey.)  — Dry  or  sandy  soil,  N.  shore  of  L.  Erie  to  Minn,  and  the 
Gulf.     May,  June.     A  rather  tall  shrub. 

*  *  Pubescence  closely  appressed,  straight  and  silky,  or  none. 

6.  C.  Stolonifera,  Michx.  (Red-osier  Dogwood.)  Branches,  espe- 
cially the  osier-like  shoots  of  the  season,  bright  red-purple,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate, 
rounded  at  base,  abruptly  short-pointed,  roughish  with  a  minute  close  pubescence 


CORNACE^.        (dogwood    FAMILY.)  215 

on  both  sides,  ivhitish  underneath ;  cymes  small  and  Hat,  rather  few-flowered, 
smooth; //•«/<  irhite  or  lead-color.  —  Wet  places;  common,  especially  north- 
ward. Multiplies  freely  by  prostrate  or  subterranean  suckers,  and  f'.nns  broad 
clumps,  !i-<j°  high.     June. 

7.  C.  Stricta,  Lam.  (Stiff  Cornel.)  A  shrub  8- 15°  high  ;  branches 
brownisli  or  re<Mish,  smooth;  leaves  ovate  or  oratt-Umceolate,  taper-pointed, 
acutish  at  base,  glabrous,  of  ncarli/  the  same  hue  both  sides  ;  ci/mes  loose, jiattish  ; 
anthers  and  fruit  pale  blue.  —  Swamps,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Fla.     April,  May. 

8.  C.  panicul^ta,  L'ller.  (Paxicled  Cornel.)  Shrub  4-8°  high, 
much  branched;  branches  (jrai/,  smooth  ;  leaves  ora^e-Za/jcfo/a/r,  taper-pointed, 
acute  at  base,  ivhitish  beneath  but  not  downy;  cipnes  convex,  loose,  often  pani- 
cled;  fruit  ?/7//^p,  depressed-globose.  —  Thickets  and  river-banks.     June. 

9.  C.  alternifdlia,  L.  f.  Shrub  or  tree  8-25°  high;  branches  greenish 
.ttrea/ced  with  white,  the  alternate  leaves  clustered  at  the  ends,  ovate  or  oval,  long- 
pointed,  acute  at  base,  whitish  and  minutely  pubescent  beneath ;  cymes  very 
broad  and  o-pen;  fruit  deep  blue  on  reddish  stalks.  —  Hillsides  iu  copses,  N. 
Brunswick  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     May,  June. 

2.     NYSSA,     L.        Tupelo.     Pepperidge.     Sour-Gum  Tree. 

Flowers  diceciously  polygamous,  clustered  or  rarely  solitary  at  the  summit 
of  axillary  peduncles.  Stain.  Fl.  numerous  in  a  simple  or  compound  dense 
cluster  of  fascicles.  Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Petals  as  in  fertile  flower  or  none. 
Stamens  5-  12,  oftener  10,  inserted  on  the  outside  of  a  convex  disk;  filaments 
slender ;  anthers  short.  No  pistil.  Pist.  Fl.  solitary,  or  2  -  8,  sessile  in  a  bracted 
cluster,  much  larger  than  the  staminate  flowers.  Calyx  with  a  very  short  re- 
pand-truncate  or  minutely  5-toothed  limb.  Petals  very  small  and  fle.^hy,  decidu- 
ous, or  often  wanting.  Stamens  5-10,  with  perfect  or  imperfect  anthers.  Style 
elongated,  revolute,  stigmatic  down  one  side.  Ovary  1 -colled.  Drupe  ovoid 
or  oblong,  with  a  bony  and  grooved  or  striate  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded  stone. — 
Trees  with  entire  or  sometimes  angulate-toothed  leaves,  which  arc  alternate, 
but  mostly  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,and  greenish  flowers  appear- 
ing with  the  leaves.  (The  name  of  a  Nymj)h :  "  so  called  because  it  [the 
original  species]  grows  in  the  water.") 

1.  N.  sylvatica,  Marsh.  (Tupelo.  Pepperidge.  Black  or  Sour 
Gum.)  Middle-sized  tree,  with  horizontal  branches ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate, 
commonly  acuminate,  glabrous  or  villous-pubescent  when  young,  at  least  on 
the  margins  and  midrib,  sliining  al)ove  when  old  (2-5'  long);  fertile  f oners 
3-8,  at  the  summit  of  a  slender  peduncle;  fruit  ovoid,  acid,  blui.'ih-blach  (about 
Y  long).  (N.  miiltiflora,  Wang.)  —  Rich  soil,  either  moist  or  nearly  dry, 
S.  Maine  and  N.  Vt.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  April,  May.  Leaves 
turning  bright  crimson  in  autumn.  Wood  firm,  close-grained  and  very  un- 
wedgeablc,  on  acconnt  of  the  oblique  direction  and  cro.ssing  of  its  fibres. 

2.  N.  uniflora,  Wang.  (Large  Tipelo.)  A  large  tree;  leaves  ob- 
long or  ovate,  sometimes  slightly  cordate  at  base,  long-petioled,  entire  or  an- 
gulate-toothed, pale  and  downy-pubescent  beneath,  at  le;ust  when  yt)ung  (4-12' 
Ions;) ;  fertile  fower  solitari/  on  a  slemler  peduncle ;  />»//<  obUmtj,  blue  (!'  or 
more  in  length).  —  Deep  swamps,  S.  Va.  to  S.  111.  and  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.     April.     Wood  soft ;  that  of  the  roots  very  light  and  spongy. 


216  CAPRIFOLIACE.E.        (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.) 


Division  II.    GAMOPETALOUS  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

Floral  envelopes  consistiog  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter 
composed  of  more  or  less  united  petals,  that  is,  gamopetalous.* 

Order  51.     CAPKIFOLIACE^.     (Honeysuckle  Family.) 

S/iruhs,  or  rarehj  herbs,  icith  opposite  leaves,  no  {genuine')  stipules,  the 
calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  2-5-celled  ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  (one 
fewer  in  Linneea,  doubled  in  Adoxa)  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  or  rotate 
corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  tube.  —  Fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  pod,  1  -  several- 
seeded.      Seeds  anatropous,  with  small  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Tribe  T.     SAMBUCJE^.     Corolla  wheel-shajied  or  urn-sliaped,  regular,  deeply  5-lobed. 
Stigmas  3-5,  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Inflorescence  terminal  and  cymose. 
♦  Dwarf  herb,  with  stamens  doubled  and  flowers  in  a  capitate  cluster. 

1.  Adoxa.     Fruit  a  dry  greenish  drupe,  with  3-5  cartilaginous  nutlets.    Cauline  leaves  a 

single  pair  and  ternate. 
*  *  Shrubs,  Avith  stamens  as  many  as  corolla-lobes  and  flowers  in  broad  compound  cymes. 

2.  Sanibucus.    Fruit  berry-like,  containing  three  small  seed-like  nutlets.    Leaves  pinnate. 

3.  A'ibiirnum.    Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  compressed  stone.    Leaves  simple. 
Tribe  II.    L.ONICERE^.    Corolla  tubular,  often  irregular,  sometimes  2-lipped.    Style 

slender  ;  stigma  capitate. 

♦  Herbs,  with  axillary  flowers. 

4.  Triosteum.    Stamens  5.     Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base.     Fruit  a  3  celled  drupe.    Erect; 

flowers  sessile. 

5.  Linnsea.    Stamens  4,  one  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.     Fruit  dry,  3-celled,  but 

only  1-seeded.    Creeping,  with  long-pedunculate  twin  flowers. 

*  *  Erect  or  climbing  shrubs,  with  scaly  winter-buds. 

6.  Symphoricarpos.    Stamens  4  or  5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  bell-shaped  regular 

corolla.     Berry  4-celled,  but  only  2-seeded  ;  two  of  the  cells  sterile. 

7.  L.onicera.    Stamens  5,  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  tubular  and  more  or  less  irregular 

corolla.     Berry  several-seeded  ;  all  the  2  or  3  cells  fertile. 

8.  Dien-illa.    Stamens  5.    Corolla  funnel-form,  nearly  regular.     Pod  2-celled,  2-valved, 

many-seeded,  slender. 

1.      ADOXA,      L.  MOSCHATEL. 

Calyx-tube  reaehiug  uot  quite  to  the  summit  of  the  3  -  5-celled  ovarv ;  hmb 
of  3  or  more  teeth.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4  -  6-clef  t,  beariug  at  each  sinus  a 
pair  of  separate  or  partly  uuited  stamens  with  1-celled  anthers.  Style  3-5- 
parted.  Dry  drupe  greenish,  with  3-5  cartilaginous  nutlets.  —  A  dwarf  per- 
ennial herb  with  scaly  rv)Otstock  and  ternately  divided  leaves,  the  cauline  a 
single  pair.     An  anomalous  genus.     (From  &do^os,  obscure  or  insignificant.) 

*  In  certain  families,  as  in  Erieace*,  etc.,  the  petals  in  some  genera  are  nearly  or  quite 
separate.  In  Compnsitaj  and  some  others,  the  calyx  is  mostly  reduced  to  a  pappus,  or  a  mere 
border,  or  even  to  nothing  more  than  a  covering  of  the  surface  of  the  ovary.  The  student 
might  look  for  these  in  the  first  or  the  third  division  ;  but  the  artificiMl  analysis  prefixed  to 
the  volume  provides  for  such  anomalies,  and  will  lead  him  to  the  proper  order. 


CAPRIFOLIACE.K.      (hon'eysicki.i:    1  amii.v.)  217 

1.  A.  Moschat^Uina,  L.  Smooth,  rmisk-siented  ;  nulical  leaves  1-3- 
ternate,  tlie  cauline  3-clcft  or3-parted  ;  leaflets  ohovate,  3-eleft ;  flowers  several 

in  a  close  cluster  on  a  slender  peduncle,  greenish  or  Nclluwish. N.  Icnva, 

Wise.,  and  Minn.,  and  northward.     (Hu.,  Asia.) 

2.     SAMBUCUS,     Tourn.        Ki.oku. 

Calyx-lohes  minute  or  obsolete.  Corolla  open  urn-shaped,  with  a  hroadlv 
spreading  5-cleft  limb.  Stamens  .5.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  berrv-like  juicv 
drupe,  containing  3  small  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Shrul)by  |»lants,  with  a  rank 
smell  when  bruised,  pinnate  leaves,  serrate-pointed  leaHcts,  and  numcrMUs 
small  and  white  flowers  in  compound  cymes.  (The  Latin  name,  perhaps  from 
crafx^vKT],  an  ancient  musical  instrument.) 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  (Common  Kldkh.)  Stems  .scarcely  woody  (."i - 
10°  high);  leujiets  5-11,  ohlomj,  mostly  smooth,  tiie  lower  often  3-parted  ; 
cijmes  fat ;  fruit  black-purple. —  Rich  soil,  in  open  places,  throughout  our 
range,  and  soutli  and  west.     June,  July.  —  Pith  white. 

2.  S.  racembsa,  L.  (Ked-berkieu  Elder.)  Stems  woody  (2-12^ 
high),  the  bark  warty;  leaf  els  5-7,  ovate4anceolate,  doicni/  underneath  ;  ct/mes 
panic-led,  convex  or  pyramidal ;  fruit  bright  red  (rarely  white).  (S.  pubens, 
Michx.)  —  Rocky  woods,  N.  Scotia  to  Ga.,  and  westward  across  the  continent. 
May  ;  the  fruit  ripening  in  June.  —  Pith  brown.  Both  species  occur  with  the 
leaflets  divided  into  3-5  linear-lauceolate  2-3-cleft  or  laciuiate  segments. 

3.     VIBURNUM,     L.         Arrow-wood.     Lairestixls. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  spreading,  deeply  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas 
1  -3.  Fruit  a  1-celled,  1-seeded  drupe,  with  soft  pulp  and  a  thin-crustat-eous 
(flattened  or  tumid)  stone.  —  Shrubs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  white  flowers  in 
flat  compound  cymes.  Petioles  sometimes  bearing  little  appendages  which  are 
evidently  stipules.  Leaf-buds  naked,  or  with  a  pair  of  scales.  (The  classical 
Latin  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

§  1.  Cijvie  radiant,  the  marginal  fowers  neutral,  with  greatli/  enlarged  fat  co- 
rollas as  in  Hydrangea;  drupes  coral-red  turning  darker,  not  acid ;  stone 
sulcate  ;  leaves  jiinnatelij  veined;  xcinter-huds  naked. 

1.  V.  lantanoides,  Michx.     (Hobble-bush.     American  Wavfaring- 

TREE.)  Leaves  (4-8'  across)  round-ovate,  abruptly  pointed,  heart-shaped  at 
the  base,  closely  serrate,  the  veins  and  veinlets  beneath  with  the  stalks  and 
branchlets  very  rusty-scurfy  ;  cymes  sessile,  very  broad  aiid  flat.  —  Cold  moist 
woods,  N.  Brunswick  to  Dnt.  and  l*enn.,  and  in  the  mounUiins  to  N.  C.  May. 
A  straggling  shrub;  the  reclining  branches  often  taking  root. 
§  2.  Cgme  peduncled,  radiant  in  n.  2 ;  dru})e  light  red,  arid,  glof>ose ;  stnne 
verg  fat,  orbicular,  not  sulcate;  leaves  pnlmately  veined ;  xrinter-lmds  scaly. 

2.  V.  Opulus,  L.  (Cranberrv-tree.)  Nearly  smooth,  upright  (4- 10° 
high) ;  leaves  3-5-ribbed,  strongly  3-lobed,  broadly  we«lge-shaped  or  truncate 
at  base,  the  spreading  lol)es  pointed,  mostly  toothed  on  the  sides,  entire  in  the 
sinuses;  petioles  bearing  2  glands  at  the  a])ex.  —  Ixjw  ground,  along  streams, 
from  N.Brunswick  farwcstwanl,  ami  south  to  Penu.  June,  July.  —  The  acid 
fruit  is  a  substitute  for  cranberries,  whence  the  names  ///////  Cranl>frry-l>u.<h, 


218  CAPRIFOLIACE^.        (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.) 

etc.    The  well-known  Snow-ball  Tree,  or  Guelder-Rose,  is  a  cultivated 
state,  with  the  whole  cyme  turned  into  showy  sterile  flowers.     (Eu.) 

3.  V.  pauciflomm,  Pylaie.  A  low  straggling  shrub;  leaves  glal)rous 
or  loosely  pubescent  beneath,  5-ribbed  at  base,  unequally  serrate  nearly  all 
round,  with  3  short  lobes  at  the  summit ;  cyme  few-flowered ;  stamens  shorter 
than  tlie  corolla.  —  Cold  Avoods,  Newf.  and  Lab.  to  the  mountains  of  N.  Eng., 
westward  to  Is.  Mich,  and  the  Rocky  Mts. 

§  3.    Cijme  never  radiant;  drupes  blue,  or  dark-purple  or  black  at  maturity. 

*  Leaves  3-ribbed  from  the  rounded  or  subcordate  base,  somewhat  3-lobed ;  stip- 

ides  bristle-shaped. 

4.  V.  aeerifolium,  L.  (Dockmackie.  Areoav-avood.)  Shrub  3 -C° 
high;  leaves  soft-downy  beneath,  the  pointed  lobes  diverging,  unequally 
toothed;  cymes  small,  slender-peduncled ;  stamens  exserted ;  fruit  crimson 
turning  purple ;  stone  lenticular,  hardly  sulcate.  —  Cool  rocky  Avoods,  from 
N.  Brunswick  to  N.  C,  and  Avest  to  S.  Minn. 

*  *  Leaves  {with  base  inclined  to  heart-shaped)  coarsely  toothed,  prominently  pin- 

nately  veined  ;  stipules  narrowly  subulate  ;  no  rusty  scurf;  fruit  ovoid,  blue 
or  purple  ;  the  stone  grooved  ;  cymes  peduncled. 

■i-  Stone  flat ;  leaves  all  short-petioled  or  subsessile. 

5.  V.  pubescens,  Pursh.  (Doaa'ny  A.)  A  loAv,  straggling  shrub ;  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  taper-pointed,  the  veins  and  teeth  fcAver  and 
less  conspicuous  than  in  the  next,  the  loAver  surface  and  very  short  petioles 
soft-downy,  at  least  when  young ;  fruit  dark-purple ;  the  stone  lightly  2-sul- 
cate  on  the  faces.  —  Rocks,  etc.,  LoAver  Canada  to  the  mountains  of  Ga.,  Avest 
to  loAva  and  Minn.     June. 

-i-  -*-  Stone  very  deeply  sulcate  ventrally ;  leaves  rather  slender-petioled. 

6.  V.  dentatum,  L.  (Arroaa'-avood.)  Smooth,  5- 15°  high,  Avith  ash- 
colored  bark ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  very  numerously  sharp-toot  lied  and  strongly 
veined;  fruit  3"  long;  cross-section  of  stone  betAveen  kidney- and  horseshoe- 
shaped. —  Wet  places,  N.  Brunswick  to  N.  Ga.,  and  Avest  to  Minn.  June. — 
The  pale  leaves  often  Avith  hairy  tufts  in  the  axils  of  tlie  straight  veins 

7.  V.  molle,  Michx.  Leaves  broadly  oval,  obovate  or  ovate,  scarcely 
pointed,  coarsely  crenate  or  repand-toothed,  the  lower  surface,  brauclilets  and 
cymes  soft-doAvny,  the  latter  with  stellate  pubescence ;  fruit  oily,  larger  and 
more  pointed,  the  stone  as  in  n.  6,  but  less  deeply  excavated.  —  Coast  of  N. 
Eng.  (Martha's  Vineyard),  to  Tex. 

*  *  *  Leaves  finely  serrate  or  entire,  bright  green  ;  veins  not  prominent :  sfipides 

none ;  irhole  plant  glabrous  or  with  some  minute  rusty  scurf;  fruit  black  or 
with  a  blue  bloom,  sweet ;  stone  very  fat  and  even,  broadly  oval  or  orbicular. 
•«-  Cymes  peduncled,  about  5-rayed ;  drupes  globose-ovoid,  3"  loyig ,  shrubs  5-12° 
high,  in  sivamps. 

8.  V.  cassinoides,  L.  (Withe-rod.)  Shoots  scurfy -punctate ;  leaves 
thickish  and  opaque  or  dull,  ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  Avith  obtuse  acumination, 
obscurely  veiny  (1 -3' long),  «v7A  margins  irregularly  crenulate-denticulate  or 
sometimes  entire ;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  cyme.  (V,  nudum,  Aar.  cassinoides, 
Torr.  <j-  Gray.)  —  Newf.  to  N.  J.  and  Miuu.     Flowers  earlier  than  tlie  next. 


CArRiFOLiACE.*:.     (honkvslckli. 

^Mii.v.)  221 

9.  V.  ntldum,  L.     Obscurely  scurfy-jiUiK  tute  ;  leaves 

ish,  oval,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  olisoletely  denticulate, ''i^'*.  branches 
4'  long) ;  peduncle  usuallj  equalling  the  ci/inc.  —  N.  J.  to  Fla.  '  >^lien  old  ; 

-I-  -t-  Coinpaiitul  ci/vies  sessile,  3-5-rai/ed ;  drupes  oval,  5-7"  lou.l'^ 

10.  V.  Lentigo,  L.  (Sweet  Viburnitm.  Siikkp-hekuy.)  I^avfsovVu' 
strong! ij  pointed,  closely  and  very  shurpl.f  serrate  ;  petioles  long  and  margined  ; 
cyme  large;  fruit  oval,  \'  long  or  more,  ri])e  in  autumn,  edilde  ;  tree  15-30° 
higli.  —  Woods  and  banks  of  streams,  from  the  Atlantic  to  Mo.,  Minn.,  and 
nortliward.     ¥\.  in  spring. 

11.  V.  prunifblium,  L.  (Black  Hwv.)  A^^/vs  ora/,o/j/Mse  or  slightly 
pointed,. ////(///  mid  shdrplj  serrate,  smaller  tliau  in  tiie  preceding  (1  -2'  long) ; 
fruit  similar  or  rather  smaller.  —  Dry  or  moist  ground,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Kan., 
and  southward.     Flowering  early.  —  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree. 

12.  V.  obovatum,  Walt.  Shrub  2-8°  high;  leaves  olwvate  or  spatu- 
late,  obtuse, entire  or  denticulate,  thickish,  small  (1  -  1^'  long), shining;  cymes 
small ;  fruit  5"  long,  black.  —  Kiver-bauks  and  swamps,  Va.  to  P'la.     May. 

4.     TRidSTEUM,     L.         Feveu-wout.     House-Gentian. 

Calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  leaf-like,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  gibbous 
at  base,  somewhat  equally  5-lobed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  h. 
Ovary  mostly  3-celled,  in  fruit  forming  a  rather  dry  drupe,  containing  as  many 
ribbed  l-seeded  bony  nutlets.  —  Coarse,  hairy,  pei'ennial  herbs,  leafy  to  the  top ; 
the  ample  entire  pointed  leaves  tapering  to  the  ba.se,  but  connate  round  the 
simple  stem.  Flowers  sessile,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils.  (Name  an 
abbreviation  of  Triosteospermum,  alluding  to  the  three  bony  nutlets.) 

1.  T.  perfoli^tum,  L.  Softli/  hair >/  {2-4°  hh^h);  leaves  oral,  ahrupth/ 
narrowed  beloir,  downy  beneath;  flowers  brownish-purple,  mostly  clustered  ; 
fruit  orange-color,  |'  long.  —  Rich  woodlands,  (^anada  and  X.  Eng.  to  Minn., 
Iowa,  and  Ala.    June.     Also  called  Tinkeu's-weei>,  Wild  Coffee,  etc. 

2.  T.  angUStifblium,  L.  Smaller,  brisllj-hairij  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  taper- 
iufj  to  the  base;  fi(^wers  greeuish-cream-color,  mostly  single  in  the  axils. — 
Shady  grounds,  Va.  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  Ala.     May. 

5.    LINN.^A,     Gronov.        Twin-flowek. 

Calyx-teeth  5,  awl-shaped,  deciduous.  Corolla  narrow  bell-shaped,  almost 
equally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  two  of  them  shorter,  inserted  toward  the  ba.se  of 
the  corolla.  Ovary  and  tlie  small  dry  ])i»d  .'^-celled,  but  only  1 -.seeded,  two  of 
the  cells  having  only  abortive  ovules.  —  A  slender  creeping  and  trailing  little 
evergreen,  somewhat  hairy,  with  rounded-oval  sparingly  crenate  leaves  con- 
tracted at  the  ba.se  into  short  petioles,  and  thread-like  upright  peduncles  fork- 
ing into  2  pedicels  at  the  top,  each  bearing  a  delicate  and  fragrant  nodding 
flower.  Corolla  purple  and  whitish,  hairy  inside.  (Dedicated  to  the  immortal 
IJnnaus,  who  first  pointed  out  its  characters,  and  with  whom  this  pretty  little 
plant  was  a  s])ecial  favorite.) 

1.  Ij.  bore^lis,  Linnaus. — Moist  mos.sy  woods  and  cidd  bogs,  X.  Eng. 
to  N.  J.  and  the  mountains  <»f  Mil.,  west  to  Minn. ;  also  far  nortii  and  west. 
June.     (Eu.) 


218  CAPRIFOLJ.CE^.        (honeysuckle    FAMILY.) 

etc.     The  well-kr  ±>HORICARPOS,     Dill.        Snowberry. 

'  ^  ^  Abort,  persistent.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  regularly  4 -5-lobed,  with 
*,.fiort  stameus  inserted  into  its  throat.  Ovarv  4-celled,  only  2  of  the 
,  ith  a  fertile  ovule ;  the  berry  therefore  4-celled  but  only  2-seeded.  Seeds 
,-jny.  —  Low  and  branching  upright  shrubs,  with  oval  short-petioled  leaves, 
which  are  downy  underneath  and  entire,  or  wavy  toothed  or  lobed  on  the  young 
shoots.  Flowers  white  tinged  with  rose-color,  in  close  short  spikes  or  clusters. 
(Name  composed  of  avfjL(popew,  to  bear  together,  and  Kapiros,  fruit ;  from  the 
clustered  berries.) 

*  Sttjle  bearded ;  fruit  red  ;  flowers  all  in  short  dense  axillary  clusters. 
1.   S.  vulgaris,  Michx.     (Indian  Clrrant.     Coral-berry.)     Flowers 
in  the  axils  of  nearly  all  the  leaves ;  corolla  sparingly  bearded ;  berries  small. 

—  Rocky  banks,  western  N.  Y.  and  Fenn.  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Tex.    July. 
*  *  Sti/le  glabrous ;  fruit  white  ;  flowers  in  clusters  or  sometimes  solitary. 

•2.  S.  OCCident^lis,  Hook.  (Wolfberry.)  Floicers  in  dense  terminal 
and  axillarij  spikes;  corolla  much  bearded  within;  stamens  and  style  pro- 
truded.—  Rocky  ground,  N.  Mich,  and  111.,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  —  Flowers 
larger  and  more  funnel-form,  and  stamens  longer,  than  in  the  next. 

3.  S.  raeemosus,  Michx.  (Snowberry.)  Flowers  in  a  loose  and  some- 
what leafy  interrupted  spike  at  the  end  of  the  branches ;  corolla  bearded  inside  , 
berries  large.  —  Rocky  banks,  N.  New  Eng.  and  Fenn.,  to  Minn,  and  westward  ; 
common  in  cultivation.  June -Sept.  Berries  ripe  in  autumn.  —  V"ar.  pauci- 
fl6rl'S,  Robbins.  Low,  diffusely  branched  and  spreading;  leaves  smaller 
(about  V  long),  the  spike  reduced  to  one  or  two  flowers  in  the  uppermost  axils. 

—  Mountains  of  Vt.  and  Fenn.  to  Minn.,  Dak.,  and  westward. 

7.     L  ONI  CERA,    L.        HoNEYsrcKLE.     Woodbine. 

Calyx-teeth  very  short.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  often  gibbous  at 
the  base,  irregularly  or  almost  regularly  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2-3- 
celled.  Berry  several-seeded.  —  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  often  showy  and 
fragrant.  (Named  in  honor  of  Adam  Lonitzer,  latinized  Lonicerus,  a  German 
herbalist  of  the  16th  century.) 

§  L  XYLOSTEON.  Upright  bushy  shrubs ;  leaves  all  distinct ;  peduncles  axil- 
lary, single,  2-flowered  at  the  summit ;  the  two  berries  sometimes  united  into 
one  ;  calyx-teeth  not  persistent. 

*  Bracts  (2  or  sometimes  4)  at  the  base  of  the  ovaries  minute. 

1.  L.  eiliata,  Muhl.  (Fly-Honeysuckle.)  Branches  straggling  (3  -  5° 
high) ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  often  heart-shaped,  petiokd,  thin,  downy  beneath ; 
filiform  peduncles  .<ihorter  than  the  leaves ;  corolla  funnel-form,  almost  spurred 
at  the  base  (greenish-yellow,  |'  long),  the  lobes  nearly  equal;  berries  separate 
(red).  —  Rocky  woods,  N.  Brunswick  to  Fenn.  and  Minn.     May. 

2.  L.  CSerulea,  L.  (Mountain  F.)  Low  (1-2°  high);  branches  up- 
right ;  leaves  oval,  downy  when  young ;  peduncles  very  short ;  bracts  awl-shaped, 
longer  than  the  ovaries,  ivhich  are  united  into  one  (blue)  berry ;  flowers  yellowish. 

—  Mountain  woods  and  bogs,  Lab.  to  R.  I.,  Minn.,  and  northward.    May.    (Eu.) 


CArRIFOLIACK.i:.        (IIONEYSUCKLK    FAMILY.)  221 

3.  L.  oblongif61ia,  .Muhl.  (Swamp  F.)  Slmil)  2-.')0  hi^'h,  branthes 
upriglit;  kaiiS  (2-a'  lung)  ol>lo)i<j,  downy  wlii-ii  vouiig,  kiikmhIj  when  old; 
veduncles  long  and  slender;  bracts  minute  or  deciduous;  corulhi  dttnlu  2-lii>ind 
(^' long,  yellowish-white) ;  Uiries  {purple)  united  or  nearly  (list imt.  —  IJogs, 
N.  New  Kng.  and  N.  Y.,  to  Miun.    June. 

*  *  T/ie  twojloicrrs  involucrate  by  4  conspicuous  and  broad  folincenus  bracts. 

4.  L.  involucr^ta,  Banks.  Pubescent,  or  becoming  glabrous ;  branches 
4-angular ;  leaves  (2-5'  long)  ovate-oblong,  mostly  pointed,  petioled,  and  with 
a  strong  midrib,  exceeding  the  peduncle;  corolla  yellowish,  viscid-puljc.scent, 
cylindraceous  (6-8"  long);  ovaries  and  globose  dark-puqde  berries  distinct. 
—  Deep  woods:  shores  of  L.  Superior,  and  north  and  westward. 

§  2.    CAPRIFOLIUM.      Ticinimj   shrubs,  with  the  ^flowers   in  Sfssi/e  whorhd 
clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  {often  connate)  upper  leaves, forming  interrujited 
terminal  spikes;  calyx-teeth  persistent  on  the  (red  or  orange)  bei-rif. 
*  Corolla  trumpet-shaped ,  al most  regular  ;  stamens  and  stgle  little  erserted. 

5.  L.  semp6rvirens,  Ait.  (Thimpet  HoNEVstcKLE.)  Flowers  in 
somewliat  distant  w]iorls,  scentless,  nearly  2'  long,  deep  red  outside,  yfllowish 
within  or  rarely  tliroughout ;  leaves  oblong,  smooth,  tlie  lower  |)etit>led,  the 
uppermost  pairs  connate.  —  Copses,  Conn,  to  Ind.,and  southward  ;  common  in 
cultivation.     May  -  Oct.  —  Leaves  deciduous  at  the  north. 

*  *  Corolla  ringent ;  the  lower  lip  narrow,  the  upper  broad  and  4-lobed  ;  stamens 

and  stijle  conspicuousli/  exserted. 

•»-  Corolla-tube  an  inch  long,  glabrous  inside  ;  stamens  and  style  glabrous. 

6.  L.  gr^ta,  Ait.  (American  Woodbine.)  Leaves  smooth,  glaucous 
beneath,  obovate,  the  2  or  3  upper  pairs  united  ;  flowers  wliorled  in  the  upper- 
most axils;  corolla  whitish  with  a  purjde  tube,  fading  yellowish,  not  gibbous 
at  base,  fragrant.  —  Rocky  woodlands,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Midi,  and  Mo.,  and 
southward ;  also  cultivated.     May. 

-t-  -t-  Corolla  hairy  ivithin,  the  tube  6"  long  or  less. 

7.  L.  hirsuta,  Eaton.  (Hairy  IIoxevsuckle.)  Twining  and  rather 
high-climbing;  leaves  deep  green  above,  downy-hairy  beneatli,  as  well  as  the 
l)ranclies,  veiny,  dull,  broadly  oval,  the  uppermost  united,  the  lower  short- 
petioled  ;  flowers  in  approximate  whorls ;  tube  of  the  (orange-yellow)  clammy- 
pubescent  corolla  gibbous  at  base,  slender.  —  Damp  copses  and  rocks,  Maine 
to  Penn.,  ^licli.,  and  Minn.     July.  —  A  coarse  large-leaved  species. 

8.  L.  SuUivantii,  Gray.  At  length  inuch  ichitened  with  glaucous  bloom, 
3-6°  high,  glaljrous;  leaves  oval  and  obovate-oblong  (2-4'  long),  sessile  and 
mostly  connate  on  the  flowering  stems,  the  uppermost  into  an  orbicular  disk ; 
corolla  pale  yaWow ;  f  laments  nearly  glabrous.  (L.  flava  of  former  edition, 
mainly.) — Ohio  to  111.,  Minn.,  and  L.  Winnipeg;  also  in  Tenn.  and  N.  C. 

9.  L.  glauca,  Hill.  (Jlabrous,  or  lower  leaf  surfare  sometimes  jjuberu- 
ient,  3-5°  higli ;  leaves  oblong  (2-3'  long),  glaucous  but  less  whitened  than 
in  the  last,  the  1  -4  upper  pairs  connate  ;  corolla  greenish-yellow  or  purjtlish; 
tube  only  3  -  4"  long,  within  and  also  style  and  base  of  filaments  hirsute.  { L.  par- 
viflcJra,  Lam.,  and  part  of  var.  Doughisii,  Cray.)  —  Hocky  grounds,  N.  Eug. 
and  Penn.  to  Minn.,  and  northward. 


222  CAPRIFOLIACE^.       (HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.) 

8.     DIE  H  VILLA,     Tourn.        Bush-Honeysuckle. 

Calyx-tube  tapering  at  the  summit ;  the  lobes  slender,  aAvl-shaped,  persistent. 
Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  almost  regular.  Stamens  5.  Pod  ovoid-oblong, 
pointed,  2-celled,  2-valved,  septicidal,  many-seeded.  —  Low  upright  shrubs, 
with  ovate  or  oblong  pointed  serrate  leaves,  and  cymosely  3 -several-flowered 
peduncles,  from  the  upper  axils  or  terminal.  (Named  in  compliment  to  Dr. 
Dierville,  wlio  brought  it  from  Canada  to  Tournefort.) 

1.  D.  trifida,  Moench.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  petioled; 
peduncles  mostly  3-flowered  ;  pod  long-beaked.  —  Kocks,  Ne^\'f .  to  the  moun- 
tains of  N.  C,  west  to  Minn.  June  -  Aug.  —  Flowers  honey-color,  not  showy, 
as  are  the  Japanese  species  cultivated  under  the  name  of  Weigela. 

Order  52.     KUBIACE^E.     (Madder  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  connected  by  interposed  stipules, 
or  in  whorls  ivithout  ajjparent  stipules,  the  calyx  coherent  with  the  2-^-celled 
ovary,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  rerjular  corolla  (4-5),  and 
inserted  on  its  tube.  —  Flowers  perfect,  but  often  dimorphous  (as  in  ^Nlitch- 
ella  and  Iloustonia).  Fruit  various.  Seeds  anatropous  or  ampliitropous. 
Embryo  commonly  pretty  large,  in  copious  hard  albumen.  —  A  very  large 
family,  the  greater  part,  and  all  its  most  important  plants  (such  as  the 
Coffee  and  Peruvian-Bark  trees),  tropical. 

I.   CINCHONE^.     Ovules  numerous  in  each  cell ;  leaves  opposite. 

1.  Houstonia.    Corolla  salver-form  or  ftinnel-foi'm,  4-lobecl.     Seeds  rather  few,  thimble- 

sliaped  or  saucer-shaped.     Low  herbs. 

2.  Oldenlandia.    Corolla  wheel-shaped  in  our  species,  4-lobed.    Seeds  very  numerous  and 

minute,  angular.     Low  herbs. 

II.  COFFEINEvE.     Ovules  solitary  in  the  cells  ;  leaves  mostly  opposite. 
-•-  Flowers  in  a  close  and  globose  long-peduncled  head.     Fruit  dry.    Shrubs. 

3.  Cephalanthus.    Corolla  tubular  ;  lobes  4.     Fruit  inversely  pyramidal,  2- 4-seeded. 

^_  H-  Flowers  twin  ;  their  ovaries  united  into  one.     Fruit  a  2  eyed  berry. 

4.  Mitchella.    Corolla  funnel-form  ;  its  lobes  4.     A  creeping  herb. 

^-  -t-  M-  Flowers  axillary,  separate.     Fruit  dry  when  ripe.    Herbs. 

5.  Sperniacoce.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form  ;  lobes  4.     Fruit  separating  when  ripe 

into  2  carpels,  one  or  both  of  them  opening. 

6.  Diodia.    Fruit  separating  into  2  or  3  closed  and  indehiscent  carpels  ;  otherwise  as  n.  5. 

III.  STELLAT^E.     Ovules  solitary  ;  leaves  in  whorls,  without  stipules. 

7.  Galium.    Corolla  wheel-shaped,  4-  (or  rarely  3-j  jiarted.     Calyx-teeth  obsolete.     Fruit 

twin,  separating  into  2  indehiscent  1-seeded  carpels. 

8.  Sherardia.       Corolla    funnel-form.       Calyx-lobes    lanceolate.       Flowers    subsessile, 

involucrate. 

L    HOUSTONIA,    L. 

Calyx  4-lobed,  persistent ;  the  lobes  in  fruit  distant.  Corolla  salver-form  or 
funnel-form,  usually  much  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  val- 
vate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4 ;  antliers  linear  or  oldong.  Style  1 ;  stigmas  2. 
Ovary  2-celled.  Pod  top-shaped,  globular,  or  didymous,  thin,  its  summit  or  upper 
half  free  from  and  projecting  beyond  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  loculicidal  across 


RUBIACE.E.        (madder    FAMILY.)  223 

the  top.  Seeds  ratlier  few  (4-20  iu  each  cell),  peltate  and  saucer-shaped  or 
globular-tliimhle-shaped,  pitted.  —  Small  lierhs,  wiili  .sliort  entire  stipules  con- 
necting the  j)etioles  or  narrowed  bases  of  the  leaves,  and  cyinose  or  soliuirv  and 
peduncled  Howcrs.  'I'hese  are  dimorphous,  in  some  individuals  with  ex.serted 
anthers  and  short  includeil  stvle;  in  others  the  anthers  included  and  the  stvle 
long,  the  stigmas  therefore  protruding.  (Named  for  Dr.  Win.  Iloustun,  an 
English  botanist  who  collected  in  Central  America.) 

*  ,Sin(ill  and   delicate,  vprmd-Jlowering ;  peduncles  \-Jiowered ;  corolla  salrer- 

form  ;  upper  half  of  the  broad  and  somewhat  2-lohcd  pod  free ;  seeds  globu- 
lar, icith  a  very  deep  round  cavity  occupying  the  inner  face. 

■(-  Perennial  by  delicate  Jili form  creeping  rootstocks  or  creeping  stems  ;  peduncles 
filiform,  1-2'  long. 

1.  H.  CBBrulea,  L.  (Bluets.  Innocence.)  Glabrous;  .s/ewse/er^,  slen- 
der, sparingly  branched  from  the  base  (3-5'  high)  ;  leaves  oblong-spatulate  (3- 
4"  long) ;  peduncle  filiform,  erect ;  corolla  light  blue,  pale  lilac  or  nearlv  white 
with  a  yellowish  eye,  with  tube  much  longer  than  its  lobes  or  than  those  (»f  the 
calyx.  —  Moist  and  grassy  places,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Ala. ;  pro 
ducing  from  early  spring  to  midsummer  its  delicate  little  Howcrs. 

2.  H.  serpyllifolia,  Michx.  Like  the  last,  but  filiform  stems  prostrate, 
extensively  creeping  and  rooting;  leaves  orbicular  to  orate  (2-4"  long);  co- 
rolla rather  larger,  and  deep  violet-blue.  —  Along  streamlets  and  on  mouiitain- 
tops,  Va.  to  Teun.  and  S.  C. 

-t-  ■*-  Winter-annuals,  branching  from  the  simple  root;  peduncles  much  shorter. 

3.  H.  patens,  Ell.  An  inch  to  at  length  a  span  high,  with  ascending 
branches  and  erect  peduncles ;  leaves  spatulate  to  ovate ;  corolla  much  smaller 
than  that  of  n.  1,  violet-blue  or  purjdish  witliout  yellowish  eye,  the  tube  longer 
than  its  lobes,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx-lobes.  —  Dry  or  sandv  soil,  S.  Va.  to 
Tex.  and  111.  (?) 

4.  H.  minima,  Beck.  Morediiin^e,  com  nvmly  scabrous;  stems  at  length 
much  branclied  and  s])reading  (1-4'  high) ;  lowest  leaves  ovate  or  spatulate, 
the  upper  oblong  or  nearly  linear;  earlier  ])eduncles  elongated  and  spreading 
in  fruit,  the  later  ones  short ;  tube  of  the  })urj)lish  corolla  not  longer  than  its  lobes 
or  the  ample  calyx-lobes  (H"  long).  —  Dry  hills,  Mo.  to  Tex.     March -May. 

*  *  Erect,  mostly  perennial  herbs  (6  -  20'  high),  with  stem-leaves  sessile,  and  flow- 

ers in  small  terminal  cymes  or  clusters ;  corolla  funnel-form,  }mr})lish,  of  en 
hairy  inside  :  .seeds  meiiiscoidal ,  with  a  ridge  across  the  hollowed  inner  face. 

5.  H.  purpurea,  L.  Pubescent  or  smo<Uh  (8-15'  high);  leaves  vary 
ing  from  roundish-ovate  to  lanceolate,  3-5-ribbed  ;  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the 
half-free  globular  pod.  —  Woodlands,  Md.  to  Ark.,  and  southward.  May  -  July. 
—  Varying  wonderfully,  as  into  — 

Var.  ciliol^ta,  Gray.  A  span  high  ;  leaves  only  \'  long,  thickish  ;  cauline 
oblong-spatulate;  radical  oval  or  oblong,  rosulate,  hirsute-ciliate ;  calyx-h)bes 
a  little  longer  tlian  the  pod.  —  Rocky  l»anks.  from  the  Great  Lakes  and  Minn, 
to  Ky. ;  passing  into 

Var.  longifolia.  Gray.  A  span  or  two  high,  mostly  glabrous,  thinner- 
leaved  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  (6-20"  long) ;  radical  oval  or  oblong. 


224  RUBiACE^.      (madder  family.) 

less  rosulate,  not  ciliate.  —  Rocky  or  graA'elly  ground,  Maine  to  Minn.,  south 
to  Ga.  and  Mo. ;  also  northward. 

Var.  tenuifolia,  Gray.  Slender,  lax,  diffuse,  6-12'  high,  Avith  loose  in- 
florescence, and  almost  filiform  branches  and  peduncles;  cauline  leaves  all 
linear,  hardly  over  1"  Avide.  —  S.  E.  Ohio  to  Va.,  N.  C,  and  Tenn. 

Var.  calyc6sa,  Gray.  Almost  1°  high;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  tliick- 
ish;  calyx-lobes  elongated  (2-4"  long),  much  surpassing  the  pod.  —  From 
111.  {Hall)  to  Ark.  and  N.  Ala. 

6.  H.  angustifolia,  Michx.  Stems  tufted  from  a  hard  or  woody  root ; 
leaves  narrowh)  linear,  acute,  1-ribbed,  many  of  them  fascicled ;  flowers  crowded, 
short-pedicelled ;  lobes  of  tlie  corolla  densely  bearded  inside ;  pod  ohovoid,  acute 
at  base,onli/  its  summit  free,  opening  first  across  the  top,  at  length  through  the 
partition.  —  Barrens,  111.  to  Kan.,  south  to  Tex.,  Tenn.,  and  Fla. 

2.     OLDENLANDIA,    Plumier. 

Calyx  4-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  short,  in  our  species  wheel-shaped ;  the 
limb  4-parted,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4  ;  anthers  short.  Style  1  or  none ; 
stigmas  2.  Pod  thin,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  loculicidally  across  the 
summit.  Seeds  very  numerous,  minute  and  angular.  —  Low  herbs,  Avith  small 
stipules  united  to  the  petioles.  (Dedicated  to  the  memory  of  Oldenland,  a 
German  physician  and  botanist,  Avho  died  early  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.) 

1.  O.  glomerata,  Michx.  An  inconspicuous,  pubescent  or  smoothish, 
branched  and  spreading  annual  (2  -  12'  high) ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong;  floAvers 
in  sessile  axillary  clusters;  corolla  nearly  Avheel-shaped  (Avhite),  much  shorter 
than  the  calyx.  —  Wet  places,  near  the  coast,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.     CEPHALANTHUS,    L.        Button-bush. 

Calyx-tube  inversely  pyramidal,  the  limb  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  4- 
toothed;  the  teeth  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Style  thread-form,  much  protruded. 
Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  dry  and  hard,  small,  inversely  pyramidal,  2-4-celled, 
at  length  splitting  from  the  base  upAAard  into  2-4  closed  1-seeded  portions. — 
Shrubs,  Avith  the  Avliite  floAvers  densely  aggregated  in  splierical  peduncled  heads, 
(Name  composed  of  KccpaX-fi,  a  head,  and  ai/Oos,  ajloicer.) 

1.  C.  OCCidentaliS,  L.  Smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  petioled,  OAate  or 
lanceolate-oblong,  pointed,  opposite  or  whorled  in  threes,  Avith  short  iuterA'ening 
stipules.  —  Swamps  and  along  streams,  througliout  the  continent.     July,  Aug 

4.  MITCHELL  A,  L.  Fartridge-berry. 
FloAvers  in  pairs,  Avith  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-form, 4-lobed ;  the  lobes  spreading,  densely  bearded  inside,  valvate  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  4.  Style  1  ;  stigmas  4,  linear.  Fruit  a  berry-like  double  drupe, 
croAvned  Avith  the  calyx-teeth  of  the  tAvo  flowers,  with  4  small  seed-like  bony 
nutlets  to  each  floAver.  —  A  smooth  and  trailing  small  CA^ergreen  herb,  Avith 
round-ovate  and  shining  petioled  leaves,  minute  stipules,  AA'hite  fragrant  floAV- 
ers  often  tinged  Avith  purple,  and  scarlet  edible  (but  nearly  tasteless)  ber- 
ries, Avhich  remain  over  Avinter.  FloAvers  occasionally  3-6-merous,  ahvays 
dimorphous ;  all  those  of  some  individuals  having  exserted  stamens  and  in- 
cluded stigmas;  of  others,  included  stamens  and  exserted  style.     (This  very 


RUBIACE.K.        (madder    FAMILY.)  225 

pretty  plant  commemorates  Dr.  John  Mitrhvll,  an  oarlv  correspoudi-nt  of  Lin- 
na;us,  and  an  excellent  botanist,  who  resided  in  \'irginia.) 

1.  M.  ripens,  1-— I  >iy  woods,  creeping  about  the  foot  of  troes,  especially 
Conifene,  tliroughout  our  ranoe  and  southward.  June,  July.  —  Leave.s  often 
variegated  with  whitish  lines  Rarely  the  two  flowers  are  c(nnplotelv  conflu- 
ent into  one,  with  a  10-lobed  corolla. 

6.  SPERMACbCE,     Dill.        Bitton-wekd. 

(\alyx-tube  short;  the  limb  parted  into  4  teeth.  Corolla  funnel  form  oi 
salver-form,  valvate  in  the  bud  Stamens  4.  Stigma  or  style  2<left.  Fruit 
small  and  dry,  2  celled,  2-seeded,  splitting  when  ripe  into  2  carpels,  one  of  them 
usually  carrying  with  it  the  ])artition,  and  therefore  closed,  the  other  open  on 
the  inner  face.—  Small  herbs,  the  bases  of  the  leaves  or  petioles  connected  by 
a  bristle-bearing  stipular  membrane  Flowers  small,  whitish,  crowded  into 
sessile  axillary  whorled  clusters  or  heads.  ( Name  compounded  of  arfpfxa,  seed, 
and  aKCDKT},  <i  f)oin(,  probably  from  the  pointed  calyx-teeth  on  the  fruit.) 

i.  S.  glabra,  Michx.  Glabrous  perennial ;  stemssi)reailing  (9-20'long); 
leaves  ol)long-lai)ceolate ;  heads  maiiy-fl(.)wered  ;  corolla  little  exceeding  the 
calyx,  beanleil  in  the  throat,  bearing  the  anthers  at  its  ba.se,  filaments  and 
style  hardly  any.  —  Kiver-banks,  S.  Ohio  to  Ark.,  Tex.,  and  Fla.     Aug. 

6.     DIODIA,     Gronov.         Bitton-wkkd. 

Calyx-teeth  2  -  5,  often  unequal.  Fruit  2-  (rarely  3-)  celled  ;  the  crustaceous 
carpels  into  which  it  splits  all  closed  and  indeliiscent.  Flowers  1  -3  in  each 
axil.  Otherwise  resembling  Spermacoce.  Flowering  all  summer.  (Name 
from  diodos  (i  tkonnujlifare  ;  the  species  often  growing  I)y  the  wayside.) 

1.  D.  Virginiana,  L  Smoothor  hairy  })erennial;  stems  s|)rcading  (1 - 
2°  long) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile ,  corolla  white  {V  long), 
the  slender  tube  (dirujttli/  exjHinded  into  the  lan/e  Innh ;  slj/le  ^-/nntcd ,  fruit 
oh/onf/,  stronf/li/  furroiced,  crowned  mostly  with  2  slender  calyx-teeth  —  Low 
grounds  along  streams,  southern  N.  J   to  Fla.,  west  to  Ark.  and  Tex. 

2.  D.  t^res,  Walt.  Hairy  or  minutely  pubescent  annual ;  stem  spreading 
(3-9' long),  nearly  terete;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  rigid  ;  ro- 
rolla  funnel-form  (2  -3"  long,  whitish),  with  short  lobes,  not  exceeding  the  long 
bristles  of  the  sti])ules  ;  sti/le  undivided ;  fruit  ol)()vateturbinate,  not  furrowed , 
crowned  with  4  short  calyx-teeth.  —  Sandy  soil,  N  J.  to  \V.  111.,  Fla.,  and  Tex. 

7.  GALIUM,     L.         Bedsthaw.     Cleavers 

Calyx-teetli  obsolete.  Corolla  4-parted,  rarely  3-parted,  wheel-shaped,  val- 
vate in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  rarely  3,  short.  Styles  2.  Fruit  dry  or  fleshy, 
globular,  twin,  separating  wlien  ripe  into  the  2  see<l-like,  indehi.scent,  1-seeded 
carpels.  —  Slender  herbs,  with  sniivll  cyniose  flowers  (pnwluced  in  summer), 
square  stems,  and  whorled  leaves,  the  roots  often  containing  a  red  ct)loring 
matter.  (Name  from  7dAo,  milk,  which  some  sjKJcie.H  are  used  to  curdle.) 
§  1 .    Naturalized  species ;  fruit  dri/. 

G.  vihiuM,  L.  (Yei.i.ow  Bedsthaw.)  Perennial;  .«<toms  smooth,  erect ; 
leaves  8  or  sometimes  6  in  the  whorls,  linear,  roughish,  .soon  deflexed  ;  flowers 

15 


226  RUBiACE^.     (madder  family.) 

very  numerous,  paniculate,  yellow ;  fruit  usually  smooth.  —  Dry  fields,  E.  Mass. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

G.  MoLLUGo,  L,  Perennial,  smooth  throughout;  stems  erect  or  diffuse, 
2  or  3°  long;  leaves  8,  or  6  on  the  branchlets,  oblanceolate  to  nearly  linear; 
flowers  very  numerous  in  ample  almost  leafless  panicles;  fruit  smooth. — 
Roadsides  and  fields,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

G.  Anglicum,  Huds.  Annual,  slender,  diffuse,  seldom  1°  high,  glabrous; 
leaves  5-7,  oblanceolate  to  nearly  linear  (3"  loug),  their  margins  and  the 
angles  of  the  stem  spinulose-scabrous ;  flowers  rather  few,  cymulose  on  leafy 
branches,  greenish-white,  very  small ;  fruit  glabrous,  more  or  less  tuberculate. 
—  Roadsides,  Bedford  Co.,  Va.  (Ctirfiss).     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

G.  tric6rxe,  With.  Annual,  resembling  G.  Aparine,  rather  stout,  with 
simple  branches ;  leaves  6  or  8,  olilanceolate,  cuspidate-mucronate,  the  margins 
and  stem  retrorsely  prickly-liispid  ;  flowers  mostly  in  clusters  of  3,  dull  white; 
fruits  rather  large,'  tuberculate-grauulate,  not  hairy,  pendulous.  —  Fields,  east- 
ward.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.    Indigenous  species  ;  fruit  ciri/. 

*  Annual ;  leaves  about  8  in  a  whorl ;  peduncles  1  -S-Jiowered,  axillari/ ;  fruit 

bristhj  with  hooked  prickles. 

1.  G.  Aparine,  L.  (Cleavers.  Goose-Grass.)  Stem  weak  and  re- 
clining, bristle-prickly  backward,  hairy  at  the  joints ;  leaves  lanceolate,  taper- 
ing to  the  base,  short-pointed,  rough  on  the  margins  and  midrib  (1-2'  long) ; 
flowers  white.  —  Shaded  grounds,  throughout  the  continent ;  probably  as  an 
introduced  plant  eastward. 

*  *  Perennials ,  leaves  in  4'5,  comparatively  large,  and  broad  (narrower  in  n.  7 

and  8),  not  cuspidate-pointed ,  more  or  less  distinctly  Z-nerved ;  fruit  uncinate- 
hispid  (except  in  n.  6  and  7). 
-«-  Peduncles  loosely  3  -  several  flowered ;  flowers  dull  purple  to  yellowish-white. 

2.  G.  pilosum,  Ait.  Hairy;  /eoi'es  om/,  dotted,  hairy  (1' long),  the  lat- 
eral nerves  obscure;  peduncles  2 -3 forked,  the  flowers  all  pedicelled. — Dry 
copses,  R.  I.  and  Vt.  to  111.,  E.  Kan.,  and  southward. 

Var.  puncticulosum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Almost  glabrous ;  leaves  varying 
to  elliptical-oblong,  hispidulous-ciliate.  —  Va.  to  Tex. 

3.  G.  Karatschaticum,  Steller.  Stems  weak,  mainly  glabrous  (1° 
high);  leaves  orbicular  to  oblong-ovate,  thin  (i-1'  long),  slightly  pilose; 
flowers  slenderly  pedicellate;  corolla  glabrous,  yellowish-white,  not  turning 
dark,  its  lobes  merely  acute.  (G.  circaezans,  var.  montanum,  Torr.  ^-  Gray.)  — 
Higher  mountains  of  N.  Eng.,  L.  Canada,  and  far  westward.     (Asia.) 

4.  G.  circsezans,  Michx.  (Wild  Liquorice.)  Smooth  or  downy  ( 1  ° 
high) ;  leaves  oval,  varying  to  ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  ciliate  (1  -  1^'  long) ; 
peduncles  usually  once  forked,  the  branches  elongated  and  widely  diverging  in 
fruit,  bearing  several  remote  flowers  on  very  short  lateral  pedicels,  reflexed  in 
fruit;  lobes  of  the  greenish  corolla  hairy  outside,  acute  or  acuminate.  —  Rich 
woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  G.  lanceol^tum,  Torr.  (Wild  Liquorice.)  Nearly  glabrous; 
leaves  (except  the  lowest)  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex  (2' 
long);  corolla  glabrous,  yellowish  turning  dull  purple,  lobes  more  acuminate; 
otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Dry  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Mich,  and  Minn. 

6.  G.  latifblium,  Michx.  Smooth  (1-2°  high);  leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  (2'  long),  the  midrib  and  margins  rough  ;  cymes  panicled, 


KUBIACE.K.        (maDDKU    1  AMILY.)  227 

loosely  many-flowered,  the  purple  flowers  on  slender  spreading  pedicels ;  fruit 
smooth,  rather  fleshy.  —  Dry  woods,  mountains  of  Penn.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

7.  G.  Arkans^num,  Gray.  Similiir  hut  lower;  loaves  lanceolate  to 
linear  (T  lung  or  less),  the  lateral  nerves  ohscure  or  uonc.  —  8.  Mo.  and  Ark. 

H-  -4-  Leaves  narrow ;  /lowers  bright  ichile,  numerous  in  a  comjiurt  panicle. 

8.  G.  boreale,  L-  (Xokthkun  Bedstraw.)  Smooth  (1-2°  high); 
leaves  linear-lanceolate;  fruit  minutely  hri.stly,  sometimes  smooth.  —  Rorkv 
hanks  of  streams,  Maine  to  Penn.,  Iowa,  Minn.,  and  westward.    (Eu  ,  Asia.) 

*  *  Leaves  in  4's,   5*5,  or  6's,  small,   \-nerved ;   flowers    white ;  fruit   smooth 

(flowers  greenish  and  fruit  hispid  in  n.  12.) 

H-  T^eaves  pointless. 

9.  G.  trifidum,  L.  (Small  Bedstkaw.)  Stems  weak,  ascending  (.5 - 
20' high),  braiieliiug,  mostly  roughened  backwards  on  the  angles;  leaves  in 
ivhorls  of  4  to  6,  linear  or  ohlanceolate,  the  margins  and  midrib  rough  ;  peduncles 
scattered,  1  -  7  flowered ;  corolla-lobes  and  stamens  often  only  3.  —  Spliagnous 
bogs  and  wet  ground,  throughout  the  continent.  Exceedingly  variable.  —  Var. 
pusfLLUM,  Gray,  the  smallest  form;  leaves  only  in  4's,  3-4"  long,  narrow,  in 
age  often  reflexed ;  peduncles  1-flowered.  In  cold  bogs,  northward.  —  Var. 
LATir6LiL'M,  Torr.,  the  larger  and  broadest-leaved  form  ;  leaves  6  or  7"  long, 
often  2"  wide.     From  Canada,  south  and  west.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

10.  G.  COncinnum,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  low  and  slender  (6-12'  high), 
with  minutely  roughened  angles;  leaves  all  in  6's, linear,  slightli/  pointed,  vein- 
less,  the  margins  upwardly  roughened;  peduncles  2-3  times  forked, difluseli/  pan- 
icled ;  pedicels  short.  —  Dry  hills,  Penn.  to  Va.,  west  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  Ark. 

•1-  H-  Leaves  cuspidateli/  mucronate  or  acuminate. 

11.  G.  asprellum,  Michx.  (Roigii  Bedstraw.)  .S/e/w  much  branclied, 
rough  backivards  with  hooked  prickles,  leaning  on  bushes  (3-5°  high)  ;  leaves 
in  whorls  of  6,  or  4  -  5  on  the  branchlets,  oval-lanceolate,  with  almost  prickly  mar- 
gins and  midrib;  peduncles  short,  2-3  times  forked.  —  Alluvial  ground,  N. 
Eng.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  Mo. 

12.  G.  triflorum,  Miclix.  (Sweet-scented  Bedstraw.)  Stem  (1-3° 
long)  bri.stly-roughcned  backward  on  the  angles ;  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate, 
bristle-pointed,  with  slightly  rougliened  margins  (1-2'  long);  peduncles  3- 
flowered,  the  flowers  all  pedicelled,  greenish;  fruit  be.set  with  luM»ked  bristles. 
—  Kich  woodlands,  throughout  the  continent.    Sweet-scented  in  drying.    (Eu.) 

§  3.    Perennial ;  fruit  a  berri/ :  leaves  in  4V,  X-nerved. 

13.  G.  hispidulum,  Midix.  Hirsute-])ube.scent,  scabrous,  or  sometimes 
nearly  smooth,  1  -2°  high,  diffusely  l)ranched  ;  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  mucn^- 
nate  (3-G"  long) ,  pedicels  solitary  or  commonly  2  or  3  from  the  small  invo- 
lucral  whorl,  all  naked,  or  one  of  them  bractccdate  ;  flowers  white ;  berry  purjile. 
glabrate.  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  southern  N.  J.  to  Ela.,  along  the  coast. 

8.    SHERARDIA,     Dill. 

Calyx-lobes  lanceolate.  jxTsistcnt.  ('(nulla  fimn(d-forni,  the  limb  4  -  ."i-lobed. 
Stamens  4-.').  Style  filiform,  2-cl('ft ;  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  dry.  twin,  of  2 
indehiscent  l-seeded  car])els.  —  A  slender  pr«Huml)ent  herb,  with  .scjuare  .stems, 


228  VALERIANACE^.   (VALERIAN  FAMILY.) 

lanceolate  pungent  leaves  in  whorls  of  4  -  6,  and  small  subsessile  blue  or  pink- 
ish flowers  surrounded  by  a  gamophyllous  involucre.  (Named  for  Dr.  William 
Sherard,  patron  of  Dillenius.) 

S.  ARVENSis,  L.     The  only  species ;  sparingly  naturalized  from  Eu. 

Order  53.     VALERIANACE^S:.     (Valerian  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules;  the  calyx-tube  coherent  with 
the  ovary,  which  has  one  fertile  1-ovuled  cell  and  two  abortive  or  empty  ones ; 
the  stamens  distinct,  1-S,feicer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted 
on  its  tube.  —  Corolla  tubular  v  funnel-form,  often  irregular,  mostly  5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  imbric?.ted  in  the  bud.  Style  slender;  stigmas  1-3. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  1 -celled  (the  two  empty  cells  of  the  ovary  disappear- 
ing), or  3-celled,  two  of  them  empty,  the  other  1 -seeded.  Seed  suspended, 
anatropous,  with  a  large  embryo  and  no  albumen.  —  Flowers  in  panicled 
or  clustered  cymes.     (Roots  often  odorous  and  antispasmodic.) 

1.    VALERIANA,    Tourn.        Valeriax. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  of  several  plumose  bristles  (like  a  pappus)  which  are  rolled 
up  inward  in  flower,  but  unroll  and  spread  as  the  seed-like  1-celled  fruit  ma- 
tures. Corolla  commonly  gibbous  near  the  base,  the  5-lobed  limb  nearly  regu- 
lar. Stamens  3.  —  Perennial  herbs,  Avith  thickened  strong-scented  roots,  and 
simple  or  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  many  species  imperfectly  dioecious  or  di- 
morphous.    (A  medieval  Latin  name  of  uncertain  origin.) 

*  Root  spindle-shaped,  large  and  deep  (6-12'  long) ;  leaves  thichish. 

1.  V.  edulis,  Xutt.  Smooth,  or  minutely  downy  when  very  young ;  stem 
straight  (1  -4^  higli),  few-leaved  ;  leaves  commonly  minutely  and  densely  cili- 
ate,  those  of  the  root  spatulate  and  lanceolate,  of  the  stem  pinnately  parted  into 
3-7  long  and  narrow  divisions ;  flowers  in  a  long  and  narrow  interrupted  pani- 
cle, nearly  dioecious;  corolla  whitish,  obconical  (2"  long).  —  ^Yet  plains  and 
prairies,  Ohio  and  Out.  to  Iowa,  Minn.,  and  westward.     June. 

*  *  Root  fibrnus  ;  leaves  thin.     {Stems  1-3°  high.) 

2.  V.  sylv^tica,  Banks.  Smooth  or  minutely  pubescent;  root-leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  rarely  with  2  small  lobes ;  stem-leaves  pinnate,  with  3  - 
1 1  oblong-OA'ate  or  lanceolate  nearly  entire  leaflets ;  cyme  at  first  close,  many- 
flowered  ;  corolla  inversely  conical  (3"  long,  rose-color  or  white).  —  Wet  ground, 
Newf.  to  southern  X.  Y.,  N.  Mich.,  westward  and  northward.     June. 

3.  V.  pauciflbra,  Michx.  Smooth,  slender,  surculose  ;  root-leaves  ovate, 
heart-shaped,  toothed,  pointed,  sometimes  with  2  small  lateral  divisions ;  stem- 
leaves  pinnate,  with  3-7  ovate  toothed  leaflets ;  branches  of  the  panicled  cyme 
few-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  (pale  pink)  corolla  long  and  slender  {\'  long).  —  Woods 
and  alluvial  banks,  Penn.  to  S.  111.,  Mo.,  and  Tenn.     June. 

2.    VALERIANELLA,    Tourn.     Corx  Salad.     Lamb-Lettuce. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  merely  toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  equally 
or  unequally  5-lobed.  Stamens  3,  rarely  2.  Fruit  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells 
empty  and  sometimes  confluent  into  one,  the  other  1-seeded.  —  Annuals  and 


DIPSACE/K.        (teasel    FAMILY.)  229 

biennials,  usually  smooth,  with  forking  stems,  tender  and  rather  succulent 
leaves  (entire  or  cut-lobed  towards  tlie  base),  and  whito  or  wlijtish  cvmose- 
clustered  and  braoted  small  flowers.  —  Our  speeies  all  have  the  limb  of  the 
calyx  obsolete,  and  are  so  much  alike  in  aspect,  Howers,  etc.,  that  good  charac- 
ters are  only  to  be  taken  from  the  fruit.  They  all  have  a  rather  short  corolla 
the  limb  of  which  is  nearly  regular.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  N'alcriana.) 
*  Corolla  bluish  :  fruit  with  a  corkij  mass  (it  (he  back  of  (he  fertile  cell. 

v.  OLiT^RiA,  Poll.  Fruit  flatfish,  ol)li(|uely  rliomboidal ;  empty  cells  as 
large  as  the  fertile,  contiguous,  the  tliin  jjartition  at  lengtjj  breaking  up.  — 
Old  fields,  N.  Y.  to  Penn.  and  J^a.     (Nat.  from  Ku.) 

*  *  Corolla  white ;  no  corki/  iiiass  behind  the  fertile  cell. 

•*-  Fertile  cell  broader  than  the  emptij  ones ;  cross-section  of  fruit  triaufjular. 

1.  V.  Chenopodifolia,  DC.  Stems  with  long  intcrnodes  and  few  forks ; 
glomerate  cymes  few_,  slender-peduncled  ;  bracts  broadly  lanceolate  ;  fruit  gla- 
brous or  pubescent,  2"  long.  (Fedia  Fagopyrnm,  Turr.  jj-  Craj/.)  —  Moist 
grounds,  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ya.  and  Ky. 

■*-  -*-  Fertile  cell  as  broad  as  the  empti/  ones,  beaked ;  cross-section  quadrate. 

2.  V.  radi^ta,  Dufr.  Fruit  ovate-tetragonal,  doicnij-pube scent  (sometimes 
glabrous) ;  empty  cells  as  thick  as  the  oblong-ovate  fertile  one,  or  thicker,  a 
broad  shallow  groove  between  them.  (Fedia  radiata,  Michx.)  —  Low  grounds, 
Penn.  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  Fla. 

3.  V.  Stenocarpa,  Krok.  Fruit  oblong-tetragonal,  rowwow/y  (7/f/?;;0H5; 
oblong  fertile  cell  tliicker  than  the  linear-oblong  approximate  empty  ones. 
(Fedia  stenocarpa,  Engelm.)  —  W.  Mo.  and  E.  Kan.  to  Tex. 

^-  •*-  •«-  Fertile  cell  much  the  narrowest,  dorsally  \ -nerve d ;  section  roundish. 

4.  V.  Woodsiana,  Walp.  Fruit  r'  long  or  more;  fertile  cell  ovate, 
tipped  with  a  tooth;  empty  ones  inflated,  with  oblong  depression  (.sometimes 
an  open  cavity)  in  the  middle.  —  Moist  grounds,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Tex. 

Var.  umbilic^ta,  Gray.  Empty  cells  becoming  confluent,  vesicular  by 
incurvation  of  tlie  circular  njargin,  forming  a  deep  and  round  umbilication. 
(Fedia  umbilicata,  Sulliv.)  — N.  Y.  to  Ohio  and  southward. 

Var.  patell^ria,  Gray.  Fruit  saucer-shaped,  emarginate  at  base  and  apex, 
winged  by  the  divergent  cells.     (Fedia  patellaria,  .Sulliv.)  —  8ame  range. 

Order  54.     DIPSACE^S].     (Teaskl   Family.) 

Herbs,  icith  opposite  or  v^horled  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  thp  flowers  in 
dense  heads,  surrounded  hy  an  involucre,  as  in  the  Composite  Familv  ;  hut 
the  stamens  are  distinct,  and  the  suspended  .^eed  has  albumen.  —  Kepre- 
sented  by  the  foUowinji;  introduced  species  and  by  the  cultivated  Sweet 
Scabious  {Scabiosa  atro})urj)W(a). 

1.     DIPSACUS,     Tourn.        Teasel. 

Involncre  many-lcavod.  longer  than  tlie  chaffy  lt>afy -tipped  and  poiiitoil  l)racts 
among  the  dtMiselv  capitate  flowers;  each  flower  with  a  4-leavod  calyx-like  in- 
volucel  investing  tlie  ovary  and  fruit  (a<-lieiie).  Cal\  x-tnlte  cohereiit  with  the 
ovary,  the  limb  cuj)  shaped,  without  a  pajipus.  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4Hdeft. 
Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla.     Style  slender.  —  Stout  and  coarse  bieu- 


230  DiPSACE^.     (teasel  family.) 

nials,  hairy  or  prickly,  with  large  oblong  heads.  (Name  from  Sixl/du,  to  thirst, 
probably  because  the  united  cup-shaped  bases  of  the  leaves  in  some  species 
hold  water.) 

1.  D.  SYLVESTRis,  Mill.  ( WiLD  Teasel.)  Prickly ;  leaves  lancc-oblong ; 
leaves  of  the  involucre  slender,  longer  than  the  head ;  bracts  (chaff)  tapering 
into  a  long  flexible  awn  with  a  straight  point.  —  Roadsides;  rather  rare. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.)     Suspected  to  be  the  original  of 

2.  D.  full6num,  L.,  the  Fuller's  Teasel,  which  has  a  shorter  involucre, 
and  stiff  chaff  to  the  heads,  with  hooked  points,  used  for  raising  a  nap  upon 
woollen  cloth ;  it  has  escaped  from  cultivation  in  some  places.    (Adv.  from  Lu.) 

Order   55.     COMPOSIT^E.     (Composite  Family.) 

Flowers  in  a  close  head  (the  compound  flower  of  the  older  botanists), 
on  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  hy  an  involucre,  with  5  (i~arely  4) 
stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla,  their  anthers  united  in  a  tube  (syngenesious). 
■ —  Calyx-tube  united  with  the  1-celled  ovary,  the  limb  (called  a  pappus) 
crowning  its  summit  in  the  form  of  bristles,  awns,  scales,  teeth,  etc.,  or 
cup-sliaped,  or  else  entirely  absent.  Corolla  either  strap-shaped  or  tubu- 
lar ;  in  the  latter  chiefly  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud,  the  veins  bordering 
the  margins  of  the  lobes.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  apex  (in  sterile  flowers 
usually  entire).  Fruit  seed-like  (achene),  dry,  containing  a  single  erect 
anatropous  seed,  with  no  albumen.  —  An  immense  family,  in  temperate 
regions  chiefly  herbs,  without  stipules,  with  perfect,  polygamous,  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious  flowers.  The  flowers  with  a  strap-shaped  (Jigulate) 
corolla  are  called  rays  or  ray-fiowers ;  the  head  which  presents  such 
flowers,  either  throughout  or  at  the  margin,  is  radiate.  The  tubular 
flowers  compose  the  disk ;  and  a  head  Avhich  has  no  ray-flowers  is  said 
to  be  discoid.  AVhen  the  head  contains  two  sorts  of  flowers  it  is  said  to 
be  heterogamous ;  when  only  one  sort,  homogamous.  The  leaves  of  the 
involucre,  of  whatever  form  or  texture,  are  termed  scales.  The  bracts 
or  scales,  which  often  grow  on  the  receptacle  among  the  flowers,  are 
called  the  chaff;  when  these  are  wanting,  the  receptacle  is  said  to  be 
naked.  —  The  largest  order  of  Phaenogamous  plants.  The  genera  are 
divided  by  the  corolla  into  three  series,  only  two  of  which  are  represented 
in  the  Northern  United  States.     The  first  is  much  the  larger. 


Systematic  Synopsis. 

Series  I.     TUBULIFLOR^. 

Corolla  tubular  in  all  the  perfect  flowers,  regularly  5-  (rarely  3  -  4-) 
lobed,  ligulate  only  in  the  marginal  or  ray-flowers,  which  when  present 
are  either  pistillate  only,  or  neutral  (with  neither  stamens  nor  pistil). 

Tribe  I.  VERNONIACEiE.  Heads  discoid ;  the  flowers  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubu- 
lar, never  yellow.  Branches  of  the  style  long  and  slender,  terete,  thread-shaped,  mi- 
nutely bristly-hairy  all  over.  —  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered. 

1 .  Elephantopus.    Heads  3  -  5-flowered,  several  crowded  together  into  a  compound  head. 

Involucre  of  8  scales.     Pappus  of  several  chaffy  bristles. 

2.  Vernonia.    Heads  several -many-flowered,  separate.     Involucre  of  many  scales.     Pap- 

pus double,  the  inner  capillary,  the  outer  of  minute  chaffy  bristles. 


composite:,     (compositk  family.)  231 

Tribe  II.    KUPATORIACE^.     Heads  discoul,  the  M..wt;rM  all  alike,  perfect  and  tu- 

l)iil.ir,  never  yelluw.     Branches  f)f  the  style  thickened  upward  or  club-shaped,  obtuse, 
very  minutely  and  uniformly  imbescent ;  the  stigmatic  lines  indistiuct. 

♦  l'ai)pus  a  row  of  hard  scales. 

3.  Sclerolepis.     Head  niany-llowercd.     Scales  of  the  involucre  e<iual.     Leaves  whorled. 

•  ♦  Pappus  of  slender  bristles. 

—  Achene  5-angled  ;  bristles  of  the  pappus  roughish. 

4.  Mikania.     Flowers  and  involucral  scales  only  4.     Stems  twining. 

5.  £ui>atoriuiu.     Involucre  of  iiioru  than  4  scales  and  the  H<j\vers  few  or  many.     Stems 

n<it  twining. 

*-  t-  Acliene  10-ribbed  ;  involucral  scales  striate-nerved 

6.  Kulinla.     Pappus  very  strongly  plumose.     Scales  of  the  involucre  few. 

7.  BrickelHa.     Involucral  scales  in  several  series.     Pappus  merely  scabrous. 

8.  Liatris.      Pappus  plumose  or  only  barbcllate.     Corolla  red-purple,  strongly  .^-lobe«l. 

Heads  spicate  or  racemose,  the  involucre  well  imbri(;ated 

9.  Trllisa.     Pappus  rauiutely  barbellate.    Corolla  rose-purple      Heads  corymbed  or  pau- 

iclod,  the  involucre  little  imbricated. 

Tribe  III.    ASTEKOIDE^E.    Heads  discoid,  the  flowers  all  alike  and  tubular  ;  or  else 
radiate,  the  outer  ones  ligulate  and  i)istillate.     Anthers  not  caudate  at  base.     Bi-anchea 
of  the  style  in  the  perfect  flowers  flat,  smooth  up  to  where  the  (;onspicuou.s  marginal 
stigmatic  lines  abruptly  terminate,  and  prolonged  above  this  into  a  flattened  lance-shaped 
or  triangular  ajjpendage  which  is  evenly  hairy  or  pubescent  outside.  —  Leaves  alternate. 
Receptacle  naked  (destitute  of  chaff)  in  all  our  species. 
•  1.  Ray-flowers  yellow  (in  one  species  of  Solidago  whitish),  or  sometimes  none  at  all. 
•t-  Pappus  of  not  numerous  slender  bristles.     Heads  radiate.     Involucre  of  firm  scales  with 
greenish  tips,  commonly  coated  with  resin.     West  of  the  Mississippi. 

10.  Gutierrezia.     Heads  small,  numerous.    Ray  and  disk-flowers  3  or  4  each,  all  fertile. 

Pajipus  of  several  short  chaffy  scales.     Sulfrutescent :  leaves  very  narrow. 

11.  Amphiacliyris.    Heads  small.     Ray-flowers  5-10;  pappus  coroniform.     Disk-flowers 

infertile  ;  pappus  of  several  bristle-like  scales.     Annual ;  leaves  very  narrow. 

12.  Grindelia.    Heads  large,  many-flouered.    Flowers  all  fertile.     Pappus  of  -J  -  8  rigid 

caducous  awns.    Coarse  herbs  with  toothed  leaves. 

■t-  t-  Pappus  (at  least  of  the  disk)  of  copious  slender  or  caitillary  bristles. 
=  Pappus  double. 

13.  Heterotheca.     Resembling  Chrysopsis,  but  the  achenes  of  the  ray  thicker  than  those 

of  the  disk  and  without  pappus  or  nearly  so.     Western. 

14.  Clirj'sopsis.     Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  numerous.     The  outer  pappus  of  very  small 

chaffy  bristles,  much  shorter  than  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles. 
=  =  Pappus  simple. 

15.  Aplopappus.     Heads  many-flowered,  many-radiate.     Involucre  hemispherical.     Pap- 

pus of  many  unequal  bristles.    Western. 
10.   Bigelovia.    Heads  3- 4-flowered  ;  rays  none.    RecepUcle  awl-shaped.    Pappus  a  single 
row  (jf  capillary  bristles. 

17.  SoIic1ag:o.     Heads  few -many-flowered  ;  raysl-lG.    Pappus  of  numerous  slender  an. 1 

eijual  capillary  bristles. 

18.  Brachych.neta.    Heads  8  -  10-flowered,  clustered  ;  rays  4  or  5.     I'appus  a  row  of  minute 

bristles  shorter  than  the  achene. 

*  2.  Ray-flowers  white,  blue,  or  purple,  never  yellow. 

■*-  Pappus  none  or  very  short,  with  or  without  a  few  awn.i. 

♦+  Receptacle  conical.    Awns  none. 

19.  Bellis.     Achenes  marginless,  flattened  ;  pappus  none.     Involucral  scales  equal. 

20.  Aphanostephus.     Achenes  prismatic  ;  pappus  coroniform.    Outer  scales  shorter. 


232  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

♦♦  ++  Receptacle  flat  or  convex.     Pappus  usually  with  awns. 

21.  Chaetopappa.    Achenes  fusiform ;  pappus  of  5  or  fewer  thin  cliaSf  and  alternating 

awns.    Western. 

22.  Boltonia.    Achenes  very  flat,  thick-winged  ;  pappus  of  short  bristles  and  usually  2-4 

awns, 
-t-  -t-  Pappus  of  a  single  row  of  awns  or  coarse  rigid  bristles,  or  in  the  ray  scale-like. 

23.  Townsendia.   Low  or  stemless,  with  linear-spatulate  leaves  and  large  aster-like  flowers. 

-I-  -1-  -K-  Pappus  of  numerous  long  and  capillary  bristles  ;  receptacle  flat. 

24.  Sericocarpus.     Heads  12  -  20-flowered  ;  rays  4  or  5.     Involucre  oblong  or  club-shaped, 

imbricated,  cartilaginous.     Achenes  sliort,  narrowed  downward,  silky. 

25.  Aster.     Heads  many-flowered,  on  leafy  peduncles.     Involucral  scales  unequal,  loosely 

or  closely  imbricated.     Achenes  flattish  ;  pappus  simple  (rarely  double),  copious. 

26.  Erigeron.     Heads  many-flowered,  on  naked  peduncles.     Involu(^-e  of  narrow  equal 

scales,  little  imbricated.    Achenes  flattened  ;  pappus  simple  and  rather  scanty,  or 
with  some  outer  minute  scales. 

*  3.  Rays  none.    Heads  dioecious  (all  pistillate  or  all  staminate). 

27.  Baccharis.    Heads  many-flowered.    Pappus  capillary.     Smooth  glutinous  shrubs. 

Tribe  IV.  INUL.OIDE.aE.  Heads  discoid  (radiate  only  in  Inula),  the  pistillate  flowers 
mostly  filiform  Hud  truncate.  Anthers  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes  attenuate  into  tails. 
Style-branches  with  unappendaged  obtuse  or  truncate  naked  tips.  Pappus  capillary 
or  none. 

*  1.  Receptacle  naked.     Involucre  not  scarious,  imbricated.    Not  woolly. 

28.  Pluchea.    Heads  containing  a  few  perfect  but  sterile  flowers  in  the  centre,  and  many 

pistillate  fertile  ones  around  them.     Pappus  capillary. 

•  2.  Receptacle   chafl'y.      Involucral   scales   few,  mostly    scarious.      Low  floccose-woolly 

annuals  ;  flowers  as  in  n.  28. 

29.  Evax.    Receptacle  convex.     Achenes  obcompressed.     Pappus  none.     Western. 

30.  Filago.    Receptacle  subulate.    Achenes  terete.     Outer  flowers  without  pappus. 

*  3.  Receptacle  naked.     Involucral  scales  many,  scarious.    Floccose-woolly  herbs. 

31.  Antennaria.     Heads  dioecious.     Pappus  of  sterile  flowers  club-shaped,  of  the  fertile 

united  at  ba.se  and  deciduous  together. 

32.  Anaphalis.     Heads  dioecious  or  nearly  so.    Pappus  not  thickened  above  nor  at  all 

united  at  base. 

33.  Gnaphalium.     Heads  all  fertile  throughout.     Pappus  all  capillary. 

*  4.  Corollas  all  somewhat  broadly  tubular  and  lobed.     Involucre  not  scarious.    Receptacle 

naked.     Pappus  none. 

34.  Adenocaulon.    Head  few-flowered  and  scales  few ;  outer  flowers  pistillate.     Some- 

what woolly. 
*  5.  Heads  radiate.     Receptacle  naked.    Involucre  herbaceous.     Pappus  copious. 

35.  Inula.    Heads  large,  many-flowered.     Flowers  yellow.     Stout  perennial. 

Tribe  V,  HEIilANTHOIDE.^.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid.  Involucre  not  scarious 
(nut-like  in  fruit  in  n.  43,  44).  Receptacle  chafl'y.  Pappus  never  capillar}',  sometimes 
none.     Anthers  not  caudate.    Style-branches  truncate  or  hairy-appendaged. 

m  1.  Heads  radiate  (obscurely  so  in  n.  41,  sometimes  discoid  in  n.  36),  the  ray  pistillate  and 
fertile,  the  disk  perfect  but  sterile. 

■i-  Achenes  turgid,  triangular-obovoid  ;  pappus  none. 

36.  Polymnia.     Involucral  scales  in  2  rows,  the  5  outer  leaf-like,  the  inner  small. 

H-  -t-  Achenes  flattened  dorsally  (obcompressed). 

37.  Silphium.     Achenes  wing-margined,  in  several  rows  ;  pappus  none  or  2  teeth.    Scales 

thick,  in  several  rows. 


COMPOSIT.E.        (COMPOSITi:    FAMILY.)  233 

38.  Berlandiera.    Achenes  wiiiyless,  5-12  in  one  ruw,  without  i»appus.     Inner  involucral 

sc-ak'n  oliovate,  outor  smaller  and  more  foliaceous.     Western. 

39.  Chrysogonum.     Achenes  wingless,  about  5;  pappus  a  one-sided  2  - 3-toothed  crown. 

Inmr  .scales  :,,  chatf-like,  tlic  5  outer  longer  and  leaf-like. 

40.  £ng:eliiiaiinia.    Achenes  wingless,  8-10;  i>appus  a  scarious  liispid  crown.    Outer 

scales  (about  10)  leaf-like,  inner  coriaceous  with  green  tips.     Western. 

41.  Partheniuin.     Rjiys  5,  very  short,  persistent.     Pappus  of  2  small  scales.     Involucral 

scales  short,  roundish,  in  2  rows. 

•  2.  Fertile  flowers  1-5,  the  corolla  none  or  reduced  to  a  tube  ;  starninate  corolla  fuunel-fonn. 

Pappus  none. 

■1-  Heads  with  1-5  pistillate  flowers.     Receptacle  chafi'y. 

42.  Iva.     Achenes  short,  thick.     Involucre  of  few  roundish  .scales. 

•♦-  -t-  Heads  of  two  sorts  on  the  same  plant,  the  upper  starninate  with  an  open  cup-shaped 
involucre,  the  lower  pistillate,  of  1-4  flowers  in  a  closed  bur-like  involucre. 

43.  Ambrosia.     Scales  of  staminate  involucre  united.     Fruit  1-seeded. 

44.  Xanthiuin.     Scales  of  staminate  involucre  distinct.     Fruit  1-4-celled,  1-4-beaked. 

•  3.  Heads  radiate,  or  rarely  discoid  ;  disk-flowei-s  all  perfect  and  fertile.    Anthers  blackish. 

Pappus  none,  or  a  crown  or  cup,  or  of  one  or  two  chaffy  awns,  never  capillary,  nor  of 
several  uniform  chafi'y  scales.  —  Leiives  more  commonly  opposite, 
•t-  Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  forming  a  cup. 

45.  Tetragonotheca.    Outer  involucre  4-leaved.    Achenes  obovoid  :  pappus  none. 

■t-  t-  Involucre  of  one  or  more  rows  of  separate  scales. 
++  Chaff  of  the  flat  receptacle  bristle-shaped. 

46.  £clipta.     Ray  short.     Involucral  scales  10-12,  in  two  rows,  herbaceous. 

++  ++  Chaff  scale-like,  embracing  or  subtending  the  achenes. 
=  Recei)tacle  high,  conical  or  columnar  in  fruit.     Pappus  none  or  a  short  crown. 

47.  Heliopsis.     Rays  fertile.     Achenes  4-sided.    Leaves  opposite. 

48.  Echinacea.      Rays  rose-colored,  pistillate,  sterile.      Achenes  short,  4-sided.      Chaff 

spinescent. 

49.  liudbeckla.     Rays  neutral.    Achenes  4-sided,  flat  at  the  toji,  marginless. 

50.  Lepachys.     Rays  few,  neutral.    Achenes  flattened  laterally  and  margined. 

=  =  Receptacle  flat  to  convex.     Achenes  not  winged  nor  very  flat, 

51.  Borrichia.     Achenes  3- 4-angled  ;  pappus  a  short  4-toothed  crown.    Shrubby. 

52.  Hellanthus.     Achenes  flattened,  bearing  2  very  deciduous  chaffy  pointed  scales. 

=  =  =  Receptacle  convex  (rarely  conical).    Achenes  flat-compressed  laterally,  winged  or 
wingless,  2-awned.     Leaves  decurrent. 

53.  Verbesina.     Involucral  scales  closely  imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows. 

54.  Actinonieris.     Scales  few,  soon  deflexed.     Achenes  obovate,  squarrosely  spreading. 

•  4.  Rays  few,  neutral,  or  wantnig.     Achenes  obcompressed,  i.  e.,  flattened  parallel  with  the 

scales  of  the  involucre  (rarely  terete).    Involucre  dcmble  ;  the  outer  spreading  and  often 
foliaceous.     Receptacle  flat.     Leaves  opposite. 

55.  Coreopsis.     Pappus  of  2  (or  rarely  more)  scales,  teeth,  or  awns,  which  are  naked  or 

barbed  uj)ward,  sometimes  obsolete  or  a  mere  crown. 

56.  Bidens.     Papjjus  of  2  or  more  rigid  and  persistent  downwardly  barbed  awns  or  teeth. 

57.  Tlielespemia.     Inner  involucre  connate  to  the  middle.     Achenes  terete.    Awns  re- 

tro rsely  bearded. 

•  5.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid ;  disk-flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile.     Achenes  turbinate,  5- 

angled  ;  pappus  of  sevenil  chaffy  scales. 
■»-  Leaves  alternate,  entire.    Disk -flowers  purplish. 

58.  Baldwinia.    Rays  numerous,  long,  neutral.    Involucre  much  imbricated.    Receptacle 

deeply  honey-combed. 

59.  Marshallia     Rays  none.     Involucre  of  narrow  leafy  equal  scales.     Receptacle  chafTi'. 


234  cu-Mrosn\i:.      (composite  family.) 

■i-  ■*-  Leaves  opposite,  serrate.    Disk-flowers  yellow. 

60.  Galinsoga.    Rays  few,  short,  pistillate,  whitish.    Involucre  of  4-5  thin  ovate  scales. 

Receptacle  chaffj'. 

Tribe  VI.  HELENIOIDE^.  Nearly  as  Ti-ibe  V.,  but  receptacle  not  chaffy  (some- 
what so  in  n .  64).  In  our  genera,  the  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile  ;  the  pappus  a  row 
of  several  chaffy  scales  (bristly-dissected  in  n.  65) ;  the  involucre  hardly  at  all  imbricated 
(partly  scarious  in  n.  61). 

*  Involucral  scales  distinct,  not  glandular-punctate. 

61.  Hymenopappus.    Rays  none.     Receptacle  flat.     Involucre  colored.     Western. 

62.  Actinella.  Rays  fertile,  3-toothed.  Receptacle  elevated.  Involucre  appressed.  Western. 
63    Heleniuin.     Rays  fertile  or  sterile,  3- 5-cleft.    Receptacle  elevated.    Involucre  small, 

reflexed.     Leaves  decurrent. 
61.   Gaillardia.     Ray  3-toothed,  or  none.     Receptacle  usually  beset  with  fine  finibrillate 
chaff.     Outer  involucral  scales  loose  and  leafy.     Pappus-chaff  tipped  with  the  pro- 
jecting midvein.    Western. 

«  *  Dotted  with  oil-glands.     Inv(jlucral  scales  united  into  a  cup. 

65.  Dysodia.     Pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  many  bristles. 

Tribe  VII.  ANTHEMIDE.^].  Distinguished  from  the  last  two  tribes  by  the  more  or 
less  dry  and  scarious  imbricated  scales  of  the  involucre.  Heads  radiate  (ray  mostly 
white)  or  discoid,  the  pei-fect  flowers  sometimes  sterile  and  the  pistillate  rarely  tubu- 
lar. Achenes  small ;  pappus  a  short  crown  or  none.  —  Mostly  strong-scented  ;  leaves 
alternate. 

*  Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  in  part.     Heads  radiate,  many-flowered. 

66.  Anthemis.     Achenes  terete,  angled  or  ribbed.    Heads  hemisplierical,  rather  large. 

67.  Achillea.     Achenes  obcompressed.     Heads  small,  campanula te  or  obovate. 

*  *  Receptacle  naked. 
-(-  Heads  raUier  large,  pedunculate,  radiate  or  rarely  rayless. 

68.  Matricaria.     Receptacle  conical.    Rays  pistillate  or  none.    Pappus  crown-like  or  none. 

69.  Clirysaiitliemum.     Receptacle  flattish.     Rays  many,  pistillate.    Pappus  none. 

-t-  -*-  Heads  mostly  small,  discoid,  corymbed  or  paniculate. 

70    Tanacetuni.     Heads  corymbed.    Achene  with  broad  summit ;  pappus  a  short  crown. 

71.  Artemisia.    Heads  in  panicled  spikes  or  racemes.      Achenes  with  narrow  summit; 

pappus  none. 

Tribe  VIII.  SENECIONIDE^.  Heads  radiate  or  discoid,  the  involucre  little  or 
not  at  all  imbricated,  not  scarious.  Receptacle  naked.  Anthers  tailless.  Pappus 
capillary. 

*  Heads  monoecious  or  subdicecious,  the  perfect  flowers  mostly  sterile,  and  the  small  (ligu- 

late  or  tubular)  ray-flowers  in  more  than  one  row  (at  least  in  the  fertile  heads).    Style- 
branches  obtuse,  not  appendaged  nor  hispid.    Leaves  all  radical. 

72.  Tussilago.    Head  solitary,  yellow-flowered,  monoecious. 

73.  Petasites.     Heads  corymbed,  subdicecious.     Flowers  white  or  purplish. 

*  »  Flowers  all  fertile.    Style-branches  truncate  or  capitellate,  often  appendaged.     Involu- 

cral scales  connivent-erect. 

■*-  Leaves  opposite. 

74.  Arnica.     Heads  showy.     Pappus  rather  rigid,  scabrous. 

•(-  -t-  Leaves  alternate.     Pappus  soft-capillary,  copious, 

75.  Senecio.    Heads  usually  radiate.    Corollas  yellow,  5-toothed. 

76.  Cacalia.     Heads  discoid.     Corollas  white  or  cream-colored,  5-cleft. 

77.  Erechtites.    Heads  discoid.    Flowers  whitish,  the  outer  pistillate  with  filiform  corollas. 


COMPOSIT.E.      (coMi»usrri:  family.)  235 

Tribe  IX.    CYNAROIDE^.     Flowers  all  tubular  and  iK;ifect  (the  outer  ray-like  and 

neutral  iii  n.  8J).     Invohurre  mucli  imbricated.     Anthers  caudate,  long-appen.laged 
at  tip.     Styl.-brancliLS  short  or  united,  obtuse,  unaj>i.t;ndagi'.d,  smooth,  with  often  a 
pubescent  ring  below.     Pappus  mostly  bristly.  —  Leaves  altermate. 
•  Achenes  attached  by  tlic  base.     Flowers  all  alike, 
t-  Leaves  not  prickly.    Style-branches  partly  distinct     Filaments  glabrous. 

78.  Arctium.     In volucral  scales  hooked  at  the  tip.     Pappus  of  short  rough  bristles. 

■t-  -  Loaves  prickly.    Style-branches  coherent,  usually  a  pubescent  ring  below. 

79.  Cnlcus.     Pappus-bristles  jdumose.    Receptacle  densely  bristly. 

SU.  Carduus.     Pappus-bristles  not  plumose.     Receptacle  densely  bristly. 

81.  Onopordon.     Pappu.s-V)ristles  nut  pliiino.se.     Receptacle  deeply  honeycorabed. 

•  •  Achenes  attached  obliquely,     ftrarginal  flowers  often  enlarged  and  ray-like. 

82.  Centaurea.    luvolucral  scales  appendaged.     Pappus  double  and  biistly,  or  very  short 


Skuies   ir.      LIGULIFLOK^.  Tribe  X.    CICHORIACEy'E. 

Corolla  ligulate  in  all  the  flowers  of  the  head,  and  all  the  flowers  per- 
fect.—  Herbs,  with  milky  juice.     Leaves  alternate. 

*  Pappus  none. 

83.  L.aiupsana.     Involucre  cylindrical,  of  8  scales  in  a  single  row,  8-12-flowered. 

*  *  Pappus  chaffy,  or  of  both  chaff  and  bristles. 

84.  Kriffia.     Involucre  simple,  not  calyculate.     Pappus  of  both  chaff  and  bristles. 

85.  Cichoriuiii.     Involucre  double.     Pappus  a  small  crown  of  many  bristle-form  scales. 

*  *  ♦  Pappus  plumose. 

86.  Traffopogron.     Involucre  simple,  not  calyculate.     Achenes  long-beaked.    Stems  leafy 

87.  Leontodon.     Involucre  calyculate.     Achenes  fusiform.    Leaves  radical. 

88.  Pieris.    Out«r  involucral  scales  spreading.    Achenes  terete.     Stems  leafy. 

*  *  *  *  Pappus  composed  entirely  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plumose. 

•♦-  Achenes  not  flattened,  columnar  or  terete,  often  slender. 

♦♦  Achenes  not  beaked. 

=  Flowers  yellow  or  orange. 

89.  Ilieracium.    Involucre  imbricated.    Pappus  tawny.     Pilose  jterennials. 

90.  Crepis.     Involucral  scales  in  one  row.     Pappus  white,  soft     Not  pilose. 

=  =  Flowers  white  or  cream-color  or  pinki.sh.     Involucre  calyculate. 

01.  Prenanthes.    Achenes  short,  blunt.    Pappus  tawny  or  brown.    Stems  leafy  and  heads 
often  nodding. 

92.  Lygodesmia.     Achenes  long,  tapering.     Pappus  white.    Stems  nearly  leafless  ;  heails 

erect     Western. 

++  *♦  Achenes  beaked  (sometimes  beakless  in  n.  93).     Flowers  yellow. 

93.  Troxiiiion.    Scapose.     Involucre  loosely  imbricated.     Achenes  10-ribl)ed. 

94.  Taraxacum.    Scapose.     Involucre  calyculate.     Achenes  4- 5-ribl>e<l. 

9j.  Pyrrliopappus.    Scapose  or  branched.     Pappus  reddish,  tlie  base  surrounded  by  a 

soft  villous  ring. 
90.  Chondrilla.     Stem  branching,  leafy.     Involucre  few-flowered,  calyculate.     Pappus 
white. 

•*-  •»-  Achenes  flat  or  flattish.     Pai)pus  white,  fine  and  soft.      Involucre  imbricated.     Leafy- 
stenwned,  with  panicled  hea<ls. 

97.  L.actuca.     Achenes  more  or  less  beaked.     Flowers  yellow  or  purplish. 

98.  Sonchus.    Achenes  flattish,  not  at  all  beaked.     Flowers  yellow. 


286  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

The  technical  characters  of  the  tribes,  taken  from  the  styles,  require  a  mag- 
nifyiug-glass  to  make  them  out,  and  will  not  ahvays  be  clear  to  the  student. 
The  following  artificial  analysis,  founded  upon  other  and  more  obvious  dis- 
tinctions, Avill  be  useful  to  the  beginner. 

Artificial  Key  to  the  Genera  of  the  Tubuliflorae. 

§  1.   Rays  or  ligulate  flowers  none  ;  corollas  all  tubular  (or  rarely  none). 
*  1.  Flowers  of  the  head  all  perfect  and  alike. 
Pappus  composed  of  bristles : 

Double,  the  outer  of  very  short,  tlie  inner  of  longer  bristles No.  2 

Simple,  the  bristles  all  of  the  same  sort. 
Heads  few -flowered,  themselves  aggregated  into  a  compound  or  dense  cluster  .        .       1 
Heads  separate,  few-flowered  or  many-flowered. 
Receptacle  (when  tlie  flowers  are  pulled  off)  bristly-hairy    ....     78,70,80 

Receptacle  deejjly  honeycomb-like 81 

Receptacle  naked. 
Pappusof  plumose  or  bearded  stiff  bristles.    Flowers  purple  ....  8 

Pappus  of  verj-  plumose  bristles.     Flowers  whitish 6 

Pappus  of  slender  but  rather  stiff"  rough  bristles        .        .        .        .         4,5,7,9,16 

Pappus  of  verj-  soft  and  weak  naked  bristles 76,  77 

Pappus  comj)Osed  of  scales  or  chaff. 

Receptacle  naked.     Leaves  in  whorls 3 

Receptacle  naked.     Leaves  alternate,  dissected 61 

Recejitacle  bearing  chaff  among  the  flowers 59,  64 

Pappus  of  2  or  few  awns  or  teeth 12,  53,  57,  barbed  in  55,  56 

Pappus  none,  or  a  mere  crown-like  margin  to  the  fruit 36,  68,  71 

«  2.  Flow'ers  of  two  kinds  in  the  same  head. 
Marginal  flowers  neutral  and  sterile,  either  conspicuous  or  inconspicuous     ...        82 
Marginal  flewers  pistillate  and  fertile. 
Receptacle  elongated  and  bearing  broad  chaff  among  the  flowers  .        .        .        .29,30 

Receptacle  convex,  chaffy.    Achene  flat,  2-awned 52 

Receptacle  naked  or  bearing  no  conspicuous  chaff. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.     Involucre  imbricated 28,  32,  S3 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles.     Involucre  merely  one  row  of  scales  .        .        .26,  73,  77 
Pappus  a  short  crown  or  none. 

Achenes  becoming  much  longer  than  the  involucre 34 

Achenes  not  exceeding  the  involucre '42,  70,  71 

*  3.  Flowers  of  two  kinds  in  separate  heads,  the  one  pistillate,  the  other  stamiuate. 

Heads  dioecious  :  in  both  kinds  many-flowered.    Pappus  capillary        .        .      27,  31,  82,  79 

Heads  monoecious;  the  fertile  1-2-flowered  and  closed.    Pappus  none    .        .        .      43,44 

§  2.   Rays  jiresent ;  i.  e.  the  marginal  flowers  or  some  of  them  with  ligulate  corollas. 

«  1.  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  at  least  in  the  disk.    (Rays  all  pistillate. ) 

Rays  occupying  several  rows 26,  72,  73 

Rays  in  one  marginal  row,  and 

White,  purple  or  blue,  never  yellow 17,  24,  25,  26,  73 

Yellow,  of  the  same  color  as  the  disk. 
Pappus  (at  least  in  the  disk)  double,  the  outer  short  and  minute        .        .        .13,  14 
Pappus  simple. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  equal  and  all  in  one  row.    Leaves  alternate      .        .        .75 

Scales  of  the  involucre  in  two  rows.    Leaves  opposite 74 

Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated.    Leaves  alternate  .        .        .      10,11,15,17,35 
*  2,  Pappus  a  circle  of  awns  or  rigid  bristles  (at  least  in  the  disk), 

Ray  yellow,  awns  few  (2-8) 12 

Ray  roee-color 23 


COMPOSITE.        (COMl'USITi:    FAMILY.)  23 


! 


«  3.  Pappus  a  circle  of  chafly  scales,  dissected  into  bristles         .        .        C5 
•  4.  Papjms  a  circle  of  Ihiii  cliaffy  scales  or  short  chaffy  bristles. 

Heads  several-flowered.    Recejitacle  chafly 00 

Heads  8-10-flo\vered.     Rccepta<le  naked 18 

Heads  inauy-flowered.     Rcccj)tacle  deejily  boueyconibed 5S 

Heads  many-flowered.     llecepUicle  naked Cl2,  C3 

Heads  many-flowered.     Recei>tacle  chafly 04 

•  5.  Pappus  none,  or  a  cup  or  crown,  or  of  2  or  3  awns,  teeth,  or  chafl'y  scales  corresjiunding 
with  the  edges  or  angles  of  the  achene,  ofteu  witli  intervening  niiuuLe  bjistles  or  scales. 

H- Receptacle  naked. 
Achene  flat,  wing-margined.    Pajtpus  of  separate  little  bristles  and  usually  2  ••  4  awns    .     22 

Acliene  flat,  marginless.     Pai)pus  none.     Receptacle  conical 19 

Achene  terete  or  angled.     Pappus  none.     Receptacle  flattish 09 

Achene  angled.     Pappus  a  little  cup  or  crown  (or  none).     Receptacle  conical      .        .  20,  GS 
Achene  fusiform.     Pappus  of  few  scales,  usually  with  alLcmatiug  awns    .        .        .        .21 

••-  ••-  Receptacle  chaffy. 
Rays  ueutral  (rarely  pistillate  but  sterile) ;  the  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile. 
Receptacle  mostly  elevated  (varying  from  convex  to  columnar),  and 
Chaffy  only  at  the  summit;  tiie  chatt' deciduous.     Pappus  uone      ....     06 
Chaffy  throughout.    Achene  flattened  laterally  if  at  all        .        .        .48,  49,  50,  52  ,54 
Receptacle  flat  or  flattish.     Achene  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  or  chafl'  .       55,  50 

Receptacle  flat.    Achene  terete,  2-awned 57 

Rays  pistillate  and  fertile  ;  the  disk-flowers  also  perfect  and  fertile. 

Achene  much  flattened  laterally,  1 -2-awned 53 

Achene  flattened  parallel  with  the  scales  and  chaff.     Pappus  uone  ....        67 
Achene  3-4-angular,  terete  or  laterally  flattish,  awnless. 

Receptacle  convex  or  conical.    Leaves  alternate,  dissected 66 

Receptacle  conical.     Leaves  opposite,  simi)le. 

Achene  nbovoid.     Involucre  a  leafy  cup 45 

Achene  4-aJigular.     Involucre  of  separate  scales 47 

Receptacle  flat.    Leaves  opposite  and  simple 46,  51 

Rays  pistillate  and  fertile ;  the  disk-flowers  staniinate  and  sterile  (pistil  imperfect). 

Receptacle  chafly 36-41 

1.    ELEPHANTOPUS,    L.        ElephantVfoot. 

Heads  discoid,  2-5-flowered,  several  together  clustered  into  a  coinpound 
])eduiu'ulate  liead ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucre  narrow,  flattened,  of  8  ol»k»ng 
dry  scales.  Achenes  lO-ribbed;  pappus  of  stout  bristles,  chaffy-dilated  at  the 
base.  —  Perennials,  with  alternate  leaves  and  purplish  flowers.  (Name  com- 
posed of  eA€0os,  elephant,  and  Ttovs,foot.) 

*  Stem  leafij;  upper  leaves  very  like  the  basal. 

1.  E.  Carolini^nus,  Willd.  Somewhat  hairy,  corymbose,  leafy  ;  leaves 
ovate-obluiig,  thin.  —  Dry  soil,  I'enn.  to  111.  and  Kan.,  and  soutiiward. 

*  *  Stem  scape-like,  with  a  few  bract-like  leaves  or  naked. 

2.  E.  tomentoSUS,  L.  Somewlmt  hairy ;  basal  leaves  obov.-ite  to  nar- 
rowly spatulatc,  silky  and  ])rominently  veined  bcneatlj ;  heads  large ;  pappus- 
scales  attenuate.  —  Va.,  Ky.,  and  southward. 

3.  E.  nud^tUS,  Gray.  Strigose-puberulent ;  basal  leaves  thin,  green, 
spatulate-obovate  or  oblanceolate,  not  ])rominently  veined  beneath ;  heads 
smaller;  paj)]nis  .scales  broadly  deltuid.  —  Del.  and  southward. 


238  cOMPOsiTiE.     (composite  family.) 

2.     VERNONIA,     Schreb.        Iron-weed. 

Heads  discoid,  1 5  -  many-flowered,  in  corymbose  cymes;  flowers  perfect. 
Involucre  shorter  than  the  flowers,  of  many  much  imbricated  scales.  Recep- 
tacle naked.  Achenes  cylindrical,  ribbed ;  pappus  double,  the  outer  of  minute 
scale-like  bristles,  the  inner  of  copious  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  leafy  stems,  alternate  and  acuminate  or  very  acute  leaves  and  mostly 
purple  flowers.  Species  very  difticult.  (Named  for  Wm.  Vernon,  an  early 
English  botanist  who  travelled  in  this  country.) 

*  Heads  large,  50- 7 Q-Jioivered. 

1.  V.  Arkansana,  DC.  Tall,  rather  glabrous ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
retrorsely  denticulate ;  involucre  very  squarrose,  the  scales  with  long  filiform 
tips.  —  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  southward. 

*  *  Heads  Y  ^^^9^1-  or  less,  15-40-Jloicered. 

H-  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  glabrous,  veinless,  mostly  entire. 

2.  V.  Jamesii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Low,  nearly  glabrous;  heads  few-flow- 
ered ;  scales  obtuse  or  acute.  —  Plains  of  Neb.  and  southward. 

H-  •<-  Leaves  broader,  mostly  sharply  denticulate  or  rigidly  serrate,  veined. 

3.  V.  fasciculata,  Michx.  Leaves  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate;  heads 
many,  crowded;  scales  close,  obtuse  or  the  uppermost  mucronate";  achene 
smooth.  —  Low  grounds,  Ohio  and  Ky.  to  Dak.,  and  southward.     Aug. 

4.  V.  altissima,  Nutt.  Usually  tall ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong ; 
cyme  loose ;  scales  close,  obtuse  or  mucronate ;  achenes  hispidulous  on  the 
ribs.  —  Low  grounds,  AV.  Penn.  to  111.,  and  southward.  —  Heads  variable,  2- 
4"  high  and  the  scales  in  few  or  many  ranks ;  the  var.  grandifl6ra,  Nutt., 
with  large  heads,  tlie  involucre  of  35-40  scales  in  many  ranks. 

5.  V.  Noveboraeensis,  Willd.  Rather  tall ;  leaves  long-lanceolate  to 
lance-oblong ;  cyme  open ;  involucre  usually  purplish  ;  scales  ovate  and  lance- 
ovate  tipped  Avith  a  slender  cusp  or  awn.  —  Low  grounds  near  the  coast,  Maine 
to  Va.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  southward.     Aug. 

Var.  latif 6Ha,  Gray.  Leaves  broader ;  heads  few ;  scales  merely  acute  or 
acuminate.  —  Penn.  to  Ohio  and  southward. 

6.  V.  Baldwinii,  Torr.  Tomentulose ;  heads  small,  at  first  globose ; 
leaves  lance-oblong  or  -ovate ;  involucre  hoary-tomentose,  greenish,  scjuarrose, 
the  scales  acute  or  acuminate.  —  Prairies  and  barren  hills ;  E.  Mo.  to  Kan.  and 
Tex.    July,  Aug.     Passes  into  n.  4. 

3.     SCLEROLEPIS,     Cass. 

Head  discoid,  many-flowered  ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucral  scales  linear,  equal, 
in  1  or  2  rows.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-toothed.  Achenes  5-angled; 
pappus  a  single  row  of  5  almost  horny  oval  and  obtuse  scales.  —  A  smooth 
perennial,  with  simple  stems,  rooting  at  the  base,  linear  entire  leaves  in  whorls 
of  4-6,  and  a  terminal  head  of  flesh-colored  flowers.  (Name  composed  of 
a-K\7}p6s,  hard,  and  Kewls,  a  scale,  from  the  pappus.) 

1.  S.  verticillata,  Cass.  —  In  water;  pine  barrens.  New  Jersey  and 
southward.     Aug. 


I 


COMPOSITE..       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  239 

4.    MIKANIA,     Will.l.        CLiMiuN(i  IIkmp-weed. 

Heads  discoid,  4-lU)\verL'(l.  Iiivuluirc  of  4  scales.  Kocoptacle  small.  Flow- 
ers, achencs,  etc.,  as  in  Eupatorium.  —  Twining  perennials,  climbing  bushes, 
with  opposite  commonly  heart-shaped  and  petioled  leaves,  and  C()ryml)Ose-pan- 
icled  flesh-colored  flowers.     (Named  for  Prof.  Mi/can,  of  Prague.) 

1.  M.  SC^ndens,  L.  Nearly  smooth,  twining;  leaves  somewhat  triangu- 
lar-heart-sliapcil  or  halberd-form,  ])oiiite(l,  toothed  at  the  i)ase.  —  Copses  along 
streams,  E.  New  Eng.  to  Ky.,  and  southward.     July -.Sept. 

5.    EUPATORIUM,    Tourn.        Tiiokoughwort. 

Heads  discoid,  3  -  many-flowered  ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucre  cylindrical  or 
bell-shaped,  of  more  than  4  scales.  Receptacle  flat  or  conical,  naked.  Corolla 
.5-toothed.  Achenes  5-angled ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  slender  capillar}-  barely 
roughish  bristles.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs,  often  sprinkled  witii  l)itter  resinous 
dots,  with  generally  corym]>ose  heads  of  white,  bluish,  or  purple  blossoms,  ap- 
pearing near  the  close  of  summer.  (Dedicated  to  Eupator  Mitliridates,  who  is 
said  to  have  used  a  species  of  the  genus  in  medicine.) 

§1.   EUPATORIUM  proper.     Receptacle  fat. 

*  Heads  cylindrical,  5-l5-Jlowered ;  the  purplish  scales  numerous,  closely  im- 

bricated in  several  rows,  of  unequal  length,  slightly  striate  ;  stout  herbs,  with 
ample  mostly  whorled  leaves,  and  fesh-colored  fowers. 

1.  E.  purptireum,  L.  (Joe-Pye  Weed.  Trumpet-Weed.)  Stems  tall 
and  stout,  simple  ;  leaves  3  -G  in  a  whorl,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointed, 
very  veiny,  roughish,  toothed;  corymbs  very  dense  and  compound.  —  Varies 
greatly  in  size  (2-12°  high),  etc.,  and  with  spotted  or  unspotted,  often  dotted 
stems,  etc.,  —  including  several  nominal  species.  —  Low  grounds  ;  common. 

Var.  amoenum,  Gray.  Low ;  leaves  fewer,  ovate  or  oblong  ;  heads  few, 
3  -  5-flowcred.  —  Mountains  of  Va.  and  N.  Y. 

*  *  Heads  3-20 fowered ;  involucre  of  8-  15  more  or  less  imbricated  and  unequal 

scales,  the  outer  ones  shorter;  fowers  irhite. 

t-  Leaves  all  alternate,  mostly  dissected ;  heads  panicled,  very  small,  3-5  fowered. 

2.  E.  fOBnicul^ceum,  Willd.  (Dog-Fennel.)  Smooth  or  nearly  so, 
])aniculately  much-branched  (3-10°  high);  leaves  1 -2-pin nately  parted,  fili- 
form.—  Va.,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.     Adv.  near  Philadelphia. 

•*-  -t-  Leaves  long-pet  ioled,  the  upper  ones  alternate;  heads   12  -  15  fowered,  in 
compound  corymbs. 

3.  E.  serotinum,  Michx.  Stem  pulverulent-pubescent,  bushy-branched 
(3  -  7°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point,  triple-nerved  and 
veiny,  coarsely  serrate  (3-6'  long);  involucre  very  pubescent.  —  Alluvial 
ground,  Md.  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  southward. 

t-  -t-  -t-  Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  with  a  narrow  base,  mostly  opposite;  heads 

mostly  5-fowered. 

=  Inrolucral  scales  with  white  and  scarious  acute  tips. 

4.  E.  Alburn,  L.  lioughish-hairy  (2°  high) ,  leaves  oblong-Janceolate, 
coarsely  toothed,  veiny  ;  heads  clustered  in  the  corymb ;  involucral  scales  close  v 


240  coMPOSiT.E.     (composite  family.) 

iml)ricatecl,  rigid,  narroAvly  lanceolate, /o;?^er  than  the  flowers.  —  Sandy  and 
barren  places,  pine  barrens  of  Long  Island  to  Va.,  and  southward. 

Var.  subvenosum,  Gray.  Less  rough;  leaves  1  -  2' long,  finely  toothed 
and  less  veiny.  —  Long  Island  and  N.  J. 

5.  E.  leucolepis,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Minutely  pubescent,  simple  (1-2°  high) ; 
Icaces  linear -lanceolate,  closehj  sessile,  \-nerved,  obtuse,  minutely  serrate,  roiujh 
both  sides ;  corymb  hoary.  —  Sandy  bogs,  Long  Island,  N.  J.,  and  southward. 
=  =  Scales  not  scarious  or  ohscurelij  so,  obtuse,  at  length  shorter  than  thejloicers. 

6.  E.  hyssopifolium,  L.  Minutely  pubescent  (1-2°  high);  leaves 
narrow,  linear  or  lanceolate,  elongated,  obtuse,  I  -3-nerved,  entire,  or  the  lower 
toothed,  often  crowded  in  the  axils,  acute  at  the  base.  —  Sterile  soil,  Mass.  to 
Va.,  E.  Ky.,  and  southward. 

Var.  laciniatum,  Gray.  Leaves  irregularly  and  coarsely  toothed  or 
laciniate.  —  Penn.,  Ky.,  and  southward. 

7.  E.  semis  erratum,  DC.  Minutely  velvety -pubescent,  branching  (2 - 
3°  high) ,  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  triple-ribbed  and  veiny,  serrate  above  the 
middle,  tapering  to  the  base,  the  lower  slightly  petioled ;  heads  small.  (E.  par- 
viflorum,  Ell.)  —  Damp  soil,  Va.  to  Ark.,  and  southward.  —  Leaves  sometimes 
whorled  in  threes,  or  the  upper  alternate. 

8.  E.  altissimum,  L.  Stem  stout  and  tall  (3-7°  high),  downy;  leaves 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  conspicuously  3-nerved,  entire,  or  toothed  above 
the  middle,  the  uppermost  alternate;  corymbs  dense;  scales  of  the  involucre 
obtuse,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Minn,  and  Ky.  —  Leaves 
3-4'  long,  somewhat  like  those  of  a  Solidago. 

^_  H_  H-  .;-   Le'ires  sessile  or  nearly  so,  with  a  broad  base,  opposite  or  in  threes  ; 

heads  pubescent. 

=  Heads  5  -  8-Jloicered  ;  leaves  not  clasping. 

9.  E.  teucrifolium,  Willd.  Roughish-pubescent  (2-8°  high);  leaves 
ovate-oblong  and  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  base,  slightly  triple- 
nerved,  veiny,  coarsely  toothed  or  incised  toward  the  base,  the  lower  shortly  peti- 
oled, the  upper  alternate;  branches  of  the  corymb  few,  unequal;  scales  of  the 
involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  at  length  shorter  than  the  flowers.  —  Low  grounds, 
Mass.  to  Va.,  and  southward  near  the  coast. 

10.  E.  rotundifblium,  L.  Downy-pubescent  (2°  high) ;  leaves  roundish- 
ovate,obtuse,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply  crenate-toothed, 
triple-nerved,  veiny,  roughish  (1-2'  long) ;  corymb  large  and  dense  ;  scales  of 
the  (b-fowered)  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  pointed.  —  Dry  soil,  R.  I.  to 
Va.,  near  the  coast,  and  southward 

Var.  ovatum,  Tt)rr.  L'sually  taller ,  leaves  ovate,  acute,  hardly  truncate 
at  base,  more  strongly  serrate;  heads  5 -8- flowered.  (E.  pubescens,  J/»/i/.) 
—  Mass.  to  Va.,  near  the  coast. 

11.  E.  sessilifolium,  L.  (Upland  Boxeset.)  Stem  tall  (4-6°  high), 
smooth,  branching;  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  from  near  the 
rounded  sessile  base  to  the  shai-p  point,  serrate,  veiny,  smooth  (3  -  6'  long) ;  co- 
rymb very  compound,  pubescent;  scales  of  the  5-flowered  involucre  oval  and 
oblong,  obtuse.  —  Copses  and  banks,  Mass.  to  III.,  and  southward  along  the 
mountains 


COMPOSITiE.       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  241 

=  =  Leaves  opposite,  clasping  or  united  at  the  base,  long,  widcli/  spreading ; 
heads  vwstli]  \Q -lii-Jlotcered ;  corijmbs  very  compound  and  large. 

12.  E.  perfoli^tuni,  L.  (Thokoughwout.  Boneskt.)  Stem  stout 
(2-4°  liigli),  hairi/  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  united  at  the  base  around  the  stem  (coriuate- 
perfoliate),  tapering  to  a  slender  point,  serrate,  very  veiny,  wrinkled,  downy 
beneath  (5  -  8'  lone;) ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate.  —  Low  grounds  ; 
common  and  well-known.  —  Varies  with  the  heads  30  -  40-flowered,  or  with 
some  or  all  of  the  leaves  separateil  and  truncate  at  base. 

Var.  cuneatum,  Kngelm.  Leaves  smaller,  narrowed  at  base  and  separate, 
and  heads  fowcr-tlowered.     Terhaps  a  hybrid  with  n.  7.  —  Mo.  and  southward. 

1-3.  E.  resin6sum,  Torr.  Minutelg  velvet  1/ -down)/  {2-3°  high);  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  Semite, partl/j  clasping,  tapering  t<j  the  point,  slightly 
veiny  beneath  (4-6' long);  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  obtuse.  —  Wet  pine 
barrens,  N.  J.  —  Name  from  the  copious  resinous  globules  of  the  leaves. 
*  *  *  Heads  8  - 30-Jloivered ;  mvolucral  sccdes  nearlij  equal,  in  one  row;  leaves 
opposite,  ovate,  petioled,  triple-nerved,  not  resinous-dotted ;  Jiovcers  white. 

14.  E.  ageratoides,  L.  (White  Sxake-root.)  Smooth,  bmnching  (3° 
high) ;  leaves  broadlg  ovate,  pointed,  coarsely  and  sharplg  toothed,  long-petioled, 
thin  (3 -.5'  long) ;  corymbs  compound.  — Rich  woods;  common  northward. 

15.  E.  aromaticum,  L.  Smooth  or  slightly  downy  ;  stems  nearly  sim- 
ple ;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate,  rather  ohtuselij  toothed,  not  pointed,  thickish.  — 
Coj)ses,  Mass.  to  Va.,  and  southward,  near  the  coast.  —  Lower  and  more  slender 
than  u.  14,  with  fewer,  but  usually  larger  heads;  not  aromatic. 

§  2.    CONOCLfNIUM.     Receptacle  conical;   involucral  scales   nearly  erpial, 
somewhat  imbricated. 

16.  E.  CCBlestinum,  L.  (Mist-flower.)  Somewhat  pubescent  (I -2° 
high) ;  leaves  opposite,  petiolate,  triangular-ovate  and  slightly  heart-shaped, 
coarsely  and  bluntly  toothed  ;  heads  many-flowered,  in  compact  cymes ;  flowers 
blue  or  violet,  (Conodiuiura  coelestinum,  DC.)  —  Rich  soil,  N.  J.  to  Mich., 
111.,  and  southward.     Sept. 

6.    KIJHNIA,    L. 

Heads  discoid,  10-25-flowered ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucral  scales  thin, 
few  and  loosely  imbricated,  narrow,  striate-nerved.  Corolla  slender,  5-toothed. 
Aciienes  cylindrical,  10-striate;  pappus  a  single  row  of  very  plumo.se  (white) 
bristles.  —  A  perennial  herb,  resinous-dcjtted,  with  m(jstly  alternate  leaves,  and 
paniculate-corymbose  heads  of  cream-colored  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Kuhn, 
of  Penn.sylvania,  who  carried  the  living  plant  to  Linnivus.) 

1.  K.  eupatorioides,  L.  Stems  2-3°  higli ;  pubescence  miimte;  leaves 
varying  from  broadly  lanceolate  and  toothed,  to  linear  and  entire.  —  Dry  soil, 
N.  J.  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  southward.  Sept.  Very  variable.  —  Var.  corym- 
bul6sa,  Torr.  &  Gray,  is  a  western  form,  stouter  and  somewhat  nwre  })ubes- 
cent,  the  heads  rather  crowded. 

7.    BRICKELLIA,    Ell. 

Characters  as  in  Kuhnia;  involucral  scales  more  numerous,  and  the  bristles 
of  the  pappus  merely  .scabrous  or  at  the  most  barbcllate  or  subpluniose ;  leaves 

1(5 


242  COMPOSITE,      (composite  family.) 

often  all  opposite.     {Dr.  John  Brickell  of  Georgia,  correspondent  of  Elliott 
and  Muhlenberg.) 

1.  B.  giandiflora,  Nutt.  Nearly  glabrous,  2-3°  high;  leaves  deltoid, 
cordate,  the  upper  deltoid-lanceolate,  coarsely  dentate-serrate,  acuminate,  4' 
long  or  less;  heads  about  40-flowered.  —  Shannon  Co.,  Mo.  (Bi(sA),  Kan  to 
Col.,  New  Mex.,  and  westward. 

8.    IjIATHIS,     Schreb.        Button  Sn.\kekoot.    Blazing-Star. 

Head  discoid,  few  -  many-flowered  ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucral  scales  well 
imbricated,  appressed.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  5-lobed,the  lobes  long  and 
slender.  Achenes  slender,  tapering  to  the  base,  10-ribbed.  Pappus  of  1.5-40 
capillary  bristles,  manifestly  plumose  or  only  barbellate.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
often  resinous-dotted,  with  sim])le  stems  from  a  roundish  corm  or  tuber,  rigid 
alternate  narrow  entire  leaves  (sometimes  twisted  so  as  to  become  vertical), 
and  spicate  or  racemed  heads  of  handsome  rose-purple  flowers,  appearing  late 
in  summer  or  in  autumn.     (Derivation  of  tlie  name  unknown.) 

*  Pappus  ver  I)  plumose ;  scales  of  the  b-flowered  involucre  with  ovate  or  lanceolate 
spreading  petal-like  {purple  or  sometimes  white)  tips,  exceeding  the  flowers. 

1.  li.  elegans,  Willd.  Stem  (2-3°  high)  and  involucre  hairy;  leaves 
linear,  short  and  spreading;  spike  or  raceme  compact  (3-20'  long).  —  Barren 
soil,  Va.  and  southward. 

*  *  Pappus  verji  plumose ;  scales  of  the  cylindrical  manijfiowered  involucre  im- 
bricated in  many  rows,  the  tips  rigid,  not  petal-like ;  corolla-lohes  hairy  within. 

2.  L.  squarrosa,  Willd.  (Blazing-Star,  etc.)  Often  hairy  (6' -2° 
high) ;  leaves  rigid,  linear,  elongated ;  heads  usually  few  (P  long) ;  scales  mostly 
with  elongated  and  leaf-like  spreading  tips.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to  Minn.,  and 
southAvard.  — Var.  interm^idia,  DC  Heads  narrow ;  scales  shorter,  erect  or 
nearly  so.  —  Ont.  to  Neb.  and  Tex. 

3.  L.  cylindracea,  Michx.  Commonly  smooth  (6-18'  high);  leaves 
linear;  heads  few  {^-s'  long) ;  scales  icith  short  and  rounded  abruptly  mucro- 
nate  appressed  tips.  —  Dry  open  places,  Niagara  Falls  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

*  *  *  Pappus  very  plumose;  heads  4-6flowered ;  scales  acuminate;  corolla- 

lobes  naked. 

4.  L.  punctata,  Hook.  Stout  ( 1 0  -  30'  high),  from  a  branching  or  globose 
rootstock;  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  the  upper  acerose,  rigid;  heads  usually 
many  in  a  dense  spike.  —  Minn  to  Kan.,  and  southward. 

*  *  *  Pappus  not  obviously  plumose  to  the  naked  eye ;  corolla-lobes  smooth  inside. 

5.  L.  seari6sa,  Willd.  Stem  stout  (2-5°  high),  pubescent  or  hoary; 
leaves  (smooth,  rough,  or  pubescent)  lanceolate ;  the  lowest  oblong-lanceolate  or 
obovate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  heads  few  or  many,  large,  2.5  -  40-flow- 
ered; scales  of  the  broad  or  depressed  involucre  obovate  or  spatulate,  very  numer- 
ous, with  dry  and  scarious  often  colored  tips  or  margins.  —  Dry  soil,  New  Eng. 
to  Minn.,  and  southward.  —  Widely  variable;  heads  P  or  less  in  diameter. 

6.  L.  pycnostachya,  Michx.  Hairy  or  smoothish ;  stem  stout  (3  -  5° 
high),  very  leafy;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  very  narrowly  linear; 
spike  thick  and  dense  (6 -20' long);  heads  about  5-flowered  (^'  long);  scales 


COMPOSIT.E.        (COMPOSITK    FAMILV.)  243 

of  the  cylindrical  involucre  ohlong  or  lanceolate,  with  remrrcd  or  spreading  colored 
tips.  —  Prairies,  from  Ind.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

7.  Ij.  spic^ta,  Willd.  Smooth  or  somewhat  liairy;  steins  very  leafy, 
stout  (2-5°  higli) ;  leaves  linear,  the  lower  3-5-nerved;  heads  8-12-flowered 
(\-V  long),  crowded  in  a  long  spike  ;  scales  of  the  cijlindrical-ijcll-shaped  invo- 
lucre oblong  or  oval,  obtuse,  ap]>ressed,  with  slight  margins;  achenes  pubescent  or 
smoothish.  —  Moist  grounds;  common  from  Mass.  to  Minn.,  and  sontliward. — 
Involucre  often  resinous,  very  smooth. 

Var.  mont^na,  Gray.  Low  and  stout;  leaves  l)roader,  o])tu.se;  s])ike 
short  and  lieads  hirgo.  —  Mountain-tops,  \'a.,  and  southward. 

8.  L.  graminifolia,  Willd.  Hairy  or  smoothish;  stem  (1-3°  high) 
slender,  leafy  ;  leaves  linear,  elongated,  l-nerved;  heads  several  or  numerous, 
in  a  spike  or  raceme,  7  -  12-tiowered ;  scales  of  the  obconical  or  obovoid  involucre 
spatulate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  or  somewhat  pointed,  rigid,  oppressed ;  achenes  hairy. 
—  Va.  and  southward.  —  Inflorescence  sometimes  panicled,  especially  in 

Var.  dubia,  Gray.  Scales  of  the  involucre  narrower  and  less  rigid,  oblong, 
often  ciliate.  —  Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  and  southward. 

9.    TRILISA,    Cass. 

Heads  discoid,  5-10-flowered ;  flowers  perfect.  Involucral  scales  nearly 
equal,  little  imbricated.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla-lobes  short-ovate  or  ob- 
long. Achenes  10-ribbed;  pappus  of  rather  rigid  bristles,  not  plumose. — 
Perennial  herbs,  fibrous-rooted,  with  broad  entire  leaves,  ol)SCurely  or  not  at 
all  punctate,  and  cymules  of  small  heads  in  a  thyrse  or  panicle.  Flowers  rose- 
purple,  in  autumn.     (Name  an  anagram  of  Liatris.) 

1.  T.  odoratissima,  Cass.  (Vanilla-plant.)  Very  smooth;  leaves 
pale,  thickish,  obovate-spatulate,  or  the  upper  oval  and  clasping;  heads  co- 
rymbed.  (Liatris  odoratissima,  Willd.)  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Va.,  and  south- 
ward.—  Leaves  exhaling  the  odor  of  Vanilla  when  bruised. 

2.  T.  panicul^ta,  Cass.  Viscid-hairy ;  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, smoothish,  those  of  the  stem  partly  clasping,  heads  panicled.  (Liatris 
paniculata,  Willd.)  —  Va.  and  southward. 

10.    GUTIERREZIA,    Lag. 

Heads  few  -  several-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  1  -  6,  pistillate.  Involucre  ob- 
long-clavate ;  scales  coriaceous  with  green  tips,  closely  imbricated,  the  outer 
shorter.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Achenes  short,  terete ;  pappus  of  about  9 
chaffy  scales,  shorter  in  the  ray -flowers.  —  Suffrutescent  (our  species),  glabrous 
and  often  glutinous,  much  branched,  with  narrowly  linear  entire  alternate 
leaves,  and  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers  in  fastigiate  or  paniculate  cymes. 
(From  Gutierrez,  a  noble  Spanish  family.) 

1.  G.  Euthamise,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Low;  leaves  numerous,  1-2'  long; 
heads  usually  crowded,  the  disk-  and  short  ray-flowers  usually  3  or  4  each. — 
Dry  plains,  Mont,  and  Miim.  to  central  Kan.,  southward  and  westward. 

11.    AMPHIACHYRIS,    Nutt. 

Heads  hemispherical ;  rays  .5-10.  Disk-flowers  perfect  but  infertile.  Pap- 
pus of  the  ray  minute,  coroniform;  of  the  disk-flowers  of  almost  bristle-like 


244  coMPOSiTiE.     (composite  family.) 

scales,  more  or  less  dilated  and  united  at  base.  —  A  diffusely  much-branched 
annual,  with  heads  solitary  on  the  brauchlets ;  otherwise  as  Gutierrezia.  (From 
a/x<pi,  around,  and  axvpoi/,  chaff.) 

1.  A.  dracunculoides,  Nutt.  Eather  low,  slender;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  the  ujjper  filiform ;  disk-flowers  10-20,  their  pappus  of  5-8  bristle-like 
chaff  united  at  base  and  slightly  dilated  upward.  —  Plains,  Kan.  and  southward. 

12.    GRINDELIA,    Willd. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  (or  rayless) ;  ray  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  in  several  series,  with  slender  more  or  less 
spreading  green  tips.  Achenes  short  and  thick,  compressed  or  turgid;  trun- 
cate, glabrous;  pappus  of  2-8  caducous  awns.  Coarse  perennial  or  biennial 
herbs,  often  resinous-viscid,  ours  glabrous  and  leafy  with  sessile  or  clasping 
alternate  and  spinulose-serrate  or  laciniate  rigid  leaves,  and  large  heads  ter- 
minating leafy  branches.  Lisk  and  ray  yellow.  (Prof.  Grindel,  a  Russian 
botanist.) 

1 .  G.  squarrosa,  Dunal.  Leaves  spatulate-  to  linear-oblong ;  involucre 
squarrose ;  achenes  not  toothed ;  pappus-awns  2  or  3.  —  Prairies,  Minn., 
southward  and  westward  ;  Evanston,  111.  —  Var.  nijda,  Gray.  Rays  wanting. 
About  St.  Louis  and  westward. 

2.  G.  lanceolata,  Nutt.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear ;  involucral  scales 
erect  or  the  lower  tips  spreading ;  achenes  with  1  or  2  short  teeth  at  the  sum- 
mit; awns  2.  —  Prairies,  eastern  Kan.  to  Ark.,  and  southward. 

13.     HETEROTHECA,    Cass. 

Characters  as  in  Chrysopsis,  but  the  aclienes  of  the  ray  thickish  or  trian- 
gular, without  pappus  or  obscurely  crowned,  and  those  of  the  disk  compressed, 
with  a  double  pappus,  the  inner  of  numerous  long  bristles,  the  outer  of  many 
short  and  stout  bristles.  —  (From  eVepos.  dfferent,  and  ^tj/ctj,  case,  alluding  to 
the  unlike  achenes.) 

L  H.  Lam^rekii,  Cass.  Annual  or  biennial,  1  -3°  high,  bearing  numer- 
ous small  heads ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  lower  with  petioles  auricled  at 
base,  the  upper  mostly  subcordate-clasping.  —  S.  E.  Kan.,  and  southv.ard. 

14.     CHRYSOPSIS,     Nutt.        Golden  Aster. 

Heads  many -flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Involucral 
scales  linear,  imbricated,  without  herbaceous  tips.  Receptacle  flat.  Achenes 
obovate  or  linear-oblong,  flattened,  hairy  ;  pappus  in  all  the  flowers  double,  the 
outer  of  very  short  and  somewhat  chaffy  bristles,  the  inner  of  long  capillary 
bristles.  —  Chiefly  perennial,  low  herbs,  woolly  or  hairy,  with  rather  large  often 
corymbose  heads  terminating  the  branches.  Disk  and  ray-flowers  yellow. 
(Name  composed  of  xp^f^os,  gold,  and  6\l/is,  aspect,  from  the  golden  blossoms.) 
*  Leaves  narroicJij  lanceolate  or  linear ;  achenes  linear. 

L  C.  graminifolia,  Nutt.  ^SV/rer^-siVAr^*/,  with  long  close-pressed  hairs; 
stem  slender,  often  with  runners  from  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing  few 
heads ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  elongated,  grass-like,  nerved,  shining,  entire. 
—  Dry  sandy  soil,  Del.  to  Va.,  and  southward.    July  -  Oct. 


COMPOSITE.        (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  245 

2.  C.   falc^ta,   Kll.     Stems  (4-10'  liigh)  very  woolly;   leaves  crowded, 

linear,  rlijid,  tihoat  3-rierved,  entire,  somewhat  rernrvnd  or  sn/t/ie-sfiapedjiain/,  or 
smooth  when  old,  sessile ;  heads  (small)  coryml)ed.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  ou  tho 
coast,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Nantucket  and  Cape  C'od,  Mass.     Aug. 
*  *  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  or  sliijhtlij  serrate,  inostli/  scssde,  veined, 
not  nerved;  arhcnes  ohovate, flattened. 

3.  C.  gOSSypina,  Nutt.  iJensebj  woollij  all  over;  leaves  spatnlate  or  ob- 
lonrj,  obtuse  (I  -2'  long);  heads  larger  than  in  tlic  next.  —  Pine  harrens,  Va., 
and  southward.     Aug. -Oct. 

4.  C.  Mariana,  Nutt.  Silhi/  tvith  lomj  and  weak  hairs,  or  when  old  smooth- 
isli;  leaves  ob/oinj ;  heads  corymbed,  on  glandular  peduncles.  —  Dry  liarrens, 
from  S.  New  York  and  Peun.,  southward,  near  the  coast.     Aug. -Oct. 

5.  C.  villbsa,  Nutt.  Hirsute  and  villous-pubcsrent ;  stem  corymlwscly 
branched,  the  branches  terminated  by  single  short-peduncled  heads ;  leaves 
narrowly  oblong,  hoari/  with  rough  pubescence  (as  also  the  involucre),  bristli/<iliate 
toward  the  base.  —  Dry  plains  and  prairies,  Wise,  to  Ky.,  and  westward.  July  - 
Sept.  Very  variable.  —  Var.  iifspiDA,  Gray.  Low,  hirsute  and  hispid,  not 
canescent ;  heads  small.  Kan.,  west  and  southward.  —  Var.  canescexs,  Gray. 
Wholly  canescent  with  short  appressed  pubescence;  leaves  narrow,  mostly 
oblanceolate. —  Kan.  to  Tex. 

6.  C.  pilosa,  Nutt.  Annual,  soft-hirsute  or  villous;  leaves  oblong-lanco- 
olate;  involucre  viscid;  outer  pappus  chaffy  and  conspicuous.  —  Kan.  and 
southward 

15.    APLOPAPPUS,    Cass. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  rays  many,  pistillate.  Involucre  hemi- 
spherical, of  many  closely  imbricated  scales  in  several  series.  Receptacle  flat. 
Achenes  short,  turbinate  to  linear;  pappus  simple,  of  numerous  unequal 
bristles.  —  Mostly  herbaceous  perennials,  with  alternate  rigid  leaves.  Hav- 
and  disk-flowers  yellow.     (From  cnrKoos,  simple,  and  irdinros,  pappus) 

1.  A.  cili^tUS,  DC.  Annual  or  biennial,  glabrous,  2-5^  'I'ff'''  leafy; 
leaves  oval  (or  lower  obovate),  olituse,  dentate  with  bristle-i)ointed  teeth ; 
heads  very  large,  few  and  clustered,  the  outer  scales  spreading;  achenes  gla- 
brous, the  central  abortive.  —  Mo.,  K'ln-,  'ind  southward. 

2.  A.  spinulosus,  DC.  Perennial,  branching,  jniberulent  or  glabrate, 
low ;  leaves  narrow,  pinnately  or  bipinnately  parted,  the  lobes  and  teetii  bristle- 
tipped;  heads  small,  the  appressed  scales  bristle-ti|)pcd ;  achenes  pubescent. 
—  Minn,  to  Kan.,  and  southward. 

3.  A.  divaricatus,  Gray.  Annual,  1-2°  high,  slender  and  diffu.soly 
paniculate,  rough-pubescent  or  glabrate;  leaves  rigid,  narrow,  entire  or  with 
a  few  spinulose  teeth,  much  reduced  above;  heads  small  and  narrow,  the  ap- 
pressed scales  subulate,  attenuate;  achenes  silky.  — Southern  Kan. 

16.     BIGELOVIA,     DC.        Havlkss  Goldkn- rod. 

Heads  3  -  4-tiowcrcd,  the  flowers  all  jjcrfect  and  tubular.  Involucre  clulv 
shaped,  yellowish ;  the  rigid  somewhat  glutinous  scales  linear,  do.selv  imbri- 
cated aiul  appressed.  Receptacle  narrow,  with  an  awl-shaped  i)roloiigation  in 
the  centre.      Achenes  somewhat  obconical,  hairy ;  pappus  a  single  row  of 


246  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

capillary  bristles.  —  Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  scattered,  oblanceolate  or  linear, 
1 -.3-nerved.  A  large  Avesteru  genus,  few  species  approaching  our  limits. 
(Dedicated  by  De  Candolle  to  Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow,  author  of  the  Elorula  Bos- 
toniensis,  and  of  the  American  Medical  Botany.) 

1.  B.  nudata,  DC.  A  smooth  perennial;  the  slender  stem  (1  -2°  high) 
simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  naked  above,  corymbose  at  the  summit, 
bearing  small  heads  in  a  flat-topped  corymb.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  (rare), 
and  southward.     Sept. 

17.  SOLI  DA  GO,  L.  Goldex-rod. 
Heads  few  -  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  1  -16,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
oblong  involucre  appressed,  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips  (except  n.  1  and  2). 
Keceptacle  small,  not  chaffy.  Achenes  many-ribbed,  nearly  terete ;  pappus 
simple,  of  equal  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  mostly  wand-like 
stems  and  nearly  sessile  stem-leaves,  never  heart-shaped.  Heads  small,  ra- 
cemed  or  clustered;  flowers  both  of  the  disk  and  ray  (except  n.  6)  yellow. 
(Name  from  solidus  and  ago,  to  join,  or  make  whole,  in  allusion  to  reputed 
vulnerary  qualities.)     Flowering  in  autumn. 

Conspectus  of  Grotips. 

Heads  small,  sessile  in  flat-topped  corj^mbs ;  leaves  linear 41,  42 

Heads  all  more  or  less  pedicelled. 

Involucral  scales  rigid,  with  spreading  herbaceous  tips 1,2 

Involucral  scales  without  green  tips. 
Heads  in  a  compound  terminal  corymb,  not  at  all  racemose        ....      37-40 
Heads  smaU,  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils  of  feather-veined  leaves         .        .        .3-7 
Heads  mostly  large,  in  a  terminal  thyrse ;  leaves  feather-veined. 

Western  species 8,  9 

Northern  or  mountain  species 10-12 

Heads  mostly  small  or  middle-sized  :  inflorescence  paniculate  (sometimes  tliyrsoidal). 
Leaves  3-ribbed  ;  heads  in  1-sided  spreading  panicled  racemes. 

Stem  and  leaves  smooth  and  glabrous 29-32 

Pubescent  or  scabrous 33-36 

Leaves  not  3-ribbed,  or  only  obscurely  triple-nerved. 
Heads  large  ;  leaves  thickish,  very  smooth,  entire.     Seashore      ,        .        .        .13 

Panicle  virgate  or  thyrsoid  ;  leaves  nearly  entire 14-17 

Heads  very  small  in  a  short  broad  panicle  :  leaves  nearly  entire  .        .        .      18-20 
Heads  racemosely  paniculate ;  leaves  ample,  the  lower  serrate         .        .  21-28 

§  L  VIRGAtlREA.  Rays  mostly  fewer  than  the  dish-Jlowers ;  heads  all  more 
or  less  pedicelled. 

*  Scales  of  the  much  imbricated  and  rigid  involucre  with  abruptly  spreading 
herbaceous  tips;  heads  in  clusters  or  glomerate  racemes,  disposed  in  a  dense 
somewhat  leafy  and  interrupted  icand-like  compound  spike. 

1.  S.  squarrdsa,  Muhl.  Stem  stout  (2-5°  high),  hairy  above;  leaves 
large,  oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oval  and  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole, 
serrate,  veiny ;  heads  numerous ;  scales  obtuse  or  acute ;  disk-flowers  1 6  -  24, 
the  rays  12-16.  —  Eocky  and  wooded  hills,  Maine  and  W.  Vt.  to  Penn., 
Ohio,  and  the  mountains  of  Va. ;  rather  rare. 

2.  S.  petiolaris,  Ait.  Minutely  hoary  or  downy;  stem  strict,  simple  (1  - 
3°  high);  leaves  small  (^-2'  long),  oval  or  oblong,  mucronate,  veiny,  rough- 
ciliolate ;  the  upper  entire  and  abruptly  very  short-petioled,  the  lower  often  ser 


COMPOSIT.E.       (composite    FAMILY.)  247 

rate  and  tapering  to  the  base  ;  heads  few,  in  a  wand-like  raceme  or  panicle,  on 
slender  liracted  pedicels;  rays  about  10, eh)ngated  ;  scales  of  the  puhesrent  in- 
volucre lanceolate  or  linear-awl-shaped,  the  (»utcr  loose  and  spreading,  more  or 
less  foliaceons.  —  S.  W.  111.  to  Kan.  and  southward,  —  Tlie  name  is  misleading, 
as  the  leaves  are  hardly  petioled. 

*  *  Involucnd  scales  irit/ioiit  (/rrrn  tips  and  ir/io////  apprcssfd. 
■^ Heads  small   (S"  lo)i(j),  clustered  alomj  the  stem   in  the  axils  of  tlie  feather- 
veined  leaves,  or  the  upper  forming  a  thi/rse. 
*+  Achenes  pubescent. 

3.  S.  CSesia,  L.  Smooth;  stein  terete,  mostly  glaucous,  at  length  much 
branched  and  diffuse ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  pointed, 
sessile ;  heads  in  very  short  clusters,  or  somewhat  racemose-panicled  on  the 
branches.  —  Rich  woodlands,  common ;  west  to  S.  E.  Minn.,  111.,  and  Ky. 

4.  S.  latifblia,  L.  Smootli  or  nearly  so ;  stem  angled,  zigzag,  simple  or 
paniculate-branched  (1 -p°  high);  leaves  lu'oadl//  ovate  or  oval,  very  strongly 
and  sharply  serrate,  conspicuously  pointed  at  both  ends  (thin,  3-6'  long) ;  heads 
in  very  short  axillary  clusters,  or  the  clusters  somewhat  prolonged  at  the  end 
of  the  branches;  rays  3 -4.  —  Moist  shaded  banks;  common  northward,  and 
south  al<ing  tlie  mountains. 

5.  S.  Curtisii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stem  angled,  usually 
branched;  leaves  oblong  to  long-lanceolate  witli  narrowed  entire  base,  serrate 
above  with  subulate  teeth;  heads  in  small,  loose  clusters;  rays  4-7.  —  Open 
Avoods  at  low  elevations  in  the  mountains  of  Va.  and  southward. 

++  +-(.  Achej^es  glabrous  ;  inflorescence  m.ore  thyrsoid. 

6.  S.  bicolor,  L.  Hoary  or  grayish  icith  soft  hairs ;  stem  mostly  simple  ; 
leaves  oblong  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  or  the  lower  oval  and 
tapering  into  a  petiole,  slightly  serrate  ;  clusters  or  short  racemes  from  the  axils 
of  the  upper  leaves,  iorming  an  interrupted  spike  or  crowded  panicle;  scales 
very  obtuse  ;  rays  (5  - 14)  small,  cream-color  or  nearly  white.  —  Var.  coxcolor, 
Torr.  &  Gray,  has  the  rays  yelloic.  —  Dry  copses,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

7.  S.  monticola,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Nearly  glabrous ;  stem  slender,  1  -  2° 
high ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  tapering  at  both  ends,  the 
lower  sparingly  serrate ;  heads  small,  the  scales  acutish  ;  rays  5-G.  —  Alle- 
ghany Mts.,  from  Md.  southward. 

-t-  -t-  Heads  mostly  large  {smaller  in  n.  12),  many-flowered ,  forming  an  erect  ter- 
minal thyrse;  leaves  feather-veined . 
■M-  Leaves  numerous,  short,  sessile,  entire,  uniform  in  size  and  shape  ;  western. 

8.  S.  Bigelbvii,  Gray.  Cinereous-puberulent,  2°  high  ;  leaves  oval  and 
oblong,  mostly  obtuse  at  both  ends;  thyrse  rather  loose;  involucre  broad. — 
S.  Kan.  and  soutlnvard.     ]'rol)al)ly  running  into  the  next. 

9.  S.  Lindheimeriana,  Scheele.  Less  pubemlent;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  more  acute;  heads  narrower  and  more  densely  clustered;  achenes 
glabrous.  —  »S.  Kan.  and  southward. 

•4-4.  ++  Xarthern  or  mountain  species,  bright  green. 

10.  S.  macroph;^lla,  Pursh.  Stejn  stout  {\- 4°  h\s;h),  rvand -like,  puhes- 
cent  near  the  summit,  simple ;  leaves  thin,  ovate,  irregularly  and  coarsely  serrate 


248  COMPOSITE.       (COMPOSITE    FAMILY.) 

with  sharp  salient  teeth,  large  (lower  3-4'  long),  all  but  the  uppermost  abruptly 
contracted  into  long  and  margined  petioles;  heads  large  (5-6"  long),  many- 
flowered,  crowded  in  an  oblong  or  wand-like  raceme  or  contracted  panicle  (2- 
18' long) ;  scales  loose  and  thin,  long,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed;  rays  8-10, 
elongated ;  achenes  smooth.  (S.  thyrsoidea,  E.  Meij.)  —  Wooded  sides  of 
mountains,  N.  Maine  to  N.  Y.  (south  to  the  Catskills),  shore  of  L.  Superior, 
and  northward.  —  Very  near  a  p]uropean  form  of  S.  Virgaurea. 

11.  S.  Virgaurea,  Linn.  An  extremely  variable  and  confused  species 
in  the  Old  World,  represented  in  North  America  by 

Var.  alpina,  Bigel.  Dwarf  (1-8'  high),  with  few  (\-12)  pretty  large 
heads  (3  -  4"  long,  becoming  smaller  as  they  increase  in  number) ;  leaves 
thickish,  mostly  smooth,  spatulate  or  obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  finely  serrate  or 
nearly  entire,  the  uppermost  lanceolate ;  heads  few  in  a  terminal  cluster  or 
subsolitary  in  the  upper  axils ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish  ;  rays  about 
12.  —  Alpine  summits  of  Maine,  N.  H.,  and  N.  Y.,  and  shore  of  L.  Superior. 

12.  S.  humilis,  Pursh.  Low  (6-12'  high)  anfl^  smooth,  bearing  several 
or  numerous  loosely  thyrsoid  smaller  heads,  which,  with  the  peduncles,  etc., 
are  mostly  somewhat  glutinous ;  scales  obtuse  ;  rays  6-8,  short ;  upper  leaves 
lanceolate  to  linear,  entire,  the  lower  becoming  spatulate  and  sparingly  serrate. 
(S.  Virgaurea,  var.  humilis,  Grai/.)  —  Rocky  banks,  W.  Vt.,  along  the  Great 
Lakes,  and  northward;  also  on  islands  in  the  Susquehanna,  near  Lancaster, 
and  at  the  Falls  of  the  Potomac.  —  At  the  base  of  the  White  Mountains,  on 
gravelly  banks,  occurs  a  form  with  the  minutely  pubescent  stout  stem  1-2° 
high,  the  leaves  larger,  broader,  and  coarsely  toothed,  and  the  heads  very 
numerous  in  an  ample  compound  raceme ;  rays  occasionally  almost  white. 

Var.  Gillmani,  Gray.     Larger  (2°  high),  rigid,  with  compound  ample 
panicle  and  laciuiately  toothed  leaves.  —  Sand-hills  of  the  lake-shores,  N.  Mich. 
^-  -i-  -I-  Heads  small  or  middle-sized  {large  in  n.  13  and  17),  panicled  or  some- 
times thijrsoidaly  not  in  a  terminal  corymbiform  cyme ;  not  alpine. 
++  Leaves  vein//,  not  3-ribbed,  but  sometimes  obscurely  triple-nerved. 
=  1.  Heads  commonly  large;  leaves  thickish,  very  smooth,  entire,  elongated. 

13.  S.  sempervirens,  L.  Smooth  and  stout  (1  -  8°  high) ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, slightly  clasping,  or  the  lower  ones  lanceolate-oblong,  obscurely  triple- 
nerved  ;  racemes  short,  in  an  open  or  contracted  panicle.  —  Salt  marshes,  or 
rocks  on  the  shore,  Maine  to  Va.  —  Heads  showy;  the  golden  rays  7-10. 
Varies,  in  less  brackish  swamps,  with  thinner  elongated  linear-lanceolate  leaves, 
tapering  to  each  end,  and  more  erect  racemes  in  a  narrower  panicle. 

=  2.   Heads  small,  in  a  narrow  virgate  or  thyrsoid  panicle ;  scales  thin,  acute  ; 
leaves  nearly  entire. 

14.  S.  Stricta,  Ait,  Very  smooth  throughout ;  stem  strict  and  simple,  ivand 
like  (2-4°  high),  slender,  beset  with  small  and  entire  appressed  lanceolate- 
oblong  thickish  leaves,  gradually  reduced  upward  to  mere  bracts ;  the  lowest 
oblong-spatulate ;  heads  crowded  in  a  very  narrow  compound  spicate  raceme  ; 
rays  5-7.      (S.  virgata,  Michx.)  —  Damp  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  and  southward. 

15.  S.  puberula,  Nutt.  Stem  (l  -3°  high,  simple  or  branclied)  and  pan- 
icle minutely  hoary  ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  to  the  base  smoothish ; 
the  lower  wedge-lanceolate  and  sparingly  toothed ,  heads  very  numerous  and 


COMrOSIT/E.        (COMrO.SITK    FAMILY.)  2i9 

r^ou'ded  /;i  compact  short  racemes  Jonninr/  n  pro/oiirjrrl  and  dense  narrow  or 
pyramidal  panicle;    scales   linear-aicl-shaped,   appre.xseil ;    rays   about    10. — 
Sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Va.  and  southward,  mostly  near  the  coast. 
=  3,  Heads  middle-sized,  in  a  thjrsoid  panicle ;  involncral  scales  rather  Jirm, 
obtuse  ;  leaves  entire  or  little  serrate,  smooth. 

16.  S.  uliginbsa,  Nutt.  ^'wooM  nearly  throughout ;  stem  simple,  strii't 
(2  -  :i°  higli) ;  Icares  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  tapering  into  wHiged  peti- 
oles, partly  sheathing  at  tlie  base,  sparsely  serrulate  or  entire;  racemes  much 
crowded  and  apprcssrd  in  a  dense  wand-like  panicle ;  scales  linear-oblong;  rays 
5-6,  small.  (S.  stricta,  Man.)  —  Peat-bogs,  Maine  to  Tenn.,  Minn.,  and  north- 
ward. Koot-leaves  G-  10'  long.  Flowers  earlier  than  most  species,  beginning 
in  July. 

17.  S.  Speci6sa,  Nutt.  Stem  stout  (.'?  -  6°  high),  smooth  ;  leares  thicklsh, 
smooth  with  rough  margins,  oval  or  ovate,  slightly  serrate,  tlie  up|)ermost  ob- 
long-lanceolate, the  lower  contracted  into  a  margined  petiole  ;  heads  somewhat 
crowded  in  numerous  erect  racemes,  for minrf  an  ample  pi/ramidal  or  thi/rsi/onn 
panicle;  peduncles  and  pedicels  rough-hairy ;  scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre 
oblong ;  rays  about  5,  large.  —  Var.  angtstXta,  Torr.  &  Gray,  is  a  dwarf  form, 
with  the  racemes  short  and  clustered,  forming  a  dense  interrupted  or  compound 
spike.  —  Copses,  Maine  to  Minn.,  and  soutliward.  —  A  very  handsome  species; 
the  lower  leaves  4-6'  long  and  2-4'  wide  in  the  larger  forms. 

=  4.  Heads  very  small  in  slender  spreadimj  secund  clusters  formimj  a  mostly 
short  and  broad  panicle ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so. 

18.  S.  Od6ra,  Ait.  (Swekt  Golden-rod.)  -S/noo/Zi  or  nearly  so  through- 
out; stem  slender  (2-3°  high),  often  reclined;  leaves  linear4anceolate,  entire, 
shining,  pellucid-dotted ;  racemes  spreading  in  a  small  one-sided  panicle ;  rays 
3-4,  rather  large.  —  Border  of  thickets  in  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Maine  and  Vt.  to 
Ky.,  and  southward.  —  The  crushed  leaves  yield  a  pleasant  anisate  odor ;  but 
an  occasional  form  is  nearly  scentless. 

19.  S.  tortifblia,  Ell.  Stem  scabrous-puberuleut,  2-3°  high;  leaves 
linear,  sliort,  commonly  twisted,  roughish-pul)crulent  or  glabrate;  rays  very 
short.  —  Dry  soil,  coast  of  Va.  and  southward. 

20.  S.  pilosa,  Walt.  Stem  stout,  upright  (3  -  7°  high),  clothed  with  spread- 
ing hairs;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  roughish,  hairy  beneath,  at  least  on  the  mid- 
rib, serrulate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong  and  entire,  closely  sessile  ; 
racemes  many,  recurved,  in  a  dense  pyramidal  panicle  ;  rays  7-10,  very  short. 
—  Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Va.  and  southward. 

=  5.  Heads  small  or  middle-sized,  racemosely  paniculate ;  leaves  broad  or  ample, 
veiny,  at  least  the  lower  serrate  (or  entire  in  n.  28) ;  involucral  scales  obtuse. 

21.  S.  p^tula,  Muhl.  Stem  strongly  angled,  smooth  (2-4°  high);  leaves 
(4-8'  long)  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  pale,  very  smooth  and  veiny  underneath,  but 
the  upper  surface  very  rough,  like  shagreen ;  racemes  rather  short  and  numer- 
ous on  the  spreading  branches;  heads  rather  large.  —  Swamps;  common. 

22.  S.  rugbsa,  Mill.  Rough-hairy,  especially  the  very  leafy  stem  (1  -  6° 
high) ;  leaves  orate-lanceolate,  elliptical  or  oblong,  of  en  thickish  and  very  rugose  ; 
racemes  spreading ;  involucral  scales  linear ;  rays  6-9;  the  disk-flowers  4-7. 
(S.  altissima,  Torr.  <J-  Gray,  not  L.)  —  Borders  of  fields  aaid  copses;  very  com- 


250  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

mon,  presenting  a  great  variety  of  forms;  usually  one  of  the  lowest  of  the 
common  Golden-rods.     It  flowers  early.     Aug.  -  Sept. 

23.  S.  Ulmifolia,  Muhl.  Stem  smooth,  the  branches  hairy ;  leaves  thin, 
elliptical-ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  tapering  to  the  base,  loosely  veined, 
beset  with  soft  hairs  beneath ;  racemes  panicled,  recurved-spreading ;  involu- 
cral  scales  lanceolate-oblong ;  rays  about  4.  —  Low  copses ;  common.  —  Too 
near  the  last ;  distinguished  only  by  its  smooth  stem  and  thin  larger  leaves. 

24.  S.  Elliottii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth;  stem  stout  (l  -  3°  high) ,  very 
leafy;  leaves  elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  (2-3' long),  closely  sessile, 
slightly  serrate,  strongly  veined,  thick,  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above  ;  heads 
in  dense  spreading  rcCcemes  which  are  crowded  in  a  close  pyramidal  panicle ; 
peduncles  and  achenes  strigose-pubescent.  (S.  elliptica,  Torr.  Sf  Gray,  not 
j^lt,)  —  Swamps  (fresh  or  brackish)  near  the  coast,  Mass.  to  N.  J.  and  south- 
ward. —  Heads  showy,  3"  long ;  the  rays  8-12. 

25.  S.  neglecta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth;  stem  stout  (2-4°  high),  less 
leafy ;  leaves  thickish,  smooth  both  sides,  opaque ;  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate, 
mostly  acute  and  nearly  entire ;  the  lower  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  sharply 
serrate,  tapering  into  a  petiole;  racemes  short  and  dense,  at  length  spreading, 
disposed  in  an  elongated  or  pyramidal  close  panicle ;  peduncles  and  achenes 
nearly  glabrous.  —  Swamps,  Maine  to  Md.,  Wise,  and  Minn.  —  Heads  rather 
large,  crowded ;  the  racemes  at  first  erect  and  scarcely  one-sided.  Very 
variable,  the  forms  approaching  n.  16  and  27. 

Var.  linoldes,  Gray.  The  most  slender  form ;  radical  leaves  4-8'  long 
and  4  -  6"  wide,  the  upper  very  small,  erect ;  branches  of  panicle  rather  few, 
one-sided ;  rays  2-5.     (S.  linoides,  Torr.  ^  Gray.)  —  Mass.  to  N.  J. 

26.  S.  Boottii,  Hook.  Smooth,  or  scabrous-pubescent  or  below  hirsute, 
slender,  often  branched,  2-5°  high ;  leaves  rather  finely  serrate,  ovate  to  ob- 
long-lanceolate, pointed ;  the  upper  small,  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  often 
entire ;  heads  loosely  racemose ;  rays  1  -  5  or  none ;  aclienes  pubescent.  —  Dry 
grounds,  Va.  and  southward. 

27.  S.  argtlta,  Ait.  Smooth;  stem  angled ;  leaves  {\axge  smd  thin)  ovate, 
and  the  upper  elliptical-lanceolate,  very  sharply  and  strongly  serrate  (entire  only 
on  the  branches), po/?i/f?f/  at  both  ends,  the  lowest  on  margined  petioles ;  racemes 
pubescent,  spreading,  disposed  in  an  elongated  open  panicle;  rays  6-7,  large; 
achenes  usually  glabrous.  (S.  Muhlenbergii,  Torr.  S^  Gray.)  —  Copses  and 
moist  woods,  N.  H.  to  Penn.,  Out.,  and  N.  E.  Minn.  —  Racemes  much  shorter 
and  looser  than  in  the  next ;  the  involucral  scales  thin  and  more  slender  ;  the 
heads  somewhat  larger,  fully  3"  long. 

28.  S.  jlineea,  Ait.  Smooth  throughout  (1  -  3°  high) ;  radical  and  lower 
stem-leaves  elliptical  or  lanceolate-oval,  sharply  serrate  with  spreading  teeth, 
pointed,  tapering  into  winged  and  ciliate  petioles ;  the  others  lanceolate  or  nar- 
rowly oblong,  slightly  triple-nerved,  tapering  to  each  end,  the  uppermost  entire ; 
racemes  dense,  naked,  at  length  elongated  and  recurved ,  forming  a  crowded  and 
fat  corymb-like  panicle ;  rays  8 -12,  small.  (S.  arguta,  Torr.  ^'  Gray.)  —  Var. 
SCABRELLA,  Gray,  is  somewhat  roughish-pubescent  (Wise,  to  Ky.).  —  Copses 
and  banks  ;  common.  Well  distinguished  by  its  long  or  drooping  racemes,  and 
the  closely  appressed  rigid  scales  of  the  involucre,  small  rays,  etc.  Heads  sel- 
dom over  2"  long,  the  scales  small  and  pale. 


COMPOSITiE.        (composite    FAMILY.)  251 

■*-*■  ■*-*■  Leaves  more  or  less  plainly  3-rihbed ;  heads  in  one-sided  spreading  or  re- 
curved racemes,  forming  an  ample  panicle.     Not  maritime. 
=  Smooth  and  glabrous,  at  least  the  stem  and  bright  qrem  leaves, 
a.    Leaves  Jirm  and  rather  rigid ;  involucral  scales  thirkish,  obtuse, r/uite  unequal. 

29.  S.  Missouriensis,  Nutt.  Smooth  througliout  (l-. 3°  hi^rh);  leaves 
linear-lanrcolali',  or  tlie  lower  broadly  lanceolate,  tapering  tc.  both  ends,  with 
'ery  rough  margins;  teeth,  if  any,  sharp  and  rigid  ;  heads  and  dense  crowded 
racemes  nearly  as  in  u.  28  ;  achenes  nearly  glabrous.  —  Dry  ])rairies,  from  Wise, 
and  Ind.  soutli  and  westward.  —  Heads  1^-2"  long. 

30.  S.  Shortii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  IStem  slender,  simple  (2-4°  high),  mi- 
nutely rougliish-pubcscent  above;  leaves  (the  larger  2-3' long)  oblong-iance- 
olate,  acute,  tlie  lower  mostly  serrate  with  a  few  fine  teeth ;  racemes  mostly 
short  in  a  crowded  panicle ;  achenes  silk-g-pubescent.  —  Rocks  at  the  Falls  of 
the  Ohio;  Ark.  —  A  handsome  species;  heads  3"  long,  narrow. 

b.   Leaves  thinner ;  involucral  scales  thin,  chiejijj  linear,  obtuse. 

31.  S.  serotina,  Ait.  Stem  stout  (2-7°  high),  smooth,  often  glaucous; 
leaves  quite  smooth  both  sides,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  very  sharply  serrate, 
except  tlie  narrowed  base,  rough-ciliate ;  the  ample  panicle  pubescent ;  rai/s 
7  -\4,  rather  long.  (S.  gigantea,  of  previous  ed.)  —  Copses  and  fence-rows; 
common,  and  presenting  many  varieties.     Seldom  very  tall. 

A'ar.  gigantea,  Gray.  Commonly  tall,  5-8°  high;  leaves  more  or  less 
pubescent  or  hispidulous  beneath.  (S. gigantea,  Ait.;  S.  serotina  of  previous 
ed.)  —  Thickets  and  low  grounds,  Can.  to  Tex. 

32.  S.  rupestris,  Kaf.  Stem  smooth,  slender,  2-3°  high;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  tapering  both  ways,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  panicle  narrow ;  heads  very 
small ;  rays  4-6,  very  short.  —  Rocky  river-banks,  W.  Va.  to  Ky.  and  Ind. 

=  =  Pubescent  {at  least  the  stem)  or  hispidulous-scabrous. 

33.  S.  Canadensis,  L.  Stem  rough-hairy,  t^W  and  stout  (3  -  6°  high) ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate  (sometimes  almost  entire),  more  or 
less  pubescent  beneath  aud  rough  above ;  heads  small ;  rays  very  short.  —  Borders 
of  thickets  and  fields;  very  common.  —  Varies  greatly  in  the  roughness  and 
hairiness  of  the  stem  and  leaves,  the  latter  oblong-lanceolate  or  elongated 
linear-lanceolate;  —  in  var.  pr6ckra,  whitish-woolly  underneath;  and  in  var. 
scXbra  also  very  rough  above,  often  entire,  and  rugose-veined. 

34.  S.  nemoralis,  Ait.  Clothed  rrith  a  minute  and  close  grayish-hoary 
(soft  or  roughisli)  pubescence ;  stem  simple  or  corymbed  at  the  summit  (^-2^° 
high) ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate-oblong,  the  lower  somewhat  crenate- 
toothed  and  tapering  into  a  petiole;  racemes  numerous,  dense,  at  length  re- 
curved, forming  a  large  and  crowded  compound  raceme  or  jianicle  whicli  is 
usually  turned  to  one  side;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong.  a])pressod ; 
rays  5-9.  —  Dry  sterile  fields;  very  common.  Flowers  very  bright  yellow, 
beginning  early  in  Aug.  —  Var.  incana,  Gray,  of  Minn.,  and  westward,  is  a 
dwarf  form,  with  rigid  oval  or  oblong  leaves,  rather  strongly  serrate  or  entire, 
and  the  clusters  of  heads  in  a  dense  oblong  or  conical  thyrse. 

35.  S.  r^dula,  Nutt.  Stem  and  oblong  or  obovate-spatulate  leaves  rigid 
and  very  rough,  not  hoary,  the  upper  sessile;  scales  oblong,  rigid;  rays  3-6; 
otherwise  nearly  as  in  n.  34.  —  Dry  hills,  W.  Ill,,  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  s<Hithward. 


252  coMPOSiTiK.     (composite  family.) 

36.  S.  Drummondii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  (1-3°  high)  and  lower  sur- 
face of  the  broad! >j  orate  or  oval  someichat  triple-ribbed  leaves  minutel>/  velvet j/- 
pubescent,  some  of  the  leaves  almost  entire ;  racemes  panicled,  short ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse;  rays  4  or  5.  — S.  W.  111.,  Mo.,  and  southward. 
H-  -1-  ^-  H-  Heads  in  a  compound  corpnb  terminating  the  simple  stem,  not  at  all 

racemose;  leaves  mostly  with  a  strong  midrib. 
++  Leaves  flat,  not  S-nerved. 

37.  S.  rigida,  L.  Bough  and  someichat  hoari/  with  a  minute  pubescence ; 
stem  stout  (2  -  5°  high),  very  leafy  ;^  corymb  dense  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  copi- 
ously feather-veined,  thick  and  rigid ;  the  ui)per  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base, 
slightly  serrate,  the  uppermost  entire ;  heads  large,  over  30-flowered ;  the  rays 
7-10.  —  Dry  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

38.  S.  Ohioensis,  Kiddell.  Very  smooth  throughout;  stem  wand-like, 
slender,  leafy  (2-3°  high) ;  stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  flat,  entire,  obscurely 
feather-veined,  closely  sessile ;  the  lower  and  radical  ones  elongated,  slightly 
serrate  toward  the  apex,  tapering  into  long  margined  petioles ;  heads  numer- 
ous, on  smooth  pedicels,  small,  16-20-flowered;  the  rays  6  or  7.  —  Moist 
meadows  or  prairies,  W.  New  York  to  Ind.  and  Wise.  —  Root-leaves  1°  long; 
the  upper  reduced  to  1  -  2%  with  rough  margins,  like  the  rest. 

++  ++  Leaves  someichat  folded,  entire,  the  lower  slightly  S-nerved. 

39.  S.  Riddellii,  Frank.  Smooth  and  stout  {2- A°  high),  very  leafy,  t\\Q 
branches  of  the  dense  corymb  and  pedicels  rough-pubescent ;  leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, elongated  (4  -  6'  long),  acute,  partly  clasping  or  sheathing,  mostly  recurved, 
the  lowest  elongated-lanceolate  and  tapering  into  a  long  keeled  petiole ;  heads 
very  numerous,  clustered,  20  -  30-flowered ;  the  rays  7-9.  —  Wet  grassy  prai- 
ries, Ohio  to  Minn,  and  Mo.;  Ft.  Monroe,  Va.  —  Heads  larger  than  in  the 
last,  2-3"  long.  Stem-leaves  upright  and  partly  sheathing  at  the  base,  then 
gradually  recurved-spreading. 

40.  S.  Houghtonii,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  ;  stem  rather  low  and  slender 
(1-2*^  high);  leaves  scattered,  linea7-4anceolate,  acntish,  tapering  into  a  nar- 
rowed slightly  clasping  base,  or  the  lower  into  margined  petioles;  heads  few 
or  several,  20 -30-flowered;  the  rays  7-9.  —  Swamps,  north  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan;  Genesee  Co.,  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  —  Leaves  rough-margined,  2-5' 
long,  2-4"  wide,  1-nerved,  or  the  lower  obscurely  3-nerved  above;  veins 
obscure.     Heads  large,  nearly  ^'  long.     Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse. 

§  2.  EUTHAMLA.  Corymbosely  much  branched  ;  heads  small,  sessile,  in  little 
clusters  crowded  in  fat-topped  corymbs ;  the  closely  appressed  involucral 
scales  somewhat  glutinous ;  receptacle  fmbrillate ;  rays  6  -  20,  sho7't,  more 
numerous  than  the  disk-flowers ;  leaves  narrow,  entire,  sessile. 

41.  S.  lanceolata,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate-linear,  3- 5-nerved;  the  nerves, 
margins,  and  angles  of  the  branches  minutely  rough-pubescent ;  heads  obovoid- 
cylindrical,  in  dense  corymbed  clusters;  rays  15-20.  —  River-banks,  etc.,  in 
moist  soil ;  common.  —  Stem  2-3°  high ;  leaves  3-5'  long. 

42.  S.  tenuifdlia,  Pursh.  Smooth,  slender;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear, 
mostly  l-nerved,  dotted ;  heads  obovoid-club-shaped,  in  numerous  clusters  of  2 
or  3,  disposed  in  a  loose  corymb;  rays  6-12.  —  Sandy  fields,  Mass.  to  111.,  and 
southward ;  common  near  the  coast. 


COMPOSiT.*:.     (coMPOsiTi:  KAMir.v.)  253 

18.    BRACHYCHJETA,    Torr.  &  Gray.        False  Golden-rod. 

Heads  ami  llowers  nearly  as  in  Solidago,  except  the  papjius,  wliicli  is  a  row 
of  minute  rather  scale-like  bristles,  shorter  than  the  achene.  —  A  p«!rennial  herh, 
with  rounded  or  ovate  serrate  leaves,  all  the  lower  ones  hiart-slmped ;  the  small 
yellow  heads  in  sessile  dusters  racemed  or  spiked  on  the  branches.  (Name 
coinposeil  of  fipax^s,  s/iort,  and  X"''''^>  bristle,  from  the  papi)us.) 

1.  B.  COrd^ta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Wooded  hills,  S.  Tnd.  and  E.  Ky.  to 
N.  Ga.     Oct.  —  riant  2-4°  high,  slender,  more  or  less  pubescent. 

19.     BELL  IS,     Tourn.         Daisv. 

Heads  many-flowereil,  radiate ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre herbaceous,  equal,  in  about  2  rows.  Receptacle  conical,  naked.  Achenes 
obovate,  flattened,  wingless,  and  without  any  pa])pus.  —  Low  herbs  (all  but  our 
single  species  natives  of  the  Old  World),  either  stemless,  like  the  true  Daisy, 
B.  PERKNMS  (which  is  found  as  an  occasional  escape  from  cultivation),  or 
leafy -stemmed,  as  is  tlie  following.     (The  Latin  name,  from  bellus,  pretty.) 

1.  B.  integrifolia,  Michx.  (Western  Daisv.)  Annual  or  biennial, 
diffusely  ])ranched  (4'-l°  high),  smoothish  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the 
lower  spatulate-obovatc  ;  heads  on  slender  peduncles  ;  rays  pale  violet-purple. 
—  Prairies  and  banks,  Ky.  and  southwestward.     March -June. 

20.    APHANOSTEPHUS,    DC. 

Involucral  scales  in  few  series,  broadly  lanceolate,  tlie  outer  sliorter. 
Achenes  prismatic,  the  broad  truncate  apex  bearing  a  short  coroniform  pap- 
pus. Otherwise  as  Bellis.  —  Southwestern  leafy-stemmed  and  branching  pu- 
bescent herbs,  with  solitary  terminal  daisy -like  heads.  {'Acpavris,  inco)iS})icuous, 
and  aricpos,  croicn ;  in  allusion  to  the  pappus.) 

1.  A.  Arkansanus,  Gray.  Diffuse,  1°  high;  leaves  oblong-spatulate  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  the  hnver  often  toothed  or  lobed ;  rays  white  to  pur])le,  Y 
long;  pappus  mostly  -l-S-lobed.  —  Plains  of  Kan.  and  southward. 

21.    CH^TOPAPPA,     DC. 

Heads  several-flowered,  radiate ;  disk-Howers  often  sterile.  Involucral  bracts 
imbricated  in  2  or  more  rows,  the  outer  shorter.  Keceptacle  flat,  naked. 
Achenes  fusiform  or  compressed  ;  pappus  of  5  or  fewer  thin  nerveless  jjaleiv, 
alternating  with  rougli  bristly  awns,  or  these  wanting.  —  Low  southwestern 
branching  annuals,  with  narrow  entire  leaves  and  solitary  terminal  heads;  ray 
white  or  })ur]tle.     (XaiTrj,  a  hrisile,  and  irdinros,  pappus.) 

1.  C.  asteroides,  DC.  slender,  2- lO' high,  pubescent;  involucres  nar- 
row, 2''  long;  rays  5-12;  achenes  pubescent.  —  Dry  grounds,  Vernon  Co., 
Mo.,  and  soutlnvard. 

22.    BOLTONIA,     L'Her. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  numerous,  pistillate.  Scales  of  the 
hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  somewhat  in  2  rows,  appressed,  with  nar- 
row membranaceous  margins.  Receptacle  conical  or  hemispherical,  naked. 
Achenes  very  flat,  obovate  or  inversely  lieart  shaped,  margined  with  a  callous 


254  coMPOSiT.^.     (composite  family.) 

•wing,  or  in  the  ray  3-winged,  crowned  witli  a  pappus  of  several  minute  bristles 
and  usually  2-4  longer  awns.  —  Perennial  and  l)ush} -branched  smooth  herbs, 
pale  green,  with  the  aspect  of  Aster ;  the  thickish  leaves  chiefly  entire,  often 
turned  edgewise.  Flowers  autumnal;  disk  yellow;  rays  white  or  purplish. 
(Dedicated  to  James  Bolton,  an  English  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 
*  Heads  middle-sized,  loosely  corymbed. 

1.  B.  asteroides,  L'Her.  Stems  2-8°  high;  leaves  lanceolate;  invo- 
lucral  scales  acuminate ;  pappus  of  few  or  many  minute  bristles  and  2  awns 
or  none.  (B.  glastifolia,  L'Her.,  the  awned  form.)  —  Moist  places  along 
streams;  Penn.  to  111.,  and  southward  to  Fla.  Sept.,  Oct.  — A'"ar.  decukrexs, 
Engelm.,  a  large  form  with  the  leaves  alate-decurrent  upon  the  stem  and 
branches.     Mo.  (Eggert). 

2.  B.  latisquama,  Gray.     Heads  rather  larger ;  involucral  scales  oblong 

to  ovate,  obtuse  or  mucronate-apiculate ;  pappus-awns  conspicuous.  —  W.  Mo. 

and  Kan. 

*  *  Heads  small,  panided  on  the  slender  branches. 

3.  B.  difFilsa,  L'Her.  Stem  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  lance-linear,  those 
on  the  branclilets  very  small  and  awl-shaped ;  rays  short,  mostly  white ;  pap- 
pus of  several  very  short  bristles  and  2  short  awns.  —  Prairies  of  S.  111.  (  Vasey), 
and  southwestward.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

23.    TOWNSENDIA,    Hook. 

Heads  many-flowered,  the  numerous  ray-flowers  (violet  to  Avhite)  in  a  single 
series,  fertile.  Involucre  broad,  the  lanceolate  scariously  margined  scales  im- 
bricated in  several  series.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Achenes  obovate  or  oblong, 
flattened,  Avith  thickish  margins  and  beset  with  forked-capitellate  hairs ;  pap- 
pus a  single  row  of  long  awns  or  coarse  rigid  bristles,  or  reduced  in  the  ray  to 
chaffy  scales.  —  Low  scarcely  caulescent  herbs,  with  linear  to  spatulate  entire 
leaves  and  large  heads.  (Named  for  David  Townsend,  botanical  associate  of 
Dr.  Darlington  of  Penn.) 

1.  T.  sericea,  Hook.  Acaulescent  silky-pubescent  perennial;  heads 
sessile,  solitary  or  few,  i-1'  high;  ray-pappus  mostly  bristly.  —  Dry  plains, 
central  Neb.,  north  and  westward.     April,  May. 

24.     SERICOCARPUS,    Nees.        White-toppkd  Aster. 

Heads  12  - 20-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  about  .5, fertile  (white).  Involucre 
somewhat  cylindrical  or  club-shaped ;  the  scales  closely  imbricated  in  several 
rows,  cartilaginous  and  Avhitish,  appressed,  with  short  and  abrupt  often  spread- 
ing green  tips.  Receptacle  alveolate-toothed.  Achenes  short,  inversely  pyr- 
amidal, very  silky ;  pappus  simple,  of  numerous  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial 
tufted  herbs  (1-2°  high),  with  sessile  somewhat  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small 
heads  mostly  in  little  clusters,  disposed  in  a  flat  corymb.  Disk-flowers  pale 
yelloAv.     (Name  from  a-npiKSs,  silky,  and  Kapnos,  fruit.) 

*  Pappus  rusty ;  leaves  sparingly  serrate,  veiny,  rather  thin. 

1.  S.  conyzoides,  Nees.  Somewhat  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
or  the  lower  spatulate,  ciliate ;  heads  rather  loosely  corymbed,  obconical  (4  -  6" 
long).  —  Dry  ground ;  Maine  to  Ohio,  and  southward.     July. 


COMPOSIT.*:.        (COMI'OSITE    lAMILV.)  255 

*  *  Pappus  tvliite ;  leaves  entire,  obscnreli/  veined,  Jinner  and  smaller. 

2.  S.  SOlidagineus,  Nces.  Smooth,  slender;  leaves  linear,  rigiil,  obtuse, 
■with  rou^li  niar>:;ius,  tai)ering  to  the  base;  heads  narrow  (3"  long),  in  close 
clusters,  fL'\v-Ht)\\  rrcd.  —  Thickets,  S.  New  Eng.  to  Tenn.,  and  southward.   July. 

3.  S.  tortifolius,  Nees.  Hoary-pubescent;  leaves  obovate  or  oljlong- 
spatulatc,  short  (i -  1'  long),  vertical,  both  sides  alike;  heads  rather  lo(jsely 
corynibed,  obovoid  (4-5"  long).  —  Pine  woods,  Va.  and  southward.     Aug. 

25.     ASTER,     L.        Starwokt.    Aster. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  ray-flowers  in  a  single  series,  fertile. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  usually  with  herbaceous  or 
leaf-like  tips.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Achenes  more  or  le.ss  flattened ; 
papi)us  simple,  of  ca])illary  bristles  (double  in  §§  4  and  5).  —  I'erennial  iierbs 
(annual  only  in  §§  7  and  8),  with  corymbed,  panicled,  or  racemo.se  heads; 
flowering  in  autumn.  Kays  wliite,  purple,  or  blue;  the  disk  yellow,  often 
changiiig  to  purple.     (Name  aar-np,  a  star,  from  the  radiate  heads  of  flowers.) 

Conspectus  of  Gi'oups. 

Annuals,  with  copious  fine  soft  pappus 53,  54 

Pappus  double 4G-48 

Scales  closely  imbricated,  not  gi'een-tii>ped,  often  scarious-edged       ....      40-52 
Scales  closely  imbricated,  scarcely  at  all  herbaceous  ;  leaves  cordate,  sen-ate        .  2,  3 

Scales  neaj-ly  eqiuil,  rigid,  more  or  less  foliaceous;  pappus-bristles  rigid,  some 

thickened  at  top 1 

Scales  with  herbaceous  tips  or  the  outer  wholly  foliaceous.    Asteu  proper. 
Pajipus  rigid;  stem-leaves  sessile,  none  cordate  or  clasping  ;  heads  few,  large      .  4-S 

Leaves  silvery-silky  both  sides,  sessile,  entire 14,  15 

Lower  leaves  more  or  less  cordate,  petiolate 17-24 

Leaves  entire,  lower  not  cordate,  cauline  sessile  with  cordate-clasiiing  base       .  IG 

Involucre  (and  branchlets)  viscid  or  glandular  ;  leaves  uot  cordate,  mostly  entire, 

the  cauline  all  sessile  or  clasping 9-13 

Lower  leaves  all  acute  at  base  ;  not  glandular  nor  viscid  nor  silky-canescent. 
Smooth  and  glabrous,  usually  glaucous  ;  scales  coriaceous  at  base  ;  leaves  firm, 

usually  entire 25-30 

Hoary-pubescent  or  hirsute  ;  scales  scjuarrose  ;  stem-leaves  small,  linear,  entire     31,  32 
Scales  closely  imbricated,  not  coriaceous  at  base;  branches  divaricate;  heads 

many,  small 83-35 

Remaining  species ;  branches  erect  or  ascending. 
Stem-leaves  auric.ulate-clasping  or  with  winged-petiole-like  base;  involucre  lax      42-45 
Stem-leaves  sessile,  but  rarely  cordate  or  auriculate  at  base     ....      30-41 

§  1.  HELlASTRUM,  Pappus  simple,  coarse  and  rigid,  the  sti-otiger  bristles 
somewhat  clavate  ;  scales  rigid,  more  or  less  foliaceous,  nearly  equal. 

1.  A.  palud6stlS,  Ait.  Stems  1°  high;  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  heads 
V  higli,  rather  few,  racemose  or  spicate;  outer  scales  lax,  foliaceous;  rays 
purple;  leaves  linear,  entire.  —  Kan.  to  Tex.,  thence  to  Car.  and  Ga. 

§  2.  BIOTIA.  Involucre  obovoid-bell-shaped ;  the  scales  regularly  imbricated 
in  several  rows,  apjiressed,  nearly  destitute  of  herbaceous  tips;  rays  6-18 
{ivhite  or  nearly  so) ;  achenes  slender ;  pappus  slightly  rigid,  simple ;  lower 
leaves  large,  heart-shaped,  petioled,  coarsely  serrate  ;  heads  in  open  corymbs. 

2.  A.  COrymbbsus,  Ait.  Stejn  slender,  somewhRt  zigzag;  leaves  thin, 
smoothish,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate  with  sharp  spreading  teeth,  taper-pointed , 


256  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  all  but  the  uppermost  lieart-shaped  at  the  base  and 
on  slender  naked  petioles;  rays  6-9.  —  Woodlands;  common;  especially 
northward.  July,  Aug.  —  Plant  1-2°  high,  with  smaller  heads,  looser  co- 
rymbs, rounder  and  less  rigid  exterior  involucral  scales,  and  thinner  leaves 
than  the  next ;  not  rough,  but  sometimes  pubescent. 

3.  A.  raacrophyllus,  L.  Stem  stout  and  rigid  (2-3°  high);  leaves 
tJiickish,  rough,  closely  serrate,  abruptly  pointed  ;  the  lower  heart-shaped  (4  -  10' 
long,  3-6'  wide),  long-petioled  ;  the  upper  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile  or  on  mar- 
gined petioles;  heads  in  ample  rigid  corymbs;  rai/s  10-15  (white  or  bluish). 
—  Moist  woods ;  common  northward,  and  southward  along  the  mountains. 
Aug.,  Sept.  —  Involucre  i'  broad ;  the  outer  scales  rigid,  oblong  or  ovate-ob- 
long, the  innermo.st  much  larger  and  tliinner. 

§  3.  ASTER  pro])er.  Scales  imbricated  in  various  degrees,  with  herbaceous  or 
leaf-like  summits,  or  the  outer  entirely  foliaceous ;  rays  numerous;  pappus 
simple,  soft  and  nearly  uniform  {coarser  and  more  rigid  in  the  first  group); 
(ichenes  flattened.     (All  flowering  late  in  summer  or  in  autumn.) 

*  1 .  Scales  well  imbricated,  coriaceous,  with  short  herbaceous  mostly  obtuse  spread- 
ing tips;  pappus  of  rigid  bristles;  stem-leaves  all  sessile,  none  heart-shaped 
or  clasping  ;  heads  feiv,  or  ichen  several  corymbose,  large  and  showy. 
-I-  Lowest  leaves  ovate  or  ovatc-oblong,  some  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base. 

4.  A.  Herveyi,  Gray.  Slightly  scabrous,  1-2°  high,  the  summit  and 
peduncles  glandular-puberulent ;  leaves  roughish,  obscurely  serrate,  the  lower 
ovate  on  nearly  naked  petioles,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  heads  loosely  corymbose, 
Y  high;  involucre  nearly  hemispherical,  the  scales  obscurely  glandular,  all 
erect,  with  Aery  short  or  indistinct  green  tips;  rays  violet,  Y  long.  —  Borders 
of  oak  woods,  in  rather  moist  soil,  E.  Mass.  and "R.  I.;  Mt.  Desert.  An 
ambiguous  species,  approaching  the  last. 

H-  -t-  Radical  leaves  all  tapering  into  margined  petioles;  involucres  squarrose 
(hardly  so  in  n.  8);  root  stocks  slender. 

5.  A.  spectabilis,  Ait.  Stems  1-2°  high,  roughish  and  glandular- 
puberulent  above;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong, 
obscurely  serrate  or  the  upper  entire ;  heads  few,  hemisplierical,  ^'  high;  scales 
glandular-puberulent  and  viscid ;  mostly  with  the  upper  half  herbaceous  and 
spreading ;  rays  about  20,  bright  violet,  nearly  1'  long.  —  Sandy  soil,  Mass.  to 
Del.,  near  the  coast,  and  perhaps  southward.  Sept. -Nov.  One  of  the  hand- 
somest species  of  the  genus. 

6.  A.  SUrCUloSUS,  Michx.  Stems  1°  high  or  \q^&,  from  long  filiform 
rootstocks ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  r/<//c?,  lanceolate  or  the  upper  linear; 
heads  few  or  solitary,  as  in  tlie  last  but  generally  smaller,  the  scales  hardly 
glandular.  —  INIoist  ground,  coast  of  N.  J.,  and  southward. 

7.  A.  gracilis,  Nutt.  Rootstocks  occasionally  tuberous-thickened  ;  stems 
slender,  1°  high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  small  (1-2' 
long);  heads  few  or  several;  involucre  top  shaped,  3-4"  long,  glabrou.s,  not 
glandular  nor  viscid,  the  coriaceous  whitish  scales  with  very  short  deltoid  or  ovate 
tips ;  rays  9-12,3-6"  long.  —  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  N.  C,  E.  Ky.  and  Tenn. 

8.  A.  radula,  Ait.  Stem  simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  smooth 
or  sparsely  hairy,  many -leaved  (1-3°  high);  (eaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pomted, 


COMPOSITE.        (COMl'OSITK    FAMILY.)  2.j7 

sharpli/  serrate  in  the  middle,  vera  rowih  both  sides  and  riif/ose-veined,  closely 
sessile  (2-3'  long),  nearly  equal;  scales  of  the  hell-shnped  involucre  oblont/,  up- 
pressed,  tcith  veri/  short  and  sliijlitly  spreadim/  herbaceous  tips ;  acheues  smooth. 

—  Bogs  and  low  grounds,  Del.  to  Maine  and  northward,  near  the  coast;  also 
I'ocono  Mountain,  Penn.  A  dwarf  form  (var.  STufcTus,  Gray)  has  oblong- to 
linear-lanceolate  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  usually  solitary  heads ;  White  Moun- 
tains, N.  H.,  to  ].,Hb.  Aug.  —  Kays  light  violet.  Involucre  nearly  smooth, 
excejjt  the  ciliate  margins. 

»  2.    Involucre  and  usualli/  the  branchlcts  viscldli/  or  j)ntin(is( -//Idiiiliilar,  uu  II 
imbricated  or  loose ;  pubescence  not  silk//  ;  leaves  entire  {nr  the  lower  icilh 
few  teellt),  the  cauline  all  sessile  or  clasping ;  rays  shoivi/,  violet  to  purple. 
■\-  Heads  small ;  involucre  not  sejuarrose.     Extreme  western. 

9.  A.  Fendleri,  Gray.  Kigid,  1°  high  or  less;  leaves  firm,  linear,  1- 
nerved,  hisi>id-(ili;ite,  1'  long  or  mo.stly  much  less;  heads  .scattered, .'}"  high; 
scales  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  inner  acute.  —  Central  Kan.  (Kllis,  Dr.  L. 
Watson)  and  southwestward. 

-(-  -t-  Heads  lanjer  ;  involucral  scedes  spreading,  in  few  or  man//  ra)ds. 

10.  A.  grandiflbrus,  L.  Rough  icith  minute  hispid  hairs;  stems  slender, 
loosely  much  l)ranched  (1-3°  higli) ;  leaves  very  small  (?-!'  long),  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse,  rigid,  the  uppermost  passing  into  scales  of  the  hemispherical 
squarrose  many-ranked  involucre;  rays  bright  violet  (T  long) ;  achenes  hairy. 

—  Dry  opeu  j)laces,  \'a.  and  southward.  —  Heads  large  and  very  showy. 

11.  A.  oblongifdlius,  Nutt.  Minutely  glandular-puberulent,  much 
branched  above,  rigid,  paniculate-corymbose  (1-2°  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  mucronate-])ointed,  partly  clasping,  thickish  (1-2'  long  by 
2 -5"  wide);  involucral  scales  nearly  ecpial,  broadly  linear,  appressed  at  the 
ba.se;  rays  violet-purple;  acheues  canesceut.  —  Banks  of  rivers,  from  Penn. 
and  Va.  to  Minn,  and  Kan.  —  Heads  middle-sized  or  smaller. 

Var.  rigidulus,  Gray.  Low,  Avith  more  rigid  and  hispidulous  scabrous 
leaves.  —  In  drier  jtlaces,  111.,  Wise.,  and  southwestward. 

12.  A.  Novae-Anglise,  L.  aS7c/«  s/o«/, /m/r_y  (3  -  8°  high),  corymbed  at 
the  summit;  leaves  very  numerous,  lanceolate,  entire,  acide,  auriculate-clasping, 
clothed  with  minute  pubescence,  2-5'  long  ;  scales  nearly  ecpial,  linear-iiwl -shaped, 
loose,  glandular-viscid,  as  well  as  the  branciilets ;  rays  violet-])urple  (in  var. 
liosEL'S  rose-purple),  very  numerous;  achenes  hairy.  —  Moist  grounds ;  com- 
mon. —  Heads  large.     A  peculiar  and  handsome  species. 

13.  A.  moddstus,  Lindl.  Pubescent  or  glabrate ;  stem  slender,  simjde, 
with  few  large  lieads  terminating  slender  brancldets;  leaves  lanceolate,  very 
acute,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base,  sparingly  serrate  or  serrulate;  scales  linear- 
attenuate,  equal,  mostly  herbaceous;  rays  blue.  —  N.  Dak.  and  westward. 

*  3.    Leaves  whitened,  silvery-silky  both  sides,  all  sessile  and  entire,  mucronulate  ; 
involucre  imbricated  in  3  to  several  rows ;  rays  showy,  purple-violet. 

14.  A.  serlceus,  Vent.  Stems  slender,  branched;  leaves  silver-white, 
lanceolate  or  oblong ,  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating  the  short  branchlets ; 
S''(des  of  the  globular  involucre  similar  to  the  leaves,  spreading,  except  the  short 
coriaceous  ba.se;  achenes  s)H(>olh,  many-ribbed.  —  Prairies  ami  dry  l)anks,  Wise 
and  Minn,  to  Ky.,  and  southward.  —  Heads  large ;  rays  20-30. 

17 


258  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

15.  A.  Concolor,  L.  Stems  wand-like,  nearly  simple;  leaves  crowded, 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  appressed,  the  upper  reduced  to  little  bracts ;  heads  in  a 
simple  or  compound  wand-like  raceme;  scales  of  the  obovoid  involucre  closely 
imbricated  in  several  rows,  appressed,  rather  rigid,  silky,  lanceolate ;  achenes 
silk  I/.  —  Dry  sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  R.  I.,  N.  J.,  and  southward.  —  Plant  1  - 
3°  high,  with  the  short  leaves  V  or  less  in  length,  grayish-silky  both  sides. 

*  4.   Leaves  entire,  the  lower  not  heart-shaped,  the  caul ine  all  loith  sessile  and 

cordate-claspinij  base,  the  auricles  generalltj  meeting  around  the  stem. 

16.  A.  patens,  Ait.  Rough-pubescent;  stem  loosely  panicled  above  (1 - 
3°  high),  with  widely  spreading  branches,  the  heads  mostly  solitary,  terminating 
slender  branchlets ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  often  contracted 
below  tlie  middle,  rough,  especially  above  and  on  the  margins ;  scales  of  the 
minutely  roughish  involucre  with  spreading  pointed  tips ;  achenes  silky.  — Var. 
phlogif6lius,  Nees,  is  a  form  of  shady  moist  places,  with  larger  and  elongated 
thin  scarcely  rough  leaves,  downy  underneath,  sometimes  a  little  toothed  above, 
mostlv  much  contracted  below  the  middle.  —  Dry  ground ;  common,  Mass.  to 
Minn.,  and  southward.     Heads  i'  broad,  with  showy  deep  blue-purple  rays. 

*  5.   Loiver  leaves  heart-shaped  and  petioled ;  no  glandular  or  viscid  pubescence ; 

heads  ivith  short  and  appressed  green-tipped  scales  {except  in  n.  17  and  24), 
viostlg  small  and  numerous,  racemose  or  panicled. 
H-  Heads  middle-sized,  with  manij  rags,  and  squarrose  foliaceous  involucre. 

17.  A.  anomalus,  Engelm.  Somewhat  pubescent  and  scabrous ;  stems 
slender  (2  -  4°  high),  simple  or  racemose-branched  above ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  entire,  the  upper  small  and  almost  sessile ;  scales  of  the 
hemispherical  involucre  imbricated  in  several  rows,  appressed,  with  linear 
spreading  leafy  tips;  achenes  smooth.  —  Limestone  cliffs,  W.  111.  and  Mo.  to 
Ark.  —  Rays  violet-purple. 

-t--t-  Rags  10-20;  involucral  scales  appressed  or  erect. 
•(-»•  Leaves  entire  or  slightlij  serrate;  heads  middle-sized ;  rags  bright-blue. 

18.  A.  azureus,  Liudl.  Stem  rather  rough,  erect,  racemose-compound 
at  the  summit,  the  brandies  slender  and  rigid;  leaves  rough,  the  lower  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  heart-shaped,  on  long  often  hairy  petioles ;  the  others  lanceo- 
late or  linear,  sessile,  on  the  branches  awl-shaped;  involucre  inversely  conical. 
—  Copses  and  prairies,  western  N.  Y.,  and  Ohio  to  Minn.,  and  southwestward. 
luTolucre  much  as  in  A.  liBvis,  but  smaller  and  sliglitly  pubescent. 

19.  A.  Shortii,  Hook.  Stem  slender,  spreading,  nearly  smooth,  bearing- 
very  numerous  heads  in  racemose  panicles ;  leaves  smooth  above,  minutely  pu- 
bescent underneath,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  gradually 
to  a  sharp  point,  all  but  the  uppermost  more  or  less  heart-shaped  at  base,  and  on 
naked  petioles,  none  clasping ;  involucre  bell-shaped.  —  Cliffs  and  banks,  Ohio 
to  111.,  and  southward.  —  A  pretty  species,  2-4°  high ;  leaves  3-5'  long. 

20.  A.  undulatUS,  L.  Pale  or  somewhat  hoary  with  close  pubescence ; 
stem  spreading,  bearing  numerous  heads  in  racemose  panicles ;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  ivith  wavy  or  slightly  toothed  margins,  roughish  above,  downy  un- 
derneath, the  lowest  heart-shaped  on  margined  petioles,  the  others  abrupdy  con- 
tracted into  short  broadly  winged  petioles  which  are  dilated  and  clasping  at  the 


COMPOSIT.E.        (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  2i')9 

Aos^,  or  directly  sessile  by  a  heart-shapeil  hiuie  ;  involucre  ohovoid,  the  scales 

less  rigid.  —  Dry  copses;  coniinon. 

++  ++  Leaves  conspicuous! //  serrate  ;  heads  small ;  rays  pale  blue  or  nearly  white. 

21.  A.  COrdifdlius,  L.  Stem  imich  branched  above,  ^/jc  .s/)r<-ar//n7  or  ^/Z- 
i-iercjinrj  branches  bcarinrj  very  numerous  panicled  heads;  lower  leaves  all  lieart- 
shaped,  on  slender  and  mostly  naked  ciliate  petioles;  scales  of  the  inverseh/ 
conical  involucre  all  appressed  and  tipped  with  very  short  green  points,  obtuse  or 
acutish.  — Woodlands ;  very  common.  —  Heads  profuse,  l)ut  (juite  small.  Vai  ies 
with  the  stem  and  leaves  either  smooth,  rouf^hish,  or  sometimes  hairy,  also 
with  the  leaves  all  narrower.     Apparent  hybrids  with  n.  'i.T  also  occur. 

22.  A.  sagittifolius,  Willd.  Stem  rigid,  erect,  witii  ascendiny  branches 
bearing  numerous  racemose  heads;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  ;  the  lower 
heart-shaped  at  base,  on  margined  petioles;  the  upper  lanceolate  or  linear, 
pointed  at  both  ends;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  linear,  tapering  into  aivl- 
shapecl  slender  and  loose  tips.  —  Dry  ground,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Ky.,  and  north- 
ward.—  Green,  but  usually  more  or  less  hairy  or  downy;  the  heads  rather 
larger  than  in  the  last,  almost  sessile. 

2-3.  A.  Drummondii,  Lindl.  Pale  with  fine  gray  pubescence ;  leaves 
cordate  to  cordate-lanceolate,  mostly  on  margined  petioles,  the  uppermost  lan- 
ceolate and  sessile;  scales  acute  or  acutish.  —  Passing  into  the  last.  Open 
ground,  etc..  111.  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

24.  A.  Lindleyanus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Rather  stout,  1  -2°  high,  sparsely 
pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous ;  radical  and  lowest  leaves  ovate,  moderately  or 
obscurely  cordate,  the  uppermost  sessile  and  pointed  at  both  ends ;  heads  larger, 
rather  few  in  a  loose  tliyrse  or  panicle,  the  linear-attenuate  scales  looser  and  less 
imbricated;  rays  pale  violet.  —  Lab.  to  L.  Superior;  Lisbon,  N.  H.  (C.  E. 
Faxon),  and  Mt,  Desert  {Rand}. 

*  6.  Without  heart-shaped  petioled  leaves,  the  radical  and  lower  all  acute  or 
attenuate  at  base ;  not  glandular  nor  viscid,  nor  silky-canescent. 

"t-  Stnooth  and  glabrous  throughout  (or  nearly  so,except  forms  of  n.  30),  and  usu- 
ally pale  and  glaucous ;  involucral  scales  closely  imbricated, Jirm  and  whitish- 
coriaceous  below,  green-tipped  ;  leaves  firm,  usually  entire. 

•*•*■  Rays  violet  or  blue;  scales  j-ather  abruptly  green-tipped ;  leaves  on  the  branch- 
lets  reduced  to  rigid  snbidate  bracts. 

2.5.  A.  turbinellus,  Lindl.  Stem  slender,  3°  high,  paniculately  branched ; 
leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  taj)oring  to  each  end,  with  rough  margins  ; 
involucre  elongated-obamical  or  almost  club-shaj)ed  {\'  long) ;  the  scales  linear, 
with  very  short  and  blunt  green  tips;  rays  violet-blue  ;  achencs  nearly  smooth. 
—  Dry  hills,  etc.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  southwestward.  —  Well-marked  anil  handsome. 

2fj.  A.  laevis,  L.  Stouter,  2-4°  high;  heads  in  a  close  panicle;  leaves 
thickish,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  chiefly  entire,  the  upper  more  or  less 
clasping  by  an  auricled  or  heart-shaj)ed  ba.se;  scales  of  the  short-obovnid  or 
hemispherical  involucre  with  short  abrupt  green  tips;  rays  sky-blue;  achenes 
smooth.  — Borders  of  woodlands  ;  common.     A  variable  and  elegant  species. 

27.  A.  virg^tUS,  Ell.  Slender,  strict  and  simple,  with  few  or  several 
racemose  or  terminal  /learfs,  like  those  of  the  last;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
the  lower  usually  long  and  narrow.  —  S.  W.  Va.,  and  southward. 


260  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

28.  A.  concinnus,  Willd.  Kot  glaucous,  slender,  1-3°  high;  leaves 
lauceolaf,e,  mostly  somewhat  serrate,  the  lowest  spatulate-lanceolate  on  winged 
]>etioles;  heads  smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  naiiieroas,panicled ;  rays  violet. 
—  Rare ;  Penn.  and  southward. 

■^ -^  Rai/s  lohite  or  turnlnfj  jmrpUsh  ;  scales  narrow,  suhidaieli)  green-tipped; 
leaves  viostlij  narroic,  narrowed  at  base,  on  the  branchlets  lax  and  attenuate. 

29.  A.  polyphyllus,  AVilld.  Often  tall  (4  or  5°  high),  with  virgate 
branches;  cauline  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  4  or  5'  long;  heads 
])aniculate;  scales  lanceolate-subulate,  the  outermost  much  shorter;  rays  4" 
long.  —  N.  Vt.  to  Wise,  and  soutliward.  Heads  larger  and  flowering  earlier 
than  the  next. 

30.  A.  ericoides,  L.  Smooth  or  sparingly  hairy  (1  -3°  high) ;  the  sim- 
ple branchlets  or  peduncles  racemose  along  the  upper  side  of  the  wand-like 
spreading  branches ;  lowest  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  sometimes  toothed ;  the 
others  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-awl-shaped ;  heads  3"  high  or  less ;  involucral 
scales  often  nearly  equal,  Avith  attenuate  or  awl-shaped  green  tips. : —  Dry  open 
places,  S.  New  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  southward.  —  Var.  vill6sus,  Torr.  &  Gray, 
is  a  hairy  form,  often  with  broader  leaves ;  chiefly  in  the  Western  States.  — 
Var.  pusf  LLus,  Gray,  is  a  dwarf  slender  and  glabrous  form  of  the  barrens  of 
Lancaster,  Penn.  (Porter),  with  very  narrow  or  filiform  leaves  and  very  small 
few-flowered  heads.  —  Var.  Pringlei,  Gray,  a  low  strict  form,  witli  few  erect 
branches  and  rather  small  heads.     About  Lake  Champlain. 

■»-  4-  Hoary-pubescent  or  hirsute;  herbaceous  tips  of  the  involucral  scales  squnr- 
rose  or  spreading ;  cauline  leaves  small,  linear,  entire,  scarcely  narrowed  at 
the  sessile  or  partly  clasping  base:  heads  numerous,  small,  racemose. 

31 .  A.  amethystinus,  Nutt.  Tall  (2  -  5°  high),  upright,  much  branched, 
puberulent  or  somewhat  hirsute ;  leaves  not  rigid ;  heads  3"  high,  the  tips  of 
the  scales  merely  spreading ;  rays  light  clear  blue.  —  Moist  grounds,  E.  Mass. 
to  111.  and  Iowa.     With  the  habit  of  n.  11. 

32.  A.  multiflorus,  Ait.  Pale  or  hoary  with  minute  close  pubescence 
(1°  high),  much  braiiclied  and  bushy;  the  heads  much  crowded  on  the  spread- 
ing racemose  branches;  leaves  rigid,  crowded,  spreading,  with  rough  or  ciliate 
margins,  the  uppermost  passing  into  the  spatulate  obtuse  scales;  heads 2 -3" 
long;  rays  white  or  rarely  bluisli,  10-20.  —  Dry  sandy  soil;  common. 

T-  ■*-  -t-  Scales  glabrous,  closely  imbricated  {the  outer  regularly  shorter),  not  cori- 
aceous, with  short  appressed  green  tips ;  branches  slender,  divaricate  or  diver- 
gent; leaves  lanceolate  to  subulate  ;  heads  small  {2 -S"  high)  and  numerous. 
•*■*■  Heads  scattered,  terminating  minutely  foliose  slender  branchlets. 

33.  A.  dumoSUS,  L.  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  1-3°  high;  leaves  linea. 
or  the  upper  oblong,  crow-ded,  entire,  with  rough  margins ;  scales  linear-spatu- 
late,  obtuse,  in  4-6  rows.  —  Thickets;  common.  —  A  variable  species,  loosely 
branched,  with  small  leaves,  especially  the  upper,  and  an  obconical  or  bell- 
shaped  involucre,  with  more  abrupt  green  tips  than  any  of  the  succeeding. 
Rays  pale  purple  or  blue,  larger  than  in  n.  34.    Runs  into  several  peculiar  forms. 

++  ++  Heads  raceviosely  unilateral  upon  very  short  minutely  leafy  branchlets. 

34.  A.  Vimineus,  Lam.  Smooth  or  smoothish,  2-5°  high,  bushy  ;  leaves 
linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  elongated,  the  larger  ones  remotely  serrate  iu 


COMPOSITyE.        (COMl'OSrn.    FAMILY.)  2(U 

the  middle  with  fine  sharp  teeth  ;  smles  of  the  inmlucre  narrowly  linear,  acute 
or  octtlis/i,  in  3  or  4  rows.  (A.  Tradescaiiti,  of  previous  ed.) — Var.  fulio- 
l6sls,  Gray,  has  linear  entire  loaves,  the  ascending  hranchos  with  more  scat- 
tered paniculate  heads.  —  Moist  banks ;  very  common.  —  llcails  very  numerous, 
and  usually  crowded,  smaller  than  in  the  last.     Kays  white  or  nearly  so. 

35.  A.  diffilSUS,  Ait.  More  or  less  pubescent,  much  branched;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  obhmg-lauceolate,  tapering  or  pointed  at  each  end,  sharply  ser- 
ritte  in  the  middle;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  acute  or  rather  obtuse,  imhri- 
catctl  in  3  or  4  rows.  (A.  miser,  of  previous  ed.) — Thickets,  fields,  etc.; 
very  common,  and  extensively  variable.  Leaves  larger  than  in  either  of  the 
])receding  (2-5') ;  the  involucre  intermediate  between  tlieni.as  t(j  the  form  of 
the  .scales.  Kays  mostly  sliort,  white  or  pale  bluish-puiide.  —  Var.  TnVRSo- 
fDEUS,  Gray,  with  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate  leases,  the  branches  ascending 
and  often  short,  and  the  thyrsoid  or  spicate-'^lomerate  heads  less  socuud. 
N.  Y.  to  111.  —  Var.  musuTiCAtJLis,  Gray,  the  slender  stem  and  the  midveins 
of  tlie  long  narrow  leaves  very  hirsute.  X.  Y.  and  Ky.  —  Var.  uf fkoxs,  Gray, 
a  luxuriant  fcrm  with  large  thin  leaves  and  rather  larger  heads  loosely  dis- 
posed on  the  spreading  branches.     Ky.  to  111. 

^_  .t-  -(-  -*-  Involucre  various,  the  heads  when  numerous  densely  or  loosely  panic- 
ulate on  erect  or  ascending  branches. 
■M-  Cauline  leaves  sessile,  but  the  base  not  cordate  nor  auriculate  (except  in  forms 
ofn.  41 ),  nor  ivinged -petiole-like  ;  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

=  Heads  small  or  middle-sized ;  scales  narrow,  in  several  lengths,  the  erect  green 
tips  not  ddated. 

36.  A.  Tradescanti,  L.  Stem  much  branched  (2-4°  high);  the  nu- 
merous heads  (2-3"  high)  somewhat  panicled  or  racemed ;  leaves  lanceolate 
to  linear,  tapering  to  a  long  slender  point  (2-6' long),  the  lower  somewhat 
serrate  in  the  middle ;  involucral  scales  linear,  acutish,  partly  green  down  the 
back.  (A.  tenuifolius,  previous  ed.)  —  Low  grounds,  Mass.  to  Minn.,  and  south 
to  Va.  and  111.  Kays  short  and  narrow,  white  or  purplish.  Some  forms  ap- 
proach n.  32-34,  others  differ  from  A.  panlculatus  only  in  the  smaller  heads 
and  shorter  ray. 

37.  A.  paniculatus,  Lam.  Stem  (2-8°  liigh)  much  branched;  the 
branches  and  scattered  lieads  (about  4"  high)  loosely  paniculate;  leaves  long- 
oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  lower  serrate;  scales  narrowly 
linear,  with  attenuate  green  tips  or  the  outermost  wholly  green.  (A.  simj)lcx, 
previous  ed.)  —  Shady  moist  banks;  common.  Kays  wliite  or  purplish,  3-4" 
long.  Approaches  in  its  different  forms  the  jireceding  and  the  two  following. 
A  slender  form  with  linear  leaves,  in  northern  bogs,  resembles  n.  40. 

38.  A.  salicif61ius,  Ait.  Like  the  la.st;  the  leaves  commonly  shorter, 
firmer,  often  scabrous,  less  serrate  or  entire ;  involucre  more  imbricated,  the 
firmer  linear  scales  with  shorter  acute  or  obtusish  green  tips;  heads  as  large, 
disposed  to  be  thyrsoid  or  racemose-clustered  ;  rays  rarely  white.  (A.  carneus, 
previous  ed.)  —  Low  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  southward  ;  most  abundant 
westward.  —  Var.  sl'bAsi'ku,  Gray,  a  rigid  scal)rous  form,  with  contracted  leafy 
inflorescence,  the  broad  heads  usually  leafy-bracteate  and  the  broader  scales 
often  obtuse.    111.  to  Tex. 


2C)2  COMPOSITE.,      (composite  family.) 

=  =  Heads  small  or  middle-slzecl ,  the  looser  linear  scales  somewhat  equal  and 
erect,  and  the  acute  green  tips  not  dilated,  the  outer  often  wholly  herbaceous. 

39.  A.  jlinceus,  Ait.  Slender,  1-3°  high,  simple  with  few  heads  or 
loosely  branching;  leaves  linear  or  narrow,  3-5^  long,  entire  or  the  lower 
sparsely  denticulate ;  headvS  small  (3"  high) ;  scales  small,  narrow,  in  2  or  3 
rows,  the  outer  more  or  less  shorter;  rays  light  purple,  4-5"  long.  (A. 
ajstivus,  previous  ed.,  mainly.)  —  Wet  meadows  and  cold  bogs^  N.  Scotia  and 
N,  Y.  to  jVIich.  and  Minn. 

40.  A.  longifolius,  Lam.  (not  of  previous  ed.)  Stem  1-3°  high,  more  or 
less  branched  and  corymbosely  panicled  ;  leaves  long-lanceolate  to  linear-lance- 
olate (3-7'  long),  narrowed  to  both  ends,  entire  or  sparsely  serrulate;  heads 
4  -  5"  high,  the  scales  nearly  equal  and  usually  little  imbricated,  the  outer 
looser;  rays  3-4"  long,  violet  or  purplish,  rarely  whitish.  —  Low  grounds, 
Lab.  and  northern  N.  Lng.  to  Minn.  —  Var.  villicaulis.  Gray,  a  low  simple 
form,  with  few  or  solitary  head.s,  and  the  stem  and  midrib  of  the  leaves  densely 
■white-villous  beneath.     N.  Maine,  at  Fort  Kent  {Miss  Furbish). 

=  =  =  Heads  middle-sized  ;  scales  in  few  to  several  rows,  more  or  less  unequal, 
linear  to  spatuJate,  more  herbaceous  and  Jirmer^  the  tips  often  slightly  spread- 
ing or  squarrose. 

41.  A.  Novi-Belgii,  L.  Rarely  tall;  leaves  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate, 
entire  or  sparsely  serrate,  the  upper  partly  clasping  and  often  somewhat  au- 
riculate;  heads  4  -  .5"  long ;  rays  bright  blue-violet.  (A.  longifolius,  previous 
ed.)  —  N.  Brunswick  to  111.  and  Ga.  The  commonest  late-flowered  Aster  of 
the  Atlantic  border,  and  very  variable.  The  typical  form  has  thin  narroAvly 
to  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  sometimes  scabrous  ahove,  and  linear  scales  with 
narrow  acute  spreading  or  recurved  tips.  —  Var.  l.-evigXtl'S,  Gray,  is  usually 
glabrous  throughout,  the  thin  leaves  mostly  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  half- 
clasping  by  an  abrupt  base ;  scales  nearly  equal,  loosely  erect,  with  short 
acutish  tips.  N.  Eng.  and  eastward.  —  Var.  lit^reus.  Gray,  rigid,  usually 
low,  very  leafy ;  leaves  thickish,  usually  very  smooth,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  the 
upper  sometimes  auriculate ;  scales  in  several  loose  rows,  all  but  the  inner- 
most with  broadish  obtuse  tips,  the  outer  usually  spatulate.  Salt-marslies  and 
shores.  Can.  to  Ga.  —  Var.  el6des.  Gray,  slender,  often  low  and  simple ;  leaves 
thickish,  long,  narrowly  linear,  entire,  the  uppermost  small  and  bract-like;  scales 
narrow,  with  short  and  mostly  spreading  acutish  tips.  Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Va. 
++  ++  CauUne  leaves  conspicuously  contracted  into  a  icing ed-petiole-like  base  or 

auriculate-clasping ;  involucre  lax. 

42.  A.  patulus,  Lam.  GlaTarous  or  subpubescent,  1-4°  high;  leaves 
ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle,  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  the  lower  to  a  winged  petiole,  none  auriculate  or  only  obscurely  so ;  heads 
loosely  panicled,  about  4"  high ;  scales  unequal,  erect  or  nearly  so ;  rays  light 
purple  or  white.  —  N;  Brunswick  and  eastern  N.  England. 

43.  A.  tardiflorus,  L.  Glabrous  or  stem  someAvhat  pubescent  (not  his- 
pid), 1-2°  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mostly 
with  gradually  narrowed  and  somewhat  auricled  base ;  heads  often  few,  corym- 
bose, 4  -  5"  high ;  scales  subequal,  the  outer  foliaceous ;  rays  pale  violet.  — 
Lab.  to  the  Mass.  coast  and  White  Mts.     Not  late-flowering. 


COMPOSITE.        (COMPOSITK    FAMH.Y.)  263 

44.  A.  prenanthoides,  Mnhl.  Stem  l-.^o  hi^li,  corymhose-paniiled, 
liairv  above  in  linos;  leaves  rfiugh  above,  smooth  underneath,  ovate-lanceolate, 
sharply  cut-toothed  in  the  middle,  couspicuously  taper-pointed,  and  rather  al>- 
ruptly  narrowed  to  a  long  contracted  entire  porticjii,  which  is  abruptly  dilated 
into  a  conspicuously  Jiuricle<l  base;  heads  mostly  4"  high,  on  sliort  diver- 
gent peduncles;  scales  narrowly  linear,  tips  recurved-spreading;  rays  light 
blue.  —  Borders  of  streams  and  rich  woods,  W.  New  Eug.  to  I'enu.,  Iowa,  and 
Wise. 

45.  A.  puniceus,  L.  Stem  tall  and  stout  3-7°  high,  rough-hairy  all 
over  or  in  lines,  usually  ])uri)le  below,  paniclcd  above ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
not  narrowed  or  but  sligiitly  so  to  the  auricled  base,  coarsely  serrate  to  spar- 
ingly denticulate  in  the  middle,  rough  above,  nearly  smooth  beneath,  ])oiuted ; 
heads  4  -  6"  high,  subsessile  ;  scales  narrowly  linear,  acute,  loo.se,  e(jual,  in  a))out 
2  rows;  rays  long  and  showy  (lilac-blue,  paler  in  shade).  —  Low  thickets  and 
swamps,  very  common.  —  Var.  l.kvicaulis,  Gray  ;  stem  mostly  green,  smooth 
and  naked  below,  sparsely  hirsute  above,  1  -3°  high;  leaves  serrate.  —  Var. 
LUcfi>LLLS,  Gray;  the  very  leafy  stems  glabrous  or  sparingly  hispidulous; 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  denticulate,  glabrous  and  somewhat  sliin- 
ing;  heads  usually  numerous,  the  scales  less  loose  and  less  attenuate. 

§  4.  IXELLINGERIA.  Pappus  manifestly  double,  the  inner  of  long  capillari/ 
bristles  {some  tliickened  at  to])),the  outer  of  very  short  and  rigid  bristles; 
scales  short,  without  herbaceous  tips ;  heads  small,  corymbose  or  solitary ; 
rays  rather  feic,  ichite  ;  leaves  not  rigid,  veiny. 

46.  A.  umbellatUS,  Mill.  Smooth,  leafy  to  the  top  (2  -  7°  high) ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  elongated,  taper-pointed  and  tapering  at  the  base  (3  -  6'  long) ;  heads 
very  numerous  in  compound  flat  corymbs ;  involucral  scales  rather  close,  ob- 
tusish,  scarcely  longer  than  the  achenes.  {Dipl<)pa])pus  umbellatus,  Torr.  ^' 
Gray.)  —  Moist  thickets;  common,  especially  northward.  Aug.  —  Var.  rti- 
BEXs,  Gray ;  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  and  the  branchlets  tomentulose. 
Upper  Mich,  to  Minn.  —  Var.  latif6lils,  Gray;  with  sliorter  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  less  narrowed  or  even  rounded  at  base.  (D.  amygdaliuus, 
Torr.  iS-  Gray.)     Pine  barrens,  etc.,  N.  J.,  Penn.,  and  southward. 

47.  A.  infirmus,  ^Michx.  Stem  slender,  often  flexuous,  1  -3°  high,  less 
leafy,  bearing  few  or  several  heads  on  divergent  peduncles;  leaves  obovate  to 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base  and  ciliate,  the  midrib  hairy  be- 
neath; scales  more  imbricated,  thicker  and  more  obtuse;  pappus  more  rigid. 
(1).  cornifolius,  Darl.)  —  Open  woodlands,  E.  Mass.  to  Tenn.,  and  southward. 

§  5.  IANTHE.  Pappus  less  distinctly  double,  the  inner  of  bristles  not  thickened 
at  top,  the  outer  shorter  ;  scales  ivell  imbricated ,appressed ,  without  herbaceous 
tips;  rays  violet;  achenes  narrow,  villous;  leaves  nutnerous,  rigid,  small, 
linear,  \-nerved  and  veinless. 

48.  A.  linariifblius,  L.  Stems  3-20'  high,  several  from  a  woody  root ; 
heads  solitary  or  terminating  simple  branches,  rather  large ;  leaves  about  1' 
long,  rough-margined,  passing  above  into  the  rigid  acutish  .scales.  (D.  linarii- 
folius,  Ilook.)  —  Dry  soil,  common.     Sept.,  Oct.     Ray  rarely  white. 

§6.    ORTIIOMERIS.     Pappus  sim})le  ,   scales  imbricated,  oppressed,  without 
herbaceous  tij)s,  often  scarious-edged  or  dry.     Perennial,  as  all  the  preceding. 


264  COMPOSITE,      (composite  family.) 

49.  A,  ptarmicoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Smooth  or  roughish ;  stems  clus- 
tered (6  -  20'  high),  simple  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rigid,  entire,  tapering 
to  the  base,  1  -3-nerved,  with  rough  margins  (2-4'  long) ;  heads  small,  in  a 
flat  corymb;  scales  imbricated  in  3  or  4  rows,  short;  raija  white  (2-4"  long). 
—  Dry  rocks,  W.  New  Eng.  to  Minn.,  along  the  Great  Lakes,  and  nortliward. 
Aug.  —  Var.  lutescens,  Gray;  rays  small,  pale  yellow.  —  N.  111.  and  Sask. 

50.  A.  acurainatUS,  Michx.  Somewhat  hairy;  stem  (about  1°  high) 
simple,  zigzag,  panicled-corymbose  at  the  summit;  peduncles  slender;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  conspicuousli/  pointed,  coarsely  toothed  above,  wedge-form  and 
entire  at  the  base ;  involucral  scales  few  and  loosely  imbricated,  linear-lanceo- 
late, pointed,  thin  (3 -.5"  long);  heads  ie^v  or  several;  rays  12-18,  Avhite,  or 
slightly  purple.  —  Cool  rich  woods;  S.  Lab.  to  Penn.,  and  southward  along 
the  Alleghanies.  Aug.  —  There  is  a  depauperate  narrow-leaved  variety  on 
the  White  Mountains.  A  monstrous  form  occurs  in  Maine,  having  a  chaffy 
receptacle  and  the  flowers  turned  to  tufts  of  chaffy  paleae. 

51.  A.  nemoralis,  Ait.  Minutely  roughish-pubescent ;  stem  slender, 
simple  or  corymbose  at  the  summit,  very  leafy  (1-2°  high) ;  leaves  small  (1  - 
1^'  long),  rather  7-igid,  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  with  revolute  margins  ;  scales  of 
the  inversely  conical  involucre  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  passing 
into  awl-shaped  bracts ;  rays  lilac-purple,  elongated.  —  Bogs  and  swamps,  N.  J. 
to  Newf.  and  Hudson's  Bay.     Sept. 

52.  A.  tenuifolius,  L.  Very  glabrous;  stem  often  zigzag,  simple  or 
forked,  6' -  2°  high ;  heads  rather  large,  terminal ;  leaves  few,  long-linear,  ta- 
pering to  both  ends,  rather  thick  and  fleshy,  entire,  the  upper  subulate,  pointed; 
involucre  top-shaped,  the  scales  subulate-lanceolate  with  attenuate  acute  points ; 
rays  large,  numerous,  pale  purple,  (A.  flexuosus,  Nutt.)  —  Salt  marshes, 
Mass.  to  Fla.     Sept. 

§  7.    0XYTRIP6LIUM.     Involucre  as  in  §  6;  pappus  simple,  flne  and  soft  ; 
glabrous  annuals,  hearing  numerous  small  heads  and  ivith  narrow  entire  leaves. 

53.  A.  SUbulatus,  Michx.  Stem  6-24' high ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
pointed,  flat,  on  the  branches  awl-shaped ;  scales  of  the  oblong  involucre  linear- 
awl-shaped,  in  few  rows ;  rays  somewhat  in  two  rows,  short,  not  projecting  be- 
yond the  disk,  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers,  purplish.  (A.  linifolius. 
of  previous  ed.)  —  Salt  marshes  on  the  coast,  Maine  to  Va.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

§  8.  CONYZOPSIS.  Scales  of  the  campanulate  involucre  in  2  or  3  roics,  nearly 
equcd,  linear,  the  outer  foliaceous  and  loose  ;  pappus  copious,  very  soft ;  rays 
very  short  or  xcithout  h'gules  ;  low  annuals  ivith  numerous  rather  small  heads. 

54.  A.  anglistUS,  Torr,  &  Gray.  Branching,  6-20'  high,  nearly  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  linear,  entire,  more  or  less  short-ciliate ;  ray-floAvers  reduced  to  a 
tube  much  shorter  than  the  elongated  style.  —  Minn,  to  Sask.  and  westAvard, 
spreading  east  to  Chicago,  etc.     (Siberia.) 

26.     ERIGERON,     L.        Fleabane. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate,  mostly  flat  or  hemispherical;  the  narrow 
rays  very  numerous,  pistillate.  Involucral  scales  narrow,  equal  and  little  im- 
bricated, never  coriaceous,  foliaceous,  nor  green-tipped.  Keceptacle  flat  or 
convex,  naked.     Achenes  flattened,  usually  pubescent  and  2-uerved  ;  pappus  a 


COMrOSIT.'E.        (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  265 

sinc^le  row  of  capillary  bristles,  with  minuter  ones  intermixed,  or  with  a  dis- 
tinct short  outer  pappus  of  little  hristles  or  chaffy  scales. —  Ilerhs.  witli  entire 
or  toothed  and  generally  sessile  leaves,  and  stditary  or  corvnihed  nakeil-pedun- 
culate  heads.  Disk  yellow;  ray  white  or  purple.  (Name  from  t}p,.s/)n«r/,  and 
ytpwu,  an  old  man,  suf^gested  Iiy  the  hoarine.ss  of  some  vernal  species.) 

§  1.    CiKNOTUS.     Rai/s  iunmspicuous,  in  several  rows,  scarcely  longer  tluin 
the  papftns  ;  pappus  simple  ;  annuals. 

1.  E.  Canadensis,  L.  (IIoitSE-WKi:i>.  Buttkk-weed.)  Bristly-hairy; 
sleni  erect,  inind-like  {1  -5°  hiijjh) ;  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire,  the  radical  cut- 
lobed  ;  heads  very  numerous  and  small,  cylindrical,  panicled. —  Waste  places  ; 
a  common  weed,  now  widely  diffused  over  the  world.  July -Oct.  —  Ligule 
of  the  ray-llowers  n)uch  shorter  than  the  tube,  white. 

2.  E.  divaricatUS,  Michx.  DiJ/'use  and  decumbent  (:y-l°hi^h);  leaves 
linear  or  awl-sha])ed,  entire;  /leads  loosely  corymbed;  rays  purple ;  otherwise 
like  n.  1.  —  Tnd.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

§  2.    TKIMORPILEA.     Like  §  1,  but  a  series  offliform  rayless  pistillate  Jloiv- 
ers  icitliin  the  outer  ruiv  oj' ray-JJoicers ;  biennial  or  sometimes  perennial. 

3.  E.  acris,  L.  Hirsute-pubescent  or  smoothish ;  stem  erect  (10-20' 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong,  entire ;  heads  several 
or  rather  numerous,  racemose  or  at  length  corymbose,  nearly  hemispherical 
(4-5"  long),  hirsute;  rays  purplish  or  bluish,  equalling  or  a  little  exceeding 
the  copious  pappus.  —  Lower  St.  Lawrence,  across  the  continent  and  north- 
ward. The  var.  DitoiBACiiENSis,  Blytt,  more  glabrous  and  with  the  green 
involucre  nearly  or  quite  naked,  occurs  on  the  shores  of  L.  Superior.     (Eu.) 

§  3.    ERIGEKON  proper.     Hays  elongated  (short  in  a  form  of  n.  5),  crowded 

in  one  or  more  rows. 
*  Annuals  (or  sometimes  biennial),  lea/y-steinmed and  branching  ;  pappus  doable, 

the  outer  a  crown  of  minute  scales,  the  inner  of  deciduous  fragile  bristles, 

usually  wanting  in  the  ray. 

4.  E.  annuus,  Pers.  (Daisy  Fleabane.  Sweet  Scabioi:s.)  Stem 
stout  (.3-.')°  high),  branched, /;ese^  with  spreading  hairs ;  leaves  coarsely  and 
sharply  toothed ;  the  lowest  ovate,  tapering  into  a  margined  petiole,  the  upper 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  and  entire  at  both  ends;  heads  corymbed ;  ravs  white, 
tinged  with  purple,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  bristly  involucre.  —  Fields  and 
waste  places;  a  very  comnum  weed.     June -Aug.     (Xat.  in  Eu.) 

5.  E.  Strigdsus,  Muhl.  (Daisy  Fleabane.)  Stem  panicled-corym- 
bose  at  the  summit,  roughish  like  the  leaves  with  minute  appressed  hairs,  or 
almost  smooth  ;  leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  upper  lanceolate,  scattered,  the 
lowest  oblong  or  spatulate,  tapering  into  a  slender  petiole;  rays  white,  twice 
the  length  of  the  minutely  hairy  invcducre.  —  Fields,  etc.,  common.  June- 
Aug.  —  Stem  smaller  and  more  simple  than  the  last,  with  smaller  heads  but 
longer  rays.  A  form  with  the  rays  minute,  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre, 
occurs  in  S.  New  England. 

*  *  Leaf y-stemmed  perennials ;  pappus  simple  {double  in  n.  6). 

6.  E.  glabellas,  Nutt.  Stem  (6-15'  high)  stout,  hairy  above,  the  leaf- 
less summit   bearing   1-7  large  heads;  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  except  the 


266  coMPOsiT.E.      (composite  family.) 

margins,  entire,  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate  and  pointed,  closely  sessile  or 
partly  clasping,  the  lower  spatulate  and  petioled ;  rays  (more  than  100,  purple) 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  hoary-hispid  involucre;  pappus  double,  tlie 
outer  of  minute  bristles.  —  Plains  of  N.  Wise,  and  westward.    June. 

7.  E.  hyssopifolius,  Michx.  Slightly  pubescent,  slender  (6-12' high), 
from  filiform  rootstocks;  leaves  short,  very  numerous,  narrowly  linear; 
branches  prolonged  into  slender  naked  peduncles,  bearing  solitary  small 
heads;  rays  20 -'iO,  rose-purple  or  Avhitish.  (Aster  gramiuifolius,  Piirsh.)  — 
Northern  borders  of  N.  Eng.,  L.  Superior,  and  northward. 

8.  E.  bellidifolius,  Muhl.  (Eobin's  Plantain.)  Hairy,  producing 
offsets  from  tli<-  base:  stem  simple,  rather  naked  above,  bearing  fcAV  (1  -9)  large 
heads  on  slender  ])eduucles;  root-leaves  obovate  and  spatulate,  sparingly  toothed, 
the  cauline  distant,  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  entire ;  rai/s  {about  50) 
rather  hnxtd, light  bhds/i-pxrple.  —  Copses  and  moist  banks;  common.    May. 

9.  E.  Philadelphicus,  L.  (Common  Fleabane.)  Hairy;  ste7n  leaf i/, 
corymbed,  bearing  several  small  heads ;  leaves  thin,  with  a  broad  midrib,  ob- 
long ;  the  upper  smoothish,  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base,  mostly  entire,  the 
lowest  spatulate,  toothed ;  raijs  innumerable  and  very  narrow,  rose-purple  or 
flesh-color.  —  Moist  ground  ;  common.     June -Aug. 

*  *  *  Perennial  by  rosulale  offsets,  with  scape-like  sterns  :  pappus  simple. 

10.  E.  nudicaulis,  Michx.  Glabrous;  leaves  clustered  at  the  root, 
oval  or  spatulate;  scape  leafless,  slender  (1-2°  high),  bearing  5-12  small 
corymbed  heads ;  rays  white.  (E.  vernum,  Torr.  <^'  Gray).  —  Low  grounds,  E. 
Va.  and  southward.     May. 

27.  BACCHARIS,     L.        Groundsel-Tree. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  all  tubular,  dioecious,  i.  e.,  the  pistillate 
and  staminate  borne  by  different  plants.  Involucre  imbricated.  Corolla  of 
the  pistillate  flowers  very  slender  and  thread-like ;  of  the  staminate,  larger 
and  5-lobed.  Anthers  tailless.  Achenes  ribbed  ;  pappus  of  capillary  bristles, 
in  the  sterile  plant  scanty  and  tortuous ;  in  the  fertile  very  long  and  copious. 
—  Shrubs,  commonly  smooth  and  resinous  or  glutinous.  Flowers  whitish  or 
yellow,  autumnal.     (Name  of  some  shrub  anciently  dedicated  to  Bacchis.) 

1 .  B.  halimif  olia,  L.  Smooth  and  somewhat  scurfy  ;  branches  angled ; 
leaves  oboA  ate  and  wedge-form,  petiolate,  coarsely  toothed,  or  the  upper  entire ; 
heads  scattered  or  in  leafy  panicles;  scales  of  the  involucre  acutish.  —  Sea 
beaches,  Mass  to  Va.,  and  southward.  —  Shrub  6-12°  high;  the  fertile  plant 
conspicuous  in  autumn  by  its  very  long  and  white  pappus. 

2.  B.  glomeruliflora,  Pers.  Leaves  spatulate-oblong,  sessile  or  nearly 
so ;  heads  larger,  sessile  in  the  axils  or  in  clusters ;  scales  of  the  bell-shaped 
involucre  broader,  very  obtuse.  —  Pine  barrens,  E.  Va.  ( ? ),  and  southward. 

28.  PL  tie  HE  A,     Cass.         Marsh-Fleabane. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  the  flowers  all  tubular ;  the  central  perfect,  but  sterile, 
few,  with  a  5-cleft  corolla;  all  the  others  with  a  thread-shaped  truncate  corolla, 
pistillate  and  fertile.  Involucre  imbricated.  Keceptacle  flat,  naked.  Anthers 
with  tails.     Achenes  grooved;  pappus  capillary,  in  a  single  row.  —  Herbs, 


COMPOSITyK.        (COMI'OSITK    lAMII.V.)  267 

somewhat  plandnlar,  emittino:  a  strong  or  camphoric  odor,  the  heads  cymosely 
clustered.     Flowers  purjjlish,  iii  summer.     (Dedicated  to  the  Abbe  Pluche.) 

1.  P.  bifrons,  DC.  Perennial,  2-3°  high;  leaves  closel//  sessile  or  half- 
claspiii;/,  ohlou^  to  lanceolate,  sharply  denticulate,  veiny  (only  2-3'  long); 
heads  clustered  in  a  corymb ;  scales  lanceolate.  —  Low  ground,  Cape  May, 
N.  J.,  and  sinithward. 

2.  P.  camphorata,  DC.  (S.vi.t-m.\i:.sii  Fi.KAnAM:.)  AmiiKil,  pale 
(2-5°  high);  Icai-es  scared i/  petiolcd,  <)l)l()ng-ovate  or  lanceolate,  thickish, 
obscurely  veiny,  serrate ;  corymb  flat;  involucral  scales  ovate  to  lanceolate. 
(P.  fcetida,  DC.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Ahiss.  to  \'a.,  and  southward,  and  on  river- 
banks  westward  to  Ky.,  111.,  and  Nel).  (!) 

29.     EVA  X,     Caertn. 

Heads  rather  many-flowered,  discoid ;  flowers  as  in  Pluchea,  the  central  usu- 
ally sterile.  Involucral  scales  few,  woolly.  Keceptacle  convex  to  subulate, 
chaffy,  the  scarious  chaff  not  embracing  the  smooth  dorsally  compressed 
achenes.  Anthers  with  tails  or  acutely  sagittate ;  pappus  none.  —  Low,  densely 
floccose-woolly  annuals;  extreme  western.     (Name  of  uncertain  signification.) 

1.  E.  prolifera,  Xutt.  A  span  high  or  less,  simple  or  branching  from 
tlie  base;  leaves  numei'ous,  small  and  spatulate;  heads  in  dense  proliferous 
clusters;  receptacle  convex ;  chaff  subtending  the  sterile  flowers  woolly-tipped, 
the  rest  more  scarious  and  naked,  oval  or  oblong.  —  Dak.  and  W.  Kan.  to  Tex. 

30.     FILAGO,     Tourn.        Cottox-Rose. 

Heads  and  flowers  as  in  Evax.  Receptacle  elongated  or  top-shaped,  naked 
at  the  summit,  but  chaffy  at  the  margins  or  toward  the  base ;  the  chaff  resem- 
bling the  proper  involucral  scales,  each  covering  a  sijigle  pistillate  flower. 
Achenes  terete;  pap])us  of  the  central  flowers  capillary,  of  the  outer  ones 
mostly  none.  —  Annual,  low,  branching  woolly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and 
small  heads  in  ca])itate  clusters.  (Name  from  Jilum,  a  thread,  in  allusion  to 
the  cottony  hairs  of  these  plants.) 

F.  GermAnica,  L.  (Hekha  Impia.)  Stem  erect,  short,  clothed  with 
lanceolate  and  upright  crowded  leaves,  producing  a  capitate  cluster  of  woolly 
heads,  from  which  rise  one  t)r  more  branches,  each  terminated  liy  a  similar 
head,  and  so  on ;  —  hence  the  common  name  applied  to  it  by  the  old  botanists, 
as  if  the  offspring  were  undutifullv  exalting  themselves  above  the  parent. — 
Dry  fields,  N.  Y.  to  Va.     July  -  Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

31.     ANTENNARIA,    Gaertn.         Everlasting. 

Heads  many-flowered,  dioecious ;  flowers  all  tubular ;  pistillate  corollas  very 
slender.  Involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or  colored,  imbricated.  Recep- 
tacle convex  or  flat,  not  chaffy.  Anthers  caudate.  Achenes  terete  or  flattish  ; 
pappus  a  single  row  of  bri.stles,  in  the  fertile  flowers  capillary,  united  at  base 
so  as  to  fall  in  a  ring,  and  in  the  sterile  thickened  and  clul)-shaped  or  barbel- 
late  at  the  summit.  —  Perennial  white-woolly  herbs,  with  entire  leaves  and 
corymbed  (rarely  single)  heads.  Corolla  yellowish.  (Name  from  the  resem- 
blance of  tlie  sterile  pa])])us  to  the  antenmv  of  certain  insects.) 

1  A.  plantaginifblia,  Hook.  (Plantain-leaved  Everlastini;.) 
Spreading  by  offsets  and  runners,  low  (3-  18'  high) ;  leaves  silky-woolly  when 
young,  at  length  green  above  and  hoary  beneath ;  those  of  the  simj)le  and  scaj  e 


268  COMPOSlTiE.        (cOMrOSITE    FAMILY.) 

like  flowering  stems  small,  lanceolate,  appressed;  the  radical  obovate  or  oval- 
spatulate,  petioled,  ample,  3-nerved ;  heads  in  a  small  crowded  corymb ;  scales 
of  the  fmostly  white)  involucre  obtuse  in  the  sterile,  and  acutish  and  narrower 
in  the  fertile  plant.  —  Sterile  knolls  and  banks ;  common.     March  -  May. 

32.     ANAPHALIS,     DC.         Everlasting. 

Characters  as  of  Antennaria,  but  the  pappus  in  the  sterile  flowers  not  thick- 
ened at  the  summit  or  scarcely  so,  and  that  of  the  fertile  flowers  not  at  all 
united  at  base;  fertile  heads  usually  with  a  few  perfect  but  sterile  flowers  in 
the  centre.     (Said  to  be  an  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  similar  plant.) 

1.  A.  margaritacea,  Benth.  &  Hook.  (Pearly  Everlasting.)  Stem 
erect  (1-2°  high),  corymbose  at  the  summit,  with  many  heads,  leafy;  leaves 
broadly  to  linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sessile,  soon  green  above ;  involu- 
cral  scales  pearly-white,  very  numerous,  obtuse  or  rounded,  radiating  in  age. 
(Antennaria  margaritacea.  A'.  Br.)  —  Dry  hills  and  woods;  common  north- 
ward.    Aug.     (N.  E.  Asia.) 

33.     GNAPHALIUM,     L.        Cudweed. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  flowers  all  tubular,  the  outer  pistillate  and  very  slen- 
der, the  central  perfect.  Scales  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious,  white  or 
colored,  imbricated  in  several  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Anthers  caudate. 
Achenes  terete  or  flattish ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary  rough  bristles.  — 
Woolly  herbs,  with  sessile  or  decurrent  leaves,  and  clustered  or  corymbed 
heads ;  fl.  in  summer  and  autumn.  Corolla  whitish  or  yellowish.  (Name  from 
yvd(pa\ov,  a  lock  of  wool,  in  allusion  to  the  floccose  down.) 

§  1.   GXAPHALIUM  proper.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  distinct. 

1 .  G.  polycephaluni,  Mic"hx.  (Common  Everlasting.)  Erect,  woolly 
annual  (1-3°  high),  fragrant ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  6ase,  with  undu- 
late margins,  not  decurrent,  smoothish  above ;  heads  clustered  at  the  summit  of 
the  panicled-cori/mbose  branches,  ovate-conical  before  expansion,  then  obovate ; 
scales  (whitish)  ovate  and  oblong,  rather  obtuse ;  perfect  flowers  few.  —  Old 
fields  and  woods  ;  common. 

2.  G.  deciirrens,  Ives.  (Everlasting.)  Stout,  erect  (2°  high),  annual 
or  biennial,  branched  at  the  top,  clammy-pubescent,  white-woolly  on  the 
branches,  bearing  numerous  heads  in  dense  corymbed  clusters ;  leaves  linear- 
Lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  decurrent;  scales  yellowish-white,  oval,  acutish. — 
Hillsides,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Maine,  Mich.,  ]\Iinn.,  and  northward. 

3.  G.  uliginosum,  L.  (Low  Cudweed.)  Diffusely  branched,  ap- 
pressed-woolly  annual  (3-6'  high);  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate  or  linear, 
not  decurrent ;  heads  (small)  in  terminal  sessile  capitate  clusters  subtended  by 
leaves ;  scales  brownish,  less  imbricated.  —  Low  grounds ;  common,  especially 
east  and  northward;  perhaps  introduced.     (Eu.) 

4.  G.  supinum,  Villars.  (Mountain  Cudweed.)  Dwarf  and  tufted 
perennial  (2'  high) ;  leaves  linear,  woolly ;  heads  solitary  or  few  and  spiked  on 
the  slender  simple  flowering  stems ;  scales  l^rown,  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly 
glabrous ;  achenes  broader  and  flatter.  —  Alpine  summit  of  Mount  Washing- 
ton; very  rare.     (Eu.) 


COMl'OSnVK.        (COMPOSITK    FAMII.V.)  269 

§  2.  GAMOCH-/l!^TA.  Brist/es  of  the  pappus  united  at  the  very  base  into  a 
ring,  so  fa/ling  oj/' all  together. 
5.  G.  purpureum,  L.  (Purplish  Cldwkk d.)  Anmijil,  simj.le  or 
branched  from  the  base,  asoendiiig  (6-20'  high),  silvery-canosceiit  with  dense 
white  wool ;  leaves  oldong  spatulate,  obtuse,  not  decurrent,  green  above ;  heat/s 
in  sessile  clusters  in  tlie  axiUs  of  the  up^ier  leaves,  and  spiked  at  the  wand-liice 
summit  of  the  stem;  scales  tawny,  the  inner  often  marked  with  purple. — 
Sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  coast  of  Maine  to  Va.,  and  southward. 

34.  ADENOCAULON,     Hook. 

Heads  5-  10-flowered;  the  fiuwcrs  all  tul)ul:ir  and  with  similar  cor(jllas  ;  the 
marginal  ones  pistillate,  fertile;  the  others  perfect  but  sterile.  Involucral 
scales  few,  equal,  in  a  single  row,  not  scarious.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  An- 
thers caudate.  Achenes  elongated  at  maturity,  club-shaped,  beset  with  stalked 
glands  above;  pappus  none.  —  Slender  perennials,  with  the  alternate  thin  and 
petioled  leaves  smooth  and  green  above,  white-woolly  beneath,  and  few  small 
(whitish)  heads  in  a  loose  panicle,  beset  with  glands  (whence  the  name,  from 
adiffi/,  a  gland,  and  KavKos,  a  stem). 

1.  A.  bicolor,  Hook.  Leaves  triangular,  rather  heart-shaped,  with  angu- 
lar-tootlied  margins ;  petioles  margined.  —  Moist  woods,  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  westward.     Stem  1-3°  high. 

35.  INULA,     L.         Elecampane. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  disk-flowers  perfect  and  fertile.  Involucre 
imbricated,  hemisiilierical,  the  outer  scales  herbaceous  or  leaf-like.  Recep- 
tacle naked.  Anthers  caudate.  Achenes  more  or  less  4-.5-ribbed;  pappus 
simple,  of  capillary  bristles.  —  Coarse  herbs,  not  floccoso-woolly,  with  alternate 
simple  leaves,  and  large  yellow  flowers.     (Tlie  ancient  fiatin  name.) 

I.  HEL^ixirM,  L.  (Elecampane. )  Stout  perennial  (3 -.5°  high);  leaves 
large,  woolly  beneath ;  those  from  the  thick  root  ovate,  petioled,  the  otiiers 
partly  clasping ;  rays  very  many,  narrow.  —  Roadsides  and  (himp  pastures. 
Aug.  —  Heads  very  large.     Root  mucilaginous.     (Nat  from  Eu.) 

36.    POLYMNIA,     L.        LEAP-Crp. 

Heads  broad,  many-flowered,  radiate .  rays  several  (rarely  abortive),  pistil- 
late ;  disk-flowers  perfect  l)ut  sterile.  Involucral  scales  in  two  rows  ;  the  outer 
about  5,  leaf-like,  large  and  spreading;  the  inner  small  and  membranaceous, 
partly  eml)racing  the  tliick  triangular-obovoid  achenes.  Recejitacle  flat,  mem- 
branous-chaffy. Pappus  none.  —  Tall  branching  perennial  herbs,  viscid-hairy, 
exhaling  a  heavy  odor.  Leaves  large  and  thin,  opj)osite,  or  the  uppermost 
alternate,  lobed,  and  with  dilated  appendages  like  stipules  at  the  base.  Heads 
in  panided  corymbs.  Flowers  light  yellow;  in  summer  and  autumn.  (Dedi- 
cated to  the  Muse,  Polijhgmnia,  for  no  obvious  re;isou.) 

1.  P.  Canadensis,  L.  Cl<imnii/-hairi/,2-5°  \uv;h;  lower  leaves  deeply 
pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  triangular-ovate  and  3-5-lobed  or  angled,  petioled; 
heads  small ;  rai/s  .5,  ohovate  or  iredge-form,  shorter  than  the  mrolucre,  often  mi- 
nute or  abortive,  whitisli-yellow ;  achenes  .3-costate,  not  striate.  —  Moist  shaded 
ravines,  Conn,  to  W.  Vt.,  Minn.,  and  .'iouthward.  —  Var.  uadiXta,  Gray  ;  ligules 
more  developed,  3-lobed,  3-6"  long,  whitish.     111.  to  Kan.,  and  southward. 


270  COMPOSIT.E.     (composite  family.) 

2.  p.  Uved^lia,  L.  Roughish-hair/j,  stout  {A-\0°  high);  leaA'es  broadly 
ovate,  angled  and  toothed,  nearly  sessile ;  the  lower  palmately  lobed,  abruptly 
narrowed  into  a  winged  petiole ;  outer  involucral  scales  very  large ;  rai/s  10-15, 
linear-ohlonr) ,  much  longer  than  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre,  yellow;  achenes 
strongly  striate.  —  Rich  soil,  W.  New  York  aud  N.  J.  to  Mo.,  and  southward. 

37.     SILPHIUM,     L.        Rosin-weed. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  numerous,  pistillate  and  fertile,  their 
broad  flat  ovaries  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows ;  disk-flowers  apparently  perfect, 
but  with  entire  style  and  sterile.  Scales  of  the  broad  and  flattish  involucre 
imbricated  in  several  rows,  thickish,  broad  and  with  loose  leaf -like  summits, 
except  the  innermost,  Avhich  resemble  the  linear  chaff  of  the  flat  receptacle. 
Achenes  broad  and  flat,  dorsally  compressed,  surrounded  by  a  wing  notched 
at  the  top,  without  pappus,  or  with  2  teeth  confluent  with  the  winged  margin, 
the  achene  and  its  subtending  chaff  usually  falling  together;  those  of  the  disk 
sterile  and  stalk-like.  —  Coarse  and  tall  rough  perennial  herbs,  Avith  copious 
resinous  juice,  and  large  corymbose-panicled  yellow-flowered  heads.  {2,i\(piov, 
the  ancient  name  of  some  resinous  plant,  transferred  by  Linnceus  to  this 
American  genus.) 

*  Stem  terete,  alternate-leaved  (root  very  large  and  thick). 

1.  S.  laciniatum,  L.  (Kosin-weed.  Compass-Plant.)  Rough-bristbj 
throughout,  stem  stout  (.3-12°  high),  leafy;  leaves  pinnately  parted,  petioled 
but  dilated  aud  clasping  at  the  base ;  their  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute, 
cut-lobed  or  pinnat(fid,  rarely  entire  ;  heads  few  (1  -2'  broad),  sessile  or  short- 
peduncled  along  the  naked  summit ;  scales  ovate,  tapering  info  long  and  spread- 
ing rigid  points;  achenes  broadly  winged  and  deeply  notched,  6''  long. — 
Prairies,  Mich,  to  Dak.,  and  southward.  July.  —  Lower  and  root-leaves  ver- 
tical, 12-30'  long,  ovate  in  outline;  on  the  wide  open  prairies  disposed  to 
present  their  edges  north  and  south ;  hence  called  Compass-Plant. 

2.  S.  terebinthinaceum,  L.  (Prairie  Dock.)  Stein  smooth,  slender 
(4-10°  high),  panicled  at  the  summit  and  bearing  several  or  many,  large 
head?-,  leafless  except  toward  the  base ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  some- 
Avhat  heart-shaped,  serrate-toothed,  thick,  rough,  especially  beneath  (1  -2°  long, 
on  slender  petioles) ;  scales  roundish,  obtuse,  smooth  ;  achenes  narrowly  winged, 
slightly  notched  and  2-toothed.  —  Var.  piNNATfriDUM,  Gray,  has  the  leaves 
deeply  cut  or  pinnatifid,  but  varies  into  the  ordinary  form.  —  Prairies  and  oak- 
openings,  Ohio  and  Mich,  to  Minn.,  and  southward.    July  -  Sept. 

*  *  Stem  terete  or  slightly  A-angled,  leafy ;  leaves  undivided  {not  large),  some 

opposite. 

3.  S.  trifoliatum,  L.  Stem  smooth,  often  glaucous,  rather  slender  (4  -  7° 
high),  branched  above ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate, pointed ,  entire  or  scarcely  serrate, 
rough,  short-petioled,  in  whorls  of  3  or  4,  the  uppermost  opposite;  heads  loosely 
panicled ;  achenes  rather  broadly  Avinged,  and  sharply  2-toothed  at  the  top.  — 
Dry  plains  and  banks,  Penn.  to  Ohio,  and  southward.     Aug. 

4.  S.  Asteriscus,  L.  Stem  hispid  {2-4°  high) ;  leaves  opposite,  or  the 
hirer  rarely  in  whorls  of  3,  the  upper  alternate,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  coarsely 
toothed,  rarely  entire,  rough-hairy,  the  lower  short-petioled ;  heads  nearly  soli- 


COMPOSIT/E.        (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  271 

tary  (large),  squarrose ;  achenes  obovate,  wii)n;e(l,  2-toothe(l,  tlie  teeth  usually 
aun-liko.  —  Dry  saTidy  soil,  Va.  and  southward. 

5.  S.  integrifolium,  Michx.  Stem  smooth  or  rough,  rather  stout  (2-4° 
higli),  rigid,  4-aiigular  and  grooved;  leaves  all  opposite,  riyid,  lanceoUite-ovate, 
entire  or  denticulate,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point  from  a  roundish  heart-shaped 
and  parti  1/  clasping  base,  rough-pubescent  or  nearly  smooth,  thick  (3  -  5'  long) ; 
heads  in  a  close  forking  corymb,  short-pedunded  ;  achenes  broadly  winged, 
deeply  notched.  —  Trairies,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  and  southward.     Aug. 

*  *  *    Stem  Sf/uare ;  leaves  opposite,  connate  {thin  and  large,  6-  15'  long). 

6.  S.  perfoliatum,  L.  (Cli'-Plant.)  Stem  stout, often  branched  almve 
(4  -  8°  high),  leafy  ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  tiie  upper  united  by  their 
bases  and  forming  a  cup-shaped  disk,  the  lower  abruptly  narrowed  into  winged 
petioles  which  are  connate  by  their  bases ;  heads  corymbose ;  scales  ovate ; 
achenes  winged  and  variously  notched. —  Rich  soil  along  streams,  Mich,  to 
Miuii.,aud  soutliward  ;  common.    Also  escaped  from  gardens  eastward.    July. 

38.  BERLANDIJERA,    DC. 

"With  the  cliaracters  of  Silphium,  but  tlie  .5-12  fertile  ray-flowers  in  a  single 
series.  Involucral  scales  in  about  .3  series,  thinner,  the  inner  dilated  obo- 
vate, exceeding  the  disk,  the  outer  smaller  and  more  foliaceous.  Achenes 
obovate,  not  winged  nor  notched  at  the  apex,  and  without  pappus,  decidu- 
ous Avith  the  subtending  scale  and  2  or  3  of  the  inner  chaff.  —  Alternate- 
leaved  perennials  of  the  southern  and  southwestern  States;  head  peduncu- 
late. (Named  for  J.  /..  Berlandier,  a  iSwiss  botanist  who  collected  in  Texas 
and  Mexico.) 

1 .  B.  Tex^na,  DC.  Ilirsute-tomentose  or  villous,  2-3°  high,  very  leafy  ; 
leaves  creiiate,  the  radical  oblong,  petiolate,  the  cauline  oblong-curdate  to  sulv 
cordate-lanceolate, the  upper  closely  sessile;  heads  somewhat  cymose, ^'  broad. 
—  S.  W.  Mo.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

39.  CHRYSOGONUM,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  about  5,  pistillate  and  fertile;  the 
disk-Howers  perfect  but  sterile.  Involucre  of  about  5  outer  leaf-like  oblong 
scales,  which  exceed  the  disk,  and  as  many  interior  shorter  and  chaff-like  con- 
cave scales.  Receptacle  flat,  with  a  linear  chaff  to  each  disk-flower.  Achenes 
all  in  the  ray,  obovate,  obcompressed,  4-angled,  each  one  partly  enclosed  by 
the  short  scale  of  the  involucre  behind  it ;  pappus  a  small  chaffy  crown,  2-3- 
toothed,  and  wanting  on  the  inner  side.  —  A  hairy,  perennial  herl),  with  oppo- 
site long-petioled  leaves,  and  solitary  long-peduncled  heads  of  yellow  flowers, 
nearly  stemless  when  it  begins  to  flower,  the  flowerless  shoots  forming  run- 
ners. (The  Greek  name  of  some  plant,  composed  of  xp^o'^s,  golden,  and  y6vv, 
knee.) 

1 .  C.  Virgini^num,  L.  Tsualiy  low  (2  -  1.5'  high) ;  loaves  ovate,  mostly 
obtuse,  crenate,  rarely  somewliat  cordate,  or  the  radical  obovate  with  cuneate 
base;  rays  ^' long.  —  Dry  soil,  from  southern  Penn.  to  Fla.  May -Aug. — 
Var.  dkntXtcm.  Gray;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  dentate-serrate; 
involucral  scales  more  acute. —  Higli  Islaml  at  the  Fails  of  the  Potomac. 


272  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

40.    ENGELMANNIA,     Torr.  &  Gray. 

Heads  and  flowers  of  the  preceding  genera.  Rays  8-10.  Involucre  of 
about  10  outer  loose  foliaceous  scales,  more  or  less  dilated  and  coriaceous  at 
base,  and  several  firm-coriaceous,  oval  or  obovate,  concave  inner  ones  with  vshort 
abrupt  green  tips.  Chaff  of  the  flat  receptacle  firm  and  persistent.  Achenes 
flat,  obovate,  wingless,  tardily  deciduous  with  the  attached  scale  and  chaff ; 
pappus  a  firm  scarious  hispid  crown,  more  or  less  lobed.  —  A  coarse  hispid  per- 
ennial, with  alternate  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  somewhat  paniculateh^  dis- 
posed heads  on  slender  naked  peduncles;  flowers  yellow.  (Named  for  the 
eminent  botanist,  Dr.  George  Engelmann.) 

I.  E.  pinnatifida,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stems  1-2°  high;  heads  \'  broad, 
and  rays  i'  long.  —  Central  Kan.  to  La.,  and  westward. 

41.    PARTHENIUM,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  inconspicuously  radiate ;  ray-flowers  5,  with  very  short 
and  broad  obcordate  ligules  not  projecting  beyond  the  woolly  disk,  pistillate 
and  fertile;  disk-flowers  staminate  with  imperfect  styles,  sterile.  Involucre 
hemispherical,  of  2  ranks  of  short  ovate  or  roundish  scales.  Receptacle  conical, 
chaffy.  Achenes  only  in  the  ray,  obcompressed,  surrounded  by  a  slender  cal- 
lous margin,  crowned  with  the  persistent  ray-corolla  and  a  pappus  of  2  small 
cliaffy  scales.  —  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  small,  corymbed  ;  the  flowers  whitish. 
(An  ancient  name  of  some  plant,  from  irapQivos,  virgin.) 

1.  P.  integrifolium,  L.  Rough-pubescent  perennial  (1-3°  high); 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  or  the  lower  (3  -  6'  long)  cut-lobed  be- 
low the  middle ;  heads  many  in  a  very  dense  flat  corymb.  —  Dry  soil,  Md.  to 
111.,  Minn.,  and  southward.     June  -  Aug. 

42.     IV A,     L.        Marsh  Elder.     Highwater-shrub. 

Heads  several-flowered,  not  radiate;  the  pistillate  fertile  and  the  staminate 
sterile  flowers  in  the  same  heads,  the  former  few  (1-5)  and  marginal,  with  a 
small  tubular  or  no  corolla ;  the  latter  with  a  funnel-form  5-toothed  corolla. 
Anthers  nearly  separate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  few,  roundish.  Receptacle 
small,  with  narrow  chaff  among  the  flowers.  Achenes  obovoid  or  lenticular , 
pappus  none.  —  Herbaceous  or  shrubby  coarse  plants,  with  thickish  leaves,  the 
lower  opposite,  and  small  nodding  greenish-white  heads  of  flowers ;  in  summer 
and  autumn.     (Name  of  unknown  derivation.) 

§  1.   Heads  spicate  or  racemose  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  leaf-like  bracts;  fertile 
Jioivers  ivith  evident  corolla. 

1.  I.  frutescens,  L.  Shrubbg  at  the  base,  nearly  smooth  (3-8°  high); 
leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  and  sharply  toothed,  rather  fleshy,  the  upper 
reduced  to  linear  bracts,  in  the  axils  of  which  the  heads  are  disposed,  in  leafy 
panicled  racemes ;  fertile  flowers  and  scales  of  the  involucre  5.  —  Salt  marshes, 
coast  of  Mass.  to  Va.  and  southward. 

2.  I.  ciliata,  Willd.  Annual  (2  -  6°  high),  rough  and  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate, 
pointed,  coarsely  toothed,  downy  beneath,  on  slender  ciliate  petioles;  heads  in 
dense  spikes,  with  conspicuous  ovate-lanceolate  rough-ciliate  bracts;  scales  of 
the  involucre  and  fertile  flowers  3-5-  —  Moist  ground,  from  111.  southward. 


COMPOSITE.        (composite    FAMILY.)  273 

§  2.  CYCLACH.^NA.  Heads  in  pon'cled  spike.s,  scarce!  1/  hractente ;  corolla 
of  the  5  fertile  Jlowers  a  mere  nulinunl  or  none. 
3.  I.  xanthiifblia,  Nutt.  Annual,  tall,  roughlsh  ;  leaves  nearly  all  oppo- 
site, hoary  with  minute  down,  ovate,  rhombic,  or  the  lowest  heart-shaped,  doublv 
or  cut-toothed,  or  obscurely  lobed ;  heads  small,  crowded,  in  axillary  and  ter- 
minal panicles.  —  N.  W.  ^^'isc.  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  westward. 

43.     AMBROSIA,     Tuurn.        Ragweed. 

Stei'ile  and  fertile  flowers  occupyinj^  different  heads  on  the  same  plant;  the 
fertile  1-3  together  and  sessile  in  the  axil  of  leaves  or  bracts,  at  the  base  of 
the  racemes  or  spikes  of  sterile  heads.  Sterile  involucres  flattish  or  top-shaped, 
of  7-12  scales  united  into  a  cup,  containing  5-20  funnel-form  staminate  How- 
ers,  witli  slender  chaff  intermixed,  or  none.  Anthers  almost  separate.  Fertile 
involucre  (fruit)  oblong  or  top-shaped,  closed,  p(jinted,  resembling  an  achene 
(usually  with  4-8  tubercles  or  horns  near  the  top  in  one  row),  and  enclosing  a 
single  flower  which  consists  of  a  pistil  only;  the  elongated  style-branches  pro- 
truding. Achenes  ovoid  ;  pappus  none.  —  Coarse  homely  weeds,  with  opposite 
or  alternate  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and  inconspicuous  greenish  flowers,  in 
late  summer  and  autumn ;  ours  annuals,  except  the  last.  (The  Greek  and 
later  Latin  name  of  several  plants,  as  well  as  of  the  food  of  the  gods.) 
§  1.  Sterile  heads  sessile  in  a  dense  spike,  the  top-shaped  involucre  extended  on 
one  side  into  a  large,  lanceolate,  hooded,  bristly -hairy  tooth  or  appendage; 
fertile  involucre  oblong  and  4-angled. 

1.  A.  bident^ta,  Michx.  Hairy  (1-3°  high),  very  leafy ;  leaves  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  nearly  entire,  except  a  short  lobe  or  tooth  on 
each  side  near  the  base ;  fruit  with  4  stout  spines  and  a  central  beak.  —  Prairies 
of  111.,  Mo.,  and  southward. 

§  2.   Sterile  heads  in  single  or  panicled  racemes  or  spikes,  the  involucre  regular. 
*  Leaves  opposite,  only  once  lobed ;  sterile  involucre  3-ribbed  on  one  side. 

2.  A.  trifida,  L.  (Great  Ragweed.)  Stem  stout  (3-12°  high), 
rough-hairy,  as  are  the  large  deeply  3-lobed  leaves,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolate 
and  serrate ;  petioles  margined ;  fruit  obovate,  5  -  6-ribbed  and  tubercled.  — 
Var.  ixtegrif6lia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  is  only  a  smaller  form,  with  the  upper 
leaves,  or  all  of  them,  undivided,  ovate  or  oval.  —  Moist  river-banks ;  common. 

*  *  Leaves  many  of  them  alternate,  all  once  or  twice  pinnatifd. 

3.  A.  artemisisefblia,  L.  (Roman  Wormwood.  Hog-weed.  Bit- 
ter-weed.) Much  branched  (1-3°  high),  hairy  or  roughish-pubescent ; 
leaves  thin,  twice-pinnatifid,  smoothish  above,  paler  or  hoary  beneath ;  fruit 
obovoid  or  globular,  armed  irith  about  6  short  acute  teeth  or  spines.  —  Waste 
places  everywhere.  —  Extremely  variable,  with  finely  cut  leaves,  on  the  flower- 
ing branches  often  undivided  ;  rarely  the  spikes  bear  all  fertile  heads. 

4.  A.  psilost^chya,  DC.  Paniculate-branched  (2 -5°  high),  rough  and 
somewhat  hoary  with  short  hispid  iiairs;  leaves  once  pinnatijid,  ihickish,  the 
lobes  acute,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  often  incised  ;  fruit  obovoid,  ivithout 
tubercles  or  with  very  small  ones,  ])ubescent.  —  Prairies  and  plains,  111.,  Wise, 
Minn.,  and  south  westward.     Perennial,  with  slender  running  rootstocks. 

18 


274  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

44.     XANTHIUM,     Tourn.        Cocklebur.     CLOXBrR. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  occupying  different  lieads,  the  latter  clustered 
below,  the  former  in  short  spikes  or  racemes  above.  Sterile  involucres  and 
flowers  as  in  Ambrosia,  but  the  scales  separate  and  receptacle  cylindrical. 
Fertile  involucre  closed,  coriaceous,  ovoid  or  oblong,  clothed  with  hooked 
prickles  so  as  to  form  a  rough  bur,  2-celled,  2-flowered ;  the  flower  consisting 
of  a  pistil  and  slender  thread-form  corolla.  Achenes  oblong,  flat,  destitute 
of  pappus.  —  Coarse  and  vile  weeds,  with  annual  roots,  low  and  branching 
stout  stems,  and  alternate  toothed  or  lobed  petioled  leaves ;  flowering  in  sum- 
mer and  autumn.  (The  Greek  name  of  some  plant  that  was  used  to  dye  the 
hair  yellow ;  from  ^avdos,  yellow.) 

*  Leaves  attenuate  to  both  ends,  with  triple  spines  at  the  base. 

X.  spix6suM,  L.  (Spiny  Clotbur.)  Hoary-pubescent;  stems  slender, 
with  slender  yellow  3-parted  spines  at  the  axils ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole,  white-downy  beneath,  often  2  -  3-lobed 
or  cut;  fruit  (^'  long)  pointed  with  a  single  short  beak. —  Waste  places  on  the 
sea-board  and  along  rivers,  Mass.  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

*  *  Leaves  cordate  or  ovate,  3-nerved,  dentate  and  often  lobed,  long-petiolate ; 
axils  unarmed ;  fruit  2-beaked. 

X.  strumArium,  L.  Low  (1  -2°  high) ;  fruit  6-8'^  long,  glabrous  or  pu- 
berulent,  with  usually  straight  beaks  and  rather  slender  spines.  —  A  weed  of 
barnyards,  etc.,  sparingly  nat.  from  Eu.  (?)  or  Ind.  (?). 

1.  X.  Canadense,  Mill.  Stouter,  the  stem  often  brown-punctate ;  fruit 
about  r  long,  densely  prickly  and  more  or  less  hispid,  the  stout  beaks  usually 
hooked  or  incurved.  —  River-banks  and  waste  places,  common.  —  Yar.  echi- 
nXtum,  Gray,  usually  low,  with  still  denser  and  longer,  conspicuously  hirsute 
or  hispid  prickles.     Sandy  sea-shores  and  on  the  Great  Lakes. 

45.    TETRAGONOTHECA,    Dill. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  6-9,  fertile.  Involucre  double; 
the  outer  of  4  large  and  leafy  ovate  scales,  united  below  by  their  margins  into 
a  4-angled  or  winged  cup ;  the  inner  of  small  chaffy  scales,  as  many  as  the 
ray -flowers,  and  partly  clasping  their  achenes.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical, 
with  narrow  and  membranaceous  chaff.  Achenes  very  thick  and  obovoid,  flat 
at  the  top ;  pappus  none.  —  Erect  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  coarsely 
toothed  leaves,  their  sessile  bases  sometimes  connate,  and  large  single  heads 
of  pale  yellow  flowers,  on  terminal  peduncles.  (Xame  compounded  of  reTpd- 
ywvos,  four-angled,  and  QiiKr),  a  case,  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  T.  helianthoides,  L,  Villous  and  somewhat  viscid,  1-2°  high, 
simple ;  leaves  ovate  or  rhombic-oblong,  sessile  by  a  narrow  base ;  involucral 
scales  and  rays  about  V  long.  —  Sandy  soil,  Va.  and  southward.     June. 

46.    ECLIPTA,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  short ;  disk-flowers  perfect,  4-toothed, 
all  fertile.  Involucral  scales  10-12,  in  2  rows,  leaf-like,  ovate-lanceolate. 
Receptacle  flat,  with  almost  bristle-form  chaff.  Achenes  short,  3-4-sided,  or 
in  the  disk  laterally  flattened,  roughened  on  the  sides,  hairy  at  the  summit ; 
pappus  none,  or  an  obscure  denticulate  crown.  — An  annual  rough  herb,  with 


COMPOSIT.K.        (COMI'OSITK    FA.-MII.V.)  275 

.slender  stems  and  opposite  leaves.  Heads  solitary,  small.  Flowers  white; 
anthers  brown.  (Name  from  iKXfi-nu),  to  be  de/icirnt,  alludinf;  to  the  absence 
of  pappns.) 

1.  E.  alba,  Iljissk.  Kongh  with  fine  appressedliains;  stems  procumbent, 
or  ascending  and  1  -3°  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end, 
mostly  sessile,  slightly  serrate;  rays  equalling  the  disk.  (K.  procumbens, 
Michx.)  —  Wet  river-banks,  N.  J.  to  111.  and  southward.  Peduncles  very 
variable.     (All  tropical  countries.) 

47.    HELIOPSIS,    Ters.        Ox-evk. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  rays  10  or  more,  fertile.  Involucral  scales 
in  2  or  3  rows,  nearly  equal ;  the  outer  leaf-like  and  somewhat  spreading,  tlie 
inner  shorter  than  the  disk.  Receptacle  conical;  chaff  linear.  Achenes 
smooth,  thick,  4-angular,  truncate ;  pappus  none,  or  a  mere  border.  —  Peren- 
nial herbs,  like  Helianthus.  Heads  showy,  peduncled,  terminal.  Leaves  op- 
posite, petioled,  triple-ribbed,  serrate.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  composed  of 
I'lKios,  the  sun,  and  o^pis,  appearance,  from  the  likeness  to  the  Sunflower.) 

1-  H.  laevis,  Ters.  Nearly  smooth  (1 -4°  higli) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong-ovate,  rather  narrowly  pointed,  occasionally  ternate ;  scales  (as  in  the 
next)  with  a  rigid  strongly  nerved  base;  rays  linear;  pappus  none  or  of  2-4 
obscure  teeth.  —  Banks  and  copses,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  southward.     Aug. 

2.  H.  SCabra,  l^unal.  Koughish,  especially  the  leaves,  which  are  dis- 
posed to  be  less  narrowly  pointed,  the  upper  sometimes  entire ;  rays  broadly 
o])long  to  linear  or  oblanceolate ;  pappus  coroniform  and  chaffy  or  of  2  or  3 
conspicuous  teeth.  (H.  lajvis,  var.  scabra,  Torr.  ^^  Oraij.)  —  Western  N.  Y.  to 
Minn.,  Mo.,  and  southward. 

48.     ECHINACEA,     Moench.        Purple  Cone-flower. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  the  rays  very  long,  drooping,  pistillate  but 
sterile.  Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  lanceolate,  spreading.  Receptacle 
conical ;  the  lanceolate  carinate  spiny-tipped  chaff  longer  than  the  disk-flowers. 
Achenes  thick  and  short,  4-sided ;  pappus  a  small  toothed  border.  —  Perennial 
herbs,  with  the  stout  and  nearly  simple  stems  naked  above  and  terminated  by 
a  single  large  head;  leaves  chiefly  alternate,  3-5-nerved.  Rays  rose-purple, 
rather  persistent;  disk  purplish.  (Name  formed  from  ix^vos,  the  hedgehog, or 
sea-iirrhin,  in  allusion  to  the  spiny  chaff  of  the  disk.) 

1.  E.  purpurea,  Moench.  Leaves  rough,  often  serrate;  the  lowest 
ovate,  b-nerved,  veiny,  long-petioled  ;  the  others  ovnte-lanceolate ;  involucre  im- 
bricated in  3-5  rows;  stem  smooth,  or  in  one  form  rough-bristly,  as  well  as 
the  leaves.  —  Prairies  and  banks,  from  W.  Penn.  and  Va.  to  Iowa,  and  south- 
ward; occasionally  adv.  eastward.  July.  —  Rays  15-20,  dull  purple  (rarely 
whitish),  1-2'  long  or  more.  Root  thick,  black,  very  pungent  to  the  taste, 
used  in  popular  medicine  under  the  name  of  Black  Sampson.  —  \qt\  varia!)le, 
and  probably  connects  with 

2.  E.  angUStifblia,  DC.  Leaves,  as  Avell  as  the  slender  simple  stem, 
hrisllij-hainj,  lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  3-nerved,  entire; 
involucre  less  imbricated  and  heads  often  smaller;  rays  12-15  (2'  long),  rose- 
color  or  red.  —  Plains  from  111.  and  Wise,  southwestward.     June- Aug. 


276  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

49.     RITDBECKIA,    L.     Cone-flower. 

Heads  mauy-flowered,  radiate;  the  rays  neutral.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
leaf-like,  in  about  2  rows,  spreading.  Receptacle  conical  or  columnar;  the 
short  chaff  concave,  not  rigid.  Achenes  4-angular  (in  our  species),  smooth, 
not  margined,  flat  at  the  top,  with  no  pappus,  or  a  minute  crown-like  border. 
—  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  showy  terminal  heads ; 
the  rays  generally  long,  yellow,  often  darker  at  base.  (Named  in  honor  of 
the  Professors  Rudheck,  father  and  son,  predecessors  of  Linuceus  at  Upsal.) 

*  Disk  columnar  in  fruit,  dull  greenish-yellow  ;  leaves  divided  and  cut. 

1.  R.  laciniata,  L.  Stem  smooth,  branching  (2  -  7°  high) ;  leaves  smooth 
or  roughish,  the  lowest  pinnate,  Avith  5-7  cut  or  3-lobed  leaflets;  upper  leaves 
irregularly  .3-5-parted,  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  or  the  uppermost 
undivided ;  heads  long-peduncled ;  disk  at  first  globular  or  hemispherical ; 
chaff  truncate,  downy  at  the  tip;  rays  oblanceolate  (1  -2'  long),  drooping.  — 
LoAv  thickets ;  common.  July  -  Sept.  — Var.  HtiMiLis,  Gray,  low  and  glabrous, 
some  of  the  radical  leaves  undivided  or  with  roundish  divisions ;  heads  smaller 
{Y  high)  and  ray  shorter.     Mountains  of  Va.  and  southward. 

*  *  Disk  hemispherical  to  oblong-ovoid  in  fruit,  dark  purple  or  brown. 
-t-  Lower  leaves  3-lobed  or  parted. 

2.  R.  triloba,  L.  Hairy,  biennial,  much  branched  (2-5°  high),  the 
branches  slender  and  spreading;  upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sj)aringly 
toothed,  the  lower  3-lobed,  tapering  at  the  base,  coarsely-serrate  (those  from 
the  root  pinuately  parted  or  undivided);  rays  8,  oval  or  oblong;  chaff  of  the 
black-purple  depressed-globular  disk  smooth,  awned.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to 
Mich.,  Mo.,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Heads  small,  but  numerous  and  showy, 

3.  R.  SUbtomentosa,  Pursh.  Stem  branching  above  (3-4°  high), 
downy,  as  well  as  the  petiolate  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  serrate  leaves  beneath  ; 
heads  short-peduncled ;  disk  globular,  dull  brown ;  receptacle  sweet-scented ; 
chaff  downy  at  the  blunt  apex.  —  Prairies,  Wise,  111.,  Mo.,  and  southward. 

-t-  -«-  Leaves  undivided,  rarehj  laciniateli/  toothed. 

4.  R.  hirta,  L.  S«en«<'a/,  very  rough  and  bristly-hairy  throughout;  stems 
simple  or  branched  near  the  base,  stout  (1-2°  high),  naked  above,  bearing 
single  large  heads ;  leaves  nearly  entire  ;  the  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile  ; 
the  lower  spatulate,  triple-nerved,  petioled ;  rays  (about  14)  more  or  less  ex- 
ceeding the  involucre;  chaff  of  the  dull  brown  disk  hairy  at  the  tip,  acutish. — 
Dry  soil,  western  N.  Y.  to  Wise,  and  southward.  Now  common  as  a  weed 
in  eastern  meadows,  introduced  with  clover-seed  from  the  West.  June- 
Aug. 

5.  R.  flilgida,  Ait.  Hairy,  the  branches  naked  at  the  summit  and  bear- 
ing single  heads;  leaves  spatulate-oblong  ov  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  triple- 
nerved,  the  upper  entire,  mostly  obtuse;  rays  about  12,  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  ample  involucre;  chaff  of  the  dark  purple  disk  nearly  smooth  and  blunt. — 
Dry  soil,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  southward.  —  Variable,  1-3°  high ; 
the  rays  orange-yellow. 

6.  R.  spathul^ta,  Michx.  Pubescence  short  and  appressed ;  slender, 
8' -3°  high;  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate  or  the  upper  ovate  to  lanceolate. 


COMPOSITE..        (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  277 

sometimes  all  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  to  linear,  denticulate;  heads  long, 
pcduncled,  smaller  than  in  tlie  preceding,  the  rays  fewer  and  broader.  —  Pine 
woods,  Va.  to  Tenn.,  and  southward. 

7.  R.  speci6sa,  \Ven<leroth.  Koughish-hairy  (1-2°  high),  branched; 
the  branches  u])right,  elongated  and  naked  above,  terminated  by  single  largo 
heads ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  petioledy  3  -  5- 
uerved,  coarsely  and  unexpiatlji  toothed  or  incised ;  involucre  much  shorter  than 
the  numerous  elongated  (1  -  \\')  rays;  chaff  of  tlic  dark  purple  disk  acntish, 
smooth.  —  Dry  soil,  W.  Penn.  to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  southward.     July. 

50.  LEPACHYS,  Kaf. 
Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  few,  neutral.  Involucral  scales  few 
and  small,  spreading.  Receptacle  oblong  or  columnar;  the  chaff  truncate, 
tliickened  and  bearded  at  the  tip.  partly  embracing  tlie  flattened  and  margined 
achenes.  Pappus  none  or  2  teeth. —  Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  ])innately 
divided  leaves;  the  grooved  stems  or  branches  naked  above,  bearing  single 
showy  heads.  Kays  yellow  or  party-colored,  drooping;  disk  grayish.  (Name 
from  Aeirts,  a  scale,  and  iraxvs,  thick,  from  the  thickened  tips  of  the  cliaff.) 

1.  L.  pinn^ta,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Hoary  with  minute  appressed  hairs,  slen- 
der (4°  high),  branching;  leaflets  3-7,  lanceolate,  acute;  disk  oblong,  much 
shorter  than  the  large  and  drooping  light-yellow  rays  (which  are  2'  long). — 
Dry  soil,  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  southward.  July.  —  The  receptacle  ex- 
hales a  pleasant  anisate  odor  w^hen  bruised.  Achenes  slightly  margined  on 
the  inner  edge,  obscurely  2-toothed  at  the  top. 

2.  L.  COlumn^ris,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Branching  from  the  base,  1  -  2°  high  ; 
leaflets  5-9,  oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  entire  or  2-3-cleft;  disk  columnar, 
often  V  long  or  more;  ray  as  long  or  shorter,  yellow  or  (var.  pulchekkima, 
Torr.  &,  Gray)  in  part  or  wholly  brown-purple.  —  Minn,  to  Tex. 

51.     BORRICHIA,    Adans.        Sea  Ox-eye. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  fertile.  Scales  of  the  hemispherical 
involucre  imbricated.  Keceptacle  flat,  covered  w^ith  lanceolate  rigid  and  per- 
sistent chaff.  Achenes  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  3-4-angled  ;  pappus  a  short 
4-toothed  crown,  —  Shrubby  low  maritime  plants,  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  with 
opposite  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  pedunded  terminal  heads  of  yellow 
flowers;  anthers  blackish.     (Named  for  Olof  Borrich,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

1.  B.  frutescens,  DC.  Whitened  with  a  minute  silky  pubescence  (6'- 
3°  high) ;  leaves  obovate  to  spatulate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  often  toothed  near 
the  base ;  chaff  rigidly  pointed.  —  Va.  and  southward. 

52.  HE  LI  A  NTH  US,  L.  Sunflower. 
Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  rays  several  or  many,  neutral.  Involucre 
imbricated,  herbaceous  or  foliaceous.  Keceptacle  flat  or  convex ;  the  persist- 
ent chaff  eml)racing  the  4-sided  and  laterally  compressed  smooth  achenes, 
which  are  neitlier  winged  nor  margined.  Pappus  very  deciduous,  of  2  thin 
chaffy  scales  on  the  principal  angles,  and  sometimes  2  or  more  small  interme- 
diate scales.  —  Coarse  and  stout  hcrl)s,  with  solitary  or  corymbed  heads,  and 
yellow  rays;  flowering  toward  autumn.  (Named  from  riXios,  the  sun,  and 
HlvBos,  ajiower.) 


278  coMPOsiT.E.     (composite  family.) 

§  1.    Annuals;  leaves  mostly  alternate ,  petiolate ;  receptacle  flat ;  disk  brownish- 

1.  H.  annuus,  L.  (Common  Suxflower.)  Tall,  rough  ;  leaves  triple- 
ribbed,  ovate  or  the  lower  cordate,  serrate ;  involucral  scales  broadly  ovate  to 
obloug,  long-pointed,  ciliate;  disk  usually  1'  broad  or  more.  —  Minn,  to  Tex., 
and  westward ;  long  cultivated,  and  occasionally  found  iu  waste  grounds. 

2.  H.  petiolaris,  Xutt.  More  slender,  1-3°  high;  leaves  oblong-  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  smaller  (1 -3' long),  mostly  entire;  scales  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, seldom  ciliate  ;  disk  Y  broad  or  more.  —  Minn,  to  Tex.,  and 
westward. 

§  2.    Perennials  ;  receptacle  convex  or  at  length  low-conical ;  loicer  leaves  usualli) 

opposite. 

*  Involucral  scales  loose,  becoming  sqxiarrose,  narrowlij  lanceolate,  pointed  (^' 

long)  ;  disk  usualli/  purple  or  brownish  ;  leaves  linear,  l-nerved. 

3.  H.  orgy^lis,  DC.  Stem  glabrous,  tall,  very  leafy ;  leaves  mostly  al- 
ternate, linear  to  filiform  and  entire,  or  the  lowest  lanceolate  and  serrulate ; 
scales  filiform-attenuate.  —  Dry  plains.  Mo.  to  Neb.,  south  and  westward. 

4.  H.  angustifolius,  L.  Stem  slender  (2-6°  high),  usually  scabrous; 
leaves  long  and  linear,  sessile,  entire,  with  revolute  margins ;  heads  loosely 
corymbed,  long-peduncled ;  scales  acute  or  pointed.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  N.  J. 
to  Ky.,  and  southward. 

*  *  Involucral  scales  closer,  more  imbricated,  short,  unequal  and  not  foUaceous ; 

leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  mostly  opposite  and  3-nerved. 
-t-  Disk  dark. 

5.  H.  atrorubens,  L.  Rough-hairy  ;  stem  slender  (2 -4°  high),  smooth 
and  naked  and  forking  above  ;  leaves  thinnish,  ovate  or  oval  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
or  the  lowest  heart-shaped  (3-6'  long),  serrate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
margined  petiole ;  heads  small,  corymbed ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliolate,  ap- 
pressed ;  rays  10  -  16 ;  pappus  of  2  fringed  scales.  —  Dry  soil,  Va.  to  Ark.,  and 
southward. 

6.  H.  rigidus,  Desf.  Stem  stout  (2  -  6°  high  or  more),  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched,  rough ;  leaves  very  thick  and  rigid,  rough  both  sides,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, usually  pointed  at  both  ends,  nearly  sessile,  entire  or  serrate,  the  lowest 
oval ;  heads  nearly  solitary,  pretty  large ;  scales  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  or 
mostly  acute,  ciliate,  appressed ;  rays  20  -  25  ,  pappus  of  2  large  and  often  sev- 
eral small  scales.  —  Dry  prairies,  Mich,  to  111.,  and  westward. 

-t-  -1-  Disk  yellow. 

7.  H.  Isetiflorus,  Pers.  Closely  resembling  the  last;  leaves  rathet 
thinner;  heads  single  or  corymbed;  scales  rather  fewer  (in  2  or  3  rows),  nar 
rower  and  acute  or  mostly  acuminate.  —  Dry  open  places,  Ohio  to  Wise,  and 
Minn.,  and  southward.  —  Rays  showy,  1-2'  long. 

8.  H.  OCCidentalis,  Riddell.  Somewhat  hairy,  stem  slender,  simple, 
naked  above  (1-3°  high,  sending  out  runners  from  the  base),  bearing  1-5 
small  heads  on  long  peduncles ;  lowest  leaves  oval  or  lanceolate-ovate,  entire  or 
obscurely  serrate,  roughish-pubescent  beneath,  abruptly  contracted  into  long  hairy 
petioles ;  the  upper  small  and  remote  ;  scales  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed, 
sometimes  ciliate.  —  Dry  barrens,  Ohio  to  Wise,  and  Minn.,  and  southward. 


COMPOSITE.        (COMPOSITK    FAMILY. )  270 

*  *  *  Involucre  looser,  the  scales  more  ciruminate  or  elongated  or  foUaceous ; 

disk  i/elloiv  (anthers  dark). 

•<-  leaves  all  opposite,  sessile,  serrulate;  pubescence  rather  soft. 

9.  H.  mollis,  Lam.  Stem  simple,  leafy  to  the  top  (2-3°  high) ;  leaves 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  with  broad  cordate  clasping  base,  jxjintcd ;  scales  lanceo- 
late, seldom  exceeding  the  disk.  —  Dry  barrens,  Ohio  to  Iowa  and  southward, 
-t-  H-  Leaves  mostli/  alternate  and  3-nerced,  soft-pubescent  beneath,  scabrous  above ; 

scales  verji  long  and  loose,  hairy  ;  tips  of  chaff  and  corolla4obes  hirsute. 

10.  H.  tomentbsus,  Michx.  Stem  hairy,  stout  (4-8°  high);  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  ovate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  obscurely  serrate, 
large  (.5-12' long),  somewhat  petioled ;  disk  1' broad ;  rays  12-16,  about  1' 
long.  —  Rich  woods,  111.  (?),  Va.,  and  southward  along  the  mountains. 

-»-  -t-  4-  Leaves  narrow,  chief  1/  alternate,  not  3-nerved,  scabrous  both  sides  ;  heads 
rather  small ;  scales  loose,  attenuate. 

11.  H.  gr6sse-serr^tus,  Martens.  Stem  smooth  and  glaucous,  6-10"^ 
high;  leaves  elongated-lanceolate  or  ovate-lauceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply 
serrate  or  denticulate,  acute  or  attenuate  at  base,  petioled,  often  whiter  and 
finely  pubescent  beneath;  scales  lance-awl-shaped,  slightly  ciliate.  —  Dry 
plains,  Oliio  to  Dak.,  INIo.,  and  southwestward.  —  Probably  ruus  into  the 
next. 

12.  H.  gigant^US,  L.  Stem  hairi/  or  rough  (3-10^  I'ifflO,  branched 
above;  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  minutely  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  green  both 
sides,  narrowed  and  ciliate  at  base,  but  nearly  sessile  ;  scales  long,  linear-lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  hairy  or  strongly  ciliate.  —  Var.  AMBfouLS,  Torr.  &  Gray; 
leaves  mostly  opposite  and  closely  sessile  by  an  obtuse  base;  perhaps  a  hybrid 
with  n.  17.  —  Low  thickets  and  swamps ;  common.  Heads  somewhat  corymbed  ; 
the  pale  yellow  rays  15-20;  roots  often  becoming  tuber-like. 

13.  H.  Maximiliani,  Schrad.  Resembling  the  last ;  stout,  often  simple, 
1-10°  high  ;  leaves  becoming  rigid  and  very  scabrous,  entire  or  sparingly  den- 
ticulate ;  heads  rather  large,  usually  short-peduucled,  terminal  aud  in  the  up])er 
axils;  scales  longer  attenuate,  more  rigid.  —  Prairies,  Minn,  to  Tex. 

■»-■«--•--•-  Leaves  all  or  most  of  them  opposite,  3-nerved  {faintly  in  n.  15). 
■•-*■  Heads  very  small  (about  4"  broad) ;  rays  5-8;  scales  few,  short,  iiregularly 
imbricated,  the  outer  with  spreading  fuliaceous  pointed  tijis;  stems  smooth. 

14.  H.  parvifl6rus,  Beruh.  Stem  3-6°  high,  with  numerous  slender 
branches  above ;  leaves  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  somewhat  serrate, 
petioled,  rough  above,  pale  and  puberulent  beneath ;  peduncles  slender,  rough  ; 
scales  ovate  aud  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate.  (H.  microcephalus,  Torr.  tj-  Clray.) 
—  Tliickcts,  Penn.  to  111.,  and  southward. 

15.  H.  laevigatas,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Stem  slender  (1 -G"^  high),  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  glaucous,  glabrous  throughout,  as  well  as  the  slightly  ser- 
rate lanceolate  leaves  which  are  usually  narrow  and  attenuate  to  the  base. — 
Dry  soil,  Alleghany  Mts.,  and  southward. 

•*-<•  ■*-*■  Iliads  larger;  rays  usually  over  10;  spreading  by  creeping  rootstocks. 
=  Leaves  sessile  or  sub.'iessile  to  short-petiolate,  serrulate  or  entire. 

16.  H.  doroniCOides,  Lam.  Finely  pubescent  and  roughish,  3-7° 
high ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  triply-nerved  above  the  broadly  cuneate 


280  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

base,  serrulate ;  scales  loose,  attenuate,  mostly  6  -  8"  loug,  hairy.     (H.  cinereus, 
var.  SuUivantii,  Torr.  ^^  Graij.)  —  Dry  ground,  Ohio  to  Mo. 

17.  H.  divaricatus,  L.  Stem  simple  or  forked  and  corymbed  at  the  top 
(1-4°  high),  smooth  heloic ;  leaves  all  opposite  and  divaricate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
3-nerved  from  the  rounded  or  truncate  sessile  iase,  tapering  gradually  to  a  sharp 
point  (3-6'  long),  serrate,  thickish,  rough  both  sides;  scales  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, attenuate,  ciliate,  equalling  the  disk ;  rays  8-12.  —  Thickets  and  barrens ; 
common.  —  Di.sk  6"  wide;  rays  1'  long. 

18.  H.  hirsutUS,  Kaf.  Stem  simple  or  forked  above,  stout  (1-4°  high), 
bristly-hairij ;  leaves  all  sliortly  petioled,  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  pointed, 
slightly  serrate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  very  rough  above,  usually  rough- 
hairy  beneath ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  equalling  the  disk ;  rays  about 
12. —  Dry  plains,  Ohio  to  Wise,  and  southward. 

19.  H.  Strumosus,  L.  Stem  (.3-6°  high)  very  smooth  below,  often 
glaucous;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  a  point,  or  the  lower 
ovate  and  acute,  abruptly  contracted  into  short  margined  petioles,  rough 
aho\e,  whitish  and  naked  or  minutely  downy  underneath;  scales  broadly  lan- 
ceolate with  spreading  tips,  ciliate,  equalling  the  disk;  rays  9-15.  —  Var. 
MOLLIS,  Torr.  &  Gray,  has  the  leaves  downy  underneath,  often  subcordate, 
the  scales  looser  and  more  attenuate.  —  liiver-banks  and  low  copses ;  common, 
especially  westward. 

20.  H.  tracheliifolius,  Willd.  Like  the  last;  leaves  thinner  and 
nearly  equally  green  both  sides,  more  sharply  serrate,  all  distinctly  petioled ; 
scales  all  loose  and  spreading,  exceeding  the  disk,  often  much  elongated.  — 
Copses,  Fenn.  and  Ohio  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

=  =  Leaves  longer-petiolate,  thinnish  or  soft,  coarsely  serrate,  commonly  broad : 
scales  loose,  hirsute-ciliate. 

21.  H.  decapetalus,  L.  Stem  branching  (2  -  5°  high),  smooth  below ; 
leaves  smooth  or  roughish,  ovate,  pointed,  abruptly  contracted  into  margined 
petioles ;  scales  lanceolate-linear,  elongated,  loosely  spreading,  sometimes  foli- 
aceous,  the  outer  longer  than  the  disk ;  rays  about  10.  —  Copses  and  low  banks 
of  streams ;  N.  Eng.  to  Minn,  and  southward,  common. 

22.  H.  tuberbsus,  L.  (Jerusalem  Artichoke.)  Pubescent  or  hir- 
sute, 5-10°  high;  leaves  ovate  or  subcordate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
scabrous  above,  minutely  pubescent  or  cinereous  beneath ;  scales  lanceolate, 
attenuate,  little  exceeding  the  disk;  rays  12-20.  (H.  doronicoides,  former 
ed.)  —  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  southward;  often  cultivated.  —  Var.  subcaxes- 
CENS,  Gray ;  usually  dwarf,  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves  whitish  with  soft  fine 
pubescence.    Minn,  to  Mo. 

53.    VERBESINA,    L.        Crownbeard. 

Heads  several -many-flowered;  the  rays  pistillate,  or  sometimes  neutral  and 
sterile,  few,  or  sometimes  none.  Involucral  scales  imbricated  in  2  or  more 
rows.  Eeceptacle  rather  convex  (conical  in  n.  3) ;  the  chaff  concave.  Achenes 
flat  (compressed  laterally),  winged  or  wingless,  2-awned.  —  Mostly  perennial 
herbs ;  the  toothed  leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem.  Flowers  mostly  yellow. 
("  Name  metamorphosed  from  Verbena.") 


COMPOSITE*:.       (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  281 

*  Heads  iiarroir,  sm(ill,ci/moseli/  paniculate  ;  rays  few, pistillate,  usuallij  ftrtile  ; 
involucre  erect. 

1.  V.  OCCident^lis,  Walt.  Stem  tall,  4-winge(I ;  leaves  opposite,  ova,te 
to  ol)lon<;-lauccuhitc,  triple-uervcd,  serrate,  pointed  at  both  cuds,  often  pubes- 
cent beneath  (large  and  thin);  iieads  in  compound  corymbs;  receptacle  flat- 
tiah  ;  Jl owe rs  yellow;  rays  1-5,  lanceolate;  achene.s  wingless.  (V.  Sieges- 
beckia,  Michx.)  —  Rich  soil,  S.  Penn.  to  111.,  and  southward.     July. 

2.  V.  Virginica,  L.  Stem  narrowly  or  interrnj»tedly  winged,  downy- 
pubescent,  like  the  loirer  surface  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  feather-veined  alternate 
leaves;  heads  in  cojupound  corymbs  ;  receptacle  convex  ;  //o«y-/-.s  ichite ;  rays 
3-4,  oval ;  achenes  winged.  —  Dry  soil,  Tenn.  ( ')  to  111.,  and  southward,     Aug. 

*  *  Heads  liroader,  solitani  or  few. 

3.  V.  helianthoides,  Michx.  Terennial;  stem  hairy  (1 -3*^  l»igl')» 
widely  winged  by  the  ovate  to  the  ovate-lanceolate  sessile  alternate  leaves, 
which  are  rougli  above  and  soft-hairy  beneath;  involucre  appressed;  rays 
8- 15,  pistillate  or  neutral,  usually  sterile;  achenes  winged,  tipped  with  2 
fragile  awns.  (Actinomeris  helianthoides,  Nutt.)  —  I'niiries  and  copses,  Ohio 
to  Iowa  and  soutliward.     July. 

4.  V.  encelioides,  Beuth.  &  Hook.  Annual,  branching,  1  -  2°  high,  cine- 
reous; leaves  alternate,  ovate  or  cordate  to  deltoid-lanceolate,  the  petioles 
mostly  winged  and  auriculate  at  base ;  involucral  scales  linear,  equal,  folia- 
ceous,  spreading ;  rays  numerous,  fertile.  —  Kan.  to  Tex.,  and  westward. 

54.    ACTINOMERIS,    Nutt. 

Iieads  many-flowered ;  rays  neutral,  few  or  none.  Involucral  scales  few, 
herbaceou.s,  nearly  equal,  soon  deflexed  beneath  the  globular  disk.  Kecep- 
tacle  small,  chaffy.  Achenes  flat,  obovate,  winged  or  wingless,  at  maturity 
spreading  in  all  directions ;  pappus  of  2  or  3  smooth  persistent  awns.  —  Tall 
branching  perennials,  Avith  serrate  feather-veined  leaves,  tapering  to  the  base 
and  mostly  decurreut  on  the  stem.  Heads  coryml)ed ;  flowers  chiefly  yellow. 
(Name  from  clkt'is,  a  ray,  and  fJLcpls,  a  part ;  alluding  to  the  irregularity  of  the 
rays.) 

1  •  A.  squarr6sa,  Nutt.  Stem  somewhat  hairy,  usually  winged  above 
(4-8°  high);  leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, pointed  at  both  ends;  rays  2-8,  irregular.  —  Kich  soil,  I'cnu.  and  \V. 
New  York  to  Iowa,  and  southward.     Sept. 

65.    COREOPSIS,     L.        Tickskkd. 

Iieads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  mostly  8,  neutral,  rarely  wanting.  In- 
volucre double ;  each  of  about  8  scales,  the  outer  rather  foliaceous  and  some- 
what spreading;  the  inner  broader  and  appressed,  nearly  membranaceous. 
Keceptacle  flat,  with  membranaceous  chaff  deciduous  with  the  fruit.  Achenes 
flat,  obcompressed  (i.  e.,  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre),  often  winged, 
not  narrowed  at  the  top,  2-toothed  or  2-awued,  or  sometimes  naked  at  the  sum- 
mit, the  awns  not  barbed  downwardly.  —  Herbs,  generally  with  opposite  leaves, 
and  yellow  or  party-colored,  rarely  ])ur])le,  rays.  (Name  from  KJpis,a  l>ui/,aud 
Oipii,  resemblance ;  from  the  foruj  of  the  acheue.) 


282  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

§  1.   Style-tips  trancate  or  nearli/  so;  outer  involucre  small  and  short;  rays  rose- 
color  or  i/ellow  with  brown  base;  pappus  an  obscure  border  or  none. 

1.  C.  rosea,  Nutt.  Perennial;  stem  branching,  leafy,  smooth  (6-20' 
high) ;  leaves  linear,  entire ;  heads  small,  somewhat  corymbed,  on  short  pe- 
duncles ;  rays  rose-color,  3-toothed ;  achenes  oblong,  wingless.  —  Sandy  grassy 
swamps,  Plymouth,  Mass.,  to  N.  J.,  and  southward ;  rare.     Aug. 

2.  C.  cardaminefolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Annual,  6' -2°  high;  leaves 
1  -2-pinuately  divided,  the  lobes  oval  to  lanceolate  or  above  linear  ;  rays  yel- 
low with  brown-purple  base ;  achenes  short,  smooth  or  papillose,  winged.  — 
Kan.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

3.  C  tinetoria,  Nutt.  Annual,  glabrous,  2-3°  high;  leaves  1-2-piu- 
nately  divided,  the  lobes  lanceolate  to  linear ;  achenes  oblong,  wingless ;  rays 
yellow  with  more  or  less  of  crimson-brown.  —  Minn,  to  Tex.,  etc. ;  common 
in  cultivation. 

§2.  Style-tips  abruptly  cuspidate,  hispid;  involucres  nearly  equal;  achenes 
roundish,  loinged,  incurved,  often  papillose  and  with  a  callus  inside  at  base 
and  apex ;  pappus  2  small  teeth  or  none ;  ray  mostly  yellow  and  palmately 
lobed ;  perennials,  with  long -pedunculate  heads ;  lower  leaves  petiolate. 

4.  C.  lanceolata,  L.  Smooth  or  hairy  (1-2°  high),  tufted,  branched 
only  at  the  base ;  leaves  all  entire  (the  lower  rarely  with  a  i)air  of  small  lat- 
eral lobes),  lanceolate,  the  lowest  oblanceolate  or  spatulate ;  outer  scales  ovate- 
lanceolate.  —  Rich  or  damp  soil,  Mich,  and  111.  to  Va.,  and  southward.  July. 
Also  cultivated  in  gardens.  Heads  showy;  rays  1'  long.  —  Var.  angusti- 
f6lia,  Torr.  &  Gray,  is  a  low  form  with  crowded  narrow  leaves  and  elongated 
peduncles.  —  Var.  vill6sa,  Michx.,  is  hirsute  below,  tlie  leaves  rather  broad. 

5.  C.  grandiflbra,  Nutt.  Mostly  glabrous ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate  and 
spatulate,  entire,  the  upper  3  -  5-parted  with  lanceolate  to  linear  and  sometimes 
2-3-parted  lobes ;  heads  as  in  the  last  or  larger.  —  S.  Mo.  to  Tex.  and  Ga. 

6.  C.  pubescens,  Ell.  More  leafy,  1-4°  high,  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous ;  leaves  thickish,  oblong  or  the  lower  oval-obovate  and  the  upper 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  with  2-4  small  lateral  lobes;  heads  usually 
smaller.  —  Va.  to  S.  111.,  Mo.,  and  southward. 

7.  C.  auriculata,  Linn.  Pubescent  or  glabrous;  stems  1-4°  high, 
branching,  sometimes  with  runners ;  leaves  mostly  petioled,  the  upper  oblong 
or  oval-lanceolate,  entire ;  the  lower  oval  or  roundish,  some  of  them  variously 
3-5-lobed  or  divided;  outer  scales  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate ;  achenes  nar- 
rowly winged  and  strongly  involute.  —  Rich  woods  and  banks,  Va.  to  111.,  and 
southward.     June -Sept. 

§3.    Style-tips  cuspidate;  achenes  oblong,  nearly  straight,  without  callus,  the 

icing  narrow  or  none  ;  rays  yellow,  mostly  entire  or  slightly  toothed. 

*  Outer  scales  narroiv,  about  the  length  of  the  inner,  all  more  or  less  united  at 

base ;  rays  mostly  entire,  acute ;  pappus  2-toothed  or  none ;  leaves  opposite, 

sessile,  mostly  3-divided,  appearing  as  if  ivhorled ;  jyerennial,  1-3°  high. 

•*-  Leaves  3-cleft,  but  not  to  the  base. 

8.  C.  palmata,  Nutt.  Nearly  smooth,  simple;  leaves  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  rigid ;  the  lobes  broadly  linear,  entire,  or  the  middle  one  3-lobed.  — 
Prairies,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  and  southwestward.     July. 


COMPOSIT.*:.     (coMi'o.-^irr.  iamilv.)  '2X'.\ 

•»-  4-  Leaves  divided  to  the  bane,  uppennust  and  loirest  sometimes  simjtle. 

9.  C.  senif61ia,  Michx.  Plant  mimUcly  soft-pubescent ;  leaves  each  di- 
vided into  3  sessile  ovate-lanceolate  entire  leajiets,  therefore  appearing  like  6  in 
a  whorl.  —  Sandy  woods,  Va.  and  southward.     July. 

Var.  Stellata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Glabrous,  and  tlie  h-avcs  narrower.  —  Va., 
Ky.,  and  snutbward. 

10.  C.  delphinifolia,  Lam.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  divided  into 
3  sessile  hajlets  which  are  2  -  b-parted,  their  divisions  lance-linear  ( I  -  3"  broad ), 
rather  rigid;  disk  brownish.  —  Pine  woods,  Va.  and  southward.     July. 

11.  C.  verticillata,  L.  Glabrous;  leaves  divided  into  3  sessile /f«7y?f-/s 
wliieh  are  I  -2-pittiiateii/  parted  into  narroivly  linear  or  Jiliform  divisiona. — 
Damp  soil,  from  Out.  and  Mich,  to  Md.,  Ark.,  and  southward.  Cultivated  in 
old  gardens,  but  not  showy.     July  -  Sept. 

*  #  Outer  scales  narrow,  shorter ,  (dl  united  at  base;  rai/s  entire,  obtuse ;  pappus 

none;  leaves  petiolate,  pinnately  3-5-divided  ;  perennial. 

12.  C.  tripteris,  L.  (Tall  Coreopsis.)  Smooth;  stem  simple  (4 - 9° 
high),  corymbed  at  the  top ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  entire.  —  Penn.  to  Wise, 
Iowa,  and  southward.  Aug. -Sept.  —  Heads  exhaling  the  odor  of  anise  when 
bruised ;  disk  turning  brownish. 

*  *  *  Scales   mostli)   distinct,  the  outer  leafy,  rejlexed  or  spreading ;  achenes 

Jlat,  obovate  or  cuneate-oblong ,  l-nerved  on  each  face,  1-toothed  or  2-awned 
{rarely  4-awned)  ;  leaves  petiolute,  usually  pinnately  3-7-divided,  the  lobes 
serrate;  annuals  (or  biennial),  branching.     Approaching  Bidens. 
•*-  Rays  conspicuous,  golden  yellow. 
++  Ache7ies  cuneate,  obscurely  ciliate  or  naked ;  outer  scales  about  8. 

13.  C.  aiirea,  Ait.  Nearly  glabrous,  1-3°  high;  leaves  variable,  com- 
monly 3-7-divided,  or  some  or  all  undivided,  the  segments  incisely  serrate  or 
lobed  ;  achenes  broadly  cuneate,  1  -2"  long,  with  2  very  short  blunt  spreading 
teeth.  —  Wet  ground,  Va.  to  Fl. 

14.  C.  trichosperma,  Michx.  (Tickseed  Sixfloweh.)  Smooth, 
Itranched  ;  leaves  sliort-petioled,  nearly  all  3  -  7-divided  ;  leaflets  lanceolate  or 
linear,  cut-toothed,  or  the  upper  leaves  only  3  -  .5-cleft  and  almost  sessile ;  heads 
panicled-corymbose ;  achenes  narrowly  wedge-oblong  or  the  inner  ones  wedge- 
linear,  about  4"  long,  smooth  or  sparsely  hairy,  marginless,  crowned  with  2 
erect  triangular  or  awl-shaped  stout  teeth.  —  Swamps,  Mass.  to  Va.  near  the 
coast.  Also  Cayuga,  N.  Y.,  to  111.,  where  is  a  var.  XEXtfLOBA,  Gray,  with 
shorter  achenes,  approaching  the  last.     Aug. - ( )et. 

tH-  ++  Achenes  obovate,  very  jlat,  with  thin  ciliate  margins. 

15.  C.  aristosa,  Michx.  Somewhat  ]nibescent ;  leaves  1  -2-pinnately  5- 
7-divided,  petioled ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  heads  pani- 
cled-corymbose;  outer  scales  8-10,  not  exceeding  the  inner,  barely  ciliate; 
achenes  with  2  (rarely  4)  long  and  slender  diverging  awns  as  long  as  the  achene 
itself.  —  Swamps,  Ohio  to  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  southwestward.  Aug. -Oct. — 
Var.  MtjTiCA  has  two  short  divergent  teeth  or  points  in  place  of  the  awns. — 
W.  111.  and  southwestward.  Forms  occur  with  the  barbs  of  the  awns  spread- 
ing or  retrorse,  hybrids  with  Bidtnsfrondosa  or  other  species. 


284  coMPosiT.«.  •(composite  family.) 

1 6.  C.  involucrata,  Nutt.  Heads  rather  larger,  the  outer  scales  12-20, 
mostly  exceeding  the  inner,  slender  and  hispid ;  achenes  with  2  short  acute 
teeth.  —  W.  111.  to  Kan.  and  Tex. 

•1-  -»-  Ra}js  none,  or  rarely  rudimentary ;  outer  scales  usually  3-5,  loose,  leafy, 
commonly  surpassing  the  short-pedunculate  heads ;  achenes  narrowly  cune- 
ate  ;  plants  (jlahrous,  1  -3°  high;  leaves  petiolate. 

17.  C.  bidentoides,  Nutt.  Paniculately  branched;  leaves  undivided, 
lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  tapering  at  both  ends ;  heads  6  - 10"  long ;  achenes 
nearly  subulate,  bearing  a  pair  of  very  slender  upwardly  roughened  awns  sur- 
passing the  corolla  (4"  long),  but  shorter  than  the  achene,  often  also  2  minute 
teeth  alternate  with  the  awns.  —  Shores  of  Delaware  River,  near  Philad.,  and 
Delaware  Bay,  to  Md.     Hybridizes  with  Bidens  frondosa. 

18.  C.  discoidea,  Torr.  .S:  Gray.  Diffusely  branched,  1-2°  high  ;  leaves 
ternately  divided,  sleuder-petioled ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  coarsely 
serrate;  heads  2 - 3"  long ;  achenes  linear-wedge-shaped  (2-3"  lor g),  bearing 
a  pair  of  shoi't  and  stout  upwardly-barbed  awns  of  the  length  of  the  corolla. — 
Wet  banks  and  swamps,  Conn,  to  Ohio,  111.,  and  southward.     July. 

56.     BIDENS,     L.        Bur-Marigold. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  the  rays  when  present  3-8,  neutral.  Involucre  double, 
the  outer  commonly  large  and  foliaceous.  Receptacle  flattish ;  the  chaff  decidu- 
ous with  the  fruit.  Achenes  flattered  parallel  with  the  scales  of  the  involucre, 
or  slender  and  4  sided,  crowned  with  2  or  more  rigid  and  persistent  awns  which 
are  downwardly  barbed.  —  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  witli  opposite  various 
leaves,  and  mostly  yellow  flowers.     (Latin,  hidens,  two-toothed.) 

*  Achenes  flat,  not  tapering  at  the  summit;  outer  involucre  foliaceous ;  annuals. 
M-  Heads  erect,  nearly  rayless;  leaves  mostly  petiolate. 

1.  B.  frondosa,  L.  (Common  Beggar-ticks.  Stick-tight.)  Smooth 
or  rather  hairy,  tall  (2-6°  high),  branching;  leaves  3-5-divided ;  leaf  eta 
mostly  stalked,  lanceolate,  pointed,  coarsely  toothed;  outer  involucre  much 
longer  than  the  head,  ciliate  below ;  achenes  ivedge-obovate,  2-awned,  ciliate  (the 
bristles  ascending  except  near  the  summit).  —  Moist  waste  places;  a  coarse 
troublesome  weed,  the  achenes,  as  in  the  other  species,  adhering  to  clothing, 
etc.,  by  their  retrorsely  barbed  awns.  Hybrids  occur  with  Coreopsis  aristosa 
and  other  species.     July -Oct. 

2.  B.  COnnata,  Muhl.  (Savamp  Beggar-ticks.)  Smooth  ( 1-2°  high); 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate,  tapering  into 
margined  slightly  united  petioles ;  the  lower  often  3-divided,  their  lateral  divi- 
sions united  at  the  base  and  decurrent  on  the  petiole ;  outer  scales  longer  than 
the  head,  few,  mostly  obtuse;  rays  none;  achenes  narrowly  wedge-form,  3-  (2- 
4-)  awned,  the  margins  minutely  retrorsely  ciliate.  —  E.  New  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and 
southward.  —  Var.  com6sa.  Gray,  is  stouter,  the  leaves  commonly  all  simple, 
upper  ones  nearly  sessile,  the  heads  larger  aiul  with  very  leafy  involucre.  111., 
Ky.,  and  westward.  Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Var.  pinnXta,  Watson  ;  leaves  nearly  all 
pinnately  divided,  the  5-7  narrow  divisions  sparingly  incised ;  achenes  4-awned. 
Hennepin  Co.,  Minn.  [F.  L.  Couillard). 


COMPOSITE,     (composite  iamilv.)  285 

t-  ■*-  Heads  sompirhat  nodding,  common}  1/  radiate ;  leaves  sessile,  undivided. 
3.  B.  c6rnua,  L.  (Smaller  Bur-Makigoli>,)  Nearly  smooth  (5' -3° 
high);  leaves  Uuiceolnte,  iine(jiial/i/  serrate,  srurrelij  connate  :  heads  ijO(hlinff, 
xvith  or  trithoitt  (light  yellow)  rai/s;  outer  involiiere  longer  tluiii  tiie  head; 
achenes  wedge-ol)ovate,  4-a\vne(l,  the  margins  downwardly  harlied.  —  Wet 
places,  N.  Kng.  to  Va.,  Mo.,  Minn.,  and  northward.  July -Sept.  —  Havs, 
if  any,  smaller  tlian  in  n.  4,  and  the  outer  involucre  more  leaf-like.     (Ku.) 

4  B.  chrysanthemoides,  Michx.  (Lakgek  Buu-Makigold.)  Smooth, 
erect,  or  recliiiing  at  the  base  (G'-2°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  both 
ends,  more  or  less  connate,  regularli/  serrate ,  outer  involucre  mostly  shijrter 
tlian  the  slioin/  golden-i/ellow  (V  long)  rays:  achenes  wedge-shaped,  with  al- 
most prickly  downwardly  harbed  margins;  awns  2,  3,  or  4.  —  Swamjjs;  com- 
mon.    Aug  -  Oct 

*  *  xichenes  linear,  4-sided,  the  inner  longer  and  tapering  upivard. 

5*  B.  bipmn^ta,  L  (Spanish  Needles.)  Smooth  annual,  l)ranched  ; 
leaves  1  -.3-i)innately  ])arted,  petioled  ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  inostly  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base ;  heads  small,  on  slender  peduncles ;  outer  involucre  of  linear 
scales  equalling  the  short  pale  yellow  rays,  achenes  4-grooved  and  angled, 
nearly  smooth,  3-4-awne(l.  —  Damp  soil,  K.  I.  to  N.  Y.,  111.,  and  southward. 

*  »  *  Achenes  terete,  truncate  at  hoth  ends,  with  3-6  very  long  aivns  smooth  below. 

6  B.  B6ckii,  Torr.  (Water  Marigold.)  Aquatic,  perhaps  perennial, 
smooth ;  stems  long  and  slender ;  immersed  leaves  crowded,  capillary,  many 
times  dissected,  the  few  emerging  ones  lanceolate,  slightly  connate,  toothed ; 
heads  single,  short-peduncled  ;  involucre  much  shorter  than  the  showy  (golden 
yellow)  rays;  achenes  thickish,  smooth  (|' long),  the  stout  divergent  awns 
(1'  long)  barbed  only  toward  the  apex.  —  Ponds  and  slow  deep  streams,  Mass. 
to  N.  J.,  Mo.,  and  northward.     Aug. -Oct. 

57.     THELESPERMA,     Less. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  about  8,  neutral,  or  none.  Involucre  as  in  Co- 
reopsis, the  inner  connate  to  the  middle,  scarious-margined.  Receptacle  flat, 
the  scarious  chaff  falling  with  the  nearly  terete  wingle.ss  and  beakless  achenes ; 
pappus  of  2  stout  subulate  retrorsely  hispid  awns.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  oppo- 
site dissected  leaves  and  pedunculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  (From  07jA^,  a 
nipple,  and  (nrtp^ia,  seed,  on  account  of  the  papillose  achenes.) 

1.  T.  gracile,  Gray.  Perennial,  rather  rigid,  1-2'^  'dgh;  leaves  with 
narrow  or  tilit'orm  divisions  or  the  upper  entire;  outer  scales  very  short;  rays 
short  or  usually  none;  achenes  pajjillose.  —  Kan.,  south  and  westward. 

58.    BALDWINIA,    Nutt. 

Heads  globular,  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  the  long  and  narrowly  wedge-shaped 
rays  neutral.  Involucre  short,  of  many  thickish  small  scales  imbricated  in  3  or 
4  rows,  the  outer  obovate  and  obtuse.  Receptacle  strongly  convex,  with  deep 
honeycomb-like  cells  containing  the  obconical  or  oblong  silky-villous  achenes; 
pappus  of  7  -  9  lance-oblong  erect  chaffy  scales.  —  A  perennial  herl).  smoothish, 
with  slender  simple  stems  (2-3^  ^dgli),  bearing  alternate  oblauceolate  leaves, 


286  composittE.     (composite  family.) 

and  a  large  showy  long-pedunculate  head.     Rays  yellow  (1'  long);  the  disk 
often  turning  dark  purple.     (Named  for  the  late  Dr.  William  Baldwin.) 
1.   B.  uniflora,  Nutt.  —  Borders  of  swamps,  Va.  (?)  and  southward.    Aug. 

59.    M  A.RSHALLIA,    Schreb. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect,  the  corolla-lobes  slen- 
der and  spreading.  Involucral  scales  linear-lanceolate,  f(jliaceous,  erect,  in  one 
or  two  rows,  nearly  equal.  Receptacle  convex  or  conical,  witli  narrowly  linear 
rigid  chaff.  Achenes  top-shaped,  5-angled ;  pappus  of  5  or  6  membranaceous 
and  pointed  chaffy  scales.  —  Smooth  and  low  perennials,  with  alternate  entire 
3-nerved  leaves,  and  long-pedunculate  heads  (like  those  of  a  Scabious)  termi- 
nating the  simple  stem  or  branches.  Flowers  purplish ;  anthers  blue.  (Named 
for  HiimpJireij  .}fars/iall,  of  Pennsylvania,  author  of  Arbustiim  Americanum, 
one  of  the  earliest  works  on  the  trees  and  shrubs  of  this  country.) 

1.  M.  latifolia,  Rursh.  Stems  leafy;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed, 
sessile.  —  Dry  soil,  Va.  and  southward. 

2.  M.  C88Spit6sa,  Nutt.  Stem  common'ly  leafy  only  at  base;  leaves 
uarrowlv  oblanceolate  <"o  linear  or  the  radical  spatulate,  obtuse.  —  Kan.  to  Tex. 

60.  GALINSOGA,     Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Heads  several-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  4  -  .5,  small,  roundish,  pistillate.  Invo^ 
lucre  of  4  or  5  ovate  thin  scales.  ^Receptacle  conical,  with  narrow  chaff. 
Achenes  angled;  pappus  of  small  oblong  cut-fringed  chaffy  scales  (sometimes 
wanting).  —  Annual  herbs,  with  opposite  triple-nerved  thin  leaves,  and  small 
heads;  disk  yellow;  rays  whitish.     (Named  for  rr'a/Zz/so^a,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

G.  parvifl6ra,  Cav.  Smoothish  (1°  high) ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  somewhat 
toothed;  scales  of  the  pappus  8-16.  —  Waste  places,  especially  eastward; 
spreading  from  year  to  year.     (Adv.  from  S.  Amer  ) 

61.  HYMENOPAPPUS,     L'Her. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  flowers  all  tubular  and  perfect,  with  large  revolute 
corolla-lobes.  Involucral  scales  6-12,  loose  and  broad,  thin,  the  upper  part 
petal-like  (usually  white).  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Achenes  top-shaped, 
with  a  slender  base,  striate ;  pappus  of  15-20  blunt  scales  in  a  single  row, 
very  thin  (whence  the  name  of  the  genus,  from  v/j.-nt^,  membrane,  and  irdinros, 
pappus.)  —  Biennial  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  mostly  dissected  leaves, 
and  corymbed  small  heads  of  usually  whitish  flowers. 

*  Pappus  of  very  small  roundish  nerveless  scales. 

1.  H.  SCabiosteUS,  L'Her.  Somewhat  flocculent-woolly  when  young, 
leafy  to  the  top  (1-3°  high);  leaves  1 -2-piunately  parted  into  linear  or  ob- 
long lobes ;  involucral  scales  roundish,  mainly  whitish.  —  Sandy  barrens.  111. 
and  southward.     May,  June. 

2.  H.  corymbosus,  Torr.  &  Gray.  More  slender,  glabrate,  naked 
above ;  scales  obovate-oblong,  petaloid  at  apex.  —  Neb.  to  Ark.  and  Tex. 

*  *  Pappus  of  conspicuous  spatulate  \ -nerved  scales ;  involucre  greener. 

3.  H.  tenuifblius,  Pursh.  Slightly  tomentose  or  glabrate,  leafy,  l  -  2° 
high;  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  revolute;  involucral 
scales  obovate-oblong ;  achenes  long-villous.  —  Neb.  to  Ark.  and  Tex. 


COMPOSITE.        (C0MPO.SITK    FAMILY.)  287 

62.     AC  TIN  ELL  A,     Pers,  Xutt. 

Heads  many-flowererl ;  rays  several,  we(ln;e-olilon<^,  3-toothed,  pistillate. 
Scales  of  the  hcinisplierieal  invulucre  ovate  or  lanceolate,  meiuliraiiaceous  or 
coriaceous,  nearly  eciual,  appressed  in  2  or  3  ranks,  littk;  shorter  than  the  disk. 
Receptacle  heniisj)herical  or  conical,  naked.  Achenes  top-shapf'<l,  dfiisclv 
silky-villous;  pappus  of  ."i  or  more  ovate  or  lanceolate  very  tliin  chaffy  scales. 

—  Low  herbs,  with  narrow  alternate  leaves,  dotted  or  sprinkled  with  resinous 
atoms  as  in  the  ne.xt  genus  and  hitter-aromatic;  the  solitary  heads  terminating 
scapes  or  slender  naked  peduncles;  flowers  yellow.  (Name  a  diminutive 
of  Actinea,  from  olktis,  >'(ii/-) 

*  Involucre  of  numerous  distinct  not  rigid  scales;  leaves  entire. 

1.  A.  Iinearif61ia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Annual  or  biennial,  villous  or  gla- 
brate,  1°  high  or  less,  simple  or  branched;  leaves  linear;  peduncles  filiform. 

—  S.  Kan.  to  La.,  and  Tex. 

2.  A.  acatllis,  Nutt.  I'erenuial,  densely  ccspitose,  the  branches  of  the 
caudex  short  and  thick,  with  scape-like  peduncles,  canescently  villous  or  silky  ; 
leaves  spatulate  to  linear,  short. —  Hills  and  plains  bordering  the  Hocky  Mts. 
and  scarcely  reaching  our  limits;  the  var.  giAbra,  Gray  (A.  scaposa,  var.  gla- 
bra, Man.),  a  greener  glabrate  form,  has  been  found  on  an  Indian  mound  near 
Joliet,  111.  The  less  densely  cespitose  A.  scAr6sA,  Nutt.,  more  loosely  villous 
and  the  caudex  with  more  slender  branches,  is  probaldy  in  S.  Kan, 

*  *  Scales  rigid,  in  2  rows,  the  outer  connate  at  base  ;  leaves  ternately  parted, 

3.  A.  odorata,  Gray.  Annual,  1-2°  high,  branching,  leafy,  somewhat 
floccose-woolly  ;  heads  small,  scattered  ;  leaves  1  -3-piuuately  divided,  the  lobes 
filiform.  —  Central  Kan.  to  Tex.,  and  westward. 

63.    HELENIUM,     L.        Sneeze-weed. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  ray?  several,  wedge  shaped,  3  -  5-(left,  fertile 
or  rarely  sterile.  Involucre  small,  rettexed,  the  scales  linear  or  awl-shaped. 
Receptacle  globose  or  oblong,  naked.  Achenes  top-shaped,  ribbed  ;  pappus  of 
5-8  thin  and  1-nerved  chaffy  scales,  the  nerve  usually  extended  into  a  bristle 
or  point.  —  Erect,  branching  herbs  (ours  perennial),  with  alternate  leaves  de- 
current  on  the  angled  stem  and  branches,  which  are  terminated  by  single  or 
corymbed  (yellow,  rarely  purple)  heads;  often  sprinkled  with  l)itter  aromatic 
resinous  globules.  (The  Greek  name  of  some  plant,  said  to  be  named  after 
Ilelenus,  son  of  Priam.) 

1.  H.  nudifl6rum,  Nutt.  Somewhat  ])ubcrulent,  1-3°  high;  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong  to  linear,  entire,  or  the  radical  spatulate  and  den- 
tate ;  heads  mostly  small ;  disk  brownish,  globo.se ;  ray  yellow  or  partly  brown- 
purple,  sterile  (neutral  or  style  abortive),  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  disk. 
(Leptopoda  brachypoda,  Torr.  <^-  Cj-ai/.)  —  111.  and  Mo.  to  N.  Car.  and  Tex.; 
nat.  near  Pliiladelphia.     Hybridizes  with  the  next.     June -Aug. 

2.  H.  autumnale,  L.  Nearly  smooth,  1  -G*^  high  ;  leaves  mostly  toothed, 
lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong ;  heads  larger  (about  6"  broad);  disk  yellow;  ray 
fertile,  yellow.  —  Alluvial  river-banks  and  wet  ground,  Conn,  to  Minn.,  south 
and  westward.     Sept. 


288  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

64.     GAILLARDIA,    Foug. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  rays  3-cleft  or  -toothed,  neutral  or  sometimes  fertile, 
or  none.  Involucral  scales  in  2  -  3  rows,  the  outer  larger,  loose  and  foliaceous. 
Receptacle  convex  to  globose,  beset  with  bristle-like  or  subulate  or  short  and 
soft  chaff.  Achenes  top-shaped,  5-costate,  villous ;  pappus  of  5-10  long  thin 
scales,  awn-tipped  by  the  excurrent  nerve.  —  Erect  herbs  with  alternate  leaves 
and  large  showy  heads  of  yellow  or  purplish  fragrant  flowers  on  terminal  or 
scapiform  peduncles.     (Named  after  Gaillard  de  Merentonneau.) 

1 .  G.  simplex,  Scheele.  Annual ;  leaves  all  radical,  usually  spatulate, 
pinnatifid  to  entire ;  head  globose  on  a  naked  scape,  usually  rayless.  —  S.  Kan. 
to  Tex. 

2.  G.  lanceolata,  Michx.  Annual,  leafy -stemmed,  branched,  1-2°  high, 
finely  pubescent ;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  linear,  mostly  entire ;  rays  rather  few 
or  none ;  chaff  very  short  or  obsolete.  —  S.  Kan.  to  Tex.  and  Fla. 

3.  G.  aristata,  Pursh.  Perennial,  hirsute,  often  2°  high ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late to  oblanceolate,  broad  or  narrow,  entire  to  coarsely  pinnatifid ;  rays  usu- 
ally numerous  and  long ;  chaff  bristly  or  subulate.  —  Dak.,  west  and  southward. 

65.     DYSODIA,     Cav.        Fetid  Marigold. 

Heads  many-flowered,  usually  radiate ;  rays  pistillate.  Involucxe  of  one  row 
of  scales  united  into  a  firm  cup,  at  the  base  some  loose  bractlets.  Receptacle 
flat,  not  chaffy,  but  beset  with  short  chaffy  bristles.  Achenes  slender,  4-angled ; 
pappus  a  row  of  chaffy  scales  dissected  into  numerous  rough  bristles.  —  Herbs, 
mostly  annuals  or  biennials,  dotted  Avith  large  pellucid  glands,  which  give  a 
strong  odor  (as  in  Tagetes,  the  French  Marigold  of  the  gardens,  which 
belongs  to  the  same  group) ;  heads  terminating  the  branches ;  flowers  yellow. 
(Name  SvcwS/a,  an  ill  smell,  which  the  plants  exemplify.) 

1 .  D.  chrysanthemoides,  Lag.  Nearly  smooth,  diffusely  branched  (6  - 
18'  high) ;  leaves  opposite,  pinnately  parted,  the  narrow  lobes  bristly-toothed 
or  cut ;  rays  few,  scarcely  exceeding  the  involucre.  —  Roadsides,  and  banks  of 
rivers,  Minn,  to  111.,  Tenu..  and  southwestward.     Aug. -Oct. 

66.    ANT  HE  MIS,    L.        Chamomile. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate ;  rays  pistillate  or  (in  n.  1)  neutral.  Involucre 
hemispherical,  of  many  small  imbricated  dry  and  scarious  scales  shorter  than 
the  disk.  Receptacle"^  conical,  with  slender  chaff  at  least  near  the  summit. 
Achenes  terete  or  ribbed,  glabrous,  truncate  ;  pappus  none  or  a  minute  crown. 

—  Branching  strong-scented  herbs,  with  finely  pinnately  dissected  leaves  and 
solitary  terminal  heads ;  rays  white;  disk  yellow  ('Aj/^eyuis, the  ancient  Greek 
name  of  the  Chamomile.) 

A.  Cotula,  DC.  (May-wked.)  Annual,  acrid;  rays  mostly  neutral; 
receptacle  without  chaff  near  the  margin ;  pappus  none ;  leaves  finely  3-pin- 
nately  dissected.  (Maruta  Cotula,  X'C) —  Common  by  roadsides.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

A.  arvexsis,  L.  (Corn  Chamomile.)  Pubescent  annual  or  biennial, 
resembling  Mav-weed,  but  not  ill-scented;  leaves  less  finely  1  - 2-pinnately 
parted ,  cliaff  of  the  receptacle  lanceolate,  pointed ;  pappus  a  minute  border. 

—  Waste  places ;  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  NOBiLis,  L.  (Garden  Chamomile.)  More  downy  and  perennial, 
pleasantly  strong-scented;  sterile  shoots  depressed  or  creeping;  leaves  very 


COMPOSITiE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  289 

finely  dissected;   chaff  of  the  receptacle  Muut;  pappus  none.  —  Established 
near  Lewistou,  Delaware,  Xutlall.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

67.     ACHILLEA,     L.        Yaurou-. 

Heaas  many  flowered,  radiate  ;  the  rays  few,  fertile.  Involucral  scales  im- 
hricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  chaffy,  flattish.  Achencs  oblong, 
flattened,  margined  ;  pappu.s  none.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  small  corymbose 
heads.  (So  named  because  its  virtues  are  said  to  have  been  discovered  by 
Achilles.) 

1.  A.  Millefblium,  L.  (Common  Yarrow  or  Milfoil.)  Stemssimple; 
leaves  ttrice-pinnatel  1/  parted  ;  the  divisions  linear,  3  -  5-cleft,  crowded  ;  corymb 
compound,  flat-topped  ;  involucre  oblotvj  ;  rai/s  4-5,  short,  white  (sometimes  rose- 
color). —  Fields  and  hills;  common.  Green  and  more  glabrate  in  fields  in  the 
Atlantic  States,  and  perhaps  in  such  cases  introduced.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

A.  PtArmica,  L.  (Sneezewort.)  fjeaves  simple,  lance-linear,  sharply 
serrate  with  appressed  teeth  ;  corymb  loose;  rajis  8-  12,  much  longer  than  the 
broader  cavipanalate  involucre:  flowers  white.  —  Mass.,  Mich.,  etc. ;  rare.  Ap- 
parently indigenous  on  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

68.     MATRICARIA,     Tourn.        Wild  Chamomile. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  pistillate,  or  wanting.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  conical,  at  least  in  fruit,  nakfd. 
Achenes  3-5-ribbed,  wingless;  pappus  a  membranaceous  crown  or  b(jrd('r,  or 
none.  —  Smooth  and  branching  herbs  (ours  annuals  or  biennials)  with  finely 
divided  leaves  and  single  or  corymbed  heads.  Rays  wliite  or  none;  disk  yel- 
low.    (Named  for  reputed  medicinal  virtues.) 

M.  ixod6ra,  L.  Leaves  twice-pinnately  divided  into  fine  almost  fili- 
form lobes;  heads  large,  naked-peduncled,  ami  ivith  man//  long  rai/s  ;  achenes 
strongly  3-ribbed;  pappus  a  short  crown  or  border.  —  (Wild  far  northward.) 
Roadsides,  Eastport,  Maine,  Prof.  Verriil.     Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

M.  discoidea,  DC.  Low  (6-9' high);  leaves  2 -.3-pinnately  parted  into 
sh(n-t  linear  lobes;  heads  rai/less,  short-pedunded  ;  scales  oval,  with  broad 
margins,  much  shorter  than  the  conical  disk ;  achenes  more  terete ;  pappus 
obsolete.  —  Banks  of  the  Mississippi  op])osite  St.  Louis.  An  immigrant  from 
Oregon,  extending  eastward  and  becoming  naturalized  near  railroad  stations; 
also"  established  in  N.  Europe.     July -Sept. 

69.     CHRYSANTHEMUM,     Tourn.        Ox-eye  Daisy. 

Heads  many-flowered;  rays  numerous,  fertile.  Scales  of  the  broad  and  flat 
involucre  imbricated,  with  scarious  margins.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  naked. 
l)isk<-orollas  with  a  flattened  tube.  Acliones  of  disk  and  ray  similar,  striate, 
witliout  papi)us.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  toothed,  pinnatifid,  or  divided  leaves. 
and  single  or  corymbed  heads.  Rays  white;  disk  yellow.  (Old  Greek  name, 
Xpva-dyeeiJLov,  i.  e.  golden  flower.) 

C.  LErcANTHEMUM,  L.  (Ox-KVE  or  White  Daisy.  White-weed.) 
Stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  naked  above  and  bearing  a  single  large  head  ;  root- 
leaves  spatulato,petioled,the  otliers  partly  clasj)ing,all  cut  or  i>innatifiil-toothed; 
scales  of  the  involucre  witli  rusty-brown  margins.  (Leucantliemnm  vulgare, 
/,(t/n.)  —  Fields  and  meadows  ;  abundant  eastward.  June,  July.  A  pernicious 
weed,  with  large  and  showy  lieads.  It  occurs  with  abortive,  deformed,  or  tubu- 
lar and  laciniate  rays.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

C.  Pauthkmu.m,  Pers.  (Feverfew.)  Tall,  branched,  leafy;  leaves 
twice-])innatelv  divided,  the  divisitms  ovate,  cut ;  heads  cori/mbed,  rather  small. 
(Leucanthemiim  Parthenium,  Godron.)  —  Esaiped  from  gartlens  in  some 
places.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

19 


290  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

70.    TANACETUM,    L.        Tansy. 

Heads  many-flowered,  nearly  discoid ;  flowers  all  fertile,  the  marginal  chiefly 
pistillate  and  3-5-toothed.  Involucre  imbricated,  dry.  Receptacle  convex- 
naked.  Achenes  angled  or  ribbed,  with  a  large  flat  top ;  pappus  a  short  crown. 
—  Bitter  and  acrid  strong-scented  herbs  (ours  perennial),  with  1  -3-piunately 
dissected  leaves,  and  corymbed  heads.  Flowers  yellow ;  in  summer.  (Name 
of  uncertain  derivation.) 

T.  vrLoXRE,  L.  (Common  Tansy.)  Stem  (2-4°  high)  smooth;  leaf- 
lets and  the  wings  of  the  petiole  cut-toothed  ;  corymb  dense  ;  pistillate  flowers 
terete,  with  oblique  3-toothed  limb;  pappus  5-lobed.  —  Var.  ckispum  has  the 
leaves  more  cut  and  crisped.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides ;  Atlantic 
iStates.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

1.  T.  Huron ense,  Nutt.  Hairy  or  woolly  when  young,  stout  (1-3° 
high) ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  oblong ;  heads  large  ( ^  - 1'  wide)  and  usually  few ; 
pistillate  flowers  flattened,  3-5-cleft;  pappus  toothed.  —  St.  John's  River, 
Maine  ( G.  L.  Goodale),  shores  of  the  upper  Great  Lakes,  and  westward. 

71.     ARTEMISIA,     L.         Wormwood. 

Heads  discoid,  few  -  many-flowered ;  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  ones 
pistillate,  or  sometimes  all  similar  and  perfect.  Involucre  imbricated,  dry  and 
scarious.  Receptable  small  and  flattish,  naked.  Achenes  obovoid,  with  a 
small  summit  and  no  pappus. —  Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  bitter  and  aromatic, 
with  small  commonly  nodding  heads  in  panicled  spikes  or  racemes ;  flowering 
in  summer.  Corolla  yellow  or  purplish.  (Ancient  name  of  the  Mugwort,  in 
memory  of  Artemisia,  wife  of  Mausolus.) 

§  1.   Receptacle  smooth  ;  luarfjinal  ffoirers  pistillate  and  fertile ;  disk-flowers  per- 
fect hut  sterile,  the  style  mostli/  entire;  root  perennial,  except  in  n.  1. 
*  Leaves  dissected. 

1.  A.  caud^ta,  Michx.  Smooth  (2-5°  high);  upper  leaves  pinnately, 
the  lower  2 -3-pin nately  divided  ;  the  divisions  thread f or m,  A\\erg\ng;  heads 
small,  the  racemes  in  a  wand-like  elongated  panicle  ;  root  biennial.  — Sandy  soil, 
coast  of  N.  II.  to  Va. ;  also  Midi,  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

2.  A.  Canadensis,  Michx.  Smooth,  or  hoary  with  silky  down  (1-2° 
high);  loAver  leaves  twice-pinnately  divided,  the  upper  3-7-divided,  the  divi- 
sions linear,  rather  rigid ;  heads  rather  large,  in  panicled  racemes.  —  Northern 
N.  Eng.  to  the  Great  Lakes,  Minn.,  and  nortliAvard.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  entire  or  some  3-cleft. 

3.  A.  dracunculcides,  Pursh.  Tall  (2-5°),  somewhat  woody  at  base, 
slightly  hoary  or  glabrous ;  leaves  linear  and  entire  or  the  lower  3-cleft ;  heads 
small  and  numerous,  panicled.  —  Sandy  banks  of  streams,  Minn,  to  111.,  Mo., 
and  westward. 

4.  A.  glauca.  Pall.  Strict,  1-2°  high,  somewhat  woody  at  base,  minutdy 
silky-pubescent  or  glabrate ;  leaves  linear-  to  oblong-lanceolate ;  heads  as  in 
the  last.  —  8ask.  to  Minn.     (Sib.) 

5.  A.  filifblia,  Torr.  Suffruticose,  finely  canescent,  1-3°  high;  leaves 
all  filiform,  the  lower  commonly  3-parted ;  heads  very  small  and  numerous, 
crowded  in  a  long  leafy  panicle.  —  Central  Kan.  to  Neb.,  and  southwestward. 


I 


COMPOSITE.        (COMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  291 

§  2.    Receptacle,  smooth  ;  Jloicers  all  fertile,  afiir  jiistiilate,  the  others  perfect. 

Two  cultivated  sliruhby  species,  from  Europe,  with  filiformly  divided  leaves, 
^avc  occasionally  escaped  from  gardens  and  liecome  spontaneous,  viz.,  A.  Ah- 
noTiNUM,  I>.  (the  Solthkunwood),  of  strict  lialiit,  with  leaves  1  - '2-pinnatifid 
and  pubescent  lieads,  and  A.  riJ^cEUA,  ]>.,  with  more  spreading  branches,  all 
the  leaves  finely  2-piunatifid,  and  heads  glabrous. 

*  Tall  (1-5°)  and  braiichitiff  perennials,  icltitened  with  Jine  and  close-pressed 
icool ;  heads  small,  in  lea/i/  panicles. 

6.  A.  serrclta,  Nutt.  Very  leafy,  6-9°  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  tlie 
upper  linear,  serrate,  white-tomentose  beueath,  green  above ;  heads  greenish, 
oblong,  2"  long  or  less.  —  111.  to  Dak. 

7.  A.  longif61ia,  Nutt.  stem  2-5°  high;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, entire,  usually  glabrate  above ;  heads  oblong,  cauescent,  2  -  3"  long  — 
Minn,  to  Neb.,  and  westward. 

8.  A.  Ludovici^na,  Nutt.  (Western  Migwort.)  Whitened  iroolli/ 
throughout;  leares  lanceolate,  the  u\)\)er  most  1 1/  entire,  the  lower  usually  cut- 
lol)ed,  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  U])per  surface  sometimes  glabrate  and  green  ; 
heads  campanulate,  mostly  sessile  iu  narrow  panicles.  —  Dry  banks,  8ask.  to 
Mich.,  111.,  Tex.,  and  westward.     Very  variable. 

A.  vtloXris,  L.  (Common  Mikjwoht.)  f.eaves  mostli/  c/lahrous  and 
nreen  above,  beneath  and  the  branches  white-woolly,  all  piimatifid,  with  the 
divisions  often  cut-lol)ed,  linear-lanceolate;  heads  snuill  in  open  panicles. — 
Waste  places,  near  dwellings.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

«  *  Denselji  white-tomentose  perennial:  heads  large,  racemose-glomerate. 
9    A.    Stelleriana,  Be.ss.     Stout,   1-2°  high,  from   a  creeping   base; 
leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  obtuse.  —  Sandy  sea-beaches, 
E.  Mass. ;  locally  nat.  from  N.  E.  Asia^ 

*  *  *  Less  branched  (1  -3°),  biennial  or  annual,  glabrous. 

10.  A.  biennis,  Willd.  Strict,  1 -3°  high;  lower  leaves  twice-pinnately 
parted,  tlie  upper  pinnatifid;  lobes  linear,  acute,  in  the  lower  leaves  cut- 
toothed  ;  heads  in  sliort  axillary  spikes  or  clusters,  crowded  in  a  narrow  and 
glomerate  leafy  panicle.  —  Gravelly  banks,  Ohio  toTenn.,  Mo.,  and  northwest- 
ward ,  rapidly  extending  eastward  by  railroad  to  Buffalo,  I'liiladelphia,  etc. 

A.  Annua,  L.  Tall,  much  branched  ;  leaves  2-pinnately  divided,  the  oblong 
segments  deeplv  pinnatifid;  lieads  small,  in  a  loose  ample  panicle.  —  Ind.  to 
Kan.     (Nat.  from  Old  World.) 

§  3.    Receptacle  hain/  ;  flowers  all  fertile,  the  marginal  ones  pistillate. 

A.  Absinthhm,  L.  (Wormwood.)  Rather  shrubby  (2-3°  high),  silky- 
hoary  ;  leaves  2-3-pinnately  parted,  lobes  lanceolate;  lieads  hemisjiherical, 
panicled.  —  Roadsides,  escaped  from  gardens.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

1 1.  A.  frigida,  Willd.  Low  (6-20'  high),  in  tufts,  slightly  woody  at  the 
base,  white-silky  ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  and  3  -  5-cleft,  the  divisions  narrow- 
linear;  heads  globose,  racemose.  —  Dry  hills  and  rocks,  Sask.  to  Miun.,  W. 
Tex.,  and  westward 

72.     TUSSILAGO,     Tourn.        Coltsfoot. 

Head  many-flowered,  ray-flowers  in  several  rows,  narrowly  ligulate,  pistil- 
late, fertile  ;  disk-flowers  with  undivided  style,  sterile.  Involucre  nearly  simple. 
Receptacle  flat.     Achenes  cylindrical-oblong;  pappus  copious,  soft  and  capil- 


292  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

larv.  —  A  low  perennial,  with  horizontal  creeping  rootstocks,  sending  up  simple 
scaly  scapes  in  early  spring,  bearing  a  single  head,  and  producing  rounded- 
heart-shaped  angled' or  toothed  leaves  later  in  tlie  season,  woolly  when  young. 
Flowers  yellow.  (Name  from  tussis,  a  cough,  for  which  the  plant  is  a  reputed 
remedy.) 

T.  Farfara,  L.  —  Wet  places,  and  along  brooks,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  and  Penn. ; 
thoroughly  wild.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

73.  PETASITES,  Tourn.  Sweet  Coltsfoot. 
Heads  many-flowered,  somewhat  dioecious ;  in  the  substerile  plant  with  a 
single  row  of  ligulate  pistillate  ray-flowers,  and  many  tubular  sterile  ones  in 
the  disk ;  in  the  fertile  plant  wholly  or  chiefly  of  pistillate  flowers,  tubular  or 
distinctly  ligulate.  Otherwise  as  Tussilago.  —  Perennial  woolly  herbs,  with 
the  leaves  all  from  the  rootstock,  white-woolly  beneath,  the  scape  with  sheath- 
ing scaly  bracts,  bearing  heads  of  purplish  or  whitish  fragrant  flowers,  in  a 
coryml).  (The  Greek  name  for  the  coltsfoot,  from  ireTaaos,  a  broad-brimmed 
hat,  on  account  of  its  large  leaves.) 

*  Pistillate  Ji OIL- ers  ligulate  ;  Jlowers  whitish. 

1.  P,  palmata,  Gray.  Leaves  rounded,  somewhat  kidney-form,  palmately 
and  deeply  5  -  7-lobed,  the  lobes  toothed  and  cut.  (Nardosmia  palmata.  Hook.) 
—  Swamps,  Maine  and  Mass.  to  Mich,  Minn.,  and  northwestward;  rare. 
April,  May.  —  Full-grown  leaves  6-10'  broad. 

2.  P.  sagittata,  Gray.  Leaves  deltoid-oblong  to  reniform-hastate,  acute 
or  obtuse,  repand-dentate.  —  N.  Minn,  and  westward. 

*  *  Liffules  none  ;  Jlowers  purplish. 

P.  tttlgXris,  Desf.  Rootstock  very  stout:  leaves  round-cordate,  angulate- 
dentate  and  denticulate.  —  About  Philadelphia.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

74.    ARNICA,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  radiate;  rays  pistillate.  Scales  of  the  bell-shaped 
involucre  lanceolate,  equal,  somewhat  in  2  rows.  Receptacle  flat,  fiml)rillate. 
Achenes  slender  or  spindle-shaped ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  rather  rigid  and 
strongly  roughened-denticulate  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  chiefly  of  moun- 
tains and  cold  northern  regions,  with  simple  stems,  bearing  single  or  corymbed 
large  heads  and  opposite  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  (Name  thought  to  be  a 
corruption  of  Ptarmica.) 

1.  A.  Chamissonis,  Less.  Soft-hairy  ;  stem  leafij  (1-2°  high),  bearing 
1  to  5  heads;  leaves  thin,  rf^/^y,  smoothish  when  old,  toothed;  the  upper  ovate- 
lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  the  lower  narrower,  tapering  to  a  margined  petiole; 
scales  pointed  ;  pai)pus  almost  plumose.  (A.  mollis,  Hook.)  —  N.  Maine,  moun- 
tains of  N.  II.  and  northern  N.  Y.,  shores  of  L.  Superior,  and  westward.    July. 

2.  A.  nudicaulis,  Nutt.  Hairy  and  rather  glandular  (1-3°  high); 
leaves  thickish,  3-5-nerved,  ovate  or  ohlonrj,  all  sessile,  mostly  entire  and  near 
the  root,  the  cauline  small  and  only  one  or  two  pairs ;  heads  several,  corymbed, 
showy.  —  Damp  pine  barrens,  S.  Penn.  and  southward.     April,  May. 

75.     SENECIO,     Tourn.        Groundsel. 

Heads  many -flowered ,  rays  pistillate,  or  none ;  involucre  cylindrical  to  bell- 
shaped,  simple  or  with  a  few  bractlets  at  the  base,  the  scales  erect-connivent. 


COMPOSIT^f:.        (rOMPOSITK    FAMILY.)  2'J3 

Receptacle  flat,  naked.  I'appus  of  numerous  very  soft  and  slender  capillarv 
l)ristles.  —  Herbs,  in  tlie  United  States,  with  alternate  leaves  and  solitarv  or 
corynibed  heads.  Flowers  chiefly  yellow.  (Name  from  senex,  an  old  man, 
alluding  to  the  hoariness  of  many  species,  or  to  the  white  hairs  of  the  pappus.) 
*  Rool  annual  or  in  u.  3  biennial;  heads  several  or  inanij  in  a  cori/mh ;  herbage 
glabrous  or  soon  becoming  so. 
•*-  Rat/s  none  or  minute. 

S.  vulgXris,  L.  (Common  Ghoi-ndskl.)  Low,  corymhosely  hranchfd,, 
plaltrate ;  leaves  pinnatifid  and  toothed ;  clasping  tips  of  involiicral  .scah-s 
blackisli;  rays  none. —  Waste  grounds.     July -Sept.     (Adv.  from  Kn.) 

S,  A  i^rosrs,  L.  Coarser,  viscid-i)ul)escent  and  strong-scented;  leaves  2- 
piiinatitid  ;  scales  not  black-tipped;  ravs  minute. —  Waste  grounds,  coast  of 
N.  Eug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

■*-  •*-  Heads  conspicuousl//  radiate. 

1.  S.  lobatus,  Pers.  (RiTTER-WEED.)  Rather  tall;  leaves  somewhat 
flesliy,  l>/rate  or  pinnate,  the  divisions  or  leaflets  crenate  or  cut-lobed,  varial)le; 
heads  small  in  a  naked  corymb;  j-ai/s  6-12,  rons/)iruous.  —  Wet  grounds,  N. 
Car.  to  S.  111.,  ^[o.,  and  southward.     April -July. 

2.  S.  pallistris,  Hook.  Annual  or  biennial,  loosely  woolly  or  glabrate; 
stem  stout,  6'  -  2^  high  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  irregularlg  toothed  or  laciniate, 
the  upper  with  a  heart-shaped  clasping  base ;  rai/s  20  or  more,  short,  pale  yel- 
low ;  pappus  copious  and  becoming  very  long.  —  Wet  ground,  Iowa  to  N. 
Wise,  Minn.,  and  northward.    June.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Root  perennial ;  heads  small  or  middle-sized,  in  a  naked  cori/mb. 

3.  S.  aureus,  L.  (Golden  Ragwort.  Sqi-aw-weed.)  Smooth,  or 
floccose-woollij  when  young  (1-3°  high);  leaves  thin,  tlie  radical  simple  and 
rounded,  the  larger  ones  mostly  heart-shaped,  creuate-toothed,  long-petioled ; 
lower  stem-leaves  Igrate  ;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  cut-pinnatifid,  sessile  or  partly 
clasping;  corymb  umbel-like;  rays  8-12.  —  Common  everywhere.  ^lay, 
June.     Varies  greatly. 

Var.  obovatUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Root-leaves  tliicker,  round-obovate  with 
a  cunoate  or  truncate  base,  or  the  earliest  almost  sessile  in  rosulate  tufts.  (S. 
Elliottii,  Torr.  ^-  Gray.)  —  Open  grounds.  Can.  to  Ind.  and  Ga. 

Var.  Bals^mitse,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Less  glabrate  ;  root-leaves  oblong,  spatu- 
late,  or  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  tlie  petiole,  serrate,  the  upper  lyrate-pinnatilid  ; 
heads  rather  small  and  numerous.  —  Common. 

4.  S.  tomentdsus,  Michx,  (Woolly  Ragwort.)  Clothed  with  scarcely 
deciduous  hoary  woo!  (1  -2°  high) ;  root-leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate  or  entire, 
often  large,  on  elongated  stout  petioles ;  the  upper  sessile,  similar  or  lyrate- 
pinnatifid  ;  corymb  flat-topped;  rays  12-15.  —  Del.  and  mountains  of  I'enn. 
(Pursh.),  to  Fla.  and  Ark.     May. 

5.  S.  e^nus,  Hook.  I'sually  low,  persistently  tomentose,  rarely  at  all 
glabrate ,  leaves  much  smaller,  si)atulate  to  oblong,  all  entire  or  some  cut- 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  achenes  glabrous.  —  N.  Minn.,  Dak.,  and  westward. 

6.  S.  integerrimus,  Nutt.  Woolly  pubescent  when  young,  soon  gla- 
brate and  green  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oldong,  entire  or  denticulate, 
the  upper  bract-like,  attenuate  from  a  broad  base;  heads  rather  large  (6'' 
high),  with  green-tipped  scales.  —  Sask.  to  Minn.,  and  westward. 


294  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

7.  S.  lugens,  Richards.  Like  the  last ;  leaves  usually  repand-  or  callous- 
denticulate  ;  heads  usually  smaller,  with  mostly  black-tipped  scales.  —  Subarc. 
Amer.  to  New  Mex.,  in  the  mountains ;  reported  from  Minn,  and  X.  Iowa. 

*  *  *  Root  perennial ;  heads  large  and  often  solitary. 

8.  S.  Pseudo-Arnica,  Less.  Loosely  white-woolly,  sometimes  becom- 
ing glabrous ;  stem  stout,  6-12'  high,  leafy  to  the  top ;  leaves  oblong,  repand, 
tapering  into  a  narrow  petiole-like  base ;  heads  1-4,  over  an  inch  in  diameter ; 
ravs  20  or  more,  large.  —  Grand  Manan  Island,  off  Maine  {Prof.  Verrill),  to 
Lab.,  and  northward. 

76.     C  AC  ALIA,    L.        Ikdiax  Plaxtaix. 

Heads  .5  -  many-flowered  ;  the  floAvers  all  tubular  and  perfect.  Involucral 
scales  in  a  single  row,  erect-connivent,  with  a  few  bractlets  at  the  base.  Recep- 
tacle naked.  Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.  Achenes  oblong,  smooth;  pappus  of 
numerous  soft  capillary  bristles.  —  Smooth  and  tall  perennial  herbs,  with  alter- 
nate often  petioled  leaves,  and  rather  large  heads,  in  flat  corymbs.  Flowers 
white  or  whitish.     (An  ancient  name,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

*  Involucre  25-30-floice7-ed,  ivith  several  bracts  at  its  base;  receptacle  fat. 

1.  C.  Suavdolens,  L.  Stem  grooved  (-3-5°  high);  leaves  trianfjular- 
lanceolate,  halherd-i>haped,  pointed,  serrate,  those  of  the  stem  on  winged  pet- 
ioles. —  Rich  woods.  Conn,  to  Mich.,  Iowa,  and  southward  ;  rare.     Sept. 

*  *  Involucre  5-leaved  and  5fou-ered,its  bracts  minute  or  none ;  receptacle  bear- 
ing a  more  or  less  evident  scale-like  pointed  appendage  in  the  centre. 

2.  C.  reniformis,  ^luhl.  (Great  Ixdiax  Flaxtaix.)  Not  glaucous ; 
stem  (4-9°  high)  grooveci  and  angled;  leaves  green  both  sides,  dilated  fan- 
shaped,  or  the  lowest  kidnei/form  (1-2°  broad),  repand -toothed  and  angled, 
palmately  veined,  petioled ;  the  teeth  pointed;  corymbs  large.  —  Rich  damp 
woods,  N.  J.  to  111.,  Minn.,  and  southward  along  the  mountains.     Aug. 

3.  C.  atriplicifolia,  L.  (Pale  Ixdiax  F.)  Glaucous;  stem  terete 
(3-6°  high) ;  leaves  palmatehj  veined  and  angulatelobed ,  the  lower  triangular- 
kidney-form  or  slightly  heart-shaped, the  upper  rhomboid  or  wedge-form, ^oo^Aerf. 
—  Rich  woodlands,  western  N.  Y.  to  Wise,  Minn.,  and  southward.     Aug. 

4.  C.  tuberosa,  Nutt.  (Tuberous  Ixdiax  P.)  Stem  angled  and  grooved 
(2-6°  higli),  from  a  thick  or  tuberous  root;  leaves  green  both  sides,  thick, 
strongly  5-7-nerved ;  the  lower  lance-ovate  or  oval,  nearly  entire, tapering  into 
long  petioles ;  the  upper  on  short  margined  petioles,  sometimes  toothed  at  the 
apex.  —  Wet  prairies,  etc.,  Ohio  to  Wise,  Minn.,  and  southward.     June. 

77.     ERECHTITES,     Raf.        Fireweed. 

Heads  many-flowered;  the  flowers  all  tubular  and  fertile;  the  marginal  pis- 
tillate, with  a  slender  corolla.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  in  a  single 
row,  linear,  acute,  with  a  few  small  bractlets  at  the  base.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenes  oblong,  tapering  at  the  end ;  pappus  copious,  of  very  fine  and  white 
soft  hairs.  —  Erect  and  coarse  annuals,  of  rank  smell,  with  alternate  simple 
leaves,  and  paniculate-corymbed  heads  of  whitish  flowers.  (The  ancient  name 
of  some  species  of  Groundsel,  probably  called  after  Erechtheus.) 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  295 

1.   E.  hieracif61ia,  Kaf.     (Fire weed.)     Often  hairy;   stem  grooved 

(1  -6°  liigli)  ;  leaves  laiieeolate  or  oblong,  acute,  cut-toothed,  sessile,  the  upper 
auricled  at  base.  —  Moist  woods ;  coniniou,  especially  northward,  and  in  recent 
clearings  that  have  been  burned  over ;  whence  the  popular  name.    July  -  Sept. 

78.     ARCTIUM,     L.        Bckdock. 

Heads  nianv-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular,  perfect  and  similar.  Involucre 
globular;  the  iniliricatcd  scales  coriaceous  and  appressed  at  base,  attenuate  to 
long  stiff  ])oints  with  hooked  tips.  Receptacle  bristly.  Achenes  oblong,  flat- 
tened, wrinkled  transversely  ;  pappus  short,  of  numerous  rough  bristles,  sepa- 
rate and  deciduous.  —  Coarse  biennial  weeds,  with  large  unarmed  and  petioled 
leaves,  and  small  solitary  or  clustered  heads;  flowers  jmrple,  rarely  white. 
(Name  probably  from  &pKTos,  a  bear,  from  the  rough  involucre.) 

A.  L.4i'PA,  L.  Stout,  1-3°  high;  leaves  roundish  or  ovate  and  mostly 
cordate,  or  lanceolate  with  cuneate  base,  smooth  above,  somewhat  floccose- 
tonientose  beneath,  mostly  sinuate-denticulate.  (Lap]ia  officinalis,  .1//.)  — 
The  several  i-eputed  species  of  the  genus  are  scarcely  distinguishable  even  as 
varieties.  Var.  .-^lixis,  lias  rather  small  ovoid  subraceuKJse  heads  (about  8" 
broad),  on  short  peduncles,  glabrous  or  somewhat  cottony,  the  inner  scales 
somewhat  purplish-tipped,  e([ualling  the  flowers;  leaves  occa.sionally  cut- 
toothed.  By  road.<iides  ;  very  common.  —  Var.  m.\,ii  s,  witli  broader  (1 ')  green 
and  glabrous  sul)Corymliose  rather  long-pedunculate  heads.  Less  frecjuent. — 
^'ar.  TOMENTdsi-.-M,  a  form  of  the  last  with  more  spherical  webbed  heads,  with 
purplish  scales  shorter  than  the  flowers.    Rare.  —  July  -  Oct.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

79.  C  NIC  US,  Tourn.  Common  or  Plumed  Thistle. 
Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular,  perfect  and  similar,  rarely  imper- 
fectly dioecious.  Scales  of  the  ovoid  or  spherical  involucre  imbricated  in  many 
rows,  tipped  with  a  point  or  prickle.  Keceptacle  thickly  clothed  with  soft 
bristles  or  hairs.  Achenes  oblong,  flattish,  not  ribbed  ;  pappus  of  numerous 
bristles  united  into  a  ring  at  the  base,  plumo.se  to  the  middle,  deciduous.  — 
Herbs,  mostly  biennial,  with  ses.sile  alternate  leaves,  often  pinnatifid,  prickly. 
Heads  usually  large,  terminal.  Flowers  reddish-purple,  rarely  white  or  yel- 
lowish ;  in  summer.  (Latin  name  of  the  Safflower,  from  the  Greek  kvtikos.) 
*  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  tipped  tvith  spreading  pr icicles. 

C.  laxceolXti's,  Hoffm.  (Common  Thistle.)  Leaves  decurrent  on  the 
stem,  forming  prickly  lobed  wings,  pinnatifid,  rough  and  bristly  above,  woolly 
with  deciduous  webby  hairs  beneath,  prickly  ;  flowers  purple.  (Cirsium,  Scop.) 
—  Pastures  and  roadsides,  everywhere,  at  the  North.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Heads  lea/f/-bracteate  at  base  (see  also  n.  8) ;  proper  scales  not  prickli/. 

1.  C.  horridulus,  Pursh.  (Yellow  Thistle.)  Stem  stout  (1 -3°  high), 
webby-haired  when  young ;  leaves  partly  clasjiing,  green,  soon  smooth,  lanceo- 
late, pinnatifid,  the  short  toothed  and  cut  lobes  very  spiny  with  yellowish 
prickles;  heads  (I  -  H'  broad)  surrounded  by  leaf-like  and  very  prickly  bracts, 
which  usually  equal  the  narrow  scales ;  flowers  pale  yellow  or  purple.  (Cirsium. 
Michx.)  —  Sandy  fields,  Mass.  to  Va.,  and  southward,  near  the  coast. 

»  *  »  Scales  oppressed,  the  inner  not  at  all  prickly. 
*-  Leaves  white-woolly  beneath,  and  sometimes  also  aliore ;  outer  scales  succes- 
sively shorter,  and  ti]>ped  with  short  pi'ickles. 

2.  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  White-woolly  throughout ,  low ;  stem  very  leafy  ; 
leaves  all  pinnatcl ;i  parted  into  rigid  narrowly  linear  and  elongated,  sometimes 


296  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

a(/ain  pinnatijid  divisions,  with  revolute  margins;  flowers  cream-color.     (Cir 
sium,  Tor?-,  c^  Gray. )  —  Sandy  shores  of  Lakes  Michigan,  Huron,  and  Superior. 

3.  C.  undulatus,  Gray.  Wliite-ivoolli/  throughout,  low  and  stout,  leafy ; 
leaves  lanceolate-ohluu(j ,  partly  clasping,  undivided,  undulate-pinnatijid,  or  rarelv 
pinnately  parted,  moderately  prickly  j  fTowers  reddish-purple.  (Cirsium, 
Spreng.)  —  Islands  of  L.  Huron  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and  westward.  The  heads 
vary  much  in  size. 

4.  C.  altissimus,  Willd.  Stem  downy,  branching  (.3-10°  high), /c-o/^ 
quite  to  the  heads  ;  leaces  roughish-hairy  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  be- 
neath, oblong-ovate  to  narrowltj  lanceolate,  undivided,  sinuate-toothed,  undulate- 
pinnatijid,  or  twice  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  or  teeth  weakly  prickly;  heads  l-|-2' 
high;  flowers  chiefly  purple.  (Cirsium,  Spreng.)  —  Fields  and  copses,  ]Mass. 
to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

Var.  discolor,  Gray.  Stem  2-6°  high;  leaves  nearly  all  deeply  pinnat- 
ifid into  lanceolate  or  linear  lobes.  (Cirsium  discolor,  iSj)reng.) — Common; 
N.  Eng.  to  111.,  and  scjnthward. 

5.  C.  Virginianus,  Pursh.  Stem  woolly,  slender,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  (1  -3°  high),  the  branches  or  long  peduncles  naked ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
green  above,  whitened  with  close  wool  beneath,  ciliate  with  prickly  bristles, 
entire  or  sparingly  sinuate-lobed,  sometimes  the  lower  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid ; 
heads  small;  outer  scales  scarcely  prickly  ;  flowers  purple.  (Cirsium,  J//c/?x.) 
—  Woods  and  plains,  Va.,  Ohio,  and  southward. 

•(--t-  Leaves  green  both  sides,  or  only  with  loose  cohwebbi/  hairs  underneath  ;  heads 
large  ;  scales  scarcely  prickly-pointed. 

6.  C.  mtlticUS,  Pursh.  (Swamp  Thistle.)  Stem  tall  (3-8°  high), 
angled,  smoothish,  panicled  at  the  summit ;  branches  sparingly  leafy,  bearing 
single  or  few  rather  large  heads ;  leaves  somewhat  hairy  above,  whitened  icith 
loose  ivehby  hairs  })eneath  when  young,  deeply  pinnatijid,  the  divisions  lanceolate, 
acute,  cut-lobed,  prickly-pointed  ;  scales  of  the  u:ebby  and  glutinous  (.sometimes 
glabrate)  involucre  closely  appressed,  pointless  or  barely  mucrouate;  floAvers 
purple.     (Cirsium,  Michx.)  —  Swamps  and  low  woods ;  common. 

7.  C.  pumilus,  Torr.  (Pasture  Thistle.)  *S7em  Zo<^•  and  stout  (1 -2° 
high),  hairy,  bearing  1  -3  very  large  heads  (1^'  broad),  which  are  often  leafy- 
bracted  at  the  base;  leaves  green,  lanceolate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  somewhat 
hairy,  pinnatijid,  icith  short  and  cut  very  pricki y-margined  lobes ;  outer  scales 
prickly-pointed,  the  inner  very  slender  ;  flowers  purple  or  rarely  white  (fragrant, 
2'  long).     (Cirsium,  Spreng.)  —  Dry  fields,  N.  Eng.,  near  the  coast,  to  Penn. 

*  *  *  *  Outer  scales  of  the  appressed  involucre  barely  prickly-pointed ;  heads 
imperfectly  dioecious,  small  and  numerous. 

C.  ARVExsis,  Hoffm.  (Canada  Thistle.)  Perennial,  slender,  1  -2°  high, 
the  roots  extensively  creeping ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  smooth,  or  slightly 
woolly  beneath,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  prickly-margined ;  flowers  rose-purple. 
(Cirsium,  Scop.)  —  Cultivated  fields,  pastures,  and  roadsides,  common  ;  a  most 
troublesome  weed,  extremely  difficult  to  eradicate.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

80.  CARDUUS,  Tourn.        Plumeless  Thistle.     - 

Bristles  of  tlie  pappus  naked  (not  plumose),  merely  rough  or  denticulate. 
Otherwise  as  in  Cuicus.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 


COMPOSITE.       (composite    FAMILY.)  297 

C.  NtrxAxs,  L.  (MisK  Thistle.)  Biennial;  leaves  decurrent,  sinuate, 
spinv;  heads  sulitarv,  clrooj)iiig;  tiowers  purple.  —  Fields  near  liarrisburg, 
Vii.,'Prof.  Purti.r.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

81.     O  N  O  P  6  R  D  O  N,     Vaill.        Cotton-  or  Scotch  Thistle. 

Receptacle  deej)ly  lioneyconibed,  not  setose.  Pappus  not  plumose.  Other- 
wise as  Cuicus.  —  Coarse,  branching  annuals,  or  Idennials,  with  the  stems 
winged  by  the  decurrent  base  of  the  lol)ed  and  toothed  somewhat  prickly  leaves. 
Heads  large  ;  flowers  purple.     (The  ancient  Cireek  name  of  the  plant.) 

O.  Ac.4nthum,  L.  IStem  (2-4°  high)  and  leaves  cotton-woolly;  scale.s 
linear-awl-shaped.  —  Koadsides  and  waste  j)laces  in  the  Atlantic  States ;  rather 
rare.     July-8ept.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

82.     CENT  A  UREA,     L.        Star-Thistlk. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  often  much  larger 
(as  it  were  radiate)  and  sterile.  Keceptade  bristly.  Involucre  ovoid  or  glo- 
l)use,  imbricated,  the  scales  margined  or  appendaged.  Achenes  obovoid  or 
ot)]ong,  attached  ol)li(juely  at  or  near  tlie  base;  jiaj^jnis  setose  or  partly  chaffy 
or  none.  —  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  single  heads.  (Named  from  the 
Centaur,  Chiron,  famous  for  his  skill  in  healing.) 

*  Achenes  terete,  lO-clentate  ;  pappus  <>/ \0  long  bristles  and  10  s/iort  inner  ones. 

C.  HEXEDfcTA,  L.  Low  branching  annual,  with  clasping  scarcely  pinnat- 
iti  1  cut  leaves,  and  large  sessile  leafy-bracted  heads;  flowe-rs  yellow.  '  (Cnicus 
benedictus,  A.)  —  Koadsides  and  waste  grounds,  IS.  Atlantic  States;  rare. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Achenes  compressed  or  ^-amjled ;  pappus  verij  short  or  none. 

C.  CvANUS,  L.  (Bu'ebottle.)  Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  fringe- 
margined  ;  false  rai/s  large  ;  pappus  very  short ;  leaves  linear,  entire,  or  tot)thed 
at  the  base;  root  annual.  —  Koadsides,  escaped  from  gardens.  July.  —  Flow- 
ers lilue,  varying  to  purplish  or  white.     (A(lv.  from  Eu.) 

C.  >:t(;RA,  L.  (KxAi'WKKi).)  Scales  of  the  globular  involucre  appendaged, 
and  with  a  black  pectinately  ciliate  fringe;  rai/s  wanting  ;  papi)us  very  short; 
leares  lanceolate,  entire,  or  the  lower  ly rate-toothed,  rough;  rout  perennial. — 
AVaste  places,  E.  New  Eng.     Aug.  —  Flowers  inirplo.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

C.  CALcfxRAPA,  L.  (Star-Thistle.)  Stem  diffusely  much  branched; 
leaves  pinnateli/  lobed  or  spinulose-toothed  ;  heads  sessile,  tlie  middle  scales  of 
the  ovoid  involucre  sping;  pap))us  none;  flowers  purple;  root  annual.  —  Sea- 
ports, N.  Y.,  and  southward.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

C.  JAcea,»  L.  J.,ike  the  hust ;  heads  rather  larger,  the  brownish  scale- 
a])pendages  lacerate  ;  rays  conspicuous,  ])almatc.  —  Charlotte,  Vt.  (Pringle); 
near  N,  Y.,  etc.,  on  ballast.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

83.     LAM  PS  AN  A,     Tonrn.         Niitle-wokt. 

Heads  8- 12-flowered.  Scales  of  the  cylindrical  involucre  8,  erect,  in  one 
row.  Keceptade  naked.  Achenes  nlilong;  j(ai)pus  none.  —  Slender  branch- 
ing annuals,  with  angled  or  toothed  leaves,  and  looselv  j)anicled  small  heads; 
flowers  yellow.     (Tlie  \au.\l/dv7}  of  Diosi-orides  was  evidently  a  wild  Mustard.) 

L.  co.MMtjxis,  L.  Nearly  smooth,  1-2°  high;  lower  leaves  ovate,  some- 
times lyre-shaped.  —  Koadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  V.  and  I'enii.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

84.     KRIGIA,     Sclireber.         Dwarf  Daxdeliox. 

Heads  several  -  many-flowered.  Involucral  scales  several,  in  about  2  rows, 
thin.     Acheiics  short  and  truncate,  top  shaped  or  colunuiar,  terete  or  angled; 


298  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

pappus  double,  the  outer  of  thin  pointless  chaffy  scales,  the  inner  of  delicate 
bristles.  —  Small  herbs,  branched  from  the  base;  the  leaves  chiefly  radical, 
lyrate  or  toothed ;  the  small  heads  terminating  the  naked  scapes  or  branches. 
Flowers  yellow.  (Named  after  D.  Krieg,  an  early  German  botanical  collector 
in  this  country. ) 

§  1.    KRIGIA  proper.      Achenes   turbinate,   5-angled ;  pappus  of  5-7  short 
roundish  chaff  and  as  nianj  alternating  bristles.     Annual. 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Willd.  Stems  or  scapes  several  (1  -10'  high),  becom- 
ing branched  and  leafy  ;  earlier  leaves  roundish  and  entire,  the  others  narrower 
and  often  pinnatifid.  —  New  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  southward.     April- Aug. 

§  2.    CYNTHIA.     Achenes  more  slender;  pappus  q/'10-15  small  oblong  chaff 
and  15-20  bristles.     Perennial. 

2.  K.  Dandelion,  Nutt.  Roots  slender,  tuberiferous ;  scapes  leaJJess, 
6-18'  high;  leaves  varying  from  spatulate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire 
or  few-lobed.  (Cynthia,  DC.)  —  Moist  ground,  Md.  to  Ky.,  and  southward. 
March  -  July. 

3.  K.  amplexicaulis,  Nutt.  Roots  Jibrous ;  stem-leaves  1-3,  oblong 
or  oval,  clasping,  mostly  entire ;  the  radical  ones  on  short  winged  petioles, 
often  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid;  peduncles  2-5.     (Cynthia  Virginica,  Z>o».) 

—  Moist  banks.  Conn,  to  Minn.,  and  southward.     June.  —  Stem  1  -2°  high. 

85.     CICHOmUM,     Tourn.         Succorv  or  Chicory. 

Heads  several-flowered.  Involucre  double,  herbaceous,  the  inner  of  8-10 
scales,  the  outer  5,  short  and  spreading.  Achenes  striate ;  pappus  of  nu- 
merous small  chaffy  scales,  forming  a  short  crown.  —  Branching  perennials, 
with  deep  roots ;  the  sessile  heads  2  or  3  together,  axillary  and  terminal. 
Flowers  bright  blue,  varying  to  purple  or  pink,  showy.  (Altered  from  the 
Arabian  name  of  the  plant.) 

C.  f  XTYBUS,  L.  Stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  partly  clasping,  the  lowest 
runcinate,  those  of  the  rigid  flowering  branches  minute.  —  Roadsides;  N.  Eng. 
to  Iowa  and  Minn.     July -Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

86.  TRAGOPOGON,  L.   Goat's-beard. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  simple,  of  several  erect  lanceolate  attenu- 
ate equal  scales.  Achenes  narrowly  fusiform,  5-10-ribbed,  long-beaked; 
pappus  of  numerous  long-plumose  bristles.  —  Stout  glabrous  biennials  or  per- 
ennials, with  entire  grass-like  clasping  leaves  and  large  solitary  heads  of  yel- 
,low  or  purple  flowers.     (Name  from  rpdyos,  goat,  and  irdywu,  beard.) 

T.  porrif6lius,  L.  (Salsify.  Oyster-plaxt.)  Stem  2-3°  high;  pe- 
duncle thickened  and  fistulous  below  the  head ;  flowers  purple ;  achenes  and 
pappus  3'  long.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

T.  PRATExsis,  L.  (Goat's-beard.)  Very  similar ;  leaves  somewhat  broader 
at  base;  peduncle  little  thickened;  flowers  yellow.  —  Fields,  etc.,  N.  Eng.  to 
N.  J.  and  Minn.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

87.  L E  d  N T  O  D  O  N,    L.,  Juss.        U.\ wkbit. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  scarcely  imbricated,  but  Avith  several  bract- 
lets  at  tlie  base.  Achenes  spiiuUe-shaped,  striate,  all  alike ;  pappus  persistent, 
composed  of  plumose  bristles  which  are  enlarged  and  flattened  toward  the  base. 

—  Low  and  stemless  perennials,  with  toothed  or  pinnatifid  root-leaves,  and  scapes 


COMPOSIT.E.        (COMPOSITi:    FAMILY.)  299 

bearing  one  or  more  yellow  heads.  (Name  hom  hfuv,  a  lion,  and  oSovs,  a  tooth, 
in  allusion  to  tlie  toothed  leaves.) — 'Die  following  helonr,^s  to  tlie  subgenus 
Oj'oufMA,  with  a  tawny  pappus  of  a  single  roiv  of  equal  bri.stlos. 

Ij.  aitlmnXlis,  L.  (Fall  Dandllion.)  Leaves  laeiniate-toothed  or 
pinnatifid,  somewhat  pubescent;  scape  branched,  .'i  -  1 .'/  high;  peduncles 
thick(!ned  at  the  summit,  scaly-bracteate.  —  Meadows  and  roadsides;  N.  Kng. 
to  Teuu.    June -Nov.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

88.    PICRIS,    L. 

Heads  many-flowered,  terminating  leafy  stems.  Outer  scales  loose  or  spread- 
ing. Achenes  terete,  with  5-10  rugose  ribs ;  pappus  of  1  or  2  rows  of  plumose 
bristles.  —  Coarse  rough-bristly  annuals  or  biennials,  with  yellow  flowers.  (The 
Greek  name  of  some  allied  bitter  herb,  from  -niKpos,  hitter') 

P.  Hip:RACioh)Es,  L.  Kather  tall,  corymbosely  branched,  the  bristles 
somewhat  barbed  at  tip ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  broader,  clas])ing,  irregularly 
toothed;  achenes  oblong,  with  little  or  no  beak.  —  Sparingly  introduced. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

89.     HIERACIUM,     Tourn.         Hawk  weed. 

Heads  12 -many-flowered.  Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated.  Achenes 
short,  oblong  or  columnar,  striate,  not  beaked  ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  tawny 
and  fragile  capillary  rough  bristles.  —  Hispid  or  hirsute  and  often  glandular 
perennials,  with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  single  or  panicled  heads  of  mostly 
yellow  flowers;  summer  and  early  autumn.     (Name  from  Upa^,  a  hawk.) 

§  1.   Involucre  not  much  imbricate,  scared i/  cahjculate;  achenes  oblong ;  pappus 

not  copioua. 

H.  aurantiacum,  L.  Low,  long-hirsute,  above  hispid  and  glandular,  the 
involucral  hairs  dark  ;  leaves  all  near  the  base  of  the  simple  peduncle;  heads 
clustered  ;  flowers  deep  orange  to  flame-color.  —  Roadsides  and  fields ;  N.  Eng. 
to  N.  Y.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

H.  PRyEALTLM,  \'ill.  Glaucous,  2°  high,  only  the  base  and  lanceolate 
leaves  hairy  ;  heads  in  an  open  cyme ;  flowers  yellow.  —  N.  New  York  (  Word). 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.    Head. 'i  large  ;  involucre  irregularis  imbricated  ;  achenes  columnar ;  pa]>pus 
copious,  une(]ual. 

H.  MUR6RrAr,  L.  Stem  scape-like,  low;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse, 
toothed  toward  the  subcordate  base  ;  heads  few,  dark-glandular.  —  Open  woods 
near  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

1.  H.  Canadense,  Michx.  Stems  simple,  leafy,  corymbed  at  the  sum- 
mit (1-3^  liigb) ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  acute,  remotely 
and  very  coarsely  toothed,  somewhat  hairy,  the  uppermost  slightly  clasjiing. 
—  Dry  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  Minn.,  and  northward. 

§3.    Heads  small ;  involucre  cylindrical,  scared j  imbricated. 
*  Achenes  columnar,  not  attenuate  upward  irhen  mature  ;  panicle  not  virgate. 

2.  H.  paniCUlktum,  L.  Stein  slender,  leaf//,  diffusehf  branched, 
hairy  only  below  (1-3°  high);  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  slightly 
toothed,  smooth;  heads  (very  small)  in  a  loose  panicle,  on  sleuder  and  diverg- 
ing pedicels,  \2-20-Jfowered ;  achenes  short.  —  Open  woods;  rather  common. 

3.  H.  vendsum,  L.  (Rattlesnake-wekd.)  Stem  or  scape  (1-2° 
high)  naked  or  with  a  single  lea/, smooth  and  slender, forking  above  into  a  spread- 


300  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

ing  loose  corymb ;  leaves  all  radical  or  near  the  base,  oboA-ate  or  oblong,  nearly 
entire,  scarcely  petioled,  thin  and  pale,  purplish  and  glaucous  underneath 
(often  hairy  along  the  midrib),  marked  above  with  purple  veins ;  pedicels  very 
slender;  involucre  12-35-flowered;  achenes  linear.  —  Dry  plains  and  pine 
woods ;  common  from  the  Atlantic  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

4.  H.  Mari^num,  Willd.  Somewhat  leafy,  2-3°  high,  hairy  below; 
leaves  obovate-oblong,  narrowed  below,  the  radical  petiolate,  rarely  purplish- 
veiny ;  heads  20-40-Howered  in  a  very  open  cymose  panicle,  the  slender  inflo- 
rescence commonly  ichitish-tomentulose  and  sparingly  glandular-hispid.  —  Open 
Avoods  and  clearings;  K.  I.  to  western  N.  Y.,  and  southward.  —  Var.  spathu- 
LA.TUM,  Gray,  a  mountain  form  with  leaves  all  or  mainly  radical  and  very 
hairy.     On  Two-top  Mountain,  Penn. 

5.  H.  SCabrum,  Michx.  Stem  rather  stout  (1-3°  high),  leafy,  ro;/^/i- 
halry,  the  stiff  panicle  at  first  racemose,  at  length  rather  corymbose  ;  tlie  thick- 
ish  pedicels  and  the  hoary  40-5'0-flowered  involucre  densely  clothed  with  dark 
glandular  bristles ;  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  nearly  entire,  hairy.  —  Dry  open 
woods ;  common. 

*  *  Achenes  tapering  upward;  heads  l5-30-floivered  in  a  narrow  or  virgate 

panicle. 

6.  H.  Gron6vii,  L.  (Hairv  H.)  Stem  wand-like,  mostly  simple  (l -3° 
high),  leafy  and  very  hairy  below,  naked  above  and  forming  a  long  and  narrow 
panicle ;  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  nearly  entire,  hairy  ;  slender  peduncles  and 
involucre  sparingly  glandular-bristly;  achenes  with  a  very  taper  summit.  —  Dry 
sterile  soil;  common,  especially  southward. 

7.  H.  longipilum,  Torr.  (Long-bearded  H.)  Stem  wand-like,  sim- 
ple, stout  (2-3'^  liJg^'))  '■'''7/  ^f'"f:i  toward  the  base,  naked  above,  and  bearing  a 
small  racemed  panicle ;  the  lower  portion  and  both  sides  of  the  oblong-lanceo- 
late or  spatulate  entire  leaves  thickly  clothed  with  very  long  and  upright  bristles 
(often  r  long) ;  peduncles  and  involucre  glandular-bristly;  achenes  narrowed 
at  the  apex.  —  Prairies,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  and  southwestward. 

90.    CREPIS,    L. 

Involucre  few -many -flowered,  commonly  of  a  single  row  of  equal  scales, 
often  becoming  thickened  at  base.  Pappus  copious,  white  and  soft.  Annuals 
or  biennials,  not  pilose.  Otherwise  as  Hieracium.  (The  Greek  name  of  some 
])lant,  from  Kpr^iris,  a  sandal.) 

C.  BIENNIS,  L.  Somewhat  pubescent,  2°  high,  leafy ;  leaves  runcinate-pin- 
natifid ;  heads  rather  large,  corymbose ;  achenes  oblong,  glabrous.  — Vt.,  Mass. ; 
rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

C.  tect6rum,  L.  Slender,  branching  from  the  base,  1°  high;  leaves  nar- 
row, runcinate ;  heads  small,  in  a  loose  panicle  ;  achenes  fusiform,  the  ribs  sca- 
brous. —  In  fields,  Lansing,  Mich.,  and  on  ballast.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

91.    P  RE  WANT  HE  S,    Vaill.        Eattlesnake-root. 

Heads  5-30-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  5  to  14  linear  scales  in  a 
single  row,  and  a  few  small  bractlets  at  base.  Achenes  short,  linear-oblong, 
striate  or  grooved,  not  contracted  at  the  apex.  Pappus  of  copious  straw-color 
or  brownish  and  rough  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  upright 
leafy  stems  arising  from  spindle  shaped  (extremely  bitter)  tubers,  very  variable 


COMPOSITE.        (COMrOSITK    lAMILV.)  301 

leaves,  and  racemose-panicled  mostly  noddin^^  heads.  Flowers  greenish-white 
or  yellowish,  often  tinged  with  purple  ;  late  summer  and  autumn.  Our  species 
belong  to  the  sul)genus  Xdbalus.  The  original  European  species  has  soft 
white  pappus.     (Name  from  vpr]vi]s,  drooping,  and  6.v0t},  blossom.) 

*■  Heads  ratJier  broad,  2^-3^)-J}owcred,  in  a  rori/tnhose  panicle. 

1.  P.  crepidinea,  Micdix.  Somewhat  smooth  ;  stem  stout  (.5 -9"^  high), 
bearing  numerous  nodding  heads  in  loose  clusters;  leaves  large  (G-  12'  long), 
broadly  triangular-ovate  or  halberd-form,  strongly-toothed,  contracted  into 
winged  j)ctiok's ;  pappus  brown.  (Nabalus,  DC.)  —  Rich  soil,  Penn.  and 
western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  southward.  —  Flowers  cream-color. 

*  *  Heads  narrow,  8  -  Vt-Jiowered ,  in  a  lony  racemc-lihe  or  thi/rsoid  injlorescence  ; 

stcmf  simple ;  cauline  leaves  sessile;  pappus  straiv-color. 
-♦-  Inflorescence  pubescent,  strict;  heads  nearly  erect ^  12-15-Jlowered. 

2.  P.  racemosa,  Michx.  Stem  2-.')°  high,  smooth  and  glaucous,  as 
well  as  tlie  oval  or  ol)long-Ianceolate  denticulate  leaves;  the  lower  tapering 
into  winged  petioles  (rarely  cut-pinnatifid),  the  upper  partly  chusping;  heads 
iu  crowded  clusters;  flowers  purplish.  (Nabalus,  DC)  —  Plains,  N.  Maine  to 
N.  J.,  Mo.,  and  northward.  —  Var.  PiNNAxfFiDA,  Gray,  the  leaves  all  lyrately 
pinna*ifi  !.     Ilackensack  marshes,  N.  J. 

3.  P.  aspera,  INIichx.  Stem  2-4°  high,  rough-pubescent,  as  well  as  the 
oval-oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate  toothed  leaves ;  upper  leaves  not  clasping ; 
heads  in  small  clusters ;  flowers  larger,  cream-color.  (Nabalus  asper,  Torr.  ^^ 
Graij.)  —  Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio  to  Iowa,  and  southward. 

■*-  -t-  Whole  plant  (jlabrous ;  heads  nodding,  S-\2-Jioi(:ered ;  thjrse  looser. 

4.  P.  virgata,  Michx.  (Slender  Kattlesnake-root.)  Slightly  glau- 
cous ;  stem  2-4°  high,  prolonged  into  a  naked  and  slender  spiked  raceme  {\\- 
2°  long) ;  heads  clustered  and  mostly  unilateral ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
closely  sessile,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts,  the  lower  toothed  or  pinuatifid ; 
involucre  (purplish)  of  about  8  scales.  (Nabalus,  DC.)  —  Sandy  pine  barrens, 
N.  J.  to  Va.,  and  southward. 

5.  P.  Main6nsis,  Gray.  Stem  2°  high,  leafy;  leaves  as  in  n.  2,  but  the 
radical  ovate  and  more  abruptly  narrowed  to  the  short  petiole ;  heads  })ersist- 
ently  drooping  on  slender  pedicels.  —  St.  John's  Kiver,  N.  INIaine  (PringU). 
Perhaps  a  hybrid  between  n.  2  and  7. 

*  *  *  Heads  5-\8-Jlon:cred,  UKcmose  or  pan'culate,  commonly  pendulous; 
leaves  variable,  mostly  petiolate,  the  lower  cordate  or  truncate  or  hastate  at  base. 

■t-  Involucre  cylindrical ;  scales  scarious-margined ,  the  outer  very  short,  apprcssed. 
•M-  Pappus  reddish-brown  ;  stem  tall,  generally  juirplish. 

0.  P.  alba,  L.  (White  Lettuce.  Ratteesxake-root.)  Smooth  and 
glaucous  (2-4°  high) ;  stem  corymbose-panicled  at  the  summit;  leaves  angu- 
late  or  triangular-halberd-form,  sinuate-toothed  or  3  -  .'j-tdeft,  the  upi)ermost 
oblong  and  undivided;  involucre  (purplish)  of  al)out  8  scales,  8- 12-flowered. 
(Nabalus,  Hook.)  —  Borders  of  rich  woodsj  common,  especially  northward. 
++  ++  P(tp])us  dirty  straw-color  or  whitish;  leaves  very  variable. 

7.  P.  serpent^ria,  Pursh.  (Lion's-foot.  Gall-of-the-earth.)  Nearly 
smooth;  stem  corymbose-panicled  at  the  summit,  commonly  2°  high;  leaves 


302  COMPOSITE,     (composite  family.) 

mostly  deltoid,  roughish ;  the  lower  variously  3  -  7-lobed,  on  margined  petioles ; 
the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  undivided,  nearly  sessile ;  involucre  (green- 
ish, rarely  purplish,  sometimes  slightly  bristly)  of  about  8  scales,  8-12-flow- 
ered ;  flowers  purplish,  greenish  white,  or  cream-color.    (Nabalus  Fraseri,  DC.) 

—  Dry  sandy  or  sterile  soil,  New  Eng.  to  Va.,  and  southward. 

Var.  nana,  Gray.  Stem  more  simple  and  strict,  6-16'  high,  smooth  and 
glabrous;  inflorescence  contracted,  the  clusters  often  sessile  in  most  of  the 
axils.  (Nabalus  nanus,  DC.)  —  Mountains  of  northern  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y., 
and  northeastward. 

8.  P.  altissima,  L.  Smooth ;  stem  tall  and  slender  (3  -  7°  high) ;  the 
heads  in  small  axillary  and  terminal  loose  clusters  forming  a  long  and  Avand- 
like  leafy  panicle ;  leaves  membranaceous,  all  petioled,  ovate,  heart-shaped, 
or  triangular,  and  merely  toothed  or  cleft,  with  naked  or  winged  petioles,  or 
frequently  3  -  5-parted,  with  the  divisions  entire  or  again  cleft ;  involucre  slen- 
der (greenish),  of  5  scales,  5-6-flowered.  (Nabalus,  Hook.)  —  Rich  moist 
woods ;  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  Ga. 

1-  -*-  Involucre  campanulate-oblong ;  secondary  basal  scales  2-3,  linear,  loose. 

9.  P.  Boottii,  Gray.  Stem  simple,  dAvarf  (5-6' high),  pubescent  at  the 
summit ;  the  heads  in  an  almost  simple  raceme ;  lowest  leaves  halberd-shaped 
or  heart-shaped,  the  middle  oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  taper- 
ing into  a  margined  petiole ;  involucre  (livid)  10  -  18-flowered,  the  proper  scales 
10-15,  very  obtuse ;  pappus  straw-color.  —  Alpine  region,  mountains  of  Maine, 
N.  H.,  and  N.  New  York. 

92.     LYGODESMIA,     Don. 

Heads  and  flowers  (5-10)  nearly  as  in  Nabalus;  the  cylindrical  involucre 
more  elongated,  and  the  achenes  long  and  slender,  tapering  at  the  summit; 
pappus  whitish.  —  Smooth,  often  glaucous,  low  perennials,  with  single  erect 
heads  of  rose-purple  flowers  terminating  almost  leafless  or  rush-like  stems  or 
branches.  (Name  composed  of  \vyos,  a  pliant  twig,  and  Sear/xv,  a  bundle,  from 
the  fascicled  twiggy  or  rush-like  stems.) 

1.  L.  juncea,  Don.  Stems  (1°  high)  tufted,  branched,  striate  ;  loAver  leaves 
lance-linear,  1-2'  long,  rigid,  the  upper  awl-shaped  and  minute ,  heads  5-flow- 
ered.  —  St.  Croix  River,  Wise,  to  Kan.,  and  westward.     July. 

93.    TROXIMON,    Nutt. 

Head  large,  solitary,  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  bell-shaped  iuA'olucre 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  pointed,  loosely  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows.  Achenes 
smooth,  10-ribbed,  with  distinct  beak  or  none ;  pappus  longer  than  the  achene, 
white,  of  copious  and  unequal  rigid  capillary  bristles.  —  Perennial  scapose 
herbs,  with  elongated  linear  tufted  root-leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.  (Name 
probably  from  rpwyco,  to  chew,  of  no  obvious  application.) 

1.  T.  CUSpidatum,  Pursh.  Scape  1°  high,  from  a  thickened  caudex, 
leaves  lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point,  entire,  woolly  on  the 
margins ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed ,  achene  beakless 

—  Prairies,  Wise,  N.  111.,  and  westward.     April,  May. 


COMPOSITif:.       (COMPOSITK    lAMILY.)  303 

2.  T.  gladcum,  Nutt.  Scape  1  -  2°  high ;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate, 
entire  to  dcntaie  or  laciniate ;  head  often  pubescent  or  villous;  acheue  long- 
beaked. —  Minn,  to  Neb.  and  southwestward. 

94.     TARAXACUM,     Haller.         Dam.ki.ion. 

Head  many-flowered,  large,  solitary  on  a  slender  hollow  scape.  Involucre 
double,  the  outer  of  short  scales;  the  inner  of  long  linear  scales,  erect  in  a 
single  row.  Achencs  oblong-ovate  to  fusiform,  4  -  5-ribbed,  the  ribs  rough- 
ened, the  apex  prolonged  into  a  very  slender  l)eak,  bearing  the  copious  soft 
and  white  capillary  papjius.  —  Perennials  or  biennials;  leaves  radical,  j>innat- 
ifid  or  ruiiciiialc  ;  flowci's  yellow.  (Name  from  raplaff^,  to  disijuitt  or  dis- 
order,  in  allusion  to  medicinal  propeities.) 

T.  officinXle,  Weber.  (Com.mo.v  Dandelion.)  Smooth,  or  at  first 
pubescent;  outer  involucre  reflexed.  (T.  Deus-leonis, /■'es/'.)  —  Pastures  and 
fields  everywhere.  Indigenous  forms  occur  northward  and  in  the  Kocky 
Mountains.  April -Sept.  —  After  blossoming,  the  inner  involucre  closes,  and 
the  slender  beak  elongates  and  raises  up  the  pappus  while  the  fruit  is  forming ; 
the  whole  involucre  is  then  refiexe<l,  exposing  to  the  wind  the  naked  fruits, 
with  the  pappus  displayed  in  an  ojien  glol)ular  head.     (Ku.) 

95.     PYRRHOPAPPUS,     DC.         False  Dandelion. 

Heads,  etc.,  nearly  as  in  Taraxacum,  hut  the  soft  pappus  reddish  or  rusty- 
color,  and  surrounded  at  base  hy  a  soft-villous  ring.  —  Mo.stly  annual  or  biennial 
herbs,  scapose  or  often  branching  and  leafy  below.  Heads  solitary,  terminat- 
ing the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  or  branches.  Flowers  deep  yellow.  (Name 
composed  of  nvp^os, ^fla me-colored ,  and  irainros,  paj)j>iis.) 

1.  P.  Caroliniinus,  DC.  Annual  or  biennial,  stem  branehing  (1-2° 
high);  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire,  cut,  or  pinnatitid,  the  stem-leaves 
partly  clasping.  —  Sandy  fields,  from  Maryland  southward.     April- July. 

2.  P.  scap6sus,  DC.  Low,  scapose,  ])erenuial  by  roundish  tubers ;  leaves 
all  radical,  pinnatifid.  —  Prairies  ;  Kan.  to  Tex. 

96.     CHONDRILLA,    Tourn. 

Heads  few-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical,  of  several  narrow  linear  equal 
scales,  and  a  row  of  small  bractlets  at  base.  Achenes  terete,  several-ribbed, 
smooth  below,  roughened  at  the  summit  by  little  scaly  ])rojecti()ns.  from  among 
which  springs  an  abrupt  slender  beak  ;  pappus  of  copious  very  fine  and  soft 
capillary  bristles,  bright  white. —  Herbs  of  the  Old  World,  with  wand-like 
branching  stems,  and  small  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  (A  name  of  Dioscorides 
for  some  plant  which  exudes  a  gum.) 

C.  JUNCEA,  L.  Biennial,  bristly -hairy  below,  smooth  a])Ove  (1  -.3°  high); 
root-leaves  runcinate;  stem-leaves  few  and  small,  linear ;  heads  .scattered  on 
nearly  leafless  branches,  6-H"  long. —  Fields  and  roadsides,  abundant  in  Md. 
and  northern  Va.     Aug.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

97.     LACTUCA,     Tourn.        Lettice. 

Heads  several  -  many-flowered.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  in  fruit  conical; 
scales  imbricated  in  2  or  more  sets  of  unequal  lengths.  Achenes  flat  (obcom- 
pressed,  parallel  to  the  scales),  abruptly  contracted  into  a  beak,  whicli  is  dilated 
at  the  apex,  bearing  a  copious  and  fugacious  very  soft  and  white  capillary  pap- 


304  coMPOsiTiE.     (composite  family.) 

pus,  its  bristles  falling  separateh^  —  Leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with  panicled  heads ; 
flowers  of  variable  color,  produced  in  summer  and  autumn.  (The  ancient 
name  of  the  Lettuce,  L.  satica  ;  from  lac,  milk,  in  allusion  to  the  milky  juice.) 

§  1.    SCARtOLA.    Achenes  verij  flat,  orbicular  to  oblong,  l-nerved  on  each  face, 
icitli  aflUform  beak;  biennial  or  annual ;  cauline  leaves  sagittate-clasping. 

L.  ScARiOLA,  L.  (Prickly  Lettuce.)  Stem  below  sparsely  prickly- 
bristly,  as  also  the  midrib  on  the  lower  face  of  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  spinu- 
lose-denticulate  vertical  leaves  ;  panicle  narrow  ;  heads  small,  G  -  1 2-flowered  ; 
achenes  striate.  —  Waste  grounds  and  roadsides,  Atlantic  Slates  to  Mo.  and 
Minn.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  L.  (Wild  Lettuce.)  Mostly  tall  (4-9°  high), 
very  leafy,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  glaucous;  leaves  6-12'  long,  pale  beneath, 
mostly  sinuate-pinnatitid,  the  upper  lanceolate  and  entire  (rarely  all  but  the 
lower  narrow  and  entire) ;  heads  about  20-tlowered,  3  -  6"  long,  numerous,  in 
long  and  narrow  or  diffuse  panicles ;  flowers  pale  yellow ;  achene  oval,  rather 
longer  than  the  beak.  —  Rich  damp  soil,  borders  of  fields  or  thickets ;  common. 

2.  L.  integrifdlia,  Bigel.  Less  leafy,  3-4°  high,  loosely  branched 
above  or  heads  loosely  panicled ;  leaves  undivided,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed, 
denticulate  or  entire  ;  flowers  yellow  or  purplish.  (L.  Canadensis,  var.  integ- 
rifolia,  Torr.  cj-  Graij.) — N.  Eng.  to  111.,  and  southward. 

3.  L.  hirsuta,  Muhl.  Rather  few-leaved,  2-3°  high,  commonly  hirsute 
at  base ;  leaves  hirsute  both  sides  or  only  on  the  midrib,  mostly  runcinate-pin- 
natifid  ;  heads  in  a  loose  open  panicle ;  achenes  oblong-oval,  about  as  long  as 
the  beak;  flowers  yellow-purple,  rarely  whitish.  (L.  Canadensis,  var.  san- 
guinea,  Torr.  cj-  Gratj.)  —  E.  Mass.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

4.  L.  Ludoviciana,  DC.  Glabrous,  leafy,  2-5°  high;  leaves  oblong, 
sinuate-piunatifid  and  spinulosely  dentate,  ciliate  ;  heads  in  an  open  panicle ; 
involucre  more  imbricate ;  flowers  yellow.  —  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  southwestward. 

§  2.    LACTUCASTRUM.     Achenes  flat,  lanceolate-oblong,  tapering  to  a  short 
slender  beak ;  perennial ;  flowers  blue. 

5.  L.  pulchella,  DC.  Pale  or  glaucous;  stem  simple,  1-2°  high; 
leaves  sessile,  oblong-  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  the  lower  runcinate-pin- 
natifid ;  heads  few  and  large,  racemose,  erect  on  scaly-bracted  peduncles ;  in- 
volucral  scales  imbricated  in  3  or  4  ranks.  (Mulgedium,  Nutt.)  —  Upper  Mich, 
to  Minn. ;  common  on  the  plains  westward. 

§  3.    MULGEDIUM.     Achenes  thickish,  oblong,  contracted  into  a  short  thick 
beak  or  neck ;  annual  or  biennial ;  flowers  chiefly  blue. 

6.  L.  acuminata,  Gray.  Tall  biennial  (3-7°  high),  with  many  small 
heads  in  a  loose  panicle,  on  diverging  peduncles ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  sharply  and  sometimes  doubly  serrate,  sometimes  hairy  on 
the  midrib  beneath,  contracted  into  a  winged  petiole,  the  lowest  occasionally 
sinuate  or  cleft  at  base,  and  the  cauline  sagittate  or  hastate ;  achenes  beak- 
less;  pappus  white.  (Mulgedium,  DC.)  —  Borders  of  woods,  N.  Y.  to  111. 
and  Fla. 

7.  L.  Floridana,  Gaertn.  Leaves  all  lyrate  or  runcinate,  the  upper 
often  with  a  heart-shaped  clasping  base;  panicle  larger;  achenes  distinctly 
beaked  ;  otherwise  as  n.  6.  —  Rich  soil,  Penn.  to  111.,  and  southward. 


LOBELIACE.E.        (LOUELIA    FAMILY.)  305 

8.  L.  leuCOphaea,  Gray.  Nearly  smooth  biennial;  stem  tall  (3-12° 
high),  very  leafy  ;  leaves  irregularly  pinnatitid,  sometimes  runeinate,  coarsely 
toothed,  the  upper  cauline  set^sile  and  aurieulate,  sometimes  chisping ;  heads 
in  a  large  and  dense  compound  panicle;  flowers  l)luish  to  cream-color;  achenc 
short-beaked;  pappus  tawny.  (Mulgedium,  DC.)  —  Low  grounds;  rather 
common.  —  Var.  inti;(;i{Ii6lia,  Gray.  Leaves  undivided,  or  the  lower  sinu- 
ate-pinnatifid.     Ohio  to  111. 

98.     SONCHUS,    L.        Sow-Thistle. 

Heads  many-flowered,  becoming  tumid  at  base.  Involucre  more  or  less  im- 
bricated. Achenes  obcompressed,  ri!)bcd  or  striate,  not  beaked  ;  pappus  copious, 
of  very  white  exceedingly  soft  and  tine  bristles  mainly  falling  together. — Leafy- 
stemmed  coarse  weeds,  chiefly  smootli  and  glaucous,  with  corymbed  or  umbel- 
late heads  of  yellow  flowers;  produced  in  summer  and  autumn.  (The  ancient 
Greek  name.) 

*  Annual  (1-5°  higli)  ;  Jloicers  pale  yellow. 

S.  olekXceus,  L.  (Common  Sow-Thistle.)  Stem-leaves  runcinate-pin- 
natifid,  or  rarely  undivided,  slightly  toothed  with  soft  spiny  teeth,  clasping  by 
a  heart-shaped  base,  the  auricles  acute  ;  involucre  downy  when  young;  achenes 
striate,  also  wrinkled  transversely.  —  Waste  places  in  manured  soil  and  around 
dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

S.  Asi'EK,  Vill.  (Si'iNV-LEAVEi)  S.)  Stcm-leaves  less  divided  and  more 
spiny-toothed,  the  auricles  of  the  clasping  base  rounded,  achenes  margined, 
3 -nerved  on  each  side,  smooth. —  With  and  like  the  last.     (Nat.  from  Eu) 

*  *  Perennial,  ivith  creeping  rootstocks ;  Jloivers  brif/lit  yellow,  in  large  heads. 

S.  ARVEXsis,  L.  (Field  S.)  Leaves  ruucinate-pinuatifid,  spiny-toothed, 
clasping  by  a  heart-shaped  base ;  peduncles  and  involucre  bristly ;  achenes 
transversely  wrinkled  on  the  ribs.  —  Koadsides,  etc.,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y. ;  be- 
coming more  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Order  56.     LOBELIACE^.     (Lobelia  Family.) 

Herbs  icith  acrid  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  scattered  Jiowers,  an 
irregular  monopetalous  b-lohed  corolla  .  the  5  stamens  free  from  the  corolla, 
and  united  into  a  tube  commonly  by  their  Jilaments  and  always  hy  their 
anthers.  —  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  many-seeded  pod.  Style  1  ,  stigma 
often  fringed.  Seeds  anatropou?,  with  a  small  straight  embryo,  in  copious 
albumen.  —  Nearly  passing  into  the  following  order. 

L    LOBELIA,    L. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  short  tube.  Corolla  witli  a  straight  tube,  split  down  on 
the  (apparently)  upper  side,  somewhat  2-lipped  :  the  upper  lip  of  2  rather  erect 
lobes,  the  lower  lip  spreading  and  3-cleft.  Two  of  the  anthers  in  our  species 
bearded  at  the  top.  Pod  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  the  top.  —  Flowers 
axillary  or  chiefly  in  bracted  racemes,  in  summer  and  early  autumn.  (Dedi- 
cated to  Matthias  De  I'Dbel,  an  early  Flemish  herbalist.) 
»  Flowers  deep  red,  large  :  stem  simple. 

1.  L.  cardin^lis,  L.  (Cardinal-flower.)  Tall  (2- 4°  high),  smooth- 
ish;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed ;  raceme  elongated,  rather  1 -sided; 
the  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaf-like  bracts.  —  Low  grounds,  common. 

20 


306  LOBELIACE.E.        (LOBELIA    FAMILY.) 

—  Perennial  by  offsets,  with  large  and  very  showy  intensely  red  flowers,  vary- 
ing rarely  to  rose-color  or  even  wliite.  Hybrids  with  the  next  species  also 
occur. 

*  *  Floirers  blue,  or  blue  variegated  ivith  white. 

-1-  Flowers  rather  large  {corolla-tube  5-6"  long),  spicate-racemose ;  stems  leafy y 

1-3°  high ;  perennial. 

++  Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  numerous  ;  lip  of  corolla  glabrous. 

2.  L.  syphilitica,  L.  (Great  Lobelia.)  Somewhat  hainj ;  leaves 
thin,  acute  at.  both  ends  (2-6'  long),  irregularly  serrate ;  flowers  (nearly  V 
long)  pedicelled,  longer  than  tlie  leafy  bracts  ;  calyx  hirsute,  the  sinuses  with 
conspicuous  defexed  auricles,  tlie  short  tube  hemispherical.  —  Low  grounds, 
common.  —  Flowers  light  blue,  rarely  white. 

3.  L.  pubdrula,  Michx.  Finely  soft-pubescent;  leaves  thickish,  obtuse 
(1 -2' long),  with  small  glandular  teeth ;  spike  rather  1 -sided  ;  bracts  ovate; 
sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  short  and  rounded  or  often  inconspicuons  auricles,  the 
hairy  tube  top-shaped.  —  Moist  sandy  grounds,  N.  J.  to  Iowa,  and  south  to  Tex. 
and  Fla.  —  Corolla  bright  blue,  \'  long. 

4.  L.  amoena,  ^Vlichx.  Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  raceme  virgate ;  leaves 
narrower;  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear,  often  glandular-denticulate  ;  calyx-lobes 
long  and  very  slender,  usually  without  auricles,  the  tube  glabrous.  —  S.  Atlantic 
States,  in  swamps.  —  Var.  GLAXDULfpEKA,  Gray  ;  a  slender  form  with  secund 
raceme,  oval  to  lance-oblong  obtuse  gland-toothed  leaves;,  and  the  bracts  and 
calyx-teeth  beset  with  slender  gland-tipped  teeth.     S.  Va.  and  southward. 

•t-i-  ++  Leaves  long  and  narrow,  sparse  above;  lip  of  corolla  pubescent  at  base. 

5.  L.  glandulosa,  Walt.  Glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent ;  leaves, 
bracts,  and  usually  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  strongly  glandular-toothed  ;  calyx- 
tube  densely  hispid,  rarely  sparsely  so  or  smoothish,  the  sinuses  not  auriculate. 

—  Pine-barren  swamps,  S.  Va.  to  Fla. 

1-  -»-  Flowers  smaller  {corolla-tube  not  more  than  2-3"  long). 
■*•*  Stem  leafy,  mostly  simple,  continued  into  an  elongated  virgate  spike-like  ra- 
ceme;  leaves  lanceolate  to  obovate,  barely  denticu'ate  or  repand. 

6.  L.  leptostachys,  A.  DC.     Smooth  above ;  leaves  obtuse,  denticulate, 

oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  to  awl-rdiaped  bracts ;  calyx- 
lobes  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  with  10  reflexed  awl -shaped  appendages 
as  long  as  the  hemispherical  tube.  —  Sandy  soil,  Ohio  to  111.  and  Mo.;  also  Va. 
to  Ga. 

7.  L.  spic^ta,  Lam.  Stem  slender,  strict  (1  -4°  high)  from  a  biennial  (?) 
root,  below  and  the  barely  denticulate  leaves  minutely  pubescent;  lower  and 
root-leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  the  upper  reduced  to  linear  or  club-shaped 
bracts ;  calyx-tube  short,  obconical  or  becoming  almost  hemispherical,  sinuses 
not  appendaged.  —  Moist  or  dry,  mostly  gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  N.  New  Eng. 
to  Sask.,  south  to  Ark.  and  La.  Fl.  through  summer.  —  Var.  parvifl6ra, 
Gray,  a  small  form,  with  calyx-lobes  broadly  sulnilate,  and  pale  corolla  but  3" 
long.  Swamps,  Lancaster,  Penn.  {Porter);  beginning  to  flower  in  June.  — Var. 
HiRTELLA,  Gray ;  with  somewhat  scabrous  pubescence,  and  minutely  hirsute- 
ciliate  bracts  and  calyx-lobes.     Chiefly  toward  and  beyond  the  Mississippi. 


CAMl'ANL'LAOK^.        (CAMl'ANt  LA     FAMILY.)  307 

*+  -M.  Stem  leaf  ij,  often  p<inlcid<tteJ ij  brunehed  ;  Jlowers  louscli/  nitcmose  ;  sinuses 

<fc(ili/.r  not  (ippcnddijed  ;  annual  or  hienn'ud. 

=  Leaves  chiefi/  linear,  entire  or  denticulate ;  pod  not  inflated. 

8.  L.  C4nbyi,  Gray.  Stem  strict  (I -2'^  high),  minutely  angled ;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  bracts  a«(/ ^ifou-'crs,  minutely  rougheued  under  a  leus; 
hractlets  none;  ca/i/x-tube  top-shaped,  acute  at  base,onli/  half  the  lenrjth  of  the 
lobes  (which,  with  the  linear  leaves,  are  sparsely  glandular-denticulate),  in  fruit 
becoming  ohlong,  coveriiig  the  whole  pod;  corolla  deep  blue  (fully  5"  long), 
more  or  less  bearded  in  the  throat.  —  Wet  places,  N.  J.,  Del.,  and  S.  C. 

9.  L.  Kalmii,  L.  Stem  mostly  low  (4-18'  high),  minutely  angled;  pedi- 
C(U  jUiforni,  not  exceed inrj  the  linear  or  setaceous  bracts  but  as  lony  as  the  flower, 
minattlij  2-bracteolate  or  2-(/landular  aboce  the  middle;  calyx-tube  top-shaped  or 
obocoid,  fully  half  the  length  of  the  lobes,  in  fruit  rather  longer  than  they, 
covering  the  whole  pod  ;  corolla  light  blue,  4  -  5"  long.  —  Wet  limestone  rocks 
and  banks,  N.  V^ig.  to  L.  Winnipeg,  south  to  Peun.,  Ind.,  and  Miun. 

10.  L.  Nuttallii,.  Roem.  &  Schult.  Stem  very  slender  (1-2^  high), 
terete;  pedicels  mostli/  longer  than  the  bract  and  shorter  than  the  flower,  usually 
with  very  minute  bractlets  near  the  base ;  cali/x-tube  very  short,  depressed- 
hemispherical  tn  fruit,  the  globular  pod  half  free;  corolla  pale  blue,  barely  3" 
long.  —  Sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  and  Tenn.  to  Ga. 

--=  =  Lt-ares  orate  or  oblong,  obtusely  toothed ;  pod  inflated,  uholly  inferior. 

11.  L.  inflata,  L.  (IxniANTouACCo.)  Stems  paniculately  much  branched 
from  an  annual  root,  pul)escent  with  spreading  hairs  (1-2°  high);  leaves 
gradually  diminishing  into  leaf-like  bracts,  which  exceed  the  lower  short-pedi- 
celled  flowers;  calyx-tube  ovoid.  —  Dry  open  fields.  —  Corolla  only  1^-2" 
long.     Plant  poisonous  and  a  noted  quack  medicine. 

4H.  ++  ++  Stem  scape-like,  mostly  simple,  hollow  ;  leaves  fleshy  ;  fbrous-rooted  per- 
ennials, very  f/labrous,  mostly  aquatic,  with  pale  blue  or  ichitishfloivers. 

12.  L.  palud6sa,  Nutt.  Nearly  smooth;  stem  slender  (1-4*^  high); 
leaves  fat,  scattered  near  the  base,  linear-spatulate  or  oblong-linear,  glandular- 
denticulate,  mostly  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  lower  lip  of  corolla  bearded  in  the 
middle;  calyx-tube  about  half  the  length  of  the  short  lobes,  hemispherical  in 
fruit.  —  In  water  (but  foliage  emerged),  Del.  tt)  Fla.  and  La. 

13.  L.  Dortmanna,  L.  (Water  Loukma.)  Vcvy  smooth;  scape  thick- 
ish  (5  -  12'  high) ,  feir- flowered  ;  leaves  all  tufted  at  the  roof,  linear,  terete,  holloir, 
with  a  partition  lengthwise;  lower  lip  of  corolla  sliglitly  hairy;  calyx-tube 
al)out  as  long  as  the  lobes,  in  fruit  much  longer.  —  Borders  of  ponds  (often 
immersed),  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Penn.,  L.  Superior,  and  northward.     (En.) 

Ordkr  57.     CAMPANULACEiE.     (Campanula  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  milhy  Juice,  alternate  leaver,  and  scattered  floiccrs  .  calyx 
adherent  to  the  ovary ;  the  regular  Jj-lohed  corolla  hell-shaped,  valvate  in  the 
bud:  the  5  stamens  usually  free  frotn  the  corolla  and  distinct.  —  Style!, 
usually  beset  witli  collecting  hairs  above;  sti;j^mas  2  or  more.  Capsule 
2  -  several-celled,  many-seeded.  Seed  small,  anatropous,  with  a  straight 
embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.     Flowers  generally  blue  and  showy. 


,:508  CAMPANULACEiE.        (CAMPANULA    FAMILY.) 

1.     SPECUIjAIIIA,     Heister.        Venus's  Looking-glass. 

Calyx  5-  (or  3-4-)  lobed.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  sepa- 
rate ;  the  membranaceous  hairy  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Stigmas  3. 
Capsule  prismatic  or  elongated-oblong,  3-celled,  opening  by  3  small  lateral 
valves.  —  Low  annuals,  with  axillary  blue  or  purplish  flowers,  in  American 
species  dimorphous,  the  earlier  being  cleistogamous.  (Name  from  Speculum 
Veneris,  the  early  name  of  the  common  European  species.) 

1.  S.  perfoliata,  A.  DC.  Somewhat  hairy  (3-20'  high);  leaves  round- 
ish or  ovate,  clasping  bi/  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed ;  flowers  sessile,  solitary 
or  2  -  3  together  in  the  axils,  only  the  upper  or  later  ones  having  a  conspic- 
uous and  expanding  corolla;  capsule  oblong,  short,  straight,  opening  rather  below 
the  middle;  seeds  lenticular.  —  Sterile  open  ground  ;  common.     May -Aug. 

2.  S.  leptOCarpa,  Gray.  Minutely  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous  (6-12' 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  Avith  flowers  closely  sessile  in  their  axils;  calyx-lobes 
of  lower  flowers  3  ;  capsule  nearly  cylindrical  (6-9"  long,  \"  thick),  inclined  to 
curve,  opening  by  one  or  two  uplifted  valves  near  the  summit;  seeds  oblong. — 
W.  Mo,  and  Ark.  to  Col.  and  W.  Tex.     Expanded  corolla  6  -  9''  wide. 

2.     CAMPANULA,    Tourn.        Bellflower. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  generally  bell-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  sepa- 
rate ,  the  filaments  broad  and  membranaceous  at  the  base.  Stigmas  and  cells 
of  the  capsule  3  in  our  species,  the  short  pod  opening  .on  the  sides  by  as  many 
valves  or  holes.  —  Herbs,  with  terminal  or  axillary  flowers ;  in  summer.  (A 
diminutive  of  the  Italian  campana,  a  bell,  from  the  shape  of  the  corolla.) 

*  Style  straight;  openings  of  capsule  below  the  middle. 
■^Coarse  pubescent  many-Jlowered  European  species,  sparingly  naturalized; 

perennial. 

C.  RAPUNCULOiDES,  L.  Smoothish,  slender,  erect ;  stem-leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  the  lower  long-petioled  and  heart-shaped ;  flowers  nodding, 
single  in  the  axil  of  bracts,  forming  racemes;  corolla  oblong,  V  long.  —  Road- 
sides and  fields,  Canada  and  N.  Eug.  to  Penn. 

C.  glomkeXta,  L.  (Clustered  B.)  Somewhat  hairy,  stout  and  erect, 
1°  high;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  cordate-clasping;  flowers  sessile, 
clustered  in  tlie  upper  axils,  forming  a  leafy  head ;  corolla  open-bell-shaped, 
1'  long. — Roadsides,  E.  Mass. 

H-  -1-  Slender  perennials,  mostly  glabrous ;  flowers  one  or  few,  on  slender  peduncles. 

1.  C.  rotundifolia,  L.  (Harebell.)  Slender,  branching  (5- 12' high), 
1 -10-flowered  ;  root-leaves  round-heart-shaped  or  ovate,  mostly  toothed  or  cre- 
nate,  long-petioled,  early  withering  away ;  stem-leaves  numerous,  linear  or  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  entire,  smooth ;  calyx-lobes  awl-shaped,  from  ^  to  |  the  length 
of  the  bright-blue  corolla  (which  is  6-9"  long);  capsule  nodding.  —  Rocky 
shaded  banks,  throughout  the  northern  part  of  our  range,  and  southward  in 
the  mountains.  —  A  delicate  and  pretty  species,  but  with  a  most  inappropriate 
name,  since  the  round  root-leaves  are  rarely  obvious.     (Eu.) 

Var.  arctica,  Lange.  Stems  more  upright  and  rather  rigid ,  lowest  leaves 
spatulate;  the  very  slender  calyx-lobes  soon  spreading  or  deflexed;  corolla 
'i-V  long.  (C.  rotundifolia,  var.  linifolia,  of  Man.)  —  Shores  of  the  Great 
Lakes,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 


ERICACE.*:.        ( HEATH     FAMILY.)  309 

Var.  velutina,  DC,  has  the  whole  herbage  canescently  pubescent. — 
Sand-hills  of  Hurt  Lake,  Mich.  {E.  J.  IJill). 

2.  C.  aparinoides,  Tuish.  (Maush  Bellflowkh.)  Stetn  simple  and 
slender,  wcu/c  (8-20'  high),  few-flowered,  somewhat  3-angled,  rough  backward 
on  the  angles, as  are  the  slightly  toothed  edges  and  midrib  of  the  linear-lanceolate 
leaves;  peduncles  diverging,  slender;  lobes  of  the  calgx  triangular,  half  the 
length  of  the  bell-shaped  nearly  white  corolla ;  capsule  erect.  —  Wot  grassy 
grounds,  tlirougliuut  our  range.     With  soniewliat  the  habit  of  a  Galium. 

3.  C.  divaricata,  ^lichx.  Very  smooth;  stem  loosely  branched  (1-3° 
high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  coarsely  and  sliarply 
toothed ;  Jlowers  numerous  on  the  branches  of  the  large  compound  panicle; 
calyx-lobes  awl-shaped,  about  half  the  length  of  the  pale-blue  small  corolla  (3" 
long) ;  style  exserted.  —  Dry  woods  and  rocks,  mountains  of  Va.,  E.  Ky.,  and 
southward. 

*  *  Style  declined  and  upivardly  curved,  much  longer  than  the  rotate  corolla ; 
openings  of  the  capsule  close  to  the  summit ;  injiorescence  spicate. 

4.  C.  Americana,  L.  (Tall  Bellflower.)  Annual;  stem  mostly 
simple  (3-6°  high);  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrate, 
mostly  on  margined  petioles,  tliin,  somewhat  hairy  (2^-6'  long);  spike  1-2° 
long;  corolla  light  blue,  V  broad.  —  Moist  rich  soil,  western  N.  Y.  to  Minu., 
south  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

Order  58.     ERICACE.^.     (Heath  Family.) 

Shrubs,  sometimes  herbs,  with  the  flowers  regular  or  necirhj  so;  stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  A-b-lobed  or  A-b-petalled  corolla,  free 
from  hut  inserted  with  it :  anthers  2-celled,  commonly  appendaged,  or  open- 
ing hy  terminal  chinks  or  pores,  introrse  (except  in  Suborder  3) ;  style  1 ; 
ovary  3-  10-celled.  Pollen  compound,  of  4  united  grains  (except  in  Sub- 
order 4).  Seeds  small,  anatropous.  Embryo  small,  or  sometimes  minute, 
in  fleshy  albumen.  —  A  large  family,  very  various  in  many  of  the  charac- 
ters, comprising  four  well-marked  suborders,  as  follows  :  — 

Suborder  I.  Vacciniea;.  (Whortleberry  Family.)  Calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  which  forms  an  edible  berry  or  berry-like 
fruit,  crowned  with  the  short  calyx-teeth.  Anther-cells  opening  at  the 
apex.  —  Shrubs  or  somewhat  woody  plants,  with  scaly  buds. 

].  Gaylussacia.    Ovary  10-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  iu  each  cell.     Fruit  a  berried  drupe 
with  10  small  seed-like  nutlets. 

2  Vaccinium.     Berry  4 - 5-cellcd  (or  imperfectly  8 -  10-<elled  by  false  partitions),  many- 

seeded.     Anther-cells  tai)ering  upward  into  a  tube. 

3  Chionrenes.     Berry  4-celled,  many-seeded,  its  summit  free.     Anther-cells  not  prolonged 

into  a  tube,  but  each  2-pointetL     Slender  tj-ailing  evergreen. 

Suborder  II.  EricineiT^.  (Heath  Family  proper.)  Calyx  free 
from  the  ovary.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  rarely  polypetalous,  hypog}nous. 
—  Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

Tribe  I.    AKBUTE.iE.    Fruit  indehiscent,  a  berry  or  drupe.     Corolla  deciduous. 
4.  Arctostaphylos.    Corolla  ui'n-shaped.    Drupe  berry-like,  5- 10-seedeU. 


310  ERICACEAE.        (heath    FAMILY.) 

Tribe  II.    ANDROMEDE^.    Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule  (berry-like  in  n.  6).    Corolla 

deciduous. 

*  Anther-cells  opening  through  their  whole  length,  not  appendaged. 

5.  Epigsea.    Corolla  salver-shaped.    Calyx  of  5  separate  dry  and  pointed  sepals. 

*  *  Anther-cells  opening  only  at  the  top.     Corolla  not  salver-shaped. 
•1-  Calyx  becoming  enlarged  and  berry-like  in  fruit. 

6.  Gaultheria.    Calyx  5-cleft,  in  fruit  enclosing  the  capsule.    Anthers  4-awned  at  top. 

H-  H-  Calyx  dry,  not  becoming  fleshy  after  flowering. 
**  Corolla  iirceolate  to  cylindrical,  5-toothed ;  not  heath-like. 

7.  Andromeda.    Calyx  valvate  and  very  early  open,  naked.    Capsule  globular.     Seeds 

mostly  hanging  on  the  central  placenta. 

8.  Oxydendrum.    Caljrx  short,  early  open,  naked.     Capsule  oblong-pyramidal.     Seeds 

all  ascending.     A  small  tree. 

9.  L.eucothoe.    Calyx  slightly  or  much  imbricated,  naked  or  bibracteate.    Corolla  cylin- 

draceous.     Capsule  depressed,  5-lobed,  the  valves  entire. 

10.  Cassandra.    Calyx  ofrigid  imbricated  ovate  sepals,  bibracteate.    Corolla  cylindraceous. 

Capsule  splitting  when  ripe  into  an  outer  and  inner  layer,  the  inner  of  10  valves. 
*+  4-4-  Corolla  campanulate,  4  -  5-lobed  or  -parted  ;  heath-like,  with  acerose  imbricated  leaves. 

11.  Cassiope.    Calyx  of  ovate  imbricated  sepals,    Caijsule  globular-ovoid,  4  -  5-valved,  the 

valves  2-cleft. 

Tribe  III.     ERICE.^.    Corolla  persistent,  becoming  scarious.     Capsule  septicidal. 

12    Calluna.    Corolla  bell-sliaped,  4-parted.    Leaves  minute,  opposite,  imbricate. 

Tribe  IV.    BHODODENDRE^E.    Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule.    Corolla  deciduous. 

*  Anther-cells  opening  by  a  hole  or  chink  at  the  top. 

•f-  Flowers  not  from  scaly  buds;  the  bracts  leaf-like  or  coriaceous, 

13.  Bryanthiis.     Corolla  ovate  or  urn-shaped.     Leaves  narrow  and  heath-like. 

14.  Kalmia.    Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped  or  wheel-shaped,  with  10  pouches  receiving  as 

many  anthers.     Leaves  oblong  or  linear, 
■t-  •(-  Flowers  developed  from  large  scaly  buds,  the  scales  or  bracts  caducous. 

15.  Menziesia.    Corolla  globular-bell-shaped,  4-toothed.    Stamens  8.     Leaves  deciduous. 

16.  Rhododendron.     Flowers  usually  5-merous.     Corolla  bell-shaped  or  funnel-form, 

lobed  or  parted,  often  somewhat  irregular     Leaves  deciduous  or  evergreen. 

17.  L.eduui.   Corolla  regular,  all  5  petals  nearly  separate.  Stamens  5  - 10.   Leaves  evergreen. 

*  *  Anther-cells  opening  lengthwise.     Leaves  evergreen.    Bud-scales  firm  and  persistent. 

18.  I,eiopbyllum.    Corolla  of  5  separate  petals     Stamens  10,  exserted. 

19.  Lioiseleuria.    Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.    Stamens  5,  included. 

Suborder  TIT.  Pyrolese.  (Pyrola  Family.)  Calyx  free  from 
the  ovary.  Corolla  polypetalous.  Anthers  extrorse  in  the  bud,  opening 
by  pores  at  the  base  (inverted  in  the  flower).  Seeds  with  a  loose  and 
translucent  cellular  coat  much  larger  than  the  nucleus. 

Tribe  I.     CLETHRE^.    Shrubs  or  trees,  with  deciduous  foliage  (in  ours).     Pollen- 
grains  simple.    Capsule  3-celled. 

20.  Clethra.    Sepals  and  petals  5.     Stamens  10.     Style  3-cleft  at  the  apex. 

Tribe  II.    PYROL.E.iE.     Herbs  or  nearly  so,  with  evergreen  foliage.     Pollen-grains 
compound.     Capsule  5-  (rarely  4-)  celled, 

21.  Chimaphila.    Stems  leafy.    Flowers  corymbed  or  umbelled.    Petals  widely  spreading. 

Style  very  short  and  top-shaped.     Valves  of  the  capsule  smooth  on  the  edges. 

22.  Moneses.    Scape  1-flowered.    Petals  widely  spreading.    Style  straight,  exserted  ;  stigma 

5-rayed,     Valves  of  the  capsule  smooth  on  the  edges. 


ERICACEAE.        (IIEATM    FAMILY.)  311 

23.  Pypola.    Acaulescent.    Flowers  in  a  raceme.     Petals  not  widely  spreading.     Filauienta 

awl-shaj.ed.     Style  long.     Valves  of  the  capsule  cobwebby  on  tlie  edj;.-.s. 

SuiiOKDER  IV.  Moiiotropetc.  ([ndian-pipk  Family.)  Flow- 
ers nearly  as  in  Suborders  2  or  3,  hut  the  ])lants  herba(e()u.>^,  ruot-panv- 
sitic,  entirely  destitute  of  green  foliaj!:e,  and  with  the  aspect  of  Beech-dro]).s. 
Seeds  as  in  Sui)()rder  3. 

«  Corolla«ionopetalous  ;  anthers  2-celled. 

24.  Pterospora.   Corolla  ovate,  5-toothed;  anthers  2-awned  on  the  back,  opening  lengthwise. 

25.  Schweinitzia.    Corolla  broadly  bell-sliapud,  5-lobed  ;  antliers  opening  at  the  top. 

*  *  Corolla  of  4  or  5  separate  petals;  calyx  imperfect  or  bract-like. 

26.  Monutropa.     Petals  narrow.     Anthers  kidney-shaped,  opening  across  the  top. 

1.    GAYLUSSACIA,    HBK.        Hicklehkrry. 

Corolla  tubidar,  ovoid,  or  bell-shaped  ;  the  border  5-c'left.  Stamens  10;  an- 
thers awnless;  the  cells  tapering  upward  into  more  or  less  of  a  tube,  opening 
by  a  chink  at  the  end.  Fruit  a  berry -like  drupe,  containing  10  .seed-like  nutlets. 
—  Branching  shrubs,  with  the  aspect  of  Vaccinium,  commonly  sprinkled  with 
resinous  dots;  the  flowers  (white  tinged  with  purple  or  red)  in  lateral  and 
bracted  racemes.  (Named  for  the  distinguished  chemist,  fjoi/-Lussac. ) 
*  Leaves  thick  and  evergreen,  someu-hat  serrate,  not  resinous-dotted. 

1.  G.  braehycera,  Gray.  (Box-Hucklebekrv.)  Very  smooth  (1° 
high);  leaves  oval,  finely  crenate-toothcd ;  racemes  short  and  nearly  sessile ; 
pedicels  very  short ;  corolla  cylindrical-bell-shaped  —  Wooded  hills,  Perry  Co., 
Teun.,  to  Del.  and  Va.     May.  —  Leaves  resembling  those  of  the  Box. 

*  *  Leaves  deciduous,  entire,  spri7ikled  more  or  less  with  resinous  of  waxy  atoms. 

2.  G.  dumbsa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Dwarf  Huckleberry.)  Someichat 
hairi)  and  glandular,  low  (1  -5°  high  from  a  creeping  base),  bushy,  leaves  ob- 
ovate-oblong,  mucronate,  green  both  sides,  rather  thick  and  shining  when  old  ; 
racemes  elongated  ;  bracts  leaf-like,  oval, persistent,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  ovart/ 
bristlij  or  glandular ;  corolla  bell-shaped ,  fruit  black  (insipid)  — -Var  hirtella 
has  the  young  branchlets,  racemes,  and  often  the  leaves  hairy. — Sandy  swamp.s. 
Xewf.,  along  the  coast  to  Fla.  and  La. ;  the  var.  chiefly  southward.     June. 

3.  G.  frondosa,  Torr.  &  Gray  (BlueTaxule.  Danglebehuv.)  Smooth 
(3-6°  high);  branches  slender  and  divergent;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  blunt, 
pale,  glaucous  beneath  ;  racemes  slender,  loose  ,  bracts  oblong  or  linear,  decidu- 
ous, shorter  than  the  slender  droojung  pedicels;  corolla  globular-bellshaped  • 
fruit  dark  blue  with  a  white  bloom  (sweet  and  edible)  —  Low  copses  coa.^t  of 
N.  Eng.  and  mountains  of  Penn.  to  Ky..  south  to  La  ami  Khi.     May.  June 

4.  G.  resinbsa,  Torr  &  Gray.  (Black  IIicKLEBERRV. )  Much  branched, 
rigid,  slightlji  pubescent  when  young  (1-3°  high) ,  leaves  oval,  oblong-ovate,  or 
oblong,  thickly  clothed  and  at  first  clammi/,  as  well  as  the  floweis,  with  shining 
resinous  globules  ;  racemes  short,  clustered,  one-sided  ;  pedicels  about  the  length 
of  the  flowers  ;  bracts  and  bractlcts  (reddish)  small  and  deciduous  ,  corolla  ovoid- 
conical,  or  at  length  cylindrical  with  an  o])en  mouth  ;  fruit  black,  without  bloom 
(pleasant,  very  rarely  white).  —  Hocky  woodlands  and  swamj^s,  Newf.  to  Minn. , 
south  to  N.  Ga.     May,  June. — 'I'he  common  Huckleberry  of  the  markets 


312  ERICACE^.       (heath    FAMILY.) 

2.     VACCINIUM,     L.        Blueberry.    Bilberry.     Cranberry. 

Corolla  various  in  shape;  the  limb  4-5-cleft,  revolute.  Stamens  8  or  10; 
anthers  sometimes  2-awne(l  on  the  back ;  the  cells  separate  and  prolonged  up- 
ward into  a  tube,  opening  by  a  hole  at  the  apex.  Berry  4-5-celled,  many-seeded, 
or  sometimes  8-  10-celled  by  a  false  partition  stretching  from  the  back  of  each 
cell  to  the  placenta.  —  Shrubs  with  solitary,  clustered,  or  racemed  flowers ;  the 
corolla  white  or  reddish.     (Ancient  Latin  name^of  obscure  derivation.) 

§  1,  BATODENDRON.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  5-lobed ;  anthers  with  long 
tubes,  and  2-aicned  on  the  back;  berrtj  {hardly  edible)  spuriously  lO-celled ; 
leaves  deciduous  but  firm ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  leafy-bracted  racemes, 
slender-ped  icelled . 

1.  V.  arboreum,  Marshall.  (Farkle-berry.)  Tall  (6-25°  high), 
smoothish ;  leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  entire  or  denticulate,  mucronate,  briglit 
green,  shining  above,  at  the  south  evergreen;  corolla  ichite;  anthers  included  ; 
berries  black,  globose,  small,  many-seeded.  —  Sandy  soil,  S.  111.  to  Tex.,  Fla., 
and  N.  C. 

2.  V.  stamineum,  L.  (Deerberry.  Squaw  Huckleberry.)  Dif- 
fusely branched  (2-3°  high),  somewhat  pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  pale, 
glaucous  or  whitish  underneath;  corolla  greenish-white  or  purplish;  anthers 
viuch  exserfed ;  berries  greenish  or  yellowish,  globular  or  pear-shaped,  largo, 
few-seeded.  —  Dry  woods,  ]\Iaine  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

§  2.  CYAN0C6CCUS.  (Blueberries.)  Corolla  cylindraceous  to  campan- 
ulate,  ^-toothed ;  filaments  hairy;  anthers  included,  aicnless ;  berry  (siveet 
and  edible)  blue  or  black  with  bloom,  completely  or  incompletely  lO-celled ; 
fiowers  in  fascicles  or  short  racemes,  short-ped icelled,  appearing  from  large 
scaly  buds  ivith  or  before  the  leaves. 

*  Corolla  cylindraceous  when  developed. 

3.  V.  virgatum,  Ait.  Low,  more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate-oblong 
to  cuneate-lanceolate,  usually  acute  and  minutely  serrulate,  thinnish,  shining 
at  least  above ;  flower-clusters  sometimes  virgate  on  naked  branches ;  corolla 
rose-color ;  berry  black.  —  In  swamps,  south  of  our  range,  but  represented  by 

Var.  tenellum,  Gray.  Low  form,  mostly  small-leaved,  with  smaller 
nearly  white  flowers  in  shorter  or  closer  clusters.  —  Va.  to  Ark.,  and  southward, 
«  *  Corolla  shorter  and  broader.     (Blueberries  or  Blue  Huckleberries.) 

4.  "V.  Pennsylvanieum,  Lam.  (Dwarf  Blueberry.)  Dwarf  (6- 
15'  high),  smooth,  with  green  warty  stems  and  branches;  leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  distinctly  serrulate  icith  bristle-pointed  teeth,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides 
(or  sometimes  downy  on  the  midrib  underneath) ;  corolla  short,  cylindrical- 
bell-shaped;  berries  bluish-black  and  glaucous.  —  Dry  hills,  X.  J.  to  111.,  north 
to  Xewf .  and  Sask.  The  lowest  and  earliest  ripened  of  the  blueberries.  — Var. 
angustif6lium,  Gray ;  a  dwarfer  high-mountain  or  northern  form,  with  nar- 
rower lanceolate  leaves.  —  White  Mts.  of  N.  H.,  Newf .,  and  far  northward. 

5.  V.  Canadense,  Kalm.  Low  (l  -2°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or 
elliptical,  entire,  downy  both  sides,  as  Avell  as  the  crowded  branchlets ;  corolla 
shorter ;  otherwise  as  the  last.  —  Swamps  or  moist  woods,  N.  New  Eng.  to 
mountains  of  Penn.,  111.,  Minn.,  and  northward. 


KRICACE.E.       (lIEATII    FAMILY.)  313 

6.  V.  vacillans,  Solander.  (Low  Bmiekeuky.)  Low  (l-2J°  hiffli), 
glalrroitti,  witli  \  tllowisli-^reon  hranohlota;  leaves  nhovate  or  oval,  veri)  pale  or 
dully  iflaucuus,  at  least  uiidoriieath,  minutely  ciliolate  serrulate  or  entire ;  co- 
rolla between  bell-sliajjed  and  cylindraeeons,  the  mouth  somewhat  contracted. 

—  Dry  places,  especially  in?findy  soil,  New  En<;.  to  Mich,  and  Iowa,  south  to 
N.  C.  and  Mo.  —  Berries  ripening  later  than  those  of  n.  4. 

7.  V.  corymbdsum,  L.  (Common  or  Swamp-Bluebekry.)  Tall  (:■»- 
10°  high);  leaves  ovate,  oval,  oblong,  or  ellipticoNanceolate ;  corolla  varying 
from  turgid-ovate  and  cylindrical-urn-shaped  tooblong-cylindrical,  3-4"  long. 
— Swamps  and  low  thickets,  throughout  our  range  and  southward.  This  yields 
the  common  hlueherri/  or  blue  hurUeberri/  of  the  latter  part  of  the  season.  Tiie 
typical  form  has  leaves  with  naked  entire  margins,  and  may  be  })ubescent  or 
glabrous  (var.  glaurl'm,  Grai/,  Man.)  Numerous  gradations  unite  the  iol- 
lowing  varieties :  — 

Var.  amCBnum,  Gray.  Leaves  bristly -ciliate,  shining  above,  green  both 
sides,  beneath  somewhat  pubescent  on  the  veins.  —  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

Var.  pallidum,  Gray.  Leaves  mostly  glabrous,  pale  or  whitish,  glaucous 
especially  underneath,  serrulate  with  bristly  teeth.  —  Common  in  the  Alle- 
ghanies  southward,  mostly  on  the  higher  ridges. 

Var.  atrococcum,  Gray.  The  most  distinct  form  ;  leaves  entire,  downy 
or  woolly  underneath  even  when  old,  as  also  the  branchlets;  berries  smaller, 
black,  without  bloom.  —  New  P^ng.  to  Penn. 

§3.   VACCINIUM  proper.     (Bilberries.)     Corolla  ovate  to  globular,  4- 5- 
toothed ;  Jilaments  glabrous;  anthers  2-aicned  on  the  back,  included ;  bern/ 
4  -  5-celled  ;  leaves  deciduous  ;  Jlowers  on  drooping  pedicels,  solitary  or  few 
together,  appearing  with  or  aJJer  the  leaves ;  mostlg  glabrous. 
*  Parts  ofthejlower  mostli/  in  Jours;  stamens  8. 

8.  V.  Uligin6sum,  L.  (Bog  Bilberry.)  Low  and  spreading  (4' -2° 
higli),  tufted;  leaves  entire,  dull,  obovate  or  oblong,  pale  and  slightly  pubes- 
cent underneath;  Howers  single  or  2-3  together  from  a  scaly  bud,  almost 
sessile ;  corolla  short,  urn-shaped ;  berries  black  with  a  bloom,  sweet.  —  Alpine 
tops  of  the  high  mountains  of  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.,  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and 
northwestward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Parts  of  the  flower  in  Jives ;  stamens  10;  leaves  viembranaceous  ;  flowers 
solitari)  on  short  axillari/  peduncles,  nodding. 

9.  V.  Caespitdsum,  Michx.  Dwarf  (3  -C  high),  tufted  ,  leaves  obovate, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  smooth  and  shining,  serrate  •  corolla  oblong,  slightly  urn- 
shaped;  berries  blue. — Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mts.,and  high  northward. 

—  Var.  cuNEiFoi.iuM,  Nutt.,  is  a  foot  high  or  less,  bushy,  with  cuneate-spatu- 
late  leaves  rounded  at  the  apex,  passing  in  one  form  to  spatulate-lanceolate 
and  acute.  —  Shores  of  L.  Superior  and  westward. 

10.  V.  myrtilloides,  Hook.  More  erect,  1  -5'^  high;  branchlets  some- 
what angled ;  leaves  mostli/  ovate  and  acute  or  pointed,  sharply  and  closely 
serrulate,  bright  green,  nearly  smooth;  border  of  tiie  calyx  aluK  s'  entire;  co- 
rolla depressed-</lobular,  rather  large ;  berries  large,  black,  rather  acid.  —  Damp 
woods,  shores  of  L.  Superior,  and  northwestward.  May,  June.  —  Pedicels  3- 
6"  long,  drooping  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit. 


314  i:ricace^.      (heath  family.) 

11.  V.  ovalifolium,  Smith.  Straggling,  2-12°  high;  leaves  elliptical , 
obtuse,  nearly  entire,  pale,  mostly  glaucous  beneath,  smooth;  corolla  ovoid; 
berries  blue.  —  Peat-bogs,  shores  of  L.  Superior,  and  northwestward.    May. 

§4.  VITIS-ID^A.  Corolla,  berry,  etc.,  as  in^S;  filaments  hairy;  anthers 
awnless  ;  leaves  coriaceous  and  persistent ;  fioicers  in  clusters  from  separate 
buds,  A-merous  {in  our  species)  ;  mostly  glabrous;  leaves  3-6"  lonf}. 

12.  V.  Vitis-Idsea,  L.  (Cowbekry.  Mountain  Cranberry.  Fox- 
berry.)  Low  (6-10'  high) ;  branches  erect  from  tufted  creeping  stems ;  leaves 
obovate  with  revolute  margins,  dark  green,  smooth  and  shining  above,  dotted 
with  blackish  bristly  points  underneath ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  4-cleft ;  berries 
dark  red,  acid  and  rather  bitter,  edible  Avhen  cooked.  Coast  and  mountains  of 
N.  Eng.  to  N.  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and  far  northward.     June.     (Eu.) 

§  f>.  OXYCOCCUS.  Corolla  deeply  4-parted  or  -cleft,  icith  linear  refiexed 
lobes ;  anthers  exserted,  aivnless,  with  very  long  terminal  tubes ;  berry  4- 
celled  ;  flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  nodding  on  long  filiform  pedicels. 

*  Stem  upright  and  leaves  deciduous,  as  in  common  Blueberries ;  flowers  axillary 
and  solitary  ;  corolla  deeply  4-clefi ;  berries  light  red,  turning  purple,  insipid. 

13.  V.  erythrocarpon,  Michx.  Smooth,  divergently  branched  (1-4° 
high) ;  leaves  oblung-lauceolate,  taper-pointed,  bristly  serrate,  thin.  —  Damp 
woods,  higher  Alleghanies,  Ya.  to  Ga.     July. 

*  *  Steins  very  slender,  creeping  or  trailing;  leaves  small,  entire,  whitened  be- 

neath,  evergreen ;  pedicels  erect,  the  pale  rose-colored  floicer  nodding  ;  corolla 
4-parted ;  berries  red,  acid.  —  Cranberries. 

14.  V.  OxycoCCUS,  L.  (Small  Cranberry.)  Stems  very  slender  (4 - 
9' long)  ;  leaves  orate,  acute,  with  strongly  revolute  margins  (2-3"  long)  ;  pedi- 
cels 1-4,  terminal;  filaments  fully  -J  as  long  as  the  anthers.  —  Peat-bogs,  N 
Eng.  and  Penn.  to  Minn.,  and  northward.  June.  —  Berry  3-4"  broad,  often 
speckled  with  white  when  young;  seldom  gathered  for  market.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

15.  V.  macrocarpon,  Ait.  (Large  or  American  Cranberry.)  Stems 
elongated  (1  -4°  long),  the  flowering  branches  ascending;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse, 
less  revolute  (4  -  6"  long) ;  pedicels  several,  becoming  lateral  \  filaments  scarcely 
one  third  the  length  of  the  anthers.  —  Peat-bogs,  N  C.  to  Minn.,  and  every- 
where northward,  but  scarcely  westward.     June.  —  Berry  l-V  long. 

3.     CHIOGENES,     Salisb.        Creeping  Snowberry. 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  limb  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  hell- 
shaped,  deeply  4-cleft.  Stamens  8,  included,  inserted  on  an  8-toothed  disk , 
filaments  very  short  and  broad;  anther-cells  ovate-oblong, separate, not  awned 
on  the  back,  but  each  minutely  2-pointed  at  the  apex,  and  opening  l)y  a  large 
chink  down  to  the  middle.  Berry  white,  globular,  rather  dry,  4-celled,  many 
seeded.  —  A  trailing  and  creeping  evergreen,  with  very  slender  and  scarcely 
woody  stems,  and  small  Thyme-like,  ovate  and  pointed  leaves  on  short  petioles, 
with  revolute  margins,  smooth  above,  the  lower  surface  and  the  branches  beset 
with  rigid  rusty  bristles.  FloAvers  very  small,  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  short 
nodding  peduncles,  Avith  2  large  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  (Name  from  x'»''> 
snow,  and  y4vos,  offspring,  in  allusion  to  the  snow-white  berries.) 


KRICACE^.       (lIKATII    FAMILY.)  31o 

1 .  C.  serpyllif 61ia,  Salisb.  Leaves  3  -  4"  long ;  berries  3"  broad,  bright 
white.  (C.  liisi)i(luhi,  Torr.  <J'  Gray.)  —  Peat-bogs,  and  mossy  woods,  N.  J.  and 
Pcnn.  to  Minn.,  and  northAvard  ;  al.so  southward  in  the  Alleghanies  to  N.  C. 
May.  —  Plant  with  the  aromatic  flavor  of  Gaultheria  or  Sweet  Birch. 

4.     ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,    Adans.        Bkakhkkkv. 

Corolla  ovate  and  urn-shaped,  with  a  short  revolute  5-toothed  limb.  Stamens 
10,  included;  anthers  with  2  reflexed  awns  on  the  back  near  the  apex,  opening 
by  terminal  pores.  J^rupe  berry-like,  with  5- 10  seed-like  nutlets.  —  Shrubs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  scaly-bracted  nearly  white  flowers  in  terminal  ra- 
cemes or  clusters.  Fruit  austere.  (Name  composed  of  ApKTos,  a  bear,  and 
(TTarpvXi],  a  fjrape  or  hern/,  the  Greek  of  the  popular  name.) 

1.  A.  Uva-lirsi,  Spreng.  (Bkarbekrv.)  Trailing;  leaves  thick  avd 
evergreen,  obovate  or  spatulate,  entire,  smooth ;  fruit  red.  —  Rocks  and  bare 
hills,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Mo.,  and  far  north  and  westward.    May.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

2.  A.  alpina,  Spreng.  (Alpine  Bearberrv.)  Dwarf,  tufted  and  de- 
pressed; leaves  deciduous,  serrate,  wrinkled  with  strong  netted  veins,  obovate; 

fruit  black.  —  Al])ine  summits  in  N.  Eng.,  and  high  northward.    (Arctic-alpino 
around  the  world.) 

5.  EPIG-2EA,     L.        Ground  Laurel.    Trailing  Arbutus. 

Corolla  salver-form;  the  tube  hairy  inside,  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate 
pointed  and  scale-like  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  10,  with  slender  fila- 
ments ;  anthers  oblong,  awnless,  opening  lengthwise.  Style  slender,  its  apex 
(as  in  Pyrola)  forming  a  sort  of  ring  or  collar  around  and  partly  adnate  to  the 
5  little  lobes  of  the  stigma.  Capsule  depressed-globular,  5-lobed,  5-celled, 
many-seeded.  —  A  prostrate  or  trailing  scarcely  shrubby  plant,  bristly  with 
rusty  hairs,  with  evergreen  and  reticulated  rounded  and  heart-shaped  alter- 
nate leaves,  on  slender  petioles,  and  with  rose-colored  flowers  in  small  axillary 
clusters,  from  scaly  bracts.  (Name  composed  of  iiri,  upon,  and  yri,  the  earth, 
from  the  trailing  growth.) 

I.  E.  rdpens,  L.  —  Sandy  woods,  or  in  rocky  soil,  especially  in  the  shade 
of  pines,  Newf.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.,  and  Ky.  —  Flowers  appearing  in  early 
spring,  exhaling  a  rich  spicy  fragrance,  dimorphous  as  to  style  and  stamens 
and  subdioecious.     In  New  England  called  Mayflower. 

6.  GAULTHERIA,     Kalm.        Aromatic  Winter(;reen. 

Corolla  cylindrical-ovoid  or  a  little  urn-.<<haped,  .5-toothed.  Stamens  10,  in- 
cluded ;  anther-cells  each  2-awncd  at  the  summit,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore. 
Capsule  depressed,  5-lobed,  .'j-celled,  .5-valved,  many-seeded,  enclosed  when  ripe 
by  the  calyx,  which  thickens  and  turns  fleshy,  so  as  to  appear  as  a  globular  red 
berry  !  —  Shrubs,  or  almost  herbaceous  plants,  with  alternate  evergreen  leaves 
and  axillary  (nearly  white)  flowers;  pedicels  with  2  bractlets.  (Dedicated  by 
Kalm  to  "  Dr.  Gaulthier,"  of  Quebec.) 

1.  G.  proCTimbens,  L.  (Creeping  Wintergreen.)  Stems  slender 
and  extensively  creeping  on  or  below  the  surface;  the  flowering  branches  iis- 
cending,  leafy  at  the  summit  (3-5'  high);  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  obscurely 
serrate ;  flowers  few,  mostly  single  in  the  a.xils,  nodding.  —  Cool  damp  woods. 


316  ERICACE^.        (heath    FAMILY.) 

mostly  in  the  shade  of  evergreens,  Maine  to  Minn.,  and  southward  to  N.  Ga. ; 
also  far  northward.  July.  —  The  bright  red  berries  (formed  of  the  calyx)  and 
the  foliage  have  the  well-known  spicy -aromatic  flavor  of  the  Sweet  Birch. 
Usually  called  Wintergreen,  or  sometimes  in  the  interior  Tea-berry.  Eastward 
it  is  often  called  Checkerberri/  or  Partridge-berrij  (names  also  applied  to  Mitcb- 
ella,  the  latter  especially  so),  also  Boxberrtj. 

7.    ANDRdMEDA,    L. 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  5  nearly  or  partly  distinct  sepals,  valvate  in  the 
bud,  but  very  soon  separate  or  open.  Corolla  urceolate  (in  ours),  5-toothed. 
Stamens  10;  anthers  fixed  near  the  middle,  the  cells  opening  by  a  terminal 
pore.  Capsule  globular,  5-celled,  .5-valved ;  the  many-seeded  placentae  borne 
on  the  summit  or  middle  of  the  columella.  Seeds  pendulous  or  spreading.  — 
Shrubs,  with  umbelled,  clustered,  or  panicled  and  racemed  (mostly  white) 
flowers.    (Fancifully  named  by  Linnaeus  in  allusion  to  the  fable  of  A  ndromeda.) 

*  Anthers  aimed ;  capsu  e  more  or  less  globose  ;  leaves  thick  and  evergreen. 

1.  A.  polifolia,  L.  Glabrous,  6-18'  high;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate- 
oblong,  strongly  r e volute,  ?r/i?Ve  beneath;  flowers  in  terminal  umbels;  pedicels 
from  axils  of  persistent  scaly  bracts  ;  each  anther-cell  with  a  slender  terminal  as- 
cending awn.  —  Wet  bogs,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Minn.,  and  northward. 

2.  A.  floribunda,  Pursh.  Very  leafy,  2-6°  high  ;  i/oung  branchlets,  etc., 
strigose-hairg ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  ciliate-serrulate, 
glandular-dotted  beneath  (2'  long) ;  racemes  crowded  in  short  terminal  panicles, 
densely  flowered ;  each  anther-cell  loith  a  slender  dejlexed  awn  on  the  back. — Moist 
hillsides,  in  the  Alleghanies  from  Va.  to  Ga. 

*  *  Anthers  awnless ;  capsule  5-angled,ivith  a  thickened  ridge  at  the  dorsal  sut- 
ures ;  leaves  thinnish  and  deciduous. 

3.  A.  Mariana,  L.  (vStagger-bush.)  Mostly  glabrous,  2-4°  high; 
leaves  oblong  or  oval  ( 1  -  3' long) ;  /«.sc/c/es  of  nodding  flowers  racemose  on 
naked  shoots;  filaments  2-toothed  near  the  apex;  capsule  ovate-pyramidal,  trun- 
cate at  the  contracted  apex.  —  Low  grounds,  R.I.  to  Fla. ;  also  in  Tenn.  and  Ark. 
Foliage  said  to  poison  lambs  and  calves. 

4.  A.  ligUStrina,  Muhl.  Minutely  pubesceiit,  3- \0°  high;  leaves  obo 
vate  to  lanceolate-oblong  (1  -2'  long),  serrulate  or  entire ;  racemes  crowded  in 
naked  or  leafy  panicles ;  fllaments  flat,  not  appendaged ;  capsule  globular. — 
Wet  grounds,  Canada  to  Fla.  and  Ark.  —  Var.  pubesceks,  Gray,  is  a  form 
with  dense  soft  pubescence.  —  Va.  to  Ga. 

8.     OXYDENDRTJM,    DC.        Sorrel-tree.     Sour-wood. 

Calyx  without  bractlets,  of  5  almost  distinct  sepals,  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Corolla  ovate,  5-toothed,  puberulent.  Stamens  10;  anthers  flxed  near  the 
base,  linear,  awnless,  the  cells  tapering  upward  and  opening  by  a  long  chink. 
Capsule  oblong-pyramidal,  5-celled,  5-valved;  the  many-seeded  placenta  at 
the  base  of  the  cells.  Seeds  all  ascending,  slender,  the  thin  and  loose  reticu- 
lated coat  extended  at  both  ends  into  awl-shaped  appendages.  —  A  tree  with 
deciduous,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  soon  smooth,  serrulate  leaves,  on  slender 
petioles,  and  white  flowers  in  long  one-sided  racemes  clustered  in  an  open  pan- 


ERICACE.K.        (in:  ATI!     FAMILY.)  317 

icle,  terminating  the  branches  of  the  season.     Bracts  and  hractlets  minute, 
deciduous.     Foliai^c  acid  (whence  the  name,  from  o^iis,  sour,  and  dty^pov,  Inr.) 

1.  O.  arbbreum,  DC.  Tree  15 -40°  high;  leaves  in  size  and  shape  like 
those  of  tlie  peach. —  Kich  woods,  from  Penn.  to  Ind.,  and  stnithward,  iiiosilv 
along  the  Alleghanies,  to  Fla.     June,  July. 

9.    LEUGOTHOE,     Dm. 

Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  l)ud.  Corolla  ovate  or 
cylindraceous,  .5-toothed.  Stamens  10;  anthers  naked,  or  the  cells  with  1  «>r 
2  erect  awns  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  pore.  Capsule  depre.ssed,  more  or  less 
5-lobed,  5-celled,  5-valved,  the  sutures  not  thickened;  valves  entire  ;  the  many- 
seeded  placenta;  borne  on  the  summit  of  the  short  columella.  Seeds  mostly 
pendulous.  —  Shrubs  with  petioled  and  serrulate  leaves,  and  white  scaly-bracted 
flowers  in  dense  axillary  or  terminal  spiked  racemes.     (A  mythological  name.) 

*  Anthers  awnJess  ;  stigma  b-rai/ed  ;  racemes  sessile,  dense,  with  persistent  bracts, 

in  the  axils  of  thick  and  shining  evergreen  leaves;  calijx  not  bracteolate. 

1.  L.  axillaris,  Don.  Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  oval ,  abrupt! n  pointed 
or  acute,  somewhat  spinulose-serrulate,  on  very  short  petioles ;  sepals  broadly 
ovate.  —  Low  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     Feb.  -  April.  —  Shrub  2-4°  high. 

2.  L.  Catesb^i,  Gray.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  serrulate 
with  ciliate-spinulose  appressed  teeth,  conspicuousli/  petioled  (3  -  6'  long) ;  sepals 
ovate-oblong,  often  acute.  —  Moist  banks  of  streams,  Va.  to  Ga.  along  the  moun- 
tains. May.  —  Shrub  2-4°  high,  with  long  spreading  or  recurved  branches. 
Flowers  exhaling  the  unpleasant  scent  of  Chestnut-blossoms. 

*  *  Anthers  awned ;  stigma  simple ;  Jlowers  very  short-pedicelled,  in  long  one- 

sided racemes  mostly  terminating  the  branches;  bracts  deciduous;  leaves 
membranaceous  and  deciduous,  serrulate ;  calyx  bibracteolate. 

3.  L.  reciirva,  Buckley.  Branches  and  racemes  recnrved-spreading ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate,  taper-pointed ;  sepals  ovate;  anther-cells  \-awued ; 
pod  5-lohed ;  seeds  flat  and  cellular-winged.  —  Dry  hills,  Alleghanies  of  Va.  to 
Ala.     April.  —  Lower  and  more  straggling  than  the  next. 

4.  L.  racem6sa,  Gray.  Branches  and  racemes  mostly  erect ;  leaves  ob- 
long or  oval-lanceolate,  acute  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate ;  anther-cells  each  2-awned  : 
pod  not  lobed ;  seeds  angled  and  wingless.  —  Moist  thickets,  Mass.  to  Fla.  and 
La.,  near  the  coast.     May,  June.  —  Shrub  4-10°  high.     Corolla  cylindrical. 

10.    CASSANDRA,     Don.    Lkathkr-Leaf. 

Calyx  of  5  distinct  rigid  ovate  and  acute  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and 
with  a  pair  of  similar  bractlets.  Corolla  cylindrical-oblong,  5-toothed.  Sta- 
mens 10;  anther-cells  tapering  into  a  tubular  beak,  and  opening  by  a  pore  at 
the  apex,  awnless.  Capsule  depres.sed,  5-celled,  many-seeded  ;  the  pericarp  of 
2  layers,  the  outer  5-valved,  the  cartilaginous  inner  layer  at  length  10-valved. 
Seeds  flattened,  wingless.  —  Low  and  much  branched  shrubs,  with  nearly  ever- 
green and  coriaceous  leaves,  which  are  scurfy,  especially  underneath.  Flow- 
ers white,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  small  leaves,  forming  small  1 -sided  leafy 
racemes.     ( Cassandra,  a  daughter  of  Friam  and  Hecuba.) 


318  ERICACEAE.        (heath    FAMILY.) 

1  C.  calyculata,  Don.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  flat.  —  Bogs,  Newf.  to 
Minn.,  and  south  to  Ga. 

11.     CASSiOPE,    Don. 

Calyx  Avithout  bractlets,  of  4  or  5  nearly  distinct  ovate  sepals,  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  deeply  4-5-cleft.  Stamens  8  or  10; 
anthers  fixed  by  the  apex ;  the  ovoid  cells  each  opening  by  a  large  terminal 
pore,  and  bearing  a  long  recurved  aAvn  behind.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globular, 
4  -  5-celled,  4  -  5-valved ,  the  valves  2-cleft ;  placent{3e  many-seeded,  pendulous 
from  the  summit  of  the  columella.  Seeds  smooth  and  wingless.  —  Small, 
arctic  or  alpine  evergreen  plants,  resembling  Club-Mosses  or  Heaths.  Flowers 
solitary,  nodding  on  slender  erect  peduncles,  Avhite  or  rose-color.  [Cassiope 
was  the  mother  of  Andromeda.) 

1.  C.  hypnoides,  Don.  Tufted  and  procumbent,  moss-like  (1-4'  high) ; 
leaves  needle-shaped,  imbricated ;  corolla  .5-cleft ;  style  short  and  conical.  — 
Alpine  summits  of  N.  New  Eng.  and  N.  Y.,  and  high  northward. 

12.     CALL  UN  A,     Salisb.        Heather.     Ling. 

Calyx  of  4  colored  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-parted,  much  shorter  and 
less  conspicuous  than  the  calyx,  both  becoming  scarious  and  persistent.  Sta- 
mens 8,  distinct;  anthers  with  a  pair  of  deflexed  appendages  on  the  back,  the 
cells  opening  each  by  a  long  chink.  Capsule  4-celled,  septicidally  4-valved.  — 
Evergreen  undershrub,  with  no  scaly  buds,  opposite  and  minute  leaves  (mostly 
extended  at  base  into  2  sharp  auricles),  crowded  and  imbricated  on  the  branches. 
Flowers  axillary,  or  terminating  very  short  shoots  and  crowded  on  the  branches, 
forming  close  mostly  one-sided  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  rose-colored  or 
sometimes  Avhite,  small,  bracted  by  2  or  3  pairs  of  leaves,  the  innermost  of 
Avhich  are  more  or  less  scarious.  (Xaraed  from  KdKXvvw,  to  brush  or  sweep, 
brooms  being  made  of  its  tAvigs.) 

1.  C.  vulgaris,  Salisb.  LoAv  grounds,  Mass.,  at  Tewksbury  and  W. 
Andover;  Maine,  at  Cape  Elizabeth;  also  N.  Scotia,  C.  Breton,  Newf.,  etc. 
Probably  only  introduced. 

Tavo  European  heaths.  Erica  cix^rea  and  E.  Tetralix,  have  been  found 
in  small  patches  on  Nantucket  Island. 

13.     BRYAN  THUS,     Steller. 

Corolla  urn-vshaped  or  bell-shaped,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  deciduous.  Stamens 
10,  anthers  pointless,  shorter  than  the  filaments,  opening  by  terminal  pores. 
Capsule  .5-celled,  5-valved,  septicidal  (as  are  all  the  succeeding),  many-seeded. 
—  LoAv  alpine  Heath-like  evergreen  underslirubs,  clothed  Avith  scattered  linear 
and  obtuse  smooth  or  rough-margined  leaves.  FloAvers  usually  nodding  on 
solitary  or  umbelled  peduncles  at  the  summit  of  the  branches.  Our  species 
belongs  to  §  Phyllddoce.  {Bpvov,  moss,  and  6.vdos,  flower,  because  groAving 
among  mosses.) 

1.  B.  taxifolius.  Gray.  Calyx  pubescent;  corolla  oblong-urn-shaped, 
5-toothed,  purplish,  smooth ;  style  included.  (Phyllodoce  taxifoiia,  Salisb.)  — 
Alpine  summits  of  the  mountains  of  N.  H.  and  Maine,  and  northward.     July. 


ERICACE.*:.        (UKATH     KAMII.Y.)  319 

14.     KALMIA,     h.        Amkhican  Laurel. 

Calyx  Spurted.  Corolla  httwccn  wheel  shaped  and  bell-shaped,  S-lohed, 
furnished  ^vith  10  depressions  in  which  the  10  anthers  are  severally  lodged; 
filaments  lon^  and  thread-form.  Capsule  j^lobose,  5-eellcd,  many -seeded. — 
Kvergreen  mostly  smooth  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  entire  eoriaeeous 
leaves,  naked  buds,  and  showy  liowers.  (Dedicated  to  J'ctpr  Kalm,  a  pupil  of 
Linnajus,  who  travelled  in  this  country  about  the  middle  of  the  last  ceiiturv, 
afterwards  Professor  at  Abo.) 

§  1.  Flowers  in  simple  or  clustered  naked  nmliel-like  rori/mhs ;  pedicels  f'roin  the 
axils  of  small  and  Jinn  foliaceous  persistent  bracts  ;  cali/.r  smaller  than  the 
pod,  persistent ;  leaves  and  branches  (jlabrous,  or  nearly  so. 

1.  K.  Iatif61ia,  L.  (Calico-bush.  Mountain  Laurel.  Spoox-wood.) 
Le.aces  mostly  alternate,  bright  (jreen  both  sides,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute 
at  each  end,  petioled ;  flowers  profuse,  large  and  very  showy,  varying  from 
deep  rose-color  to  nearly  white;  corymbs  terminal,  many-flowered,  clammy- 
pubescent;  pod  depressed,  glandular.  —  Rocky  hills  and  damp  soil,  Canada 
and  Maine,  chiefly  along  the  mountains  to  W.  Fla.,  west  to  Ohio,  Ky.,  and 
Tenn.  Usually  a  shrub  4-8°  high,  but  in  the  mountains  from  Penn.  south- 
ward forming  dense  tliickets  and  often  tree-like  (10-30°  high).     May,  June. 

2.  K.  angUStifblia,  L.  (Sheep  Laukel.  Lambkill.  Wickv.)  Shrub 
1-3°  high;  leaves  commonly  opposite  or  in  threes,  pale  or  whitish  underneath, 
liyht  green  above,  narroicly  oblong,  obtuse,  petioled  ;  corymbs  lateral  (appearing 
later  than  the  shoots  of  the  season),  slightly  glandular,  many-flowered ;  pod 
depressed,  nearly  smooth;  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  —  Hillsides,  Newf.  to 
Mich.,  south  to  N.  Ga. ;  common.  May,  June.  The  flowers  more  crimson  and 
two  tliirds  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  K.  glauca,  Ait.  (Pale  LAr-RKL.)  Branrhlets  2-edged ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, nearly  se.ssile,  oblong,  ivhite-glaucous  beneath,  ivith  revolnte  margins  ;  corymbs 
terminal,  few-flowered,  smooth ;  bracts  large ;  flowers  V  broad,  lilac-jnirple ; 
pod  ovoid,  smooth.  —  Cold  peat-bogs  and  mountains,  Newf.  to  Penn.,  Minn., 
and  northward.     May,  June.  —  Straggling,  about  1°  high. 

§2.    Floicers  .'scattered,  solitary  in  the 'axils;  calyx  leafy,  larger  than  the  pod, 
nearly  equ(dHng  the  corolla,  deciduous ;  leaves  and  branches  bristly-hairy. 

4.  K.  hirsuta,  Walt.  Branches  terete ;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate  (4" 
long),  becoming  glabrous.  —  Sandy  pine-barren  swamps,  S.  E.  Va.  to  Fla. 
May -Sept.  —  Shrub  1°  high;  corolla  rose-color. 

15.     MENZIESIA,     Smith. 

Calyx  very  small  and  flattish,  4-toothcd  or  4-lobed.  Corolla  cylindraceous- 
urn-shaped  and  soon  bell-sliaped,  obtusely  4-lobed.  Stamens  8,  included ;  an- 
ther-cells opening  at  the  top  by  an  oblique  pore.  Capsule  ovoid,  woodv, 
4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  narrow,  with  a  loose  coat.  —  A  lo^T 
shrub;  the  straggling  l)ranches  and  the  alternate  deciduous  leaves  usually 
hairy  and  ciliate  with  rusty  rather  chaff-like  bristles.  Flowers  small,  devel- 
oped with  the  leaves,  in  terminal  clusters  from  scaly  buds,  greenish-white  and 
purplish,  nodding.  (Xamed  for  Archibald  M<n:ies,  who  in  Vancouver's  voy- 
age brought  the  original  species  from  the  Northwest  Coast.) 


320  JLRICACEiE.        (heath    FAMILY.) 

1.  M.   glabella,   Gray.     Strigose-chaffy  scales  mostly  wanting;   leaves 

obovate,  barely  mucronate-tipped,  ^/c;Aro?/s  or  nearly  so  (1  -2' long)  ;  Jilaments 
ciliate  below;  capsule  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  seeds  long-caudate  at  each  end. — 
Minnesota  Point,  L.  Superior,  and  northwestward. 

2.  M.  globularis,  Salisb.  More  or  less  chaffy,  2  -  5°  high ;  leaves  obo- 
vate-oblong,  prominently  glandular-mucronate,s^?-/^ose-A»-swie  especially  above : 
Jilaments  glabrous;  capsule  beset  with  short  gland-tipped  bristles;  seeds  merelij 
apiculate.  (M.  ferruginea,  var.  globularis,  of  Manual.)  —  In  the  Alleghanies 
from  Penn.  to  Ga. 

16.     RHODODENDRON,    L.        Rose  Bay,  Azalea,  etc. 

Flowers  almost  always  5-merous.  Calyx  mostly  small  or  minute.  Corolla 
various  (but  not  contracted  at  the  orifice),  lobed  or  cleft,  or  even  parted,  often 
somewhat  irregular.  Stamens  sometimes  as  few  as  the  corolla-lobes,  more 
commonly  twice  as  many,  usually  declined ;  anther-cells  opening  by  a  round 
terminal  pore.  Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  scale-like. — 
Slirubs  or  small  trees,  of  diverse  habit  and  character,  with  chiefly  alternate 
entire  leaves,  and  large  and  shoAvy  flowers  in  umbelled  clusters  from  large 
scaly-bracted  terminal  buds.     {'PoSodevdpov,  rose-tree ;  the  ancient  name.) 

§  1.   AZALEA.     Leaves  deciduous,  glandular-mucronate ;  stamens   (5  to  10) 

and  stijle  more  or  less  exserted  and  declined. 
*  Flower-buds  of  numerous  much  imbricated  scales ;  corolla  with  conspicuous 
funnel-form  tube;  stamens  {chiefly  5)  and  style  long-exserted ;  3-10°  high, 
with  leaves  obovate  to  oblong -obi  anceol  ate. 

■\-  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

1.  R.  arborescens,  Torr.  (Smooth  Azalea.)  Branchlets  smooth; 
leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  very  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath, 
the  margins  bristly-ciliate ;  calyx-lobes  long  and  conspicuous ,  corolla  slightly 
clammy.  (Azalea  arborescens,  Pursh.)  —  Mountains  of  Penn.  to  N.  C.  June. 
Rose-colored  flowers  very  fragrant. 

2.  R.  visc6sum,  Torr.  (Clammy  A.  White  Swamp-Hoxeysuckle.) 
Branchlets  bristly,  as  well  as  the  margins  and  midrib  of  the  oblong-obovate 
otherwise  smooth  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  minute ;  corolla  clammy,  the  tube  much 
longer  than  the  lobes.  (Azalea  viscosa,  L.)  —  Swamps,  mostly  near  the  coast, 
Canada  and  Maine,  to  Fla.  and  Ark.  June,  July.  —  Var.  glaucum,  Gray. 
Leaves  paler,  often  white-glaucous  underneath  or  on  both  sides,  sometimes 
rough-hairy.  N.  Eng.  to  Va.  —  Var.  NfTiDUM,  Gray.  Dwarf,  with  oblan- 
ceolate  leaves  green  both  sides.     Mountains,  N.  Y.  to  Va. 

■*-  ^^-  Flowers  appearing  before  or  icith  the  leaves. 

3.  R.  nudiflbrum,  Torr.  (Purple  A.  Pinxter-flower.)  Leaves 
downy  underneath ;  tube  of  the  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  ample  lobes, 
slightly  glandular.  (Azalea  nudiflora,  L.)  —  Swamps,  Canada  to  Fla.,  111.,  Mo., 
and  Tex.  April,  May.  The  showy  flowers  vary  from  flesh-color  to  pink  and 
purple.     There  are  numberless  varieties,  some  of  them  with  10  stamens. 

4.  R.  calendulkceum,  Torr.  (Flame-colored  Azalea.)  Leaves 
hairy;  tube  of  the  corolla  shorter  than  the  lobes,  hairy.     (Azalea  calendulacea. 


I 


ERiCACi:^:.     (hkatii  iamilv.)  321 

Mirhx.)  —  Woods,  mountains  of  Penn.  to  Ga.  May.  Covered  just  when  tlie 
leaves  appear  with  a  profusion  of  large  orange  hlossoms,  usually  turning  to 
flame-color,  not  fragrant. 

*  *  Flower-buds  of  fewer  and  early  caducous  scales;  corolla  irregular,  with 
short  or  hardly  any  tube,  anteriorly  divided  to  the  base ;  the  limb  equalling 
the  10  stamens  and  style. 

5.  R.  Rhodbra,  Don.  Young  parts  sparingly  strigose-hairy  (1-2^  high) ; 
leaves  ohlong,  j)ale,  more  or  less  puhescent ;  corolla  hardly  T  long,  purplisli- 
rose-color,  hilahiate,  with  the  posterior  lip  3-lohed,  the  anterior  of  2  ohlong- 
linear  and  recurving  nearly  or  (juite  distinct  petals.    (Rhodora  Canadensis,  L.) 

—  Cool  bogs,  Newf.  and  N.  Eug.  to  mountains  of  Penn. 

§  2.  RHODODENDRON  proper.  Leaves  coriaceous  and  persistent ;  stamens 
{commonly  10)  and  style  rarely  exserted,  somewhat  declined,  or  sometimes 
equally  spreadimj. 

6.  R.  maximum,  L.  (Great  Laurel.)  Leaves  4-10'  long,  very 
thick,  elliptical-oblong  or  lance-oblong,  acute,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  very 
s?noo//«,  with  somewhat  revolute  margins ;  pedicels  viscid  ;  corolla  bell-shaped, 
r  broad,  pale  rose-color  or  nearly  white,  greenish  in  the  throat  on  the  upper 
side,  and  spotted  with  yellow  or  reddish.  —  Damp  deep  woods,  rare  from  Elaine 
to  Ohio,  but  very  common  through  the  Alleghanies  from  N.  Y.  to  Ga.     July. 

—  Slirub  or  tree  6-35°  high. 

7.  R.  Catawbiense,  Michx.  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  at  both  ends, 
smooth,  pale  beneath  (3-5'  long);  corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  lilac-purple; 
pedicels  rusty-downy.  —  High  Alleghanies,  Va.  to  Ga.  June.  Shrub  3-6° 
(rarely  20°)  higli. 

8.  R.  Lapponicum,  Wahl.  Dwarf,  prostrate  in  broad  tufts  (6'  high) ; 
leaves  {^'  long)  elliptical,  obtuse,  dotted  (like  the  branches)  witli  rusty  scales; 
umbels  few-flowered;  corolla  open  bell-shaped,  dotted,  violet-purple ;  stamens 
5-  10.  —  Alpine  summits  of  northern  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.,  to  the  Arctic  Coast. 
July.     (Arct.  Eu.  and  Asia.) 

17.     LEDUM,     L.         Labrador  Tea. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  very  small.  Corolla  of  5  obovate  and  spreading  distinct 
petals.  Stamens  5  -  10 ;  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Capsule  5-celled, 
splitting  from  the  base  upward,  many-seeded  ;  placentie  borne  on  the  summit 
of  the  columella.  —  Low  slirubs,  witli  the  alternate  entire  leaves  clothed  with 
rusty  wool  underneath,  persistent,  the  margins  revolute  ;  herliago  slightly  fra- 
grant when  bruised.  Flowers  white,  small,  in  terminal  umliel-like  clusters 
from  large  scaly  buds  ;  bracts  or  scales  thin  and  caducous.  (AtjSoj/,  the  ancient 
Greek  name  of  tlie  Cistus.) 

1.  L.  Iatif61ium,  Ait.  Erect,  1-3^  high;  leaves  oldong  or  linear-ob- 
long (1-2'  long),  mostly  Y  wide,  very  obtuse;  stamens  5-7;  capsule  oblong, 
acutish.  —  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  northward,  in  cold  bogs  and 
mountain  woods. 

Ij.  palijstre,  L.,  with  linear  leaves,  10  stamens,  and  short -oval  capsule,  is 
found  in  Newfoundland  and  northwestward.     (Eu.) 

21 


322  ERiCACE^.     (heath  family.) 

18.  LEIOPHYLLUM,     Pers.        Sand  Myrtle. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  obovate-oblong  petals,  spreading. 
Stamens  10,  exserted;  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Style  filiform.  Capsule 
2-3-celled,  splitting  from  the  apex  downward,  many-seeded.  —  A  low  much- 
branched  evergreen,  with  the  aspect,  foliage,  etc.,  of  the  last  genus,  but  the 
crowded  leaves  sometimes  opposite,  scarcely  petioled.  Flowers  small,  white,  in 
terminal  umbel-like  clusters.    (Name  formed  of  Aelos,  smooth,  and  (pvWov,  leaf.) 

1.  L.  buxifolium,  Ell.  Shrub  6-10'  high;  leaves  oval  or  oblong, 
smooth  and  shining,  3  -  6"  long.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     May. 

19.  LOISELEUKIA,     Desv.        Alpixe  Azalea. 

Calyx.  5-parted,  nearly  as  long  as  the  bell-shaped  and  deeply  5-cleft  regular 
corolla.  Stamens  5,  not  declined,  included ;  anthers  opening  lengthwise. 
Style  short.  Capsule  ovoid,  2  -  3-celled,  many-seeded,  2  -  3-valved ;  valves  2- 
cleft  from  the  apex ;  placentae  borne  on  the  middle  of  the  columella.  —  A 
small  depressed  shrubby  evergreen,  much  branched  and  tufted,  smooth,  with 
coriaceous  opposite  elliptical  leaves,  on  short  petioles,  Avith  revolute  margins. 
FloAvers  small,  white  or  rose-color,  2  -  .5  in  a  cluster,  from  a  terminal  scaly  bud ; 
scales  or  bracts  thick  and  persistent.  (Named  for  Loiseleur-Delongchamps,  a 
French  botanist.) 

1.  L.  procumbens,  Desv.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains^ 
N.  H.,  and  northward.     June.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

20.     CLETHRA,    Grouov.        White  Alder. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  obovate-ob- 
long petals.  Stamens  10,  often  exserted;  anthers  arrow-shaped,  erect  in  the 
bud,  becoming  inverted  and  opening  by  basal  pores  or  short  slits.  Style  slen- 
der, 3-cleft  at  the  apex.  Capsule  3-valved,  3-celled,  many-seeded,  enclosed  in 
the  calyx.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  serrate  deciduous  leaves,  and  white 
flowers  in  terminal  hoary  racemes.  Bracts  deciduous.  {K\r]dpa,  the  ancient 
Greek  name  of  the  Alder,  which  this  genus  somewhat  resembles  in  foliage.) 

1.  C.  alnifolia,  L.  (Sweet  Pepperbush.)  Shrub  3  - 10°  high  ;  /eayes 
icedge-ohovate,  sharp!//  serrate,  entire  toward  the  base,  prominently  straight- 
veined,  smooth,  green  both  sides,  racemes  upright,  panicled;  bracts  shorter  than 
the  flowers :  filaments  smooth.  —  Wet  copses,  Maine  to  Va.,  near  the  coast,  and 
southward.     Covered  in  July  and  August  with  handsome  fragrant  blossoms. 

2.  C.  acuminata,  Michx.  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree;  leaves  oval  or 
oblong,  pointed,  thin,  finely  serrate  (3  -  7'  long),  pale  beneath  ;  racemes  solitary, 
drooping;  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers ;  filaments  and  pods  hairy.  —  Woods 
in  the  Alleghanies,  Va.  to  Ga,    July. 

21.    CHIMAPHILA,    Pursh.        Pipsisseava. 

Petals  5,  concave,  orbicular,  widely  spreading.  Stamens  10;  filaments  en- 
larged and  hairy  in  the  middle ;  anthers  as  in  Pyrola,  but  more  or  less  conspic- 
uously 2-horned.  Style  very  short,  inversely  conical,  nearly  immersed  in  the 
depressed  summit  of  the  globular  ovary ;  stigma  broad  and  orbicular,  disk- 
shaped,  the  border  5-crenate.     Capsule,  etc.,  as  in  Pyrola,  but  splitting  from 


EKiCACEi*:.     (ukath   family.)  323 

tlie  apex  downward,  the  edges  of  the  valves  not  woolly.  —  I^w,  nearly  herba- 
eeous  plants,  with  long  running  underground  shoots,  and  evergreen  thiik  and 
shining  leaves,  somewhat  whorled  or  scattered  along  tlie  sliort  ascending  stems ; 
the  fragrant  (white  or  purplish)  flowers  corymbed  or  umhelled  on  a  terminal 
])eduncle.  (Name  from  x^'M"*  winter,  and  <pi\4u},  to  lore,  in  allusion  to  one  of 
the  ])opular  nanus,  viz.,  Wiutcrt/reeu.) 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Nutt.  (Pkinxe's  I'ine.  Tii'sisskwa.)  I.e:ify,  4- 
10'  high;  leaves  icedije-laiiceulate,  sliarply  serrate,  jwt  spotted ;  peiluncles  4-7- 
flowered;  ])etals  flesh-color;  anthers  violet.  —  Dry  woods.  Nova  Scotia  to  Ga., 
west  to  the  racific.     June.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  maculata,  Tursh.  (Spottkd  Wintergkklx.)  Lear-es  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse  at  the  lase,  remotely  toothed,  the  upper  surface  variegated  with 
ichite ;  peduncles  1  -5-flowered.  —  Dry  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn. 
and  Miss.     June,  July.  —  Plant  .'J  -  G'  high. 

22.  MONESES,     Salisb.        Onk-flowkukd  Pvrola. 

Petals  5,  widely  sjireading,  orbicular.  Filaments  awl-shaped,  naked ;  an- 
thers as  in  Pyrola,  but  conspicuously  2-horned.  Style  straight,  exserted  ; 
stigma  large,  peltate,  with  5  narrow  and  conspicuous  radiating  lobes.  Valves 
of  the  capsule  naked.  (Flowers  occasionally  tetramerous.)  Scape  1 -flowered. 
( )t]ierwi.se  as  Pyrola ;  intermediate  between  it  and  Cliimapliila.  (Name  formed 
of  fjiovos,  single,  and  ricris,  delight,  from  the  pretty  solitary  flowei'.) 

1.  M.  grandiflora,  Salisb.  A  small  perennial,  with  the  rounded  and 
veiny  serrate  thin  leaves  (6  -  9"  long)  clustered  at  the  ascending  apex  of  creep- 
ing subterranean  shoots ;  the  1  -  2-bracted  scape  (2  -  4'  high)  bearing  a  white 
or  rose-colored  terminal  flower  6"  wide.  (M.  uniflora,  Grag.)  —  Deep  cold 
woods,  Labrador  to  Peun.,  Ind.,  xMiun.,  and  westward.    June.     (Eu.) 

23.  PYROLA,    Tourn.        Wintergkeex.     Siiix-le.vk. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  I'etals  5,  concave  and  more  or  less  converging, 
deciduous.  Stamens  10;  filaments  awl-shaped,  naked:  anthers  extrorse  in 
the  bud,  but  in  tlie  flower  inverted  by  the  inflexion  of  the  apex  of  the  fila- 
ment, more  or  less  4-celled,  opening  by  a  pair  of  pores  at  the  blunt  or  some- 
what 2-horned  base  (by  inversion  the  apparent  apex)  Style  generally  long ; 
stigma  5-lobed  or  5-rayed.  Capsule  depressed-globose.  5-lobed,  .5-celled,  5 
valved  from  the  base  upward  (loculicidal) ;  the  valves  cobwebby  on  tlie 
edges.  Seeds  minute,  innumerable,  resembling  sawdust,  with  a  very  hmse 
cellular-reticulated  coat. —  Low  and  smooth  perennial  herbs,  witli  running 
subterranean  shoots,  bearing  a  cluster  of  rounded  j)etioled  evergreen  root- 
leaves,  and  a  simple  raceme  of  nodding  flowers,  on  an  upright  more  or  less 
scaly-bracted  sca])e.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Pi/rus,  the  Pear-tree,  from  some 
fancied  resemblance  in  the  foliage.) 

*  Stgle  straight,  much  narrower  than  the  peltate  5-rai/ed  stigma,  petals  and 
stamens  erect  and  connivent ;  anthers  not  narrowed  below  the  openings. 

1.  P.  minor,  L.  Scape  5-10'  high-,  leaves  roundish,  slightly  crenulate, 
thickish,  mostly  longer  than  the  margined  petiole  flowers  small,  crowded, 
white  or  rose-color;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  very  much  shorter  ilian  the 


324  ERiCACE^.     (heath  family.) 

nearly  globose  corolla  :  sti/le  short  and  included.  —  Cold  woods,  Lab.,  White 
Mts.,  L.  Superior,  and  northward. 

2.  P.  seciinda,  L.  Subcaulescent,  3-6'  high;  leaves  ovate,  thin,  longer 
than  the  petiole,  scattered,  finelij  serrate ;  racemes  dense  and  spike-like,  the 
numerous  small  (greenish-white)  flowers  all  turned  to  one  side,  scarcely  nod- 
ding; calyx-lobes  ovate,  very  much  shorter  than  the  oblong-oval  petals;  style 
long,  exserted.  —  Rich  woods,  Lab.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Md.,  and  far  northward. 
July.     (Eu.) 

Var.  pumila,  Gray,  is  a  smaller  form,  with  rounded  leaves  6"  or  little 
more  in  diameter,  and  3-8-flowered  scape.  —  High  peat-bogs,  N.  Y.  to  L.  Su- 
perior, and  northward.     July,  Aug. 

*  *  .b7(//e  strongly  declined,  the  apex  curved  upward,  longer  than  the  connivent 
or  spreading  petals;  stigma  much  narrower  than  the  truncate  excavated 
ring-like  apex  of  the  style  ;  anthers  contracted  below  the  openings,  forming 
a  short  neck  ;  leaves  denticulate  or  entire. 

-*-  Petals  and  leaves  acute,  the  latter  ovate,  coriaceous. 

3.  P.  OXypetala,  C.  F.  Austin.  Leaves  ovate,  small  (8-12"  long), 
shorter  than  the  slender  petiole;  scape  (7-8'  high)  several-flowered;  flowers 
on  ascending  pedicels,  not  nodding ;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute,  short ; 
petals  lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate,  greenish ;  anthers  conspicuously  mucro- 
nate  at  the  apex,  obtusely  2-horned  at  base,  not  inverted ;  style  straightish, 
scarcely  exserted.  —  Wooded  hill  near  Deposit,  Delaware  Co.,  N.  Y.  (C.  F. 
Austin,  in  1860).     Not  since  found;  probably  monstrous. 

•*-■  •(-  Petals  and  leaves  orbicular  to  oblong,  very  obtuse. 

4.  P.  chlorantha,  Swartz.  Leaves  small  (1'  long),  roundish,  thick,  duV, 
shorter  than  the  petiole;  scape  few  flowered,  naked  (5-8'  high);  calyx-lobes 
roundish-ovate,  very  short ;  the  elliptical  petals  converging  (greenish-white) ; 
anther-cells  contracted  into  a  distinct  neck ;  style  little  exserted.  —  Open  woods, 
Lab.  to  Perm.,  Minn.,  north  and  westward.     June,  July. 

5.  P.  elliptica,  Nutt.  (Shin-leaf.)  Leaves  thin  and  dull,  elliptical  or 
obovate-oval,  longer  than  the  margined  petiole  ;  raceme  many-flowered ;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  acute,  not  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  obovate  rather  spreading 
(greenish-white)  petals;  anther-cells  blunt.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Md., 
Iowa,  Aiinn.,  and  northward.     June. 

6.  P.  rotundifolia,  L.  Leaves  orbicular,  thick,  shining,  usually  shorter 
than  the  petiole;  scape  many-bracted  (6-12'  high) ,  raceme  elongated,  many- 
flowered  ;  cali/x-lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong4anceolat€,  acutish,  with  somewhat 
spreading  tips,  one  half  or  one  third  the  length  of  the  roundish-obovate  rather 
spreading  (chiefly  white)  petals :  anther-cells  nearly  blunt.  ^-  Damp  or  sandy 
Avoods,  throughout  tlie  continent,  south  to  N.  Ga.  Exhibits  many  varieties, 
such  as :  Var.  incarnA.ta,  DC,  with  flesh-colored  to  rose-purple  flowers,  and 
triangular-lanceolate  calyx-lobes.  Cold  woods  and  bogs,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn., 
and  northward.  —  Var.  asarif6lia.  Hook.,  with  oblate  or  round-reniform 
leaves,  and  shorter  ovate  calyx-lobes;  petals  flesh-  or  rose-colored  (rarely 
white).  With  same  range.  —  Var.  dligin6sa,  Gray,  with  short  broadly 
ovate  calyx-lobes,  subcordate  to  obovate  dull  leaves,  and  rose-colored  or  pur- 
ple flowers      Same  range.     (Eu.) 


ERICACEAE.       (heath    FAMILY.)  325 

24.    PTEROSPORA,     Nutt         risK-DRors. 

Calyx  5-partcd.  Corolla  ovate,  urn-sluiped,  r)-tootlio(i,  porsistont.  Stampns 
10;  anthers  2-celle(l,  awned  on  the  hack,  openiii;^  lenf^thwise.  Style  sliort; 
stigma  5-lobetl.  Capsule  globose,  depressed,  5-lobed,  r)-cellod,  loculicidal,  hut 
the  valves  cohering  with  the  columella.  Seeds  very  numerous,  ovoid,  taper- 
ing to  each  end,  the  apex  expanded  into  a  hroad  reticulated  wing  many  times 
larger  than  the  body  of  the  seed.  —  A  stout  and  simple  ])urplish-brown 
clammy-pubescent  root-]jarasitic  herb  (I -2°  high) ;  the  wand-like  stem  fur- 
nished towards  the  biiae  with  scattered  lanceolate  scales  in  place  of  leaves, 
above  bearing  many  nodding  (white)  flowers,  in  a  long  bracted  raceme. 
(Xame  from  Trrfpou,  a  icing,  and  (nropd,  seed,  alluding  to  the  singular  wing 
borne  by  the  seeds.) 

1 .  P.  Andromed6a,  Nutt.  —  Hard  day  soil,  parasitic  apparently  on  the 
roots  of  pines,  from  \V.  New  Eng.  to  N.  Peun.,  N.  Mich.,  and  westward ;  rare. 

25.     SCHWEINITZIA,     Kll.        Sweet  Pine-sap. 

Calyx  of  5  ol)long-lanceolate  acute  scale-like  sepals,  erect,  persistent.  Co- 
rolla persistent,  bell-shaped,  rather  fleshy,  5-lobed,  slightly  5-gibbous  at  the 
base.  Stamens  10;  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments,  fixed  near  the 
summit,  awnless ;  the  two  sac-shaped  cells  opening  at  the  top.  Capsule  ovoid, 
5-celled,  with  a  short  and  thick  style,  aud  a  large  5 -angular  stigma.  Seeds  in- 
numerable.—  A  low  and  smooth  brownish  plant,  3-4'  high,  with  the  aspect 
of  Monotropa,  scaly-bracted,  the  flowers  several  iu  a  terminal  spike,  at  first 
nodding,  flesh-color,  with  the  fragrance  of  violets.  (Named  for  the  late  L.  D. 
von  Schweinitz.) 

1.  S.  Odor^ta,  Ell.  —  Woods,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  herbs,  Md.  (near 
Baltimore)  to  N.  C.     April. 

26.     MONOTROPA,     E.        Indian  Pipe.     Pine-sap. 

Calyx  of  2  -  5  lanceolate  bract-like  scales,  deciduous.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  sep- 
arate erect  spatulate  or  wedge-shaped  scale-like  petals,  which  are  gibbous  or 
saccate  at  the  base,  and  tardily  deciduous.  Stamens  8  or  10;  filaments  awl- 
shaped  ;  anthers  kidney -shaped,  becoming  1-celled,  opening  acro.ss  the  top. 
Style  columnar;  stigma  disk-like,  4-.5-rayed.  Capsule  ovoid,  8-  10-grooved, 
4  -  .5-celled,  loculicidal ;  the  very  thick  placentte  covered  with  innumerable 
minute  seeds,  which  have  a  very  loose  coat.  —  Low  atul  fleshy  herbs,  tawny, 
reddish,  or  white,  parasitic  on  roots,  or  growing  on  decomposing  vegetable 
matter  like  a  Fun(^us ;  the  clustered  stems  springing  from  a  ball  of  matted 
fibrous  rootlets,  furnished  with  scales  or  bracts  in  place  of  leaves,  1  -several- 
flowered ;  the  summit  at  first  nodding,  in  fruit  erect.  (Xame  composed  of 
lx6uos,  one,  and  rpSiros,  turn,  from  the  summit  of  the  stem  turned  to  one  side.) 
§  1.  MONOTRC)PA  proper.  Plant  inodorous,  l-jioivered ;  cali/x  of  2-4  ir- 
regular  scales  or  bracts;  anthers  transverse,  opening  equalli/  hi/  2  c/iinks; 
sti/le  short  and  thick. 

1.  M.  uniflbra,  E.  (Indian  Pipe.  Cokpse-Plant.)  Smooth,  waxy- 
white  (turning  blackish  in  drying,  3-8'  high);  stigma  naked.  —  Dark  and 
rich  woods,  nearly  throughout  the  continent.     June- Aug.     (Asia.) 


326  ERICACEAE.        (heath    FAMILY.) 

,§  2.    HYP6PITYS.     Plant  commonly  fragrant;  floicers   several  in  a   scalt/ 

raceme;  the  terminal  one  usuaUij  5-merous,  the  rest  3-4-merous;  hract-like 

sepals  mostly  as  many  as  the  petals ;  anthers  openimj  by  a  continuous  line 

into  2  very  unequal  valves ;  style  longer  than  the  ovary,  hollow. 

2.   M.  Hypopitys,  L.     (Pi\e-sap.     False  Beech-drops.)     Somewhat 

pubescent  or  downy,  tawny,  whitish,  or  reddish  (4-12'  high);  pod  globular 

or  oval ;  stigma  ciliate.  —  Oak  and  pine  woods,  from  Canada  to  Fla.,  west  to 

Oregon.    June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

Okder  59.     DIAPENSlACE^. 

Loiv  perennial  herbs  or  suffruticulose  tufted  plants,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  with  simple  leaves,  no  stipules,  regular  b-merous  flowers  {except  the  3- 
celled  ovary),  stamens  adnate  to  the  corolla  and  sometimes  monadelphous 
(those  opposite  its  lobes  ichen  present  reduced  to  staminodia) ;  pollen  sim- 
ple; loculicidal  capsule  and  seeds  of  Ericaceae. —  Flowers  solitary  or 
racemose.  Style  1,  with  3-lobed  stigma.  Distinguished  from  the  Eri- 
caceae chiefly  by  the  insertion  of  the  stamens  upon  the  corolla. 

Tribe  I.  DIAPENSIE^.  Dwarf  woody  evergreens,  with  small  entire  crowded  cori- 
aceous leaves,  fetaniiuodia  none;  filaments  adnate  to  the  campanulate  corolla  up  to 
the  sinuses  ;  anthers  2-celled.     Calyx  conspicuously  bracteolate.     Flowers  solitary. 

1.  Pyxidanthera.    Flowers  sessile  on  short  leafy  branchlets.    Anther-cells  awn-pointed 

at  base,  opening  transversely. 

2.  Diapensia.     Flower  (or  at  least  fruit)  on  a  scape-like  peduncle.    Anther-cells  blunt, 

obliquely  dehiscent. 
Tribe  II.    GALiACINE.^.    Acaulescent,  with  creeping  rootstocks  sending  up  long- 
petioled  evergreen  leaves,  and  a  1  -  several-flowered  scape.     Staminodia  present. 

3.  Galax.    Calyx  minutely  2-bracteolate.     Stamens  monadelphous  :  anthers  1-celled. 

1.    PYXIDANTHERA,    Michx. 

Sepals  thin.  Anther-cells  awn-pointed  at  base,  opening  by  a  strictly  trans- 
verse line.  Otherwise  much  as  in  J^iapensia.  —  Prostrate  and  creeping,  with 
narrowly  oblanceolate  and  awl-pointed  leaves,  mostly  alternate  on  the  sterile 
branches  and  somewhat  hairy  near  the  base.  Flowers  solitary  and  sessile, 
very  numerous,  white  or  rose-color.  (Name  from  w^ls,  a  small  box,  and 
avOiipa,  anther,  the  anther  opening  as  if  by  a  lid.) 

1.  P.  barbulata,  Michx.  (Flowering  Moss.  Pyxie.)  Leaves  3" 
long.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  N.  C     April,  May. 

2.    DIAPENSIA,    L. 

Calyx  of  5  concave  imbricated  coriaceous  sepals.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5- 
lobed ;  lobes  rounded.  Filaments  broad  and  flat,  adherent  to  the  corolla  up 
to  the  sinuses,  short ;  anthers  adnate,  of  2  ovoid  pointless  cells,  diverging  be- 
low, each  opening  therefore  by  a  transverse-descending  line.  Capsule,  enclosed 
in  the  calyx,  cartilaginous ;  cells  few-seeded.  —  Alpine,  grooving  in  very  dense 
convex  tufts,  with  the  stems  imbricated  below  with  cartilaginous  narrowly 
spatulate  mostly  opposite  leaves,  terminated  by  a  scape-like  l-flowered  pe- 
duncle, 3-bracted  under  the  calyx.     Corolla  white  {^'  wide).     (Said  to  be  an 


PLUMBACJINACK^.        (LKADWOKT    FAMILY.)  327 

ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Sauicle,  of  obscure  meaning,  strangely  applied  by 
Liiinanis  to  this  jjlaiit.) 

1 .   D.  Lappbnica,  L-     Leaves  3  -  5"  long ;  pedundc  at  length  1  -  2'  long. 

Alpine  summits  of  N.   Eng.  and  N.  Y.,  and  norihwurd  to  Lab.  and  the 

Arctic  coast.    July.     (Ku.,  Asia.) 

3.    GALAX,    L. 

Calyx  5-partod,  imbricate,  persistent.  Petals  .'5,  hypogynous,  obovate-spat- 
ulate  rather  erect,  deciduous.  Filaments  united  in  a  lU-toothed  tul^e,  slightly 
cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petals,  tlie  5  teeth  oi)posite  the  petals  nakud, 
the  alternate  ones  sliorter  and  bearing  roundish  1-celled  anthers,  which  open 
across  the  top.  Style  short ,  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid,  3-celled  ;  colu- 
mella none.  Seeds  numerous,  the  cellular  loose  coat  tapering  to  each  end.  — 
Evergreen  herb,  with  a  thick  matted  tuft  of  scaly  creeping  rootstocks,  beset 
with  fibrous  red  roots,  sending  up  round  heart-shaped  crenate-toothed  and 
veiny  sinning  leaves  (about  2'  wide)  on  slender  petioles,  and  a  slender  naked 
scape,  1  -2°  high,  bearing  a  wand-like  spike  or  raceme  of  small  and  minutely- 
bracted  white  flowers.  (Name  from  yd\a,  milk,—  oi  no  conceivable  applica- 
tion to  this  ])l:Ult.) 

1.    G.  aphylla,  L.  —  Open  woods,  Va.  to  Ga.     June. 
Okdkr  (;0.     plumb AGIXACE^.     (Leadwokt  Family.) 

Mdnlinie  herbs,  with  regular  o-7nerous  Jlowers,  a  plaited  calyx,  the  5  sta- 
7nens  oppo.^ite  the  separate  petals  or  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  the  free  ovary 
one-celled,  with  a  solitarij  ovule  hanging  from  a  long  cord  ivhich  rises  from 
the  base  of  the  cell.  —  Only  the  Statjcp:.k  or  i\L\RSH-RosEMARY  Tribe 
is  represented  in  our  region,  in  gardens  by  the  Thrift  (Ai'meria  vulgaris), 
on  the  coast  by  a  single  species  of 

1.     STATICE,     Tourn.        Sea-Lavender.     Marsh-Kosemarv. 

Flowers  scattered  or  loosely  spiked  and  1-sided  on  the  branches,  2  -  3-bracted. 
Calyx  funnel-form,  dry  and  mend)ranaceous,  persistent.  Corolla  of  5  nearly  or 
quite  distinct  petals,  with  long  claws,  the  .5  stamens  severally  attached  to  their 
bases.  Styles  5,  rarely  3,  separate.  Fruit  membranous  and  indehiscent,  in 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Embryo  straight,  in  mealy  albumen.  —  Sea-side  per- 
ennials, with  thick  and  stalked  radical  leaves;  the  naked  flowering  stems  or 
scapes  branched  into  ])anicles  (SroTi/fT?,  an  ancient  name  given  to  this  or  some 
other  herb,  on  account  of  its  astringency  ) 

1.  S.  Limdnium,  L.  Root  thick  and  woody,  very  astringent;  leaves 
oblong,  spatulate  or  ol^ovate-lanceolate,  1  -ribbed,  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristly 
point,  petioled  ;  scape  much-branched,  corymbose-panided  (1-2°  high) ;  spike- 
lets  1  -3-flowered  ;  flowers  lavender-color;  calyx-tube  hairy  on  the  angles,  the 
lobes  ovate-triangular,  with  as  many  teeth  in  the  sinuses.     (Eu.) 

Var.  Carolini^na,  Gray,  the  plant  of  the  Northern  States,  has  more  erect 
branches,  rather  ])anicled  inflorescence  with  at  length  scattered  floweri^,  and 
very  acute  or  acuminate  calyx-lobes.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coas^,  from 
Lab.  to  Tex.     Aug.,  Sept. 


328  PRIMULACE^.        (primrose    FAMILY.) 

Order  61.     PKIMULACE^E.     (Primrose  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  Jiowers,  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  monopetalous  {rarely  polypetalous)  corolla  ana 
inserted  opposite  them  (on  the  tube  or  base),  and  a  1-celled  ovary  with  a 
central  free  placenta  rising  from  the  base,  bearing  several  or  many  seeds. — 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  or  in  Samolus  partly  coherent.  (Corolla  none 
in  Glaux.)  Stamens  4  or  5,  rarely  6  or  8.  Style  and  stigma  one.  Seeds 
with  a  small  embryo  in  lieshy  albumen.  Ovules  amphitropous,  except 
in  Tribe  I. 

Tribe  I.    HOTTONIE^.    Ovary  wholly  free  ;  ovules  anatropous.    Aquatic  ;  immersed 
leaves  pectinate. 

1.  Hottonia.     Corolla  sho)t  salver-form.     Flowers  verticillate  and  racemose. 
Tribe  II.    PKIMULE^.    Ovary  wholly  free. 

*  Steraless  ,  leaves  all  in  a  cluster  from  the  root ;  capsule  dehiscent  by  valves  or  teeth. 

2.  Dodecatheon.    Corolla  reflexed,  5-parted.    Stamens  exserted,  connivent  in  a  cone. 

3.  Primula.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-shaped,  open  at  the  throat.    Stamene  included. 

4.  Audrosace.    Corolla  short,  very  small,  constricted  at  the  throat.    Stamens  included. 

*  #  Stems  leafy  ;  corolla  rotate  (none  in  Glaux) ;  leaves  entire. 
■»-  Capsule  dehiscent  vertically  by  valves  or  irregularly,  mostly  globose. 
5    Trientalis.    Corolla  mostly  7-parted.     Stem  leafy  only  at  the  summit. 

6.  Steironema.    Corolla  5-parted.    Five  slender  starainodia  between  the  fertile  stamens. 

7.  Lysimachia.    Corolla  5-6-parted  or  5-6-petalled.    Staminodia  none.     Leaves  dotted 

8.  Glaux.    Corolla  none  ;  the  calyx  petal-like.     Flowers  axillary. 

•^  *-  Globose  capsule  circumscissile,  the  top  falling  off  as  a  lid  ;  flowers  axillary. 
9.  Anagallis.    Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  5-parted.     Leaves  opposite. 

10.  Centunculus.    Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  4- 5-cleft.     Leaves  alternate. 
Tribe  III.     SAMOL,E^.    Ovary  connate  at  base  with  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

11.  Sainolus.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  with  5  staminodia  in  the  sinuses.    Flowers  racemose. 

1.     HOTTONIA,     L.        Featherfoil.     Water  Violet. 

Calyx  5-partecl,  the  divisions  linear.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  a  short 
tube ,  limb  .5-parted.  Stamens  5,  included.  Capsule  many-seeded,  5-valved ; 
the  valves  cohering  at  the  base  and  summit.  Seeds  anatropous.  —  Aquatic 
perennials,  with  pectinate  immersed  leaves,  and  the  erect  hollow  flower-stems 
almost  leafless.  Flowers  white  or  whitish,  whorled  at  the  joints,  forming  an 
interrupted  raceme.     (Named  for  Prof  Hotton,  a  botanist  of  Leyden.) 

1.  H.  inflata,  Ell.  Leaves  dissected  into  thread-like  divisions,  scattered 
on  the  floating  and  rooting  stems,  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  cluster  of 
peduncles,  which  are  strongly  inflated  between  the  joints  (often  as  thick  as 
one's  finger) ;  pedicels  short.  —  Pools  and  ditches,  Mass.  to  S.  Ind.,  and  south 
to  the  Gulf.     June  -  Aug. 

2.     DODECATHEON,     L.    American  Cowslip. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  divisions  lanceolate,  reflexed.  Corolla  with  a  very 
short  tube,  thickened  throat,  and  5-parted  reflexed  limb ;  the  divisions  long 
and  narrow.  Filaments  short,  monadelphous  at  base ;  anthers  long  and  linear, 
approximate  in  a  slender  cone.  —  Perennial  smooth  herb,  with  fibrous  roots,  a 
cluster  of  oblong  or  spatulate  leaves,  and  a  simple  naked  scape,  involucrate 


PRIMULACE^_.        (PKIMROSK    FAMFI.V.)  329 

with  small  bracts  at  the  summit,  l)eariijf;  an  am])le  umhel  of  showy  flowers, 
uoiUling  on  slender  pedicels.  Corolla  rose-color, or  sometimes  white.  (Name 
from  SoiSe/co,  twelve,  and  flcoi,  (jods,  given  by  IMiny  to  the  primro.se,  wliich  was 
believed  to  be  under  tlie  care  of  the  superior  gods.) 

1.  D.  MeMia,  L.  (Shooting-Stak.)  Kich  woods,  Penn.  and  Md.  to 
Wise,  south  to  (ia.  and  Tex.     May,  June.  —  Very  handsome  in  cultivation. 

3.     PRIMULA,     L.        Primrose.     Cowslip. 

Calyx  tubular,  angled,  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  enlarging  above  the 
insertion  of  the  stamens;  the  5  lobes  often  notched  or  inversely  heart-sha])ed. 
Stamens  5,  included.  Capsule  many-seeded,  splitting  at  the  top  into  5  valves 
or  10  teeth.  —  Low  perennial  herl)s,  producing  a  tuft  of  veiny  leaves  at  tiie 
root,  and  simple  scapes,  bearing  the  Howers  in  an  umbel.  (Name  a  diminu- 
tive oi  primus,  from  the  tlowering  of  the  true  Primrose  in  early  spring.) 

1.  P.  farinosa,  L.  {Biui>'s-eve  Primrose.)  Scape  3- 10' high;  leaves 
elliptical  or  obovate-lauceolate,  denticulate,  the  lower  side  and  the  3  -  20-flo\v- 
ered  inmlucre,  etc.,  covered  iviih  a  icliite  mealiness,  at  least  when  young ; 
corolla  pale  lilac  with  a  yellow  eye.  —  Maine  to  N.  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and 
northward.     June,  July.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

2.  P.  Mistassinica,  ]\lichx.  Scape  2-6'  high;  leaves  spatulate  or 
wedge-oblong,  thin  and  veiny,  not  mealjj ;  involucre  1  -  8-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the 
flesh-colored  corolla  broadly  and  deeply  obcordate.  —  Wet  banks  and  shores, 
northern  X.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  L.  Superior,  and  noi-thward.     May.     (Eu.) 

4.    ANDROSACE,    Tourn. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  tube  short.  Corolla  salver-sliaped  or  fuuuel-form ;  the  tube 
shorter  than  the  calyx, contracted  at  the  throat;  limb  5-parted.  Stamens  and 
style  included.  Capsule  5-valved.  —  Small  herbs,  with  clustered  root-leaves, 
and  very  small  solitary  or  umbelled  flowers.  (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  a 
polyp,  formerly  believed  to  be  a  plant.) 

1.  A.  OCCident^lis,  Pursh.  Smoothish  annual;  scapes  diffuse  (2-4' 
high),  many-flowered  ;  leaves  and  leaflets  of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate,  entire, 
sessile  ;  calyx-lobes  leafy,  triangular-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  (wiiite)  corolla. 

—  Bare  hills,  from  Minn,  to  111.  and  Ark.,  and  west  to  the  mountains. 

5.    TRIE  NT  A  LIS,    L.        Chickweed-Wixtergueex. 

Calyx  mo.stly  7-parted ;  the  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  pointed.  Corolla 
mostly  7-parted,  spreading,  flat,  without  tube.  Filaments  slender,  united  in  a 
ring  at  the  base ;  anthers  oblong,  revolute  after  flowering.    Capsule  few-seeded. 

—  Low  and  smooth  perennials,  with  simple  erect  stems,  bearing  a  few  alternate 
usually  minute  and  scale-like  leaves  below,  and  a  whorl  of  thin  veiny  leaves  at 
the  summit.  Peduncles  one  or  more,  very  slender,  l)earing  a  delicate  white  and 
star-shaped  flower.  (A  Latin  name,  meaning  the  third  part  of  a  foot,  alluding 
to  the  height  of  the  plant.) 

1.  T.  Americana,  Pursh.  (Star-flower.)  Spreading  by  very  slender 
elongated  rootstocks  ;  loaves  elongated-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends  ;  petals 
finely  ])ointcd.  —  Damp  cold  woods,  from  Lab.  to  Minn.,  south  to  N.  Ind.,  and 
the  mountains  of  Va.     May.  —  liootstocks  often  1  -  2^  long  {Ilitchinjs}. 


330  PRIMULACE^.        (primrose    FAMILY.) 

6.     STEIRONEMA,    Raf. 

Calyx  5-parted  Corolla  rotate,  with  no  proper  tube,  deeply  5-parted,  the 
sinuses  rounded  ;  divisions  ovate,  cuspidate-pointed,  erose-deuticulate  above, 
each  separately  involute  around  its  stamen.  Filaments  distinct  or  nearly  so 
on  the  ring  at  base  of  corolla,  alternating-  with  5  subulate  staminodia ;  anthers 
linear.  Capsule  10-20  seeded.  —  Leafy -stemmed  perennials,  glabrous  except 
the  ciliate  petioles,  not  punctate,  the  leaves  all  opposite,  but  mostly  in  seeming 
whorls  on  the  flowering  branches.  Peduncles  slender,  axillary,  bearing  yellow 
flowers.     (From  aTc7pos,  sterile,  and  vTi/xa,  thread,  referring  to  the  stamiuodia.) 

1.  S.  Ciliatum,  Raf.  Stem  erect  (2-4°  high);  leaves  lanceolate-ovate 
(2-6'  long),  tapering  to  an  acute  point,  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  base,  all  on 
long  and  fringed  petioles;  corolla  longer  than  the  calyx.  (Lysimachia  ciliata, 
L.)  —  Low  grounds  and  thickets,  common.    July. 

2.  S.  radicans,  Gray.  Stem  slender,  soon  reclined,  the  elongated  branches 
often  rooting  in  the  mud ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  inostlij  rounded  at  base,  on 
slender  petioles ;  corolla  about  the  length  of  the  calyx.  (Lysimachia  radicans, 
^oofc.)  —Swampy  river-banks,  W.  Va.  to  Ark.  and  La. —  Leaves  and  flowers 
nearly  one  half  smaller  than  in  the  last. 

3.  S.  lanceolatum,  Gray.  Stem  erect  (10' -2°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
vartjintj  to  o!ilong  and  linear,  narrowed  into  a  short  marrjined  petiole  or  tapering 
base,  or  the  lowest  short  and  broad  on  long  petioles.  (Lysimachia  lanceolata, 
Walt.)  —  Low  grounds  and  thickets,  Ont.  to  Fla.,  Dak.,  and  Tex.  Polymor- 
phous ;  the  extremes  are  var.  hybridl^m,  Gray,  with  cauline  leaves  from  ob- 
long to  broadly  linear,  common  north  and  west,  —  and  var.  angcstif6lium, 
Gray,  with  stems  more  branched,  a  span  to  2°  high,  and  the  cauline  leaves 
linear,  acute  at  both  ends,  more  sessile,  I  -2"  broad ;  mainly  southward. 

4.  S.  longifolium,  Gray.  Stem  erect,  4-angled,  slender  (1-3°  high), 
often  branched  below;  stem-leaves  sessile,  narroicli/  linear,  elongated  (2-4' 
long,  2-3"  wide),  smooth  and  sliiniug,  rather  rigid,  obtuse,  the  margins  often 
a  little  revolute,  the  veins  obscure ;  the  lowest  oblong  or  spatulate ;  corolla 
(8-9"  broad)  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  conspicuously  pointed.  (Lysi- 
machia longifolia,  f»r.s/;.) —Banks  of  streams,  from  western  N.  Y.  to  Va., 
Minn.,  and  Iowa      July  -  Sept. 

7.     LYSIMACHIA,    Tourn.        Loosestrife. 

Calyx  5  -  6-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  the  divisions  entire,  convolute  in  bud. 
Filaments  commonly  monadelphous  at  base ;  anthers  oblong  or  oval ;  stami- 
nodia none.  Capsule  few  -  several-seeded.  —  Leafy -stemmed  perennials,  with 
herbage  commonly  glandular-dotted.  (In  honor  of  King  Lysimachus,  or  from 
Kvcris,  a  release  from,  and  fiaxV}  strife.) 

§  1.   LYSIMACHIA  proper.     Corolla  yellow,  rotate,  and  very  deeply  parted, 
and  with  no  teeth  between  the  lobes;  stamens  inoreorless  monadelphous, often 
unequal ;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  or  some  abnormally  alternate. 
*  Flowers  (middle-sized)  in  a  terminal  leafy  panicle ;  corolla  without  marks. 

If.  VULGARIS,  L.,  a  coarse  and  tall  European  species,  pubescent  and  branch- 
ing, with  ovate-lanceolate  distinctly  petioled  leaves,  and  glandular  filaments 
united  to  near  the  middle.  —  Naturalized  in  a  few  places  in  E.  Mass. 


PKiMLLACK.*:.      (PHnn{<»i:   family.)  ;53l 

•  *  Floivers  (small)  in  a  n'lyate  terminal  raceme  or  in  the  upper  axils;  corolla 

dark-dotted  or  streaked ;  Jilaments  conspicuousl y  monadclphoHS,  unequal. 

1.  L.  quadrifblia,  L.  Somewhat  hairy;  stem  simple  (1-2°  higli)  ; 
leaves  whorled  iii  fuiirs  or  fives  (sometiincs  in  tw«)s,  threes,  or  sixes,  rarelv  onlv 
opposite  or  partly  alternate),  ovate-lanceolate  ;  Jiowers  on  long  capilhiry  pe- 
duncles from  the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate-uhloug.  — 
^loist  or  sandy  soil,  X.  Brunswick  to  Minn.,  and  Ga.     June. 

2.  Ij.  striata,  Ait.  Stems  1  -2°  high,  often  hearing  oblong  or  moniliform 
bullilets  in  the  axils;  smooth,  at  length  branched,  very  leafy;  leaves  opposite 
or  rarely  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  Jloicers  on  slender  jiedicel.s 
in  a  lonfj  raceme  (5-12'),  leafy  at  base;  lobes  of  the  corolla  lance-oblong. — 
Low  grounds,  Newf.  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  and  N.  Ga.    June- Aug. 

♦  *  *  Flowers  {rather  large)  solitarij  in  the  axils  of  ordinary/  leaves;  corolla 

not  dark-dotted  nor  streaked ;  f  laments  slifjhtli/  monadelphoiis. 

L.  nlmmilXkia,  L.  (Moxeywokt.)  Smooth:  stems  trailing  and  cree|>- 
ing;  leaves  roundish,  small,  sliurt-petiolfd  ;  pedumdcs  axillary,  l-Howered; 
divisions  of  the  corolla  broadly  ovate,  ol)tu.><e,  longer  than  the  laiu'e-ovate  calvx- 
lobes  and  stamens.  —  Escaped  from  gardens  into  tlamp  ground  in  some  places. 
July  -  Sept.     ( Nat.  from  Eu. J 

§2.  NAUMBUKGIA.  Corolla  veri/  deepli/  5-  (or  6-7-)  parted  into  linear 
divisions  {someivhat  purplish-dotted),  ivith  a  small  tooth  in  each  sinus  ;  jila- 
ments distinct,  equal ;  leaves  opposite,  the  lowest  scaleAike. 

3.  L.  thyrsiflora,  L.  (Tufted  Loosestrife.)  Smooth ;  stem  simple 
(1  -2°  high) ;  all  but  tlie  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  the  axils  of  one  or  two  midille 
pairs  bearing  short-peduncled  head-like  or  spike-like  clusters  of  small  liglit 
yellow  flowers.  —  Cold  swamps,  from  Penn.  to  S.  111.,  Iowa,  and  northwest- 
ward.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

8.     GLAtlX,     Tourn.        Sea-Milkwort. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-cleft ;  lobes  ovate,  petal-like.  Corolla  wanting.  Sta- 
mens 5,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Capsule  5-valved, 
few-seeded.  —  A  low  and  leafy  fleshy  perennial,  with  opposite  oblong  and  entire 
sessile  leaves,  and  solitary  nearly  sessile  (purplish  and  white)  flowers  in  their 
axils.     (An  ancient  Greek  name,  from  yXauKos,  sea-green.) 

1.  G.  maritima,  L.  —  Sea-shore  of  N.  Eng.  from  Cape  Cod  northward. 
Also  in  subsaline  soil,  Minn,  to  Xcb.,  and  westward.     June.     (Eu.) 

9.     ANAGALLIS,     Tourn.         Pimpernel. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  almost  no  tube,  .'i-parted,  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  the  divisions  broad.  Stamens  5  ;  filaments  beanled.  Capsule 
membranaceous,  circumscissile,  the  to])  falling  off  like  a  lid.  many-seeded. — 
Low. spreading  or  proinnd)Oiit  herbs,  ini-stly  annuals,  with  opposite  or  whorled 
entire  leaves,  and  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  pciliun  los.  ('rhe  ancient  Greek 
name,  probably  from  di/o,  again,  and  aydWu,  to  delight  in.) 

A.  ARVENsis,  L.  (Co>LMOx  Pnii'ERNEL.)  Leaves  ovate,  set^sile,  shorter 
than  the  peduncles;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  fringed  with  minute  teeth  or 
stalked  glands. —  Waste  sandy  fields.  June -Aug.  —  Flowers  variable  in 
size,  scarlet,  sometimes  purple,  blue,  or  white,  quickly  closing  at  the  approach 
of  bad  weather;  whence  the  Englisli  popular  name  of  "  Poor  Man's  W'tathtr- 
glass."     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


332  I'RI.MULACE.E.        (PRIMROSE    FAMILY.) 

10.     CENTUNCULUS,     Dill.        Chakfweed. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx,  4  -  5-cleft,  wheel-shaped, 
with  an  urn-shaped  short  tube,  usually  Avithering  on  the  summit  of  the  pod 
(which  is  like  that  of  Anagallis).  Stamens  4  or  5 ;  filaments  beardless. — 
Small  annuals,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  solitary  inconspicuous  flowers 
in  their  axils.     (Derivation  obscure.) 

1.  C.  nainiraus,  L.  Stems  ascending  (2 -6' long) ;  leaves  ovate,  obovate, 
or  spatulate-oblong ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  the  parts  mostly  in  fours.  —  Low 
grounds,  from  111.  and  ^linn.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

11.     SAMOLUS,     Tourn.        Water  Pimpernel.     Brook-weed. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  the  tube  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Corolla  somewliat 
bell-shaped,  .5-cleft,  commonly  with  5  sterile  filaments  in  the  sinuses.  True 
stamens  5,  on  the  corolla-tube,  included.  Capsule  globose,  .5-valved  at  the  sum- 
mit, many-seeded.  —  Smooth  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small 
white  racemed  flowers.  .  ("According  to  Pliny,  an  ancient  Druidical  name.") 

1.  S.  Valerandi,  "L.  Stem  erect  (6-12'  high),  leafy;  leaves  obovate 
or  spatulate,  the  basal  rosulate ;  bracts  none ;  slender  pedicels  ascending, 
bracteolate  in  the  middle.  (Eu.)  —  Var.  Americanus,  Gray.  More  slen- 
der, becoming  diffuse ;  racemes  often  pauicled,  tlie  pedicels  longer  and  spread- 
ing. —  Wet  i^laces,  through  the  U.  S.     June  -  Sept. 

Order  62.     SAPOTACE^E.     (Sapodilla  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  icith  a  milky  juice,  simple  and  entire  alternate 
leaves  (often  rusty-downy  beneath),  small  and  perfect  regular  /lowers  usu- 
ally in  axillary  clusters  ;  the  calyx  free  and  persistent :  the  fertile  statnens 
commonly  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  hypogynous  short  corolla  and  oppo- 
site them,  inserted  on  its  tube,  along  with  one  or  more  rows  of  appendages 
and  scales  (or  sterile  stamens);  anthers  turned  outward;  ovary  4-12- 
celled,  tcith  a  single  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell;  seeds  large.  —  Albumen 
mostly  none  ;  but  the  large  embryo  with  thickened  cotyledons.  Style 
single,  pointed.  —  A  small,  mostly  tropical  order,  producing  the  Sapo- 
dilla or  Star-apple,  and  some  other  edible  fruits. 

1.    BUM  ELI  A,    Swartz. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-cleft,  with  a  pair  of  internal  appendages  at  each 
sinus.  Fertile  stamens  5 ;  anthers  arrow-shaped.  Sterile  stamens  5,  petal- 
like, alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  5-celled.  Fruit  small, 
resembling  a  cherry,  black,  containing  a  large  ovoid  and  erect  seed,  with  a 
roundish  scar  at  its  base.  — Flowers  small,  white,  in  fascicles  from  the  axils  of 
the  leaves.  Branches  often  spiny.  Leaves  often  fascicled  on  short  spurs. 
Wood  very  hard.     (The  ancient  name  of  a  kind  of  Asli.) 

1.  B.  lycioides,  Pers.  (SoutherxBcckthorx.)  Spiny  (10-25°  high) ; 
leaves  wedge-ohlong  varying  to  oval-lanceolate,  with  a  tapering  base,  often  acute, 
reticulated,  nearly  glabrous  (2 -4' long);  clusters  densely  many  flowered,  gla- 
brous ,  fruit  ovoid.  —  Moist  ground,  Va.  to  S.  111.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.    May,  June. 


STYRACACE.*:.        (SToKAX     FAMILY.)  333 

2.  B.  lanuginbsa,  Pers.  Spiny  (10-40°  liigli);  leaves  ohloiiff-ohovate  oi 
xvedge-obovatc,  nisti/-ir(iolli/  heneafh,  obtuse  (1^-3'  lout;) ;  clusters  6  -  1 2-jloicered, 
pubescent;  fruit  globular.  —  Woods,  S,  111.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     .July. 

Order  (33.     EBENACE.^.     {Ebony  Family.) 

T}-ces  or  shrubs,  icith  alfernate  entire  leaves,  and  poli/fjatnous  re rjular  flow- 
ers which  hare  a  calyx  free  from  the  3  -  1  2-celled  orart/ :  the  stamens  2-4 
times  as  many  as  the  lubes  of  the  corolla,  often  in  pairs  before  them,  their 
anthers  turned  inward,  and  the  fruit  a  several-celled  berry.  Ovules  1  or  2, 
suspended  from  the  suynmit  of  each  cell.  Seeds  anatropous,  mostly  single 
in  each  cell,  larj^e  and  flat,  with  a  smooth  coriaceous  integument ;  the 
embryo  shorter  than  the  hard  albumen,  with  a  long  radicle  and  flat  coty- 
ledons. Styles  wholly  or  partly  separate.  —  AVood  hard  and  dark- 
colored.     No  milky  juice.  —  A  small  family,  chiefly  tropical. 

1.     DIOSPYROS,     L.         Date-Plum.         Pkksim.mon. 

Calyx  4  -  6-lol)ed.  Corolla  4-6-lobed,  convolute  in  tbe  bud.  Stamens  com- 
monly 16  in  tbe  sterile  flowers,  and  8  in  the  fertile,  in  the  latter  imperfect. 
Berry  large,  globular,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  thickish  calyx,  4  -  8-celled, 
4  -  8-seeded.  —  Flowers  dia'ciously  polygamous,  the  fertile  axillary  and  solitary, 
the  sterile  smaller  and  often  clustered.     (Name,  Aids,  ofJore,  and  irvp6s,  (/rain.) 

1.  D.  Virginiana,  L.  (Common  Perslmmon.)  Leaves  thickish,  ovate- 
oblong,  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  peduncles  very  short;  calyx  4-parted ;  corolla 
])ale  yellow,  thickisli,  between  bell  shaped  and  urn-shaped,  6 -8"  long  in  the 
fertile  flowers,  much  smaller  in  the  sterile ;  styles  4,  two-lobed  at  the  apex ; 
ovary  8-celled.  —  Woods  and  old  fields,  K.  I.  and  N.  Y,  to  Iowa,  and  south 
to  Fla.  and  La.  June.  —  Tree  20  -  70°  high,  with  very  hard  blackish  wood  ; 
]jlum-like  fruit  I'  in  diameter,  exceedingly  astringent  when  green,  yellow 
when  ripe,  and  sweet  and  edible  after  exposure  to  frost. 

Order  64.     STYKACACE^.     (Storax  Family.) 

Shi'ubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  destitute  ofstipides,  and  per- 
fect regular  flowers  ;  the  calyx  either  free  or  adherent  to  the  2-5-celled 
ovary;  the  corolla  of -i  -  S  petals,  comynonly  more  or  less  united  at  base; 
the  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  more  numerous,  monadelphous 
or  polyadelphous  at  base  :  style  1  ;  fruit  dry  or  drupe-like,  1  -  b-celled,  the 
cells  commonly  l-seeded. —  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  nearly  the  length 
of  the  albumen  ;  radicle  slender,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  thi'  flat  cotyle> 
dons.  Corolla  hypogynous  when  the  calyx  is  free  ;  the  stamens  adherent 
to  its  base.  Ovules  2  or  more  m  each  cell.  —  A  small  family,  mostly  of 
warm  countries,  comprising  two  very  distinct  tribes. 

Tribe  I.  STYRACE.E.  Calyx  4-8-toot.hed  or  entire.  Staiueus  2  -  4  times  as  many 
lis  the  petals,  in  oue  series  ;  authei-s  linear  or  oblong,  adnate,  introrse.  Cotyledons  flat. 
—  Flowers  white,  handsome.     Pubescence  soft  and  stellate. 

1.  Styrax.  CaljTc  coherent  only  with  the  Ijase  of  the  3-<'elled  ovary.  Corolla  mostly 
5-parted.     Fruit  l-relled,  l-seeded. 


334  STYRACACEii':.      (sTORAx  fa:mily.) 

2.  Halesia.    Calyx  coherent  with  the  wliole  surface  of  the  2-4-celle(l  ovary,  which  is 

2-4-winged  and  2-4-cened  in  fruit.     Corolla  4-lobed. 
Tribe  II.    SYMPLOCINE^.    Calyx  5-cleft,  imbricate.     Stamens  in  several  series; 
anthers  short,  innate.     Embryo  tei-ete.     Flowers  yellow.     Pubescence  simple. 

3.  Symplocos.    Calyx  coherent.     Petals  5,  united  merely  at  the  base. 

1.     STYRAX,    Touru.        Storax. 

Calyx  truncate,  somewhat  5-tootlied,  the  base  (in  our  species)  coherent  with 
the  base  of  the  3-cellecl  many-ovuled  ovary.  Corolla  5-parted  (rarely  4-8- 
parted),  large,  the  lobes  mostly  soft-downy.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla ;  filaments  flat,  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  tube ;  anthers 
linear,  adnate.  Truit  globular,  its  base  surrounded  by  the  persistent  calyx, 
1-celled,  mostly  1 -seeded,  dry,  often  3-valved.  Seed  globular,  erect,  with  a  hard 
coat.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  commonly  deciduous  leaves,  and  axillary 
or  leafy-racemed  white  and  showy  flowers  on  drooping  peduncles ;  produced 
in  spring.  Pubescence  scurfy  or  stellate.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the 
tree  wliich  produces  storax.) 

1.  S.  grandifolia,  Ait.  Shrub  4-12°  high;  leaves  obovate,  acute  or 
pointed,  irhite-tomentose  beneath  (3-6'  long) ;  Jluwers  mostli/  in  elongated  ra- 
cemes ;  corolla  (^'  long)  convolute-imbricated  in  bud.  —  Woods,  S.  Va.  to  Fla. 

2.  S.  pulverulenta,  Michx.  Shrub  1  -  4°  high ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate 
(1  or  2'  long),  above  sparing! i/  puberuletii,  and  scurf //-tomentose  beneath  ;  flowers 
(I'  long)  1-3  together  in  the  axils  and  at  the  tips  of  the  branches,  fragrant.  — 
Low  pine  barrens,  S.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  S.  Americana,  Lam.  Shrub  4-8°  high;  leaves  oblong,  acute  at 
both  ends  (1-3'  long),  smooth,  or  barely  pnlverident  beneath  ;  flowers  axiUarij 
or  in  3-4floicered  racemes  {V  long);  corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.  —  Along 
streams,  Va.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Ark. 

2.     HALESIA,     Ellis.        Snowdrop  or  Silver-bell-Tree. 

Calyx  inversely  conical,  4-toothed  ;  the  tube  4-ribbed,  coherent  with  the  2  - 
4-celled  ovary.  Petals  4,  united  at  base,  or  oftener  to  the  middle,  into  an  open 
bell-shaped  corolla,  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  8-16;  fila- 
ments united  into  a  ring  at  base,  and  usually  a  little  coherent  with  the  base 
of  the  corolla;  anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovules  4  in  each  cell.  Fruit  large  and 
dry,  2-4-winged,  within  bony  and  1- 4-celled.  Seeds  single,  cylindrical. — 
Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  and  veiny  pointed  deciduous  leaves,  and 
showy  white  flowers,  drooping  on  slender  pedicels,  in  clusters  or  short  ra- 
cemes, from  axillary  buds  of  the  preceding  year.  Pubescence  partly  stellate. 
(Named  for  Stephen  Hales,  author  of  Vegetable  Statics,  &c.) 

1.  H.  tetraptera,  L.  Leaves  oltlong-ovate;  fruit  4-winged,  1|'  long. — 
Banks  of  streams,  W.  Va.  to  111.,  south  to  Fla. 

3.     SYMPLOCOS,     Jacq.        Sweet-Leaf. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  lower  part  of  the  3-celled  ovary. 
Petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  lightly  united  at  base.  Stamens  very  nume- 
rous, in  5  clusters,  one  cohering  with  the  base  of  each  petal ;  filaments  slen- 
der ;  anthers  very  short.    Fruit  drupe-like  or  dry,  mostly  1-celled  and  1 -seeded 


OLEACE,«.      (olive  famii.v.)  335 

—  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  the  leaves  commonly  tuniiiif;^  yo/lowish  in  drying, 
and  furuisliing  a  yellow  dye.  Flowers  in  axillary  c-lusttTs  or  rutenies,  vclluw. 
(Name  ctv^itKokos,  connected,  from  tiie  union  of  the  stamens.) 

1.  S.  tinctbria,  L'ller.  {IIou^^k-Sigar,  &c.)  Leaves  clongatcd-ohlung, 
acute,  ohscurcly  tuothed,  thiekish,  almost  ])ersisteut,  minutely  pubescent  and 
pale  beneath  (3-5'  long);  Howers  6-14,  in  close  and  l)racted  cln.sters,  (»d(>r- 
ous.  —  liich  ground,  Del.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Aj)ril.  —  Leaves  sweet,  greedilv 
eaten  I>y  cattle. 

Ordek  fio.     OLEACE^.     (Olive  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubsy  icilh  opposite  and  pinnate  or  simple  leaces,  a  4-cle/t  (or 
sometimes  obsolete)  calyx,  a  regular  A-clefl  or  nearly  or  (jiiite  A-petalous 
corolla,  sometimes  apetalous :  the  stamens  only  2  {rurdy  or  accidentally  3 
or  4)  ;  the  ocary  2-celled,  with  2  {rarelji  more)  oriiles  in  each  cell.  —  Seeds 
anatropous,  with  a  large  straight  embryo  in  hard  fleshy  albumen,  or 
without  albumen.  —  The  Olive  is  the  type  of  the  true  01eacea>,  to  which 
belongs  the  Lilac  (-"^yrinyo),  etc. ;  and  the  Jessamine  (Jasminujn)  rep- 
resents another  division  of  the  order. 

Tribe  I.     FKAXINE^.     Fruit  dry,  indehisccnt,  winged,  a  samara.     Leaves  pinnate. 

1.  Fraxiniis.     I'lowers  dioecious,  mostly  apetalous,  sometimes  also  without  calyx. 
Tribe  II.    OLiEINE.<E.    Fruit,  a  drupe,  or  rarely  a  berry.     Leaves  simple. 
■2.  Forestiera.     Flowers  apetiilous,  dicKcious  or  polygamous,  from  a  scaly  catkin-like  bud. 

Stiimens  '2  -  4. 
3.  Chionanthus.   Flowers  complete,  sometimes  polygamous.  Calyx  and  corolla  4-merous, 

the  lattei-  witii  long  and  linear  divisions. 
4    LigriistTUni.     Corolla  funnel-form,  4-cleft,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx. 

1.     FRAXINUS,     Tourn.         As,,. 

Flowers  j)olygamous  or  (in  our  species)  diteeious.  (\ilyx  small  and  4-cleft, 
toothed,  or  entire,  or  ob.solete.  I'etals  4,  or  altogether  wanting  in  our  species. 
Stamens  2,  sometimes  3  or  4;  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  large.  Style  single; 
stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  a  1-2-c-elled  samara  or  Ae //;//•«//,  flattened,  winged  at 
the  a])ex,  1  -  2-seeded  Cotyledons  elliptical ;  radicle  slender.  —  Light  timber- 
trees,  with  petioled  pinnate  leaves  of  3-15  either  toothed  or  entire  leaflets; 
the  small  flowers  in  crowded  panicles  or  racemes  from  the  axils  of  last  year's 
leaves.     (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

*  Leaflets  petioluhite  ;   anthers  linetir-oh/ony  ;   calyx  small,  persistent. 
-4-   Fruit  u'inyed  only  at  the  upper  part  of  the  terete  or  nearly  terete  body. 

1.  F.  Americana,  L.  (White  Ash.)  Branchlets  and  petioles  glabrous  : 
leaflets  7-9,  ovate-  or  lance-oblong,  pointed,  pale  and  either  smooth  or  pubes- 
cent underneath,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate  or  denticulate ;  /ru/^  (about  1^' 
long)  marqinless  below,  aJwuptly  d dated  into  a  lanceolate,  ohlanceolate,  or  wed(/e- 
linear  winy  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  terete  eylindmceous  body.  —  Rich  or 
moist  woods,  common  from  the  Atlantic  to  Minn.,  E.  Xel».  and  Kan.  April, 
May  —  A  large  and  very  valuable  forest  tree,  with  gray  furrowe<l  bark,  smooth 
c;rav  l>ranchlots  and  rnstv-colorrd  Imds.     Monoecious  flowers  rarclv  occur. 


336  OLEACE.E.     (olive  family.) 

•t-t.  ++  Body  of  fruit  more  slender,  tapering  gradually  from  summit  to  base,  more 
or  less  margined  upward  by  the  decarrent  wing. 

2.  F.  pubescens,  Lam.  (Red  Ash.)  Branchlets  and  petioles  velvety- 
pubescent  ;  leaflets  7-9,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  almost  en- 
cire,  pale  or  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  ;  fruit  11-2'  long,  the  edges  gradu- 
ally dilated  into  the  linear  or  spatulate  loing.  —  Low  grounds,  throughout  our 
range ;  rare  Avest  of  Ohio.  —  Tree  of  middle  or  large  size ;  inner  face  of  outer 
bark  of  the  branches  red  or  cinnamon-color  when  fresh. 

3.  F.  Viridis,  Michx.  f.  (Green  Ash.)  Glabrous  throughout;  leaflets 
5  -  9,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  often  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  and  serrate 
above,  bright  green  both  sides ;  fruit  much  as  in  n.  2.  —  Along  streams ;  com- 
mon. —  Intermediate  forms  occur  with  paler  leaves  somewhat  pubescent  be- 
neath.    A  small  or  middle-sized  tree. 

M-  H-  Fruit  with  compressed  and  wing-margined  body. 

4.  F.  platycarpa,  Michx.  (Water-Ash.)  Branchlets  terete,  glabrous 
or  pubescent ;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  short-stalked  ; 

fruit  broadly  winged  (not  rarely  3-winged),  oblong  (9"  wide),  with  a  tapering 
lase.  —  Deep  river-swamps,  Ya.  to  La.     March.     Tree  of  middle  size. 

5.  F.  quadrangulata,  Michx.  (Blue  Ash.)  Branchlets  square,  at 
least  on  vigorous  shoots,  glabrous;  leaflets  7 -9,  short-stalked,  oblong-ovate 
or  lanceolate,  pointed,  sharply  serrate,  green  both  sides  ;  fruit  narrowly  oblong, 
blunt,  and  of  the  same  width  at  both  ends,  or  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  often 
notched  at  the  apex  (H'  long,  3-4"  wide).  — Dry  or  moist  rich  woods,  Ohio 
to  Mich,  and  Minn.,  south  to  Tenn.  —  Large  timber  tree,  the  ii.ner  bark  yield- 
ing a  blue  color  to  water. 

*  *  Lateral  leaflets  sessile ;  anthers  short-oblong ;  flowers  ivholly  naked. 

6.  F.  sambucifdlia,  Lam.  (Black  Ash.)  Branchlets  and  petioles 
glabrous;  leaflets  7-11,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  point,  serrate,  ob- 
tuse or  rounded  at  the  base,  green  and  smooth  both  sides,  when  young  with 
some  rusty  hairs  along  the  midrib ;  fruit  linear-oblong  or  narrowly  elliptical, 
blunt  at  both  ends.  —  Swamps  and  wet  banks,  N.  Scotia  to  Minn.,  south  to 
Va.  and  Mo.  —  Small  or  middle-sized  tree,  with  very  tough  and  fissile  wood. 
Bruised  foliage  exhales  the  odor  of  Elder. 

2.    FORESTIERA,    Poir. 

Flowers  dioecious,  crowded  in  catkin-like  scaly  buds  from  the  axils  of  last 
year's  leaves,  imbricated  with  scales.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  of  4  minute  se- 
pals. Stamens  2  -  4 ;  anthers  oblong  Ovary  ovate,  2-celled,  with  2  pendulous 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  style  slender ;  stigma  somewhat  2-lobed.  Drupe  small, 
ovoid,  1-celled,  1-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  opposite  and  often  fascicled  deciduous 
leaves  and  small  flowers.  Fertile  peduncles  short,  1  -  3-flowered.  (Named  for 
M.  Forestier,  a  French  physician.) 

L  F.  acuminata^  Poir.  Glabrous,  somewhat  spinescent,  5- 10°  high; 
leaves  thin,  oi)long-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  often 
serrulate  ;  drupe  elongated-oblong,  usually  pointed.  —  Wet  river  banks,  S.  W. 
Ind.  to  Mo.,  soutli  to  Tex.     April. 


APOCYNACE.*:.        (DOdBANK    FAMILY.)  337 

3.     CHIONANTHUS,     L.        Fuimjk-tukk. 

Calyx  4-parted,  very  small,  persistent.  Corolla  of  4  long  antl  linear  petals, 
which  are  barely  united  at  ha-se.  Stamens  2  (rarely  3  or  4),  on  the  very  base 
of  tlie  corolla,  very  short.  Stigma  notched.  Drupe  fleshy,  gli)bular,  becoming 
1-celled,  1  -3-seeded.  —  Low  trees  or  shrul)s,  with  deciduous  and  entire  petioled 
leaves,  and  delicate  flowers  in  loose  and  drooping  graceful  panich's,  from  lat- 
eral buds.  (Name  from  x'ti^"-  snow,  and  ii^dos,  hlosso/n,  alluding  to  the  light 
and  snow-wliite  clusters  of  flowers.) 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  olwvate-lanceolate ;  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels ;  petals  l'  long,  narrowly  linear,  acute,  varying  to  5  or  6  in 
number ;  drupe  purple,  with  a  bloom,  ovoid  (6  -  8"  long).  —  River  banks,  N.  J. 
and  S.  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mo. ;  very  ornamental  in  cultivation.    June. 

4,     LIGUSTRUM,     Tourn.         Privkt. 

Calyx  short-tubular,  4-toothed,  deciduous.  Stamens  2,  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included.  Berry  2-celle(l,  I  -  2  seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  entire  leaves 
and  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.     (The  chussical  name.) 

L.  vulg\re,  L.  (Privet,  or  Prim.)  Leaves  very  smooth  ;  berries  black. 
—  Used  for  low  hedges,  and  naturalized  eastward ;  from  Europe. 

Order  6G.     APOCYNACE^E.     (Doghaxk  Fa.mily.) 

Plant!^  almost  all  with  m'dkij  acrid  Juice,  entire  (chiejl;/  opposite)  leaven 
without  stipules,  refjular  b-merous  and  5 -and rous  flowers  ,■  the  5  lobes  of  the 
corolla  convolute  and  twisted  in  the  bud ;  the  filaments  distinct,  inserted  on 
the  corolla,  and  the  pollen  granular;  calyx  free  from  the  two  ovaries, 
which  (in  our  genera)  are  distinct  (forming  follicles),  though  their  styles 
or  stigmas  are  united  into  one.  —  Seeds  amphitropous  or  anatropous, 
with  a  large  straight  embryo  in  sparing  albumen,  often  bearing  a  tuft  of 
down  (eomose).  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family  (of  acrid-poisonous  plants), 
represented  in  gardens  by  the  Oleander  and  Periwinkle. 

1.  Ainsonia.    Seeds  naked.     Corolla-tube  bearded  inside.     Anthei-s  longer  than  the  fila- 

ineiits.     Leaves  alternate. 

2.  Trachelospennum.     Seeds  coniose.     Corolla  funnel-form,  not  appendaged.     Fila- 

ments slender.     Calyx  glandular  inside.     Leaves  opposite. 

3.  Apocyiium.     Seeds   eomose.      Corolla   bell-shaped,   appendaged  within.      Filaments 

short,  broad  and  flat.     Calyx  not  glamlular.     Leaves  opposite. 

1.     AMSONIA,     Walt. 

Calyx  .5-parted,  small.  Corolla  with  a  narrow  funnel-form  tube  bearded 
inside,  especially  at  the  throat;  the  limb  divided  into  .'>  long  linear  lobe.s. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube,  included  ;  anthers  obtuse  at  both  ends,  longer 
than  the  filaments.  Ovaries  2 ;  style  1  ;  stigma  rounded,  surrounded  with  a 
cup-like  membrane.  Pod  (follicles)  2,  long  and  slender,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
cylindrical,  abrui)t  at  both  ends,  packed  in  one  row,  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs, 
with  alternate  leaves,  and  pale  blue  flowers  in  terminal  i)anicled  cymes.  (Said 
to  be  named  for  a  ^fr.  Charles  Ainson.) 


338  APOCYNACEvE.       (DOGBANE    FAMIl.Y.) 

1.  A.  Tabernsemontana,  Walt.  Loosely  pubescent  or  hairy  when 
young,  soon  glabrous;  leaves  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  taper- 
pointed  ;  calyx-lobes  short,  awl-shaped ;  tube  of  the  bluish  corolla  little  longer 
than  the  lobes,  the  upper  part  either  hairy  when  young  or  glabrous.  —  Low 
grounds,  N.  C.  to  S.  Ind.  and  Mo.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     May,  June. 

2.    TRACHELOSPERMXJM,    Lemaire. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  3-5  glands  at  its  base  inside.  Corolla  funnel-form, 
not  appendaged ;  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  included  ;  filaments  slender ;  an- 
thers arrow-shaped,  with  an  inflexed  tip.  Pods  (follicles)  2,  slender,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  with  a  tuft  of  down.  —  TAvining  plants,  more  or  less 
woody,  with  opposite  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  cymes.  (Name  from 
rpa-xv^os,  a  neck,  and  airfpjxa,  seed,  upon  the  supposition  that  the  seed  was 
beaked.) 

1.  T.  dififorme,  Gray.  Nearly  herbaceous  and  glabrous ;  leaves  oval-lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  thin  ;  calyx  lobes  taper-pointed  ;  corolla  pale  yellow.  (Forste- 
ronia  difformis,  A.  DC.)  —  Damp  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     April. 

3.     APOCYNUM,     Tourn.         Dogbane.     Lndiax  Hemp. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  acute.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  bearing  5  tri- 
angular appendages  below  the  throat  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  5,  on  the 
very  base  of  tlie  corolla ;  filaments  flat,  shorter  than  the  arroAv-sliaped  anthers, 
which  converge  around  the  stigma,  and  are  sliglitly  adherent  to  it.  Style 
none;  stigma  large,  ovoid,  slightly  2-lobed.  Fruit  of  2  long  (2-7')  and  slen- 
der follicles.  Seeds  comose,  with  a  tuft  of  long  silky  down  at  the  apex.  — 
Perennial  herbs,  Avith  upright  branching  stems,  opposite  mucronate-pointed 
leaves,  a  tough  fibrous  l)ark,  and  small  and  pale  cyniose  flowers  on  short  pedi- 
cels.   (Ancient  Jiame  of  the  Dogbane,  composed  of  airS,  from,  and  kvu>v,  a  clog  ) 

L  A.  androssemifolium,  L.  (Spreading  Dogbane.;  Smooth,  or 
rarely  soft-tomentose,  brauclied  above ;  branches  dii-ergeiitli/  forking .-  leaves 
oi^ate,  distinctly  petioled :  ajmes  loose,  spreading,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
corolla  (pale  rose-color,  4''  broad)  open-bell-shaped,  with  reiolule  lobes,  the  tube 
much  longer  than  the  orate  pointed  divisi07is  of  the  cali/jc.  —  Borders  of  thickets ; 
common.     June,  July. 

2.  A.  cannabinum,  L.  (Indian  Hemp.)  Glabrous  or  more  or  less 
soft-pubescent;  stem  and  branches  upright  or  ascending  (2 -3°  high),  termi- 
nated by  erect  and  close  man !/- flowered  cgmes,  which  are  usually  shorter  than 
the  leaves;  leaves  from  oval  to  oblong  and  even  lanceolate,  short-petioled  or 
sessile,  with  rounded  or  obscurely  cordate  base;  corolla  (greenish-white)  iv'ith 
nearly  erect  lobes,  the  tube  not  longer  than  the  lanceolate  divisions  of  th".  cali/r.  — 
Moist  grounds  and  banks  of  streams;  common.     Very  variable.    July,  Aug. 

Order  67.     ASCLEPIADACE^E.     (Milkweed  Family.) 

Plants  with  milky  juice.,  and  opposite  or  whorl ed  (rarely  scattered)  entire 
leaves;  the  follicular  ])ods,  seeds,  anthers  (connected  with  the  stigma),  sen- 
siUe  properties^  etc.,  jnsi  as  m  the  lastfamdy.  from  which  they  differ  in  the 


ASCLEPIADACE.E.        (mILKWKKD    FAMILY.)  339 

commonly  valvate  corolla,  and  in  the  singular  connection  of  the  anthers  with 
the  stigma,  the  cohesion  of  the  pollen  into  wax-like  or  (jrannlar  masses  (pol- 
linia),  etc.,  as  explained  under  the  typical  genus  Aselepias. 

T'ek/ploca  Grjkca,  L.,  a  woody  climbinp;  plant  of  the  Old  World,  in  orua- 
niental  cultivation,  and  in  one  or  two  ])lacos  inclined  to  he  spontaneous,  repre- 
sents a  trihe  with  <rrannl(xse  pollen  loosely  ap;gregated  in  two  masses  in  each 
anther-cell.  It  has  a  hrowuish  rotate  corolla,  very  hairy  within,  and  with  5 
awjied  scales  in  the  throat. 

Tribe  I.    CINANCHEiE.    Anthers  tippci!  with  an  inflexed  or  sometimes  erect  scarious 
iiicnibrane,  tlie  fclls  lower  thai)  the  top  of  ilie  stigma  ;  [)olliiiia  suspended. 
*  Stems  erect  or  merely  decunibint. 
1    Asclepiodora.    Corolla  rotate,  merely  spreading.     Crown  of  5  hooded  fleshy  bodies, 
with  a  salient  crest  in  each.     Leaves  alternate. 

2.  Aselepias.     Corolla  reflexed,  deeply  5-parted.    Crown  as  in  n.  1,  but  with  an  incurved 

horn  rising  from  the  cavity  of  each  hood.     Leaves  usually  o))posite. 

3.  Acerates.     Corolla  reflexed  or  merely  sjireading.     Crown  as  in  n.  1,  but  with  neither 

crest  nor  horn  inside.     Leaves  mainly  alternate. 

#  *  Stems  twining.     Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

4.  ICnslenia.     Corolla  erect.    Crown  of  5  membranaceous  flat  bodies,  terminated  by  a  2- 

deft  tail  or  awn. 

5.  Vincetoxicuni.    Corolla  rotate,  spreading.     Crown  a  fleshy  5-10-Iobed  ring  or  disk. 
Tribe  II.     GONOLOBEiE.     Anthere  with  short  if  any  scarious  tip,  borne  on  the  mar- 

<tin  of  or  dose  under  the  disk  of  the  stigma  ;  pollinia  horizontal. 

6.  Gonolobiis.     Corolli  rotate.     Crown  a  wavy-lobed  fleshy  ring.    Stems  twining. 

1.    ASCLEPIODORA,     Gray. 

Nearly  as  in  Aselepias,  but  the  corolladobes  ascending  or  spreading,  and 
the  hoods  destitute  of  a  horn,  widely  spreading  and  somewhat  incurved,  slijv 
])er-shaped  and  laterally  compressed,  the  cavity  divided  at  the  ajiex  by  a  crest- 
like partition.  —  Umbels  .solitary  and  terminal  or  corymbed,  loosely-flowered. 
Follicles  oblong  or  ovate,  often  somewhat  muricate  with  .soft  spinous  projec- 
tions.    ('A(TKAr;7rjo's  and  hwpov  or  Swpeci,  the  gift  ofyKscnUtpius.) 

1  A.  viridis,  Gray.  Almost  glabrous;  stems  short  (1°  high);  leaves 
alternate,  short-petioled,  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  1-2'  wide;  umbels  .sev- 
eral in  a  cluster,  short-pe<luncled ;  flowers  large  (T  in  diameter),  green,  with 
a  ]»urplish  crown.  (Acerates  paniculata,  Z)eco/sHf.)  —  Prairies,  111.  to  Tex. 
and  8.  Car.     June. 

2.     A  SOLE  PI  AS,     L.        Milkwekd.     Silkweed. 

Calyx  .5-parted,  persistent;  the  divisions  small,  reflexed.  Corolla  deeply 
5-parted ,  the  divisions  valvate  in  the  bud,  reflexed,  deciduous.  Croim  of  .') 
hooded  bodies  seated  on  the  tube  of  stamens,  each  containing  an  incurved  horn. 
Stamens  .5,  inserted  on  the  ba.se  of  the  corolla ;  filaments  united  in  a  tube  which 
encloses  the  pistil ;  anthers  adherent  to  the  stigma,  each  with  2  vertical  cells, 
tipped  with  a  membranaceous  appendage,  each  cell  containing  a  flattened  pear- 
shaped  and  waxy  pollen-ma.ss ;  the  two  contiguous  pollen-masses  of  adjacent 
anthers,  forming  pairs  which  hang  by  a  slender  prolongation  of  their  sum- 
mits from  5  cloven  glands  that  grow  on  the  angles  of  the  stigma  (extricated 
from  the  cells  by  insects,  and  directing  copious  i>olleu-tubcs  into  the  point 


340  ASCLEPIADACE.^.        (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

where  the  stigma  joins  the  apex  of  the  style).  Ovaries  2,  tapering  into  very 
short  styles ;  the  large  depressed  5-angled  fleshy  stigmatic  disk  common  to  the 
two.  Follicles  2,  one  of  them  often  abortive,  soft,  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Seeds 
anatropous,  flat,  margined,  bearing  a  tuft  of  long  silky  hairs  (coma)  at  the  hi- 
lum,  downwardly  imbricated  all  over  the  large  placenta,  which  separates  from 
the  suture  at  maturity.  Embryo  large,  with  broad  foliaceous  cotyledons  in 
thin  albumen.  —  Perennial  upright  herbs,  with  thick  and  deep  roots ;  pedun- 
cles terminal  or  lateral  and  between  the  usually  opposite  petioles,  bearing 
simple  many-flowered  umbels,  in  summer.  (The  Greek  name  of  yEsculapius, 
to  whom  the  genus  is  dedicated.) 

§  1.    Corneous  anther-wings  broadest  and  usuallj  angxdate-truncate  and  salient 
at  base  ;  horn  conspicuous. 

*  Flowers  orange-color ;  leaves  mostly  scattered ;  juice  not  7nilkt/. 

1.  A.  tuberosa,  L.  (Butterfly-weed.  Pleurisy-root.)  Roughish- 
hairy  (1-2°  high);  stems  erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy,  branching  at  the 
summit,  and  bearing  usually  numerous  umbels  in  a  terminal  corymb;  leaves 
from  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  or  slightly  petioled  ;  divisions  of  the 
corolla  oblong  (greenish-orange) ;  hoods  narrowly  oblong,  bright  orange, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  nearly  erect  and  slender  awl-sliaped  horns;  pods 
hoary,  erect  on  deflexed  pedicels.  —  Dry  fields,  common,  especially  southward. 
—  Var.  decumbens,  Pursh.  Stems  reclining  ;  leaves  broader  and  more  com- 
monly opposite,  and  umbels  from  most  of  the  upper  axils.  —  Ohio  to  Ga.,  etc. 

*  *  Corolla  bright  red  or  purple  ;  follicles  naked,  fusiform,  erect  on  the  deflexed 

pedicels  (except  in  n.  5) ;  leaves  opposite,  mostly  broad. 

•*-  Flowers  rather  large  ;  hoods  about  3"  lor.g  and  exceeding  the  anthers ;  leaves 

transversely  veined. 

2.  A.  paupercula,  Michx.  Glabrous  ;  stem  slender  (2-4°  high) ;  leaves 
elongated-lanceolate  or  linear  (.5-10'  long),  tapering  to  both  ends,  slightly 
petioled,  umbels  5-  \2-flowered ;  divisions  of  the  red  corolla  narrowly  oblong; 
the  bright  orange  hoods  broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  much  exceeding  the  incurved 
horn.  —  AVet  pine-barrens  on  the  coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  A.  rubra,  L.  Glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate  and  tapering  from  a 
rounded  or  heart-shaped  base  to  a  very  acute  point,  sessile  or  nearly  so  (2-6' 
long,  i-2^'  wide),  bright  green;  umbels  many-flowered;  divisions  of  the  co- 
rolla and  hoods  oblong4anceolate,  purple-red  ,  the  horn  long  and  slender,  straight- 
ish.  —  Wet  pine-l)arrens,  etc.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Fla,,  La.,  and  Mo. 

4.  A.  purpurascens,  L.  (Purple  M.)  Stem  rather  slender  (1-3° 
high) ;  leaves  elliptical  or  ovale-oJjlong,  the  upper  taper-pointed,  minutely  velvety- 
downy  underneath,  smooth  above,  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  petiole ;  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  peduncle,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  dark  purple  lanceolate- 
ovate  divisions  of  the  corolla;  hoods  oblong,  abruptly  narrowed  above;  the  horn 
broadly  scythe-shaped,  with  a  narroiv  and  abruptly  in  flexed  horizontal  point.- — 
Dry  ground,  !X.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  Tenn.,  and  southward.  —  Flowers  6"  long. 

t-  ■»-  Fioivers  small;  hoods  V^  long,  equalling  the  anthers;  veins  ascending. 

5.  A.  incarnata,  L.  (Swamp  Milkweed.)  Smooth,  or  nearly  so,  in 
the  typical  form,  the  stem  with  two  downy  lines  above  and  on  the  branches 


I 


ASCLEPIADACE^.        (mILKWEKD    FAMILY.)  341 

of  the  peduncles  (2-3°  liigli),  very  leafy  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
pointed,  obtuse  or  oltscurely  heart-shaped  at  base;  Howers  rose-jjurple ;  hoods 
scarcely  equalling  tiie  slender  needle-pointed   horn.— S\\ainj)8,  common. — 
Var.  PULCHKA,  Pers. ;  leaves  broader  and  shorter-petioled,  nnjre  or  less  hairy- 
pubescent,  as  well  as  the  stem.     Milky  juice  scanty.  —  With  the  smooth  form. 
*  *  *  Flowers  greenish,  i/e/lowish^  white,  or  mereli/  purji/ish-tiiifjed :  leaves  oppo- 
site or  ichorled,  or  the  upjnr  nircl ij  scattered. 
-t-  Follicles  echinaie  with  soft  spinous  processes,  densely  tomentose  {smooth,  and 
onlij  minutely  echinate  at  the  apex  in  u.  S),  large  (3  -5'  long),  ovate  and  acu- 
minate, erect  on  dejiexed  pedicels;  leaves  large  and  broad,  short-petioled  ; 
umbels  terminal  and  lateral. 

6.  A.  speciosa,  Torr.  Finely  cauescent-tomentose  or  glabrate, f Ae  many- 
Jlowercd  umbel  and  calyx  densely  tomentose;  leaves  subcordate-oval  to  oblong; 
corolla-lobes  purplish,  ovate-oblong,  4  -  5"  long ;  hoods  5  -  6"  long,  with  a  short 
inflexed  horn,  the  truncate  summit  abruptly  produced  into  a  very  long  lanceolate- 
ligulate  appendage.  —  Along  streams,  Minn,  to  Ark.,  and  westward. 

7.  A.  Cornuti,  Decaisne.  (Common  Milkwekd  or  Silkwekd.)  Stem 
tall  and  stout,  finely  soft-pubescent;  leaves  oval-oldong  (4-8'  long),  pale,  mi- 
nutely downy  beneath,  as  well  as  the  peduncles,  etc. ;  corolla-lobes  dull  purple 
to  white,  3-4"  long;  hoods  rather  longer  than  the  anthers,  ovate,  obtuse,  ivitli 
a  tooth  each  side  of  the  short  stout  claw-like  horn.  —  l\ich  ground,  everywhere. 

8.  A,  Sulliv^ntii,  Engelm.  Very  sjnooth  throughout,  tall ;  leaves  ovate- 
oblong  with  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  nearly  sessile ;  hoods  obovate,  en- 
tire, obtusely  2-eared  at  the  base  outside ;  flowers  larger  (9"  long)  and  more 
purple  than  in  the  last ;  anther-wings  2-toothed  at  base ;  pod  nearly  glabrous, 
obscurely  spiny  chiefly  on  the  beak.  —  Low  grounds,  Ohio  to  Kan.  and  Minu. 

-»-  -*-  Follicles  wholly  unarmed,  either  glabrous  or  tomentulose-pubescent, 
++  Erect  or  ascending  on  the  deflexed  or  decurved  fruiting  pedicels. 
—  Umbel  solitary,  on  a  naked  terminal  peduncle;  leaves  sessile,  broad,  trans- 
versely veined,  wavy  ;  glabrous  and  pale  or  glaucous. 

9.  A.  obtusifolia,  Michx.  Stem  2-3°  high;  leaves  oblong  with  a  heart- 
shaped  claspin;/  base,  very  obtuse  or  retuse  (2^  -  5'  long) ;  peduncle  3-12'  long ; 
corolla  pale  greenish  purple ,  hoods  truncate,  somewhat  tootlied  at  the  sum- 
mit, shorter  than  the  slender  awl-j)ointed  horn.  —  Sandy  woods  and  fields,  not 
rare,  especially  southward.  A  second  umbel  at  the  base  of  tlie  peduncle  occa- 
sionally occurs. 

10.  A.  Meadii,  Torr.  Stem  sleiuler  (1  -2°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish  (1^-2^'  long) ,  peduncle  only  twice  the  length  of  the 
upper  leaves,  pedicels  rather  short ,  corolla  greenish-white,  hoods  rounded- 
truncate  at  summit,  and  with  a  sharp  tooth  at  each  margin,  somewhat  exceed- 
ing the  stouter  horn.  —  Dry  ground.  111.  and  Iowa.    June. 

=  =  Umbels  mostly  more  than  one ;  peduncle  not  overtopping  the  leaves. 
a.   Leaves  large,  orbicular  to  oblong-lanceolate  :  hoods  broad,  little  if  at  all  exceed- 
ing the  anthers ;  glabrous  or  some  minute  pubescence  on  young  parts. 

11.  A.  Jam^Sii,  Torr.  Stem  stout  (1°  high  or  more);  leaves  about  5 
pairs,  approximate,  remarkably  thick,  rounded  or  bioadly  oval,  rften  emarginafe, 


342  ASCLEPIADACE^.        (MILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

subcordate  at  base, nearly  sessile;  umbels  2 -3, densely  many-flowered,  on  short 
peduncles,  corolla-lobes  orate,  greenish ;  hoods  truncate,  entire.  —  Plains  of 
central  Kansas  and  soutliwestward. 

12.  A.  phytolaccoides,  Pursh.  (PoKE-MILK^VEED.)  Stem  3-5° 
high;  leaves  hroadli/  ovate,  or  the  upper  oval-lanceolate  and  pointed  at  both  ends, 
short-petioled,  smooth  or  slightly  downy  underneath  (5  -  8'  long) ;  lateral  um- 
bels several;  pedicels  loose  and  nodding,  numerous,  long  and  slender  (1  -3'  long), 
equalling  the  peduncle;  corolla-lobes  ovate-oblong,  greenish;  hoods  (white) 
truncate,  the  margins  2-toothed  at  the  summit,  the  horn  with  a  long  projecting 
awl-shaped  point.  —  Moist  copses,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

13.  A.  variegata,  L.  Stem  1-2°  high;  leaves  (4-5  pairs)  ovate,  oval, 
or  obovate,  somewhat  wavy,  contracted  into  shoii  petioles,  middle  ones  sometimes 
whorled ;  pedicels  {numerous  and  crowded)  and  peduncle  short,  downy ;  divis- 
ions of  the  corolla  ovate  [white) ;  hoods  orbicular,  entire,  purplish  or  reddish, 
tlie  horn  semilunar  with  a  horizontal  point.  —  Dry  woods,  soutliern  N.  Y.  to 
Ind.,  south  to  Pla.,  x\rk.,  and  W.  La.  Jnly.  —  Remarkable  for  its  compact 
umbels  of  nearly  white  flowers. 

b.   Leaves   mostly  pubescent  or  puberulent ;  hoods  obtuse,  entire,  twice  or  thrice 
the  length  of  the  anthers. 

14.  A.  Ovalifolia,  Decaisne.  Low  (6- 18' high),  soft-downy,  especially 
the  lower  surface  of  tlie  ovate  or  lanceolate-oblong  acute  short-petioled  leaves 
(1^-3'  long);  umbels  loosely  10- 18-flowered,  sessile  orpeduncled;  pedicels 
slender,  hoods  oblong,  yellowish,  with  a  small  horn,  about  the  length  of  the 
oval  greenish-white  corolla-lobes  (tinged  with  purple  outside).  —  Prairies  and 
oak-openings,  X.  111.  and  Iowa,  to  Wise,  and  Dak. 

•*-*■  ++  Follicles  and  pedicels  erect ;  leaves  often  whorled ;  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
=  Leaves  ovate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  thin,  rather  slender-petioled. 

15.  A.  quadrifolia,  L.  Stem  slender  (1-2°  high),  mostly  leafless  be- 
low, bearing  usually  one  or  two  wJiorls  of  four  in  the  middle  and  one  or  two 
pairs  of  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  taper-pointed  petioled  leaves  (2  -  4'  long) ; 
pedicels  slender ;  corolla-lobes  {pale  pink)  oblong ;  hoods  Avhite,  elliptical-ovate, 
the  incurved  horn  short  and  thick.  —  Dry  woods  and  hills,  X.  Eng.  to  Minn., 
south  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 

16  A.  perennis,  Walt.  Stems  (l  -  2°  high)  persistent  or  somewhat  woody 
at  the  base  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lanceolate-ovate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  thin,  rather 
.slender-petioled ;  ^ozt-ers  ivhite,  smsdl;  the  small  hoods  of  the  crown  shorter 
than  the  needle-shaped  horn;  seeds  sometimes  destitute  of  a  coma!  —  Low 
grounds,  S.  Ind.  and  111.  to  Tex.,  and  eastward. 

=  ^  Leaves  narrowly  linear  to  filiform ;  horn  subulate,  exserted ;  column  con- 
spicuous. 

17.  A.  verticillata,  L.  Stems  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
very  leafy  to  the  summit;  leaves  filiform-linear,  with  revolute  margins  (2-3' 
long,  1"  wide),  3-6  in  a  whorl ;  umbels  small,  lateral  and  terminal ;  divisions 
of  the  corolla  ovate  (greenish-wliite) ;  hoods  roundish-oval,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  incurved  claw-shaped  horns.  —  Dry  hills,  common,  especially 
southward.  —  Var  pumila,  Gray,  is  low  and  many-stemmed  from  a  fascicled 
root;  leaves  much  crowded,  filiform.  — Dry  plains,  Neb.  to  Kan   and  N.  Mex. 


ASCLEPIADACE^..        (mILKWEKD    FAMILY.)  343 

§  2.  Anther-wings  broadly  rounded  at  base  and  conspicuouslt/  auriculate-notched 
Just  above  it;  hoods  with  a  minute  horn  exserted from  the  2-lohcd  apex. 
18.  A.  stenophylla,  Gray.  Pubemlent,  but  foliage  glabrous;  stems 
slender  (1-2°  lii^li) ,  leaves  narrowly  linear  (3-7'  long,  l-2f  wide),  the 
upper  alternate,  lower  o])posite  ;  umbels  several,  short-pedunclcd,  10-  15-flow- 
ered ;  corolla-lobes  oblong,  greenish ;  hoods  whitish,  equalling  the  anthers, 
conduplicate-coneave ;  follicles  erect  on  ascending  pedicels.  —  Dry  prairie.s, 
Neb.  to  E.  Kan.,  soutii  and  westward. 

3.     ACERATES,     Ell.        Green  Milkweed. 

Nearly  as  in  Asclei)ia5  ;  but  the  hoods  destitute  of  crest  or  horn  (whence  the 
name,  from  a  ])rivative,  and  Kfpas,  a  horn).  —  Flowers  greenish,  incompact 
many-Howered  umbels.  Leaves  opposite  or  irregularly  alternate,  short-peti- 
oled  or  sessile.     Pollen-masses  slender-stalked.     Follicles  smooth,  slender. 

*  Crown  upon  a  short  column  and  shorter  than  the  globular  mass  of  anthers  and 

stigma  ,  leaves  mainly  alternate-scattered. 

1.  A.  longifolia,  Ell.  Minutely  roughish-hairy  or  smoothish ;  stem 
erect  (1-3°  lii^li),  \ery  leafy;  leaves  linear  (3 -7' long);  umbels  latei-al,  on 
peduncles  of  about  the  length  of  the  slender  pedicels ;  flowers  3"  long  when 
expanded.  —  Moist  prairies  and  pine-barrens,  Ohio  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.    July -Oct. 

*  *  Crown  sessile,  the  oblong  hoods   nearly  equalling  the  anthers ;  leaves  often 

opposite  and  broader. 

2.  A.  viridiflbra,  Ell.  'M\\mtQ\\  soft-downy,  becoming  smoothish;  stems 
ascending  (1-2°  high);  leaves  oval  to  linear,  thick  (1^-4'  long);  umbels 
nearly  sessile,  lateral,  dense  and  globose ;  flower  (when  the  corolla  is  reflexed) 
nearly  |'  long,  short-pedicelled.  —  Dry  soil,  common,  especially  southward. 
July  -  Sept.  —  Runs  into  var.  lanceolXta,  Gray,  with  lanceolate  leaves  2|-  4' 
long;  —  and  var,  lixeXuis,  Gray,  with  elongated  linear  leaves  and  low  stems; 
umbels  often  solitary.     The  latter  form  from  Minn.,  Dak.,  and  southward. 

3.  A.  lanugindsa,  Decaisne.  //a »7/,  low  (5-12' high);  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate;  umbel  solitary  and  terminal,  peduncled ;  flowers 
smaller;  pedicels  slender.  —  Prairies,  N.  111.  to  Minn.,  and  westward.     Julv. 

4.    ENSLENIA,    Xutt. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  .5-parted ;  the  divisions  erect,  ovate-lanceolate. 
Crown  of  5  free  membranaceous  leaflets,  which  are  truncate  or  obscurelv  lobed 
at  the  apex,  where  they  bear  a  jiair  of  flexuous  awns  united  at  base.  Anthers 
nearly  as  in  Asclepias;  pollen-masses  oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  fixed  below 
the  summit  of  tiie  stigma  to  the  descending  glands.  Follicles  oblong-lanceo- 
late, smooth.  Seeds  with  a  tuft,  as  in  Asclepias.  — A  perennial  twining  herb, 
smooth,  with  opposite  heart-ovate  and  pointed  long-petioled  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  flowers  in  raceme-like  clusters,  on  slender  axillary  peduncles.  (Dedi- 
cated to  A.  Enslen,  an  Austrian  botanist  who  collected  in  the  Southern  United 
States  early  in  the  present  century.) 

1.  E.  albida,  Nutt.  Climbing  8-12°  high  ;  leaves  3 -5' wide.  —  River- 
hanks.  S  Penn.  and  Va.  to  111  ,  Mo.,  and  Tex     July -Sept. 


344  ASCLEPIADACE^.        (mILKWEED    FAMILY.) 

5.     VINCETdXICUM,     Moench. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped.  Crown  flat  and  fleshy, 
disk-like,  5  -  10-lobed,  simple.  Anthers,  smooth  follicles  and  seeds  much  as  in 
Asclepias.  —  Herbs,  often  twining.  (Name  from  vi7icens,  binding,  and  ioxicum, 
poison.) 

V.  NIGRUM,  Moench.  More  or  less  twining,  nearly  smooth ;  leaves  ovate 
or  lance-ovate ;  floAvers  small,  dark  purple,  in  an  axillary  cluster,  on  a  peduncle 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  —  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.;  a  weed  escaping  from  gardens. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.    GONOLOBUS,    Michx. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  wheel  shaped,  sometimes  reflexed-spread- 
ing ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud.  Crown  small  and  fleshy,  annular  or  cup- 
shaped,  in  the  tliroat  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  horizontal,  partly  hidden  under 
the  flattened  stigma,  opening  transversely.  Pollen-masses  5  pairs,  horizontal. 
Follicles  turgitl,  mostly  muricate  with  soft  warty  projections,  sometimes  ribbed. 
Seeds  with  a  coma.  —  Twining  herbs  or  shrubs  (ours  herbaceous),  with  oppo- 
site heart-shaped  leaves,  and  corymbose-umbelled  greenish  or  dark  purple 
flowers,  on  peduncles  rising  from  between  the  petioles.  Our  species  belong  to 
the  typical  section,  with  the  crown  simple  and  unappeudaged,  and  the  corolla 
nearly  veinless.  (Name  composed  of  ywuia,  an  angle,  and  Ko^os,  a  pod,  from 
the  angled  follicles  of  some  species.) 

*  Crown  a  low  undiilatelij  10-lobed  Jleshy  disk ;  follicles  unai-med, glabrous,  3 -b- 
costate  or  angled. 

1.  G.  SUberbsus,  R.  Br.  Leaves  cordate  with  an  open  shallow  or  some- 
times deeper  and  narrow  sinus,  pointed,  glabrate  or  hairy  (3  -  5'  long) ;  umbels 
3-9-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole;  corolla  broadhj  conical  in  bud, 
abruptly  pointed,  twisted ;  lobes  ovate  OTtvi&ugnlsLT-lanceol&te,  acute,  pubescent 
inside;  cali/x  half  as  long.  (G.  macrophyllus,  Chapman.)  —  Near  the  coast, 
Va.  to  Fla. 

2.  G.  IseviS,  Michx.  Leaves  oblong-cordate  with  a  deep  and  narrow  open 
sinus,  conspicuously  acuminate  (3-6'  long);  umbels  5 -  10-flowered,  barely 
equalling  the  petiole ;  corolla  elongated-conical  in  bud,  not  twisted ;  lobes  nar- 
rowly or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  glabrous  inside,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
—  South  of  our  range.  —  Passes  into  var.  macrophyllus,  Gray,  with  larger 
broadly  cordate  leaves,  the  sinus  often  closed,  finely  pubescent  beneath.  (G. 
macrophyllus,  Michx.)  —  River-banks,  Ya.  to  S.  Ind.,  Mo.,  S.  C,  and  Tex. 

*  *  Crown  cup-shaped,  as  high  as  the  anthers ;  follicles  muricate,  not  costate. 
-I-  Crown  Jleshy,  merely  \0-crenate,  or  the  crenntures  bidentate. 

3.  G.  obliquUS,  R.  Br.  Leaves  rounded-  to  ovate-cordate  with  a  narrow 
sinus,  abruptly  acuminate  (3-8'  long);  umbel  many  flowered ;  corolla  in  bud 
obi  on  g -conical ;  its  lobes  linear-ligalate  (5-6"  long,  1'' wide),  crimson-purple 
inside,  dull  or  greenish  and  minutely  pubescent  outside.  —  River-banks,  moun- 
tains of  Penn.  and  Va.,  to  Ohio  and  Mo.     Flowers  said  to  be  fragrant. 

4.  G.  hirsutus,  Michx.  Commonly  more  hairy ;  leaves  with  the  basal 
lobes  sometimes  overlapping  ;  peduncles  fewer-flowered ;  corolla  in  bud  ovate, 
its  lobes  elliptical-oblong  (3  -  4"  long),  barely  puberulent  outside,  dull  or  brownish- 
purple. —  Md.  and  Va.  to  Tenn.  and  Fla. 


I 


LOGANIACE^:.        (lOGAXIA    FAMILY.)  345 

4-  -t-  Crown  thinner,  t/ie  border  lobed  or  toothed ;  leaves  as  in  the  precedinij. 

5.  G.  Sh6rtii,  Gray.  Rcsembloa  n.  3,  but  larger-leaved  ;  corolla  ohlong- 
conical  in  bud,  dark  crimson-purple,  its  lobes  ligulate  (fully  6"  long);  crown 
about  lO-toothed,  the  alternate  teeth  thinner,  narrower  and  /onf/er,  either  emarginate 
or  2-parted.  —  Along  the  mountains,  E.  Ky.  (Short)  to  N.  W,  Ga.  {Chapman). 

6.  G.  Carolin6nsis,  R.  Br.  Flower-bud  oblong;  corolla  brownish- 
purple;  its  lobes  oblong  or  linear-oblong  (4-5"  long) ;  crown  undulate! y  and 
venj  obtusehj  b-lobed  and  with  a  longer  bijid  subulate  process  in  each  sinus.  — 
From  Va.  to  La.,  extending  north  to  Ark.  and  central  Mo. 

Order  ()8.     LOGANIACEiE.     (Logama  Family.) 

Herbs,  shruh,  or  trees:,  with  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  and  stipules  or  a 
stipular  membrane  or  line  hetiveen  them,  and  with  regular  4  -  b-merous  4-5- 
androus  perfect  Jlowers,  the  ovary  free  from  the  calyx ;  a  connecting  group 
between  Gentianaccie,  Apocynaceae,  Scrophulariacete  (from all  which  they 
are  known  by  their  stipules)  and  Kubiacejr,  from  which  they  differ  in 
their  free  ovary  ;  our  representatives  of  the  family  are  ail  most  related 
to  the  Rubiaceie,  to  which,  indeed,  they  have  been  appended. 

*  Woody  twiners ;  leaves  evergreen;  stigmas  4. 

1.  Gelseniiutn.    Corolla  large,  the  5  lobes  imbricated  in  the  biul.    Style  slender. 

♦  »  Herbs  ;  stigma  siugle,  entire  or  2-lobed. 

2.  Polypremum.    Corolla  4-lobed,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 

3.  Spigelia.    Corolla  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Style  single,  jointed  in  the  middle. 

4.  Mitreola.    Corolla  5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Styles  2,  short,  converging,  united  at 

the  summit,  and  with  a  common  stigma. 

1.     GELSEMIUM,    Juss.        Yellow  (False)  Jessamine. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  open-funnel-form,  .5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  imbricated  in 
tlie  bud.  Stamens  5,  with  oldong  sagittate  anthers.  Style  long  and  slender; 
stigmas  2,  each  2-parted,  the  divisions  linear.  Capsule  elliptical,  flattened  con- 
trary to  the  narrow  partition,  2-celled,  septicidally  2-valved.  Seeds  many  or 
several,  winged.  Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen ;  the  ovate  flat  cotyle- 
dons nuTch  shorter  than  the  slender  radicle.  —  Smooth  and  twining  shrubby 
plants  with  ovate  or  lanceolate  leaves,  minute  deciduous  stipules,  and  showy 
yellow  flowers,  of  two  sorts  as  to  relative  length  of  stamens  and  style.  ( Gelso- 
mino,  tlie  Italian  name  of  the  Jessamine.) 

1.  G.  sempdrvirens,  Ait.  (Yellow  Jessamine  of  the  South.)  Stem 
climbing  high;  leaves  .sjiort-petioled,  shining,  nearly  persistent;  flowers  in 
short  axillary  clusters ;  pedicels  scaly -bracted  ;  flowers  very  fragrant  (the  bright 
yellow  corolla  1  -  H'  long);  capsule  flat,  pointed.  —  Low  grounds,  E.  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.     March,  April. 

2.    POLYPREMUM,    L. 

Calyx  4-parted ;  the  divisions  awl-shaped  from  a  broad  scarious-margined 
base.  Corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  almost  wheel-shaped,  bearded  in  the 
throat;  the  4  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  very  short;  anthers 
globular.     Style  1,  very  short;  stigma  ovoid,  entire.     Capsule  ovoid,  a  little 


346  LOGANIACE^.       (lOGANIA     FAMILY.) 

flattened,  notched  at  the  apex,  2-celled,  loculicidally  2-valved,  many -seeded.  — 
A  smooth,  diffuse,  much-branched,  small  annual,  with  narrowly  linear  or  awl- 
shaped  leaves,  connected  at  base  by  a  slight  stipular  line ;  the  small  flowers 
solitary  and  sessile  in  the  forks  and  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  corolla  incon- 
spicuous, white.     (Name  altered  from  TroKvirpefjLvos,  many-stemmed.) 

1.  P.  procumbens,  L.  —  Dry  fields,  mostly  in  sandy  soil,  Md.  to  Tex,; 
also  adventive  in  Penn.     Juue-Oct. 

3.     SPIGELIA,    L.        Pink-root.     Worm-grass. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  the  lobes  slender.  Corolla  tubular-funnel-form,  5-lobed  at 
the  summit,  valvate  in  bud.  Stamens  5;  anthers  linear.  Style  1,  slender, 
hairy  above,  jointed  near  the  middle.  Capsule  short,  2-celled,  twin,  laterally 
flattened,  separating  at  maturity  from  a  persistent  base  into  2  carpels,  which 
open  loculicidally,  few  seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  united  by 
stipules,  and  the  flowers  spiked  in  one-sided  cymes.  (Named  for  Adrian 
Spiegel,  latinized  Spigelius,  who  wrote  on  botany  early  in  the  17th  century, 
and  was  perhaps  the  first  to  give  directions  for  preparing  an  herbarium.) 

1.  S.  Marilandica,  L.  (Maryland  Pink-root.)  Stems  simple  and 
erect  from  a  perennial  root  (6-18'  high);  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute;  spike  simple  or  forked,  short;  corolla  1^'  long,  red  outside,  yelloAv 
within ;  tube  4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  lanceolate ;  anthers 
and  style  exserted.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  J.  to  Wise,  and  Tex.  June,  July.  — A 
well-known  officinal  anthelmintic,  and  a  showy  plant. 

4.    MI  THE  OLA,    L.        Mitrewort. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  somewhat  funnel-form, 
5-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  included.  Ovary  at  tlie  base  slightly 
adnate  to  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  2-celled ;  styles  2,  short,  converging  and 
united  above  by  a  common  stigma.  Capsule  exserted,  strongly  2-horned  or 
mitre-shaped,  opening  down  the  inner  side  of  each  horn,  many-seeded.  —  An- 
nual smooth  herbs,  6'  -  2°  high,  with  small  stipules  Ijetween  the  leaves,  and 
small  white  floAvers  spiked  along  one  side  of  the  branches  of  a  terminal  peti- 
oled  cyme.     (Diminutive  of  mitra,  a  mitre,  from  the  shape  of  the  pod.) 

1.  M.  petiolata,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  petioled. 
—  Damp  soil,  from  E.  Va.  to  Tex. 

Order  (il).     GENTIANACE^.     (Gentian  Family.) 

Smooth  herhs,  with  a  colorless  hitter  juice,  opposite  and  sessile  entire  and 
simple  leaves  (except  in  Tribe  II.)  loithout  stipules,  regular  flowers  with  the 
stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  which  are  convolute  {rarely  im- 
bricated ajid  sometimes  valvate)  in  the  bud,  a  l-celled  ovary  with  2  parietal 
placentce,  or  nearly  the  ichole  inner  face  of  the  ovary  ovuliferous  ;  the  fruit 
usually  a  2-valved  and  sepAicidal  many-seeded  capsule.— Flowers  solitary 
or  cymose  (racemose  in  n.  8).  Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  mostly  wither- 
ing-persistent ;  the  stamens  inserted  on  its  tube.  Seeds  anatropous,  with 
a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen,     (Bitter-tonic  plants.) 


GKNTIANACt:^.        (<;ENT1AN    FAMILY.)  347 

Suborder  I.  Geutianese.  Leaves  always  simple  and  entire,  ses- 
sile, never  alternate.     /Estivation  of  corolla  never  valvate. 

•  Lobes  of  coroHa  convolute  in  tin-  bud. 
•*-  Style  lilifonn,  usually  deciduous  ;  anthers  oblong  to  linear,  mostly  twisting  or  cur\-ing 

in  age. 
I.  Erythrsea.     Parts  of  flower  5  or  4  :  corolla  salver-form  ;  anthers  twisting  spirally. 
'2.  Sabbatia.     Parts  of  flower  5  - 12  ;  corolla  rotate  ;  anthers  recurved  or  revolute. 

3.  Eustoina.    Parts  of  flower  5  or  6  ;  corolla  canipanulate-funnel-fonn  ;  anthers  versatile, 

straight  or  recurving;  calyx-lobes  long-acuminate. 

4-  -t-  Style  stout  and  persistent  or  none ;  anthers  remaining  straight. 

4.  Gentiana.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  bell-shaped,  mostly  plaited  in  the  sinuses,  without 

spurs  or  glands.     Calyx  4  -  5-cleft. 

5.  Frasera.    Corolla  4-parted,  rotate  ;  a  fringed  glandular  spot  on  e.ich  lobe. 

6.  Haleiiia.    Corolla  4-5-clcft,  campanulate,  and  4-5-si)urred  at  the  base. 

♦  •  Lobes  of  corolla  imbricate  in  the  bud;  no  appendages. 

7.  Bartonia.    Calyx  4-parted.    Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,  somewhat  campanulate. 

8.  Obolaria.    Calyx  of  2  foliaceous  sepals.     Corolla  4-lobed,  oblong-campanulate. 

Suborder  II.  Menyanthoa*.  Leaves  all  alternate  ami  mostly 
petioled,  sometimes  trifoliolate  or  crenate.  ..Estivation  of  corolla  indu- 
plicate-valvate.     Marsh  or  a(iuatic  perennials. 

9.  Menyanthes.     Corolla  bearded  inside.    Leaves  3-foliolate. 

10.  Liiniianthenium.    Corolla  naked,  or  bearded  on  the  margins  only.     Leaves  simple, 
rounded. 

1.     ERYTHR-SIA,     Richard.  Centaury. 

Calyx  4-5-parted,  the  divisions  sleiulcr.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form, 
witli  slender  tube  and  4  -  5-parted  limb.  Anthers  exserted,  erect,  twisting  spi- 
rally. Style  slender,  single;  stigma  capitate  or  2-lipped.  —  Low  and  small 
brandling  annuals,  chiefly  with  rose-purple  or  reddish  flowers  (wlience  the 
name,  from  ipvQpos,  red) ;  in  summer. 

E.  CKNTAtJKirM,  Pers.  (Centaury.)  Stem  upright  (6-12' high),  coj-yw- 
hoschi  hninched  above;  leaves  oblong  or  elliptical,  acutish,  the  basal  rosulate, 
the  uppermost  linear;  ci/mes  cl nstereil , Jlat-topjx'd ,  the  jioirers  all  tuiirli/  sessile  ; 
tube  of  the  (purple-rose-colored)  corolla  not  twice  the  length  of  the  oval  lobes. 
—  Waste  grounds,  shores  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Michigan.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

E.  KAMOSfssi.^iA,  Pers.  Low  (2-6' high);  stem  uiant/  times  forked  idtore 
and  forming  a  diffuse  cifme  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  not  rosulate  below  ; 
fotrers  all  on  short  pedicels  ;  tube  of  the  (pink-purple)  corolla  thrice  the  length 
of  the  elliptical-oblong  lobes.  —  Wet  or  shady  places,  N.  J.,  E.  Penn.,  and 
southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

E.  spicXta,  Pers.  Stem  strictly  upright  (6-10'  high) ;  the  flowers  sessile 
and  spiked  alonfj  one  side  ffthe  simple  or  rarelji  forked  branches  :  leaves  oval 
and  oblong,  rounded  at  base,  acutish  ;  tube  of  the  (rose-colored  or  whitish) 
corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  tlie  lobes  oblong.  —  Sandy  sea-shore, 
Nantucket,  Ma^s.,  and  Porti^mouth,  Va.     (Nat.  fn>in  Ku.) 

2.     SABBATIA,     Adans. 

Calyx  5-12-parted,  the  divisions  slender.  Corolla  5- 12-i)arted,  wheel- 
shaped.  Stamens  5-12;  anthers  soon  recurved.  Style  2-cleft  or  -parted, 
slender.  —  Biennials  or  annuals,  with  slender  stems,  and  cymose-panicled 
handsome  (white  or  rose-purple)  flowers,  in  summer.  (Dedicated  to  L.  Salt- 
bati,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 


348  GENTIANACE^.       (gENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

*  Corolla  b-parted,  or  rarely  6~7-parted. 

-»-  Branches  all  opposite  and  stems  more  or  less  -i-angled ;  flowers  cymose;  calyx 

with  long  and  slender  lobes. 

■M-  Corolla  white,  often  turning  yellowish  in  drying. 

1.  S.  paniculata,  Pursh.  Stem  brachiately  much-branched  (1  -2°  high) ; 
leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblong,  obtuse,  1-nerved,  nearly  equalling  the  internodes ; 
calyx-lobes  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  Low  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla. 

2.  S.  lanceolata,  Ton-.  &  Gray.  Stem  simple  (2-3°  high)  bearing  a 
flat-topped  cyme;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  S-nerved,  the  upper  acute, 
much  shorter  than  the  internodes;  calyx-lobes  longer  and  flowers  larger  than 
in  n.  1. —  Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

-M-  ++  Corolla  rose-pink,  rarely  white,  with  a  yellowish  or  greenish  eye. 

3.  S.  brachiata,  Ell.  Stem  slighdy  angled,  simple  below  (1-2°  high)  ; 
leaves  linear  and  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  acute  ;  branches  rather  few- 
flowered,  forming  an  oblong  panicle;  calyx-lobes  nearly  half  shorter  than  the 
corolla.  —  Dry  or  low  places,  Ind.  and  N.  C.  to  La.  and  Fla. 

4.  S.  angularis,  Fursh.  Stem  somewhat  ^-winged-angled,  xnwch  branched 
above  (1-2^°  high),  many-flowered ;  leaves  ovate,  acutish,  5-nerved,  with  a 
somewhat  heart-sha})ed  clasping  base ;  calyx-lobes  one  third  or  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla.  —  Rich  soil,  N.  Y.  to  Ont.  and  ^lich.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

-1-  H-  Branches  alternate  {or  the  lower  opposite  in  n.  5)  ;  peduncles  l-flowered. 

■*-*•  Calyx-lobes  foliaceous. 

5.  S.  calycdsa,  Pursh.  Diffusely  forking,  pale,  1°  high  or  less;  leaves 
oblong  or  lance-oblong,  narrowed  at  base ;  calyx-lobes  spatulate-lanceolate 
(I -T  long),  exceeding  the  rose-colored  or  almost  white  corolla.  —  Sea-coast 
and  near  it,  Va.  to  Tex. 

•*-*■  **  Calyx-lobes  slender  and  tube  very  short  {prominently  costate  in  n.  6,  and 
longer,  nearly  or  cjuite  enclosing  the  refuse  capsule). 

6.  S.  campestris,  Xutt.  Span  or  two  high, divergently  branched  above; 
leaves  ovate  with  subcordate  clasping  base  (^-1'  long),  on  the  branches  lan- 
cejlate  ;  calyx  equalling  the  lilac  corolla  (1|  -  2'  broad).  —  Prairies,  S.  E.  Kan. 
and  W.  Mo.  to  Tex. 

7.  S.  Stellaris,  Pursh.  Loosely  branched  and  forking;  leaves  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  the  upper  narrowly  linear;  calyx-lobes  aicl-shaped-linear,  varying 
from  half  to  nearly  the  length  of  the  bright  rose-purple  corolla;  style  nearly  2- 
parted.  —  Salt  marshes,  Mass.  to  Fla.  Appears  to  pass  into  the  next ;  corolla 
in  both  at  times  ])ink  or  white. 

8.  S.  gracilis,  Salisb.  .S^ewi  rery  s/eHc/er,  at  length  diffusely  branched ; 
branches  and  long  peduncles  filiform ;  leaves  linear,  or  the  lower  lance-linear, 
the  uppermost  similar  to  the  setaceous  calyx-lobes,  which  equal  the  rose-purple 
corolla;  style  cleft  to  the  middle.  —  Brackish  marshes,  Nantucket,  Mass.,  and 
N.  J.,  to  Fla.  and  La. 

9.  S.  Elliottii,  Steud.  Effusely  much  branched  ;  leaves  small,  lower 
cauline  (6"  long  or  less)  thickish, /row  obovate  to  lanceolate,  upper  narrowly 
linear  and  rather  hunger,  on  the  flowering  l)ranches  subulate;  ralyx-lobes  slen- 


GLNTIAXACK.i:.        (<;ENTIAN    FAMILY.)  349 

(fer-subulate,  very  much  shorter  than  the  white  corolla;  st  \  Ic  2-j)artetl.  —  Piue 
barrens,  S.  Va.  (?)  to  Fla. 

*  *  Corolla  8-\2-partcd,  large  {about  2'  broad). 

10.  S.  Chloroides,  Pursh.  Stem  (1 -2°  higli),  loosely  pauided  above; 
peilmicks  slcudcr,  l-llo\vered;  leaves  obloug-lanceohito ;  calyx-lobes  liuear, 
luilf  the  leugtli  of  the  deep  rose-colored  (rarcdy  white)  corolla.  —  Borders  of 
brackish  ponds,  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

3.     EtrSTOMA,     Srilisb. 

Calyx  5-  (rarely  6-)  parted;  its  lobes  long-acuminate,  with  carinate  midrih. 
Corolla  campanulate-funnel-form,  deeply  5-6-lobed.  Anthers  oblong,  versa- 
tile, straight  or  recurving  in  age.  Style  filiform,  nearly  persistent ;  stigma  of 
2  broad  lamelke.  —  Glaucous  large-flowered  annuals,  with  more  or  less  clasp- 
ing and  connate  leaves,  and  slender  terminal  and  more  or  less  paniculate 
1-tlowered  peduncles.  (From  e5,  icell,  and  (rrdixa,  moafh,  alluding  to  the  open- 
mouthed  corolla.) 

1.  E.  Russelli^num,  Oriseb.  ( )nc  or  two  feet  high  ;  leaves  from  ovate- 
to  lanceolate-oblong;  lobes  of  lavender-purple  corolla  obovate  (H'  long),  4 
times  longer  than  the  tube;  anthers  hardly  curving  in  age.  —  Neb.  to  Tex. 

4.     GENTIAN  A,    Tourn.        Gentian. 

Calyx  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  regular,  usually  witli  intermediate 
plaited  folds,  which  bear  appendages  or  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Style  short  or 
none ;  stigmas  2,  persistent.  Capsule  oblong,  2-valved  ,  the  innumerable  seeds 
either  borne  on  placentae  at  or  near  the  sutures,  or  in  most  of  our  species  cover- 
ing nearly  the  whole  inner  face  of  the  pod.  —  Flowers  solitary  or  cymose, 
showy,  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  (Name  from  Geutius,  king  of  Illyria, 
who  used  some  species  medicinally.) 

§  1.    GENTIANELLA.     Corolla  {not   rotate)  destitute  of  extended  plaits  or 
lobes  or  teeth  at  the  sinuses :  root  annual. 

*  (Fringed  Gentians.)  Flowers  lanje,  solitan/  on  long  terminal  peduncles, 
mostli/  4-merous  ;  corolla  campanulate-funnel-form ,  its  lobes  usualli/  Jimbriate 
or  erose,  7iot  crowned;  a  row  of  glands  between  the  bases  of  the  Jilaments. 
Autumn-Jloircring. 

1.  G.  crinita,  Froel.  Stem  1  -2°  high;  leaves  lanceolate  or  orate-lanceo- 
late  from  a  partly  heart-shaped  or  rounded  base ;  lobes  of  the  4-cleft  calyx 
unequal,  ovate  and  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  bell-shaped  tube  of  the  blue  co- 
rolla (2' long),  the  lobes  of  which  are  iced ge-obovate,  and  strongly  fringed  around 
the  summit ;  ovary  lanceolate.  —  Low  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Dak.,  south  to  Iowa, 
Ohio,  and  in  the  mountains  to  Ga. 

2.  G.  Serr^ta,  Gunner.  Stem  3-18'  high;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate- 
linrar ;  lobes  of  the  4-  (rarely  5-)  cleft  calyx  unequal,  ovate  or  triangular  and 
lanceolate,  pointed;  lobes  if  the  sky-blue  corolla  spatulate-oblong,  with  ciliate- 
f  ringed  margins,  the  fringe  shorter  or  almost  obsolete  at  the  summit ;  ovary  ellip- 
tical or  obovate.  (G.  deton.sa,  .}f(tnual.)  —  Moi.st  gr<»nnds,  Ne»vf.  and  W.  New 
York,  to  Iowa  and  Minn.,  north  and  westward. 


350  GENTIANACE.E.        (GENTIAN    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Flowei's  smaller,  4- 5-merous ;  corolla  someirhat  funnel -form  or  salver-form, 

its  lobes  entire:  peduncles  short  or  none,  terminal  and  lateral  on  the  acute- 
angled  stem. 

3.  G.  Amarella,  L.  Stems  2  -  20'  high ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly 
oblong,  or  the  lowest  olwvate-spatulate,  the  margins  minutely  scabrous ;  calyx- 
lobes  (4  -  5)  foliaceous,  lanceolate  or  linear ;  corolla  mostly  blue,  ^^  long  or 
more,  with  a  fmhriate  croirn  at  the  base  of  the  oblong  acute  lobes  ;  capsule  sessile. 
—  Var.  acuta,  Hook.  f.  Calyx  almost  5-parted;  crown  usually  of  fewer  and 
sometimes  very  few  setae.  —  Lab.  to  N.  Vt.  and  N.  Minn.,  west  and  northward. 

4.  G.  quinqueflora,  Lam.  Stem  rather  slender,  branching  (1-2° 
high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  partly  clasping  and  heart-shaped  base, 
3-7-nerved,  tipped  with  a  minute  point;  branches  racemed  or  panicled,  about 
5-flowered  at  the  summit ;  lobes  of  the  small  5-cleft  calyx  awl-shaped-linear  ; 
corolla  pale  blue,  6-9"  long,  its  lobes  triangular-ovate,  bnstle-pomted,  without 
crown,  but  the  glands  at  the  base  of  the  slender  obconical  tube  manifest ;  capsule 
stipitate.  —  Moist  hills,  Maine  to  Out.,  111.,  and  south  along  the  mountains  to 
Fla.  —  Var.  occident\lis.  Gray.  Sometimes  2-3°  high,  and  paniculately 
much-branched ;  calyx-lobes  more  leaf-like,  linear-lanceolate,  reaching  to  the 
middle  of  the  broader  funnel-form  corolla.  —  Va.  and  Ohio  to  Minn.,  south  to 
Tenn.  and  La. 

§  2.  PNEUMONANTHE.  Corolla  (funnel-form  or  salverform)  with  thin- 
membranaceous  toothed  or  lobed  plaits  in  the  sinuses;  no  crown  nor  glands , 
capsule  stipitate ;  autumn-flowering  perennials,  the  flowers  large,  sessile  or 
short  pedunculate  and  bibracteate  {except  in  n.  12). 

*  Anthers  unconnected  or  soon  separate;  leaves  rough-margined ;  seeds  winged. 

5.  G.  affinis,  Griseb.  Stems  clustered,  1°  high  or  less;  leaA-es  oblong 
or  lanceolate  to  lmea.T;  flowers  numerous  and  thipso'id-racemose  or  few  or  rarely 
almost  solitary ;  calyx-lobes  unequal,  the  longest  rarely  equalling  the  tube,  the 
shortest  sometimes  minute ;  corolla  (blue  or  bluish)  V  long  or  less,  rather 
narrowhj  funnel-form,  with  ovate  spreading  lobes,  the  plaits  with  conspicuous 
laciniate  appendages  sometimes  equalling  the  lobes.  —  Minn,  to  the  Pacific. 

6.  G.  puberula,  Michx.  Stems  (mostlg  sol/tan/)  erect  or  ascending 
(8-16'  high),  mostly  rough  and  minutely  pubescent  above  ;  leaves  rigid,  linear- 
lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate  (1-2'  long) ;  flowers  clustered;  rarely  solitary; 
calgx-lobes  lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  bell  funnel-form  open  bright-blue 
corolla,  the  spreading  ovate  lobes  of  which  are  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the 
cut-toothed  appendages.  —  Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  western  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  and 
Ky.,  to  Minn,  and  Kan.     Oct. 

*  *  Anthers  cohering  in  a  ring  or  short  tube ;  flowers  in  terminal  and  often  axil- 

larij  clusters. 

-I-  Calgx-lobes  and  bracts  ciliolate-scabrous  ;  seeds  conspicuously  winged ;  leaves 
rough-margined. 

7.  G.  Saponaria,  L.  (Soapwort  G.)  Stem  erect  or  ascending,  smooth ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate-obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base ; 
caltjx-lobes  linear  or  spatulate,  acute,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  tube,  half  the 
length  of  the  corolla;  lobes  of  the  club-bell-shaped  light-blue  corolla  obtuse, 


(iKNTlAXACKA:.        ((^KNTIAN    FAMM.V.)  ^i '>  I 

erect  or  converging,  short  and  broad,  but  distinct,  and  more  or  less  longer  than 
the  conspicuons  2-cleft  and  minutely  toothed  appendd yes.  —  Moist  woods,  N.  Y. 
and  N.  J.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

8.  G.  Andrdwsii,  (Jrisel).  (Closed  G.)  Stems  u]>riglit,  smooth  ;  leaves 
ovatc-lauccolate  and  lanceolate  from  a  narrower  l)ase,  gradually  jxtinted  ;  calijx- 
lobes  lanceolate  to  ovale,  recurved,  shorter  than  the  top-shaped  tube,  and  much 
shorter  than  the  more  oblong  and  truncate  mostly  blue  corolla,  which  is  closed 
at  the  mouth,  its  proper  lobes  obliterated,  the  apparent  lobes  consisting  of  the 
broad  fringe-toothed  and  notched  appendages.  —  Moist  ground,  N.  Eng.  to 
Minn.,  south  to  N.  Ga.  Corolla  blue  with  white  plaits,  or  sometimes  all  white. 
H-  •♦-  Maryins  of  leaches,  bracts,  etc.,  smooth  and  naked;  terminal  Jloiver-cluster 

leafii-involncrate  ;  seeds  winyed. 

9.  G.  ^Iba,  Muhl.  Stems  upright,  stout ;  flowers  sessile  ami  crowded  in 
a  dense  terminal  cluster ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  heart-shaped  closely 
clasping  base,  gradually  tapering ;  calyx-lobes  ovate  or  subcordate,  many  time.s 
sliorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  reflcxed-spreading;  corolla  white  more  or 
less  tinged  with  greenish  or  yellowish,  inflated-club-shaped,  at  length  open,  its 
short  and  broad  ovate  lobes  twice  the  length  of  the  broad  toothed  appendages. 
—  Low  grounds  and  mountain  meadows.  Out.  to  111.,  Ky.,and  Ya. 

10.  G.  linearis,  Froel.  Stems  slender  and  strict,  1-2°  high;  flowers 
1  -.')  in  the  terminal  cluster;  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  with  some- 
what narrowed  base ;  bracts  sometimes  very  finely  scabrous;  calyx-lobes  lin- 
ear or  lanceolate ;  corolla  blue,  narrow  funnel-form,  its  erect  roundish-ovate 
lobes  little  longer  than  the  triangular  acute  appendages.  (G.  Saponaria,  var. 
linearis,  (^iraij.)  —  Bogs,  mountains  of  ^Nld.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  Eng.,  and  northward. 

Var.  lanceolata,  Gray.  Leaves  lanceolate,  or  the  upper  and  involucrate 
ones  almo.st  ovate-lanceolate  ,  appendages  of  corolla  sometimes  very  short  and 
broad.  —  Minn,  and  L.  Superior;  also  Herkimer  Co.,  N.  Y. 

Var.  latif olia,  Gray,     Stout ;  leaves  closely  sessile,  not  contracted  at  base, 
the  lowest  oblong-linear,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate  ;  appendages  broad,  acute 
or  subtruncate.  —  L.  Superior;  X.  Brunswick  (Howers  blue). 
-«--.--*-    (Jal ijx-lobes  and  bracts  icith  smooth   margijis  or  nearlij  so ;  seeds  com- 
ptetelij  maryinless. 

11.  G.  ochroledca,  Froel.  Stems  ascending,  mostly  smooth;  leaves 
obovate-obloug,  tlie  lowest  broadly  obovate  and  obtuse,  the  uppermost  some- 
wiiat  lanceolate,  all  narrowed  at  base,  calyx-lobes  linear,  unequal,  much 
longer  than  its  tube,  rather  shorter  than  the  greenish-white  open  corolla, 
which  is  painted  inside  with  green  veins  and  lilac-purple  stripes;  its  lobes 
ovate,  very  much  exceeding  the  small  and  sparingly  toothed  oblique  appen- 
dages.—  Dry  or  damp  grounds,  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

*  *  *  Anthers  not  connected :  Jlowers  terminal,  solilari/,  commonly  peduncled 
and  naked  ;  seeds  winyless. 

12.  G.  angUStif61ia,  Michx.  Stems  .slender  and  ascending  (6- 15' high), 
mostly  simple;  leaves  linear  or  the  lower  oblanceolate,  rigid ;  corolla  open- 
funnel-form  (2'  long),  azure-blue,  also  a  greenish  and  white  variety,  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  thread-like  calyx-lobes,  its  ovate  spreading  lobes  twice 
as  long  as  the  cut-toothed  appendages.  —  Moist  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 


;3')2  riENTiANACE^.      (gentian  family.) 

Fleurogyne  Carixthiaca,  Griseb.,  var.  prsf  lla,  Gray,  a  low  few-flowered 
annual,  with  rotate  blue  or  bluish  4-5  parted  corolla  and  a  pair  of  scale-like 
appendages  on  the  base  of  its  divisions,  is  found  from  the  Arctic  Coast  to  the 
Lower  St.  Lawrence  and  Newfoundland,  and  was  reported  by  Pursh  from  the 
summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  but  has  not  since  been  found. 

5.  FRASERA,     AValt.        American  Collmbo. 

Calyx  deeply  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-parted,  wheel-shaped,  each  division 
with  a  glandular  and  fringed  pit  on  the  face.  Filaments  awl-sliaped,  usually 
somewhat  monadelphous  at  base  ;  anthers  oblong,  versatile.  Style  persistent ; 
stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  oval,  flattened,  4-14-seeded.  Seeds  large  and  flat, 
wing-margined.  —  Tall  and  showy  herbs,  with  a  thick  root,  upright  and  mostly 
simple  stems,  bearing  whorled  leaves,  and  numerous  peduucled  flowers  in  open 
cymes,  disposed  in  an  ample  elongated  panicle.  (Dedicated  to  John  Fraser,  an 
indefatigable  collector  in  this  country  toward  the  close  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  F.  Carolinensis,  Walt.  Smooth  biennial  or  triennial  (3-8°  high); 
leaves  mostly  in  fours,  lance-oblong,  the  lowest  spatulate,  veiny ;  panicle  py- 
ramidal, loosely  flowered;  corolla  (T  broad)  light  greenish-yellow,  marked 
with  small  brown-purple  dots,  its  divisions  oblong,  mucronate,  longer  than 
the  narrowly  lanceolate  calyx-lobes,  each  with  a  large  round  gland  below  the 
middle ;  capsule  much  flattened  parallel  with  the  flat  valves.  —  Rich  dry  soil, 
western  N.  Y.  to  Wise,  south  to  Ga. 

6.  HALENIA,    Borkh.        Spurred  Gextian. 

Calyx  4  -  5-parted.  Corolla  short  bell-shaped,  4  -  5-cleft,  without  folds  or 
fringe,  prolonged  at  the  base  underneath  the  erect  lobes  into  spurs,  which  are 
glandular  in  the  bottom.  Stigmas  2,  sessile,  persistent  on  the  oblong  flattish 
capsule.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  oblong.  —  Small  and  upright  herbs,  with 
yellowish  or  purplish  panicled-cymose  flowers.  (Named  for  John  Halen,  a 
German  botanist.) 

L  H.  deflexa,  Grisebach.  Leafy  annual  or  biennial  (9-18'  high),  simple 
or  branched  above;  leaves  3-. 5-nerved,  the  lowest  oblong-spatulate  and  peti- 
oled,  the  others  oblong-lanceolate,  acute ;  spurs  cylindrical,  obtuse,  curved, 
descending,  half  the  length  of  the  acutely  4-lobed  corolla.  —  Damp  and  cool 
woods,  from  N.  Maine  and  W.  Mass.  to  L.  Superior,  Minn.,  and  northward. 

7.    BARTONIA,    Muhl. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,  destitute  of  glands,  fringes,  or  folds. 
Stamens  short.  Capsule  oblong,  flattened,  pointed  with  a  large  persistent  at 
length  2-lobed  stigma.  Seeds  minute,  innumerable,  covering  the  whole  inner 
surface  of  the  pod.  —  Small  annuals  or  biennials  (3-10' high),  with  thread- 
like stems,  and  little  awl-shaped  scales  in  place  of  leaves.  Flowers  small,  white, 
peduucled.     (Dedicated  to  Prof.  Benjamin  Smith  Barton,  of  Philadelphia.) 

1.  B.  tenella,  Muhl.  Stems  branched  above,  the  branches  or  peduncles 
mostly  opposite,  1  -3-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  oblong,  acutish,  rather  longer 
than  the  calijx,  or  sometimes  twice  as  long ;  anthers  roundish  :  ovar}^  4-angled, 
the  cell  somewhat  cruciform.  —  Open  woods,  Newf .  to  Wise,  south  to  Va. 
and  La.     Aug.  —  Scales  and  branches  occasionallv  alternate. 


<;kntianack.*:.      (<;i:NriAN   family.)  353 

2.  B.  v6rna,  Muhl.  Stem  1-  few-flowered  ;  flowers  .'J  -  4"  long,  larger ;  IvUs 
of  the  corolla  spatulnte,  olituse,  spreading,  thrice  the  lentjth  of  the  calyx ;  anthers 
ohlonrj  ;  ovary  flat.  —  Bogs  near  the  coast,  S.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     March. 

8.     OBOLARIA,     L. 

Calyx  of  2  .spatulate  .spreading  .sc])al.s,  resieinhling  the  leaves.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar-bell-sliaped,  witliering-persi.steut,  4-cleft ;  the  lohes  oval-oblong,  or  with  age 
spatulate,  imbricated  in  the  bud !  Stamen.s  inserted  at  the  sinuses  of  the  co- 
rolla, short.  Style  short,  persistent;  stigma  2-lipped.  Capsule  ovoid,  1-celled, 
the  cell  cruciform  ;  the  seeds  covering  the  whole  face  of  the  walls.  —  Alow 
and  very  smooth  purplish-greeu  perennial  (.'3-8'  high),  with  a  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched  stem,  o])posite  wedge-obovate  leaves;  the  dull  white  or  pur- 
plish flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  three,  terminal  and  axillary,  nearly 
se.ssile;  in  spring.  (Name  from  6^o\6s,  a  small  Greek  coin,  from  the  thick 
rounded  leaves.) 

1.  O.  Virginica,  L.  Herbaceous  and  rather  fleshy,  the  lower  leaves 
scale-like ;  flowers  4"  long.  —  Moist  woods,  X.  J.  to  111.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

9.     MENYANTHES,    Tourn.        Buckbeax. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short  funnel-form,  5-cleft,  deciduous,  the  whole 
upper  surface  white-bearded,  valvate  in  the  bud  with  the  margins  turned  in- 
ward. Style  slender,  persistent ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  bursting  somewhat 
irregularly,  many-seeded.  Seed-coat  hard,  smooth,  and  shining.  —  A  perennial 
alternate-leaved  herb,  with  a  thicki.sh  creeping  rootstock,  sheathed  by  the 
membranous  bases  of  the  long  petioles,  which  bear  3  oval  or  oblong  leaflets  ; 
the  flowers  racemed  on  the  naked  scape  (1°  high),  white  or  slightly  reddish. 
(The  ancient  Theophrastian  name,  probably  from  fi-ffu,  month,  and  dvOos,  n 
flower,  some  say  from  its  flowering  for  about  that  time.) 

1.  M.  trifoliata,  L-  —  Bogs,  N.  J.  and  Teuu.  to  Ind.  and  Iowa,  and  far 
north  and  westward.     May,  .June.     (Ku.,  Asia.) 

10.     LIMNANTHEMUM,     Gmelin.         Floating  Hkart. 

Calyx  .5-parted.  Corolla  almost  wlieel-shaped,  5-parted,  the  divisions  fringed 
or  bearded  at  the  base  or  margins  only,  folded  inward  in  the  bud,  bearing  a 
glandular  appendage  near  the  ba.se.  Style  short  or  none  ;  stigma  2-lobed,  per- 
sistent. Capsule  few  -  many-seeded,  at  length  l>ursting  irregularly.  Seed-coat 
liard.  —  Perennial  aquatics,  with  rounded  floating  leaves  on  very  long  petioles, 
which,  in  most  species,  bear  near  the  summit  the  umbel  of  (polyganu)us) 
flowers,  along  with  a  cluster  of  short  and  s])ur-like  roots,  sometimes  shooting 
forth  new  leaves  from  the  same  place,  and  so  sprea<ling  by  a  sort  of  proliferous 
stolons  ;  flowering  all  summer.  (Name  compounded  of  \ifiur},  a  marsh  or  pool, 
and  &vdf/xou,  a  hln.^sfnn,  from  the  situations  where  they  grow.) 

1.  L.  lacunbsum,  Grisebach.  Leaves  entire,  nmnd-heart-shaped  (1-2' 
broad),  thickish ;  petioles  filiform;  lobes  of  the  (white)  corolla  broadly  oval, 
naked,  except  the  crest-like  yellowish  gland  at  the  base,  twice  the  length  of 
the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes;  style  none;  seeds  smooth  and  even.  —  Shallow 
water,  from  Maine  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

23 


3o4  (;i:ntianace.e.      (gkntian  family.) 

2.  L.  trachyspermum,  Gray.  Leaves  larger  (2  -  6'  broad)  and  rounder, 
thicker,  often  wavy-margined  or  crenate,  roughish  and  dark-punctate  or  pitted 
beneath;  petioles  stouter;  seeds  glandular-roughened.  —  Ponds  and  streams, 
Md.  and  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Order  70.     POLEMOXIACE^.     (Polemonium  Family.) 

Herbs,  icitli  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  regular  b-merous  and  o-androus 
fiowers,  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud,  a  3-celled  uvanj  and 
3-lobed  style;  capsule  S-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal,  few -many-seeded  : 
the  valves  usually  breaking  away  from  the  triangular  central  column.  — 
Seeds  ampliitropous,  the  coat  frequently  mucilaginous  when  moistened 
and  emitting  spiral  threads.  Embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  copious 
albumen.  Calyx  persistent,  imbricated.  Corolla  with  a  o-parted  border. 
Anthers  introrsc.  (Insipid  and  innocent  plants;  many  are  ornamental 
in  cultivation.) 
1    Phlox.    Corolla  salvei-fonn.     Calyx  narrow.     Leaves  opposite,  entire. 

2.  Gilia.    Corolla  tubular-funnel-forni  or  salver-forni.     Calyx  narrow,    jiartly  scarious. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate,  entire. 

3.  Polemonium.    Corolla  open-bell-shapeJ.     Calyx  herbaoeons,  bell-shaped.    Filaments 

slender,  eii'iiil.     Leaves  alternate,  pinnate  or  pinnately  parted. 

1.     PHLOX,    L. 

Calvx  narrow,  somewliat  prismatic,  or  plaited  and  angled.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  with  a  long  tube.  Stamens  very  unequally  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included.  Capsule  ovoid,  with  sometimes  2  ovules  but  ripening  only 
a  single  seed  in  each  cell. —  Perennials  (except  a  few  southern  species,  such 
as  P.  Drummondii  of  the  gardens),  with  opposite  and  sessile  perfectly  entire 
leaves,  the  floral  often  alternate.  Flowers  cymose,  mostly  bracted  ;  the  open 
dusters  terminal  or  crowded  in  the  upper  axils.  {^Xi^,  flame,  an  ancient  name 
of  Lychnis,  transferred  to  this  North  American  genus.)  Most  of  our  species 
are  cultivated  in  gardens. 

§  1.  Herbaceous,  with  flat  (broad  or  narrow)  leaves. 

*  Stem  strictly  erect;  panicle  pyramidal  or  oblong,  man y flowered ;  peduncles 

and  pedicels  very  short;  corolla-lol)es  entire.    (Very  common  in  gardens.) 

1.  P.  paniculata,  L.  Stem  stout  (2-4°  high),  smooth;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  and  ovate  lanceolate,  pointed,  large,  tapering  at  the  base,  the  upper 
often  heart-shaped  at  the  base  ;  panicle  ample,  pyramidal-corymbed ;  calyx-teeth 
aicn-pointed :  corolla  pink-purple  varymg  to  white.  —  Open  woods,  Penn.  to 
111.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La.     June,  July. 

2.  P.  maculata,  L.  (Wild  Sweet-William.)  Smooth,  or  barely 
roughish;  stem  spotted  with  purple,  rather  slender  (1  -2°  high) ;  lower  leaves 
lanceolate,  the  upper  nearly  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  apex  from  the 
broad  and  rounded  or  somewhat  heart-.shaped  base ;  panicle  narrow,  oblong, 
leafy  below;  calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  short,  scarcely  pointed;  corolla 
pink-purple.  —  Rich  woodlands  and  along  streams,  N.  J.  and  N.  Penn.  to 
Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Ark.  —  V'ar.  c.\m>id.\,  Michx.,  is  a  white-flowered 
form,  commonly  with  spotless  stem.     With  the  ordinary  form. 


POLl•:MONIACE;^:.        (i'OLKMoMlM    lA.MILV.)  355 

»  *  Stems,  at  least  the  Jiowerintj  ones,  asccndimj  or  erect ;  Jlowers  in  rnri/nihcd 
or  simple  r.ijmes  ;  corolla4obes  obocate  or  oltrordate. 

■*-    Calt/x-teeth   tri<iiifjular-suhulate  ;    corolla-lobes   rounded ,  rnlire ;   ghihrous  or 

near  I  11  so. 

.3.  P.  ovata,  1>.  Stems  ascending  (^-2°  lii^li),  <>ft('ii  from  ;i  i)rostrate 
base  ;  leaves  obluny-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  orale-lanceolute,  and  sometimes 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  acute  or  pointed  ;  flowers  pink  or  rose-red,  crowded, 
short-peduncled ;  c«/^.r-^'e//i  sliort  and  l»road,  «r«/e.  (1*.  Carolina,  A.)  —  Open 
woods,  in  the  mountain  region  froin  Tenn.  to  Ahi.     June,  July. 

4.  P.  glaberrima,  L.  -Stems  slender,  erect  (l -3°  high);  /f«ws /mm/ - 
lanceolate  or  rartl//  uUonii-lanceolate,  very  smooth  (except  the  rough  and  some- 
times revolute  margins),  tapering  gradually  to  a  point  {.'3-4'  long);  cymes 
few-flowered  and  loosely  corymbed ;  flowers  pedunded  (pink  or  whitish); 
cahjx-teeth  narrower  and  very  sharp-pointed.  —  I'rairies  and  open  woods,  N. 
Vn.  to  Ohio  and  Minn.,  soutli  to  Fla.  and  Mo.     July. 

•«-  ■*-  Calt/x-teeth  long  and  slender ;  more  or  less  hairij  or  glandular-pubescent. 

*■*■  No  runners  or  prostrate  sterile  shoots. 

5.  P.  pilosa,  L.  Stems  slender,  nearly  erect  (1  -  H°  Idgh),  usually  hairy, 
as  are  tlic  lanceolate  or  linear  leaces  (1  -4'  long),  which  commonly  taper  to  a 
sharp  point;  cymes  at  length  open ;  cali/x-teeth  slender  aicl-shaped  and  aicn- 
like,  longer  than  the  tube,  loose  or  spreading ;  lobes  of  the  pink-purple  or  rose- 
red  (rarely  white)  corolla  obovate,  entire.  —  Dry  or  sandy  woods,  prairies,  etc., 
N.  J.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     May,  June. 

6.  P.  amdena,  Sims,  Stems  ascending  (i-li°  high),  mostly  simple; 
leaves  broadly  linear,  lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  abruptly  acute  or  blunt  (i-  H' 
long),  on  sterile  shoots  often  ovate;  c//?«e  mostli/  compact  and  sessile,  leaf if- 
hracted ;  cali/x-teeth  awl-shaped  or  //Hear,  sharp-pointed,  but  seldom  awued, 
rather  longer  than  the  tube,  straight;  lobes  of  the  corolla  obovate  and  entire 
(or  rarely  notched),  purple,  pink,  or  sometimes  white.  (I*,  procuujbens,  fi'rai,'  ; 
not  Lehni.)  —  Dry  hills  and  l)arrens,  Va.  to  Ky.,  south  to  Fla. 

•^  +-<-  Sterile  shoots  from  the  Ixise  creeping  in-  decumbent ;  leaves  rather  broad. 

7.  P.  reptans,  Michx.  Bunners  creeping,  henrmfn;  roundish-oltovate  smooth- 
tsli  and  thickish  leaves;  flowering  stems  (4-8'  high)  and  their  oblong  or  ovate 
obtuse  leaves  (^'  long)  pubescent,  often  clammy;  cyme  close,  few-flowered, 
calyx-teeth  linear-awhshaped,  about  the  length  of  the  tube;  lobes  of  the  red- 
dish-purple corolla  round-obovate,  mostlji  entire. —  Damp  woods,  in  the  Alleghany 
region,  Penn.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.     May,  June. 

8.  P.  divaricata,  !>•  Stems  spreading  or  ascending  from  a  decumbent 
l)ase  (9  -18'  higli) ;  leaves  oblong-  or  lance-ovate  or  the  lower  oblong-lanceolate 
(H'  long),  acutish ;  cyme  corymbose-panicled,  spreading,  loosely-flowered; 
calyx-teeth  slender  awl-shaped,  longer  than  the  tube;  lobes  of  the  pale  lilac  or 
bluish  corolla  obcordate  or  ivedge-obovate  and  notched  at  the  end,  or  ojlen  entire, 
■J- 1'  long,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  tube,  with  rather  wide  sinuses  between 
them.  —  Kocky  damp  woods,  W.  Canada  and  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla. 
and  Ark.  May.  —  A  form  occurs  near  Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  with  reduced  flow- 
ers, the  narrow  entire  acuminate  corolla-lobes  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  tube. 


356  POLKMONIACE.*:.        (POLEMONIUM    PWMILY.) 

*  *  *  Stems  low,  diffuse  and  branching ;  Jiotcers  scattered  or  hareli/  cymulose; 
corolla-lobes  narrowly  cuneate,  bijid ;  cahjx-lobes  subulate-lanceolate. 

9.  P.  bifida,  Beck,  Minutelij  pubescent ;  stems  ascending,  branched  (5  -  8' 
high) ;  leaves  linear,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  (^-  H'  long,  H"  wide) ;  flow- 
ers few,  on  slender  peduncles ;  calyx-teeth  awl-shaped,  about  as  long  as  the  tube  ; 
lobes  of  the  pale  purple  corolla  2-cleJt  to  or  below  the  middle  (4"  long),  equal- 
ling the  tube,  the  divisions  linear-oblong.  —  Prairies  of  Ind.  to  Iowa  and  Mo. 

10.  P.  Stellaria,  Gray.  Very  glabrous;  leaves  barely  somewhat  ciliate 
at  base,  linear  (I  -2'  long,  1"  wide  or  mors),  acute,  rather  rigid ;  flowers  scat- 
tered, mostly  long-peduncled  ;  lobes  of  the  pale  blue  or  almost  ichite  corolla  bifd 
at  the  apex  into  barely  oblong  lobes.  —  Cliffs  of  Ky.  Kiver  {Short),  S.  111.,  and 
Tenn.  (Gattinger).     May. 

§  2.    Suffruticulose  and  creeping-cespitose,  ei-ergreen,  icith  mostly  crowded  and 
fascicled  subulate  and  rigid  leaves. 

11.  P.  SUbulata,  L.  (Ground  or  Moss  Pixk.)  Depressed,  in  broad 
mats,  pubescent  (glabrate  when  old) ;  leaves  awl-shaped,  lanceolate,  or  nar- 
rowly linear  ('3  -  6"  long) ;  cymes  few-flowered ;  calyx-teeth  awl-sliaped,  rigid ; 
corolla  piuk-purple  or  rose-color  with  a  darker  centre  (sometimes  white) ;  lobes 
wedge-shaped,  notched,  rarely  entire.  —  Dry  rocky  hills  and  sandy  banks, 
southern  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Pla.  and  Ky. 

2.     GILIA,    Euiz  &  Pav. 

Calvx-lobes  narrow  and  acute,  the  tube  scarious  below  the  sinuses.  Corolla 
tubular-funnel-form  or  salver-form.  Stamens  equally  or  unequally  inserted. 
Capsu-le  with  solitary  to  numerous  seeds.  —  Mostly  herbs  with  alternate  leaves. 
Our  species  belongs  to  the  §  Collomia,  in  which  the  flowers  are  capitate-glom- 
erate and  foliose-bracted  or  scattered,  stamens  unequally  inserted  in  the  narrow 
tube  of  the  salver-form  corolla,  ovules  solitary,  and  leaves  sessile  and  entire ; 
annuals.     (Dedicated  to  Philip  Gil,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  G.  linearis,  Gray.  Branching  and  in  age  spreading,  6-18' high; 
leaves  linear-  or  oblong-lanceolate ;  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  acute ; 
corolla  6"  long,  from  lilac-purple  to  nearly  white,  very  slender,  with  small 
limb.     (Collomia  linearis,  Nutt.)  —  From  Minn.  Avest  to  the  Pacific. 

3.     POLEMONIUM,     Tourn.        Greek  A^aleriax. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  herbaceous.  Stamens  equally  inserted  at  the  summit  of 
the  very  short  tube  of  the  open-bell-shaped  or  short  funnel-form  corolla ;  fila- 
ments slender,  declined,  hairy-appendaged  at  the  base.  Capsule  few -several- 
seeded.  —  Perennials,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  the  upper  leaflets  some- 
times confluent ;  the  (blue  or  white)  corymbose  flowers  nearly  bractless.  (An 
ancient  name,  from  iroAefios,  war,  of  doubtful  application.) 

1.  P.  r^ptans,  L.  Smooth  throughout  or  slightly  pubescent;  stems 
weak  and  spreading  (6-10'  high,  never  creeping  as  the  name  denotes) ;  leaf- 
lets 5-1.5,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong ;  corymbs  feAv-flowered ;  flowers  nodding ; 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  shorter  than  the  tube ;  sta7n€ns  and  style  included;  corolla 
light  blue,  about  Y  wide;  capsules  about  3-seeded.  — Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Minn., 
south  to  Ala.  and  Mo.     May,  June. 


IlVDKOl'UVLLACK.*:.        ( WATKKLKA  K    FAMILY.)  o>)  i 

2.  P.  caeruleum,  L.  (Ja((»I5's  Lai.i.kh.)  SUmu  omt  (1-3°  high); 
leallets  9-21,  linear-lanceohvtc,  ohlung-  or  ovatc-laiiccuhitc,  mosLly  crowded; 
Howers  uumerous,  iu  a  tliyrsus  or  contracted  panicle  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  l(Jiip;or 
tlian  tlie  tube  ;  stamens  and  sti/le  moxi/ij  exscrted  beyond  the  brif^ht  blue  corolla, 
which  is  nearly  1'  broad;  capsule  several-seeded.  —  Rare  in  our  ranc;e,  occur- 
ring iu  SAvani]is  and  on  mountains  iu  N.  II.,  N.  Y.,  N.J.,  and  Md.,  l)ut  conunon 
iu  the  western  mountains  and  far  northward. 

Ordi-u  71.    HYDKOPHYLLACEyE.    (Watkrli: af  Family.) 

Herbs,  commonly  hairi/,  ic'itli  mosthj  alternate  leaves,  regular  b-merous  and 
b-androus  /lowers,  in  aspect  heticeen  the  fore  f/oing  and  the  next  order;  but 
the  ovary  entire  and  l-celled  with  2  parietal  4  -  many-ovuled  placentce,  or 
rarely  2-celled  by  the  union  of  the  placentce  in  ifie  axis ;  style  2-cleft,  or  2 
separate  styles  ;  fruit  a  2-valred  A -many-seeded  capsule.  —  Seeds  mostly 
reticulated  or  pitted.  Kinbryo  small  in  copious  albumen.  —  Flowers 
chieny  blue  or  white,  in  one-sided  cymes  or  false  racemes,  which  are 
mostly  bractless  and  coiled  from  the  apex  when  young,  as  in  the  Borage 
Family.  A  small  order  of  })lants  of  no  marked  properties  ;  some  culti- 
vated for  ornament. 

Tribe  I.    HYDKOPHYLLE^.    Ovary  and  capsule  l-colled.    Seeds  pitted  or  retiou- 

lated  ;  albumen  cartilaginous.     Leaves  cut-tootlied,  lobed  or  pinnate.     Style  2-cleft. 

*  Ovary  lined  with  the  dilated  and  fleshy  placentai,  which  enclose  the  ovules  and  seeds  (in 

our  plants  only  4)  like  an  inner  pericarp. 

L  Hydrophyllum.    Stamens  exserted;  anthers  linear.     Calyx  unchanged  in  fruit. 

2.  Neniophila.    Stamens  included ;  anthers  short.    Calyx  with  appendages  at  the  sinuses. 

8.  Ellisia.     Stamens  intduded.     Calyx  destitute  of  appendages,  enlarged  in  fruit. 

*  *  Ovary  with  narrow  parietal  placentse,  in  fruit  projecting  inward  more  or  less. 

4.  Pliacelia.    Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.     Calyx  destitute  of  appendages. 
Tribe  II.     HYDROL.E.<E.     Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled,  the  placentae  often  projecting 

from  the  axis  far  into  the  cells.    Albumen  fleshy.     Lea\'es  entire.    Styles  2. 

5.  H>tlrolea.    Corolla  between  wheel-shaped  and  bell  shaped. 

1.    HYDROPHYLLUM,    Tourn.        Waterleaf. 

Calyx  5-parted,  sometiuics  with  a  small  ajipeudage  iu  each  sinus,  early  open 
iu  the  bud.  Corolla  bell-sha])od,  o-cleft ;  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud ;  the 
tube  furuished  with  5  longitudinal  linear  appendages  opposite  the  lobes,  which 
cohere  by  their  middle,  while  their  edges  are  folded  inward,  forming  a  necta- 
riferous groove.  Stamens  and  style  mostly  exserted  ;  filaments  more  or  less 
bearded ;  anthers  linear.  Ovary  bristly-hairy  (as  is  usual  in  the  family) ;  i\\^ 
2  fleshy  placentae  expanded  so  as  to  line  the  cell  and  nearly  fill  the  cavity,  soon 
free  from  the  walls  except  at  the  top  and  bottom,  eacii  bearing  a  pair  of  ovules 
on  the  inner  face.  Ca])sule  ripening  1-4  seeds,  spherical.  —  Perennials,  with 
petioled  ample  leaves,  and  white  or  pale  blue  cymose-clustered  flowers.  (Name 
formed  of  uSwp,  irater,  and  <pv\\ov,  leaf;  of  no  obvious  application.) 

*  Calyx  with  minute  if  any  appendages ;  rootstocks  creeping,  scaly-toothed. 

1-  H.  macroph^llum,  Nutt.  Bough-hairy;  leaves  oblong,  pinnate  and 
pinnotijid ;  tite  divisions  9  -  13,  or<7/<',  o/)/H,«{e,  coarsely  cut-toothed  ;  root-leaves 


S58  HYDKOPHYLLACE^.        (WATERLEAF    FAMILY.) 

1*^  long;  peduncle  slwrter  than  the  petiole ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-pointed  from 
a  broad  base,  ve^y  hairy  ;  flowers  (6"  long)  crowded  in  a  globular  cluster ;  an- 
thers short-oblong.  —  Rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Va.  and  Ala.,  west  to  the  Missis- 
sippi.    July. 

2.  H.  Virginieum,  L.  Smoothlsh  (l  -  2°  high)  ;  leaves  plnnatehj  divided  ; 
the  divisions  5-7,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  pointed,  sharply  cut-toothed,  the 
lowest  mostly  2-parted,  the  uppermost  confluent ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  peti- 
oles of  the  upper  leaves,  forked ;  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear,  bristly -ciliate ; 
flowers  3"  long;  anthers  oblong-linear.  —  Kich  woods.     June -Aug. 

3.  H.  Canadense,  L.  Xearli/  smooth  (1°  high);  leaves  (3-5'  broad) 
palmatelij  b-'-loltd,  rounded,  heart-shaped  at  base,  unequally  toothed,  those 
from  the  root  sometimes  with  2-3  small  and  scattered  lateral  leaflets;  pe- 
duncles mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles,  forked,  the  nearly  white  flowers  on  very 
short  pedicels ;  calyx-lobes  linear-awl-shaped,  nearly  smooth,  often  with  minute 
teeth  in  the  sinuses.  —  Damp  rich  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  the  mountains  of  Va.,  and 
west  to  the  Mississippi.  June  -  Aug.  —  Rootstocks  thickened  and  very  strongly 
toothed  in  2  rows  by  the  persistent  bases  of  the  stout  petioles. 

*  *  Cali/x  ivifh  a  small  rejlexed  lobe  in  each  sinus ;  stamens  little  exserted. 

4.  H.  appendiculatum,  Michx.  Hairy  ;  stem-leaves  palmately  5-lobed, 
rounded,  the  lobes  toothed  and  pointed,  the  lowest  pinnately  divided ;  cymes 
rather  loosely  floAvered ;  filiform  pedicels  and  calyx  bristly-hairy.  —  Damp 
woods,  Ont.  to  mountains  of  X.  C,  west  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  Mo.    June,  July. 

2.    NEMOPHILA,    Xutt. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  a  reflexed  appendage  in  each  sinus,  more  or  less  en- 
larged in  fruit.  Corolla  bell-shaped  or  almost  wheel-shaped ;  tlie  lobes  convo- 
lute in  the  bud ;  the  tube  mostly  with  10  small  folds  or  scales  inside.  Stamens 
included ;  anthers  ovoid  or  heart-shaped.  Placentse  (bearing  each  2-12  ovules), 
capsule  and  seeds  as  in  Hydrophyllum.  —  Diffuse  and  fragile  annuals,  with 
opposite  or  partly  alternate  pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  one-flowered  pedun- 
cles ;  the  corolla  white,  blue,  or  marked  with  purple.  (Name  composed  of  ve/ios, 
a  grove,  and  (piXeu),  to  love.)     Some  handsome  species  are  gardfen  annuals. 

1.  "N.  micrbcalyx,  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Small,  roughish-pubescent ;  stems 
diffusely  spreading  (2  -  8'  long) ;  leaves  parted  or  deeply  cleft  into  3-5  round- 
ish or  Avedge-obovate  sparingly  cut-lobed  divisions,  the  upper  leaves  all  alter- 
nate ;  peduncles  opposite  the  leaves,  shorter  than  the  long  petioles ;  flowers 
minute ;  corolla  white,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  placentce  each  2-ovuled  ;  capsule 
I  -2-seeded.  —  Moist  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ark.  and  Tex.    April- June. 

3.    ELLISIA,    L. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  appendages,  enlarged  and  foliaceous  in  fruit.  Co- 
rolla bell-shaped  or  cylindraceous,  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  5-lobed  above ; 
the  lobes  imbricated  or  convolute  in  the  bud,  the  tube  with  5  minute  appen- 
dages Avithin.  Stamens  included.  Placentas  (each  2-ovuled),  fruit,  and  seeds 
much  as  in  Hydrophyllum.  —  Delicate  and  branching  annuals,  Avith  lobed  or 
divided  leaves,  the  loAver  opposite,  and  small  Avhitish  floAvers.  (Named  {or  John 
Ellis,  a  distinguished  naturalist,  an  English  correspondent  of  Linnaus.) 


HYDROPIIYLLACE.K.       (WATKRLKAF    FAMILY.)  3j9 

1.  E.  Nyctdlea,  L.  Minutely  or  ^imringly  rougliisli-luiirv,  divergently 
hranohed  (G-  12'  liii,^li) ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7  -  13  lanteolate  or  linear- 
olilojig  sj)aringly  cut-tuotlied  divisions  ;  peduncles  solitary  in  the  forks  or  oppo- 
site tlie  leaves,  l-Howered;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  p<»inted,  about  the  lengtii  of 
the  cylindraceous  (whitish)  corolla  (in  fruit  ovate-lancetdate,  nearly  Y  l<'"g) 
caj)sule  pendulous.  (K.  amhigua,  Xutt.;  merely  a  slender  form.)  —  Sliady 
damp  places,  X.  J.  to  \'a.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     Mav-Julv, 

4.    PHACELIA,    .luss. 

Calyx  ."^-parted  ;  the  sinuses  naked.  Corolla  open-hell-shaped,  .5-lobed  ;  the 
lol)Cs  iudn-icated  in  the  l)ud.  Filaments  slender,  often  (with  the  2-cleft  stvle) 
exserteil ;  anthers  ovoid  or  oblong.  Ovary  with  2  narrow  linear  placentae  ad- 
herent to  the  walls,  in  fruit  usually  projecting  inward  nifjre  or  less,  the  two 
often  forming  an  imperfect  partition  in  the  ovoid  4  -  many  seetied  capsule. 
(Ovules  2-30  on  each  placenta.)  —  Perennial  or  mostly  annual  herbs,  with 
simple,  lobed,  or  divided  leaves,  and  often  handsome  (blue,  purple,  or  white) 
flowers  in  scorpioid  raceme-like  cymes.     (Xame  from  <pdKf\os,  a  fascicle.) 

§  1.    PFIACELIA  proper.     Seeds  and  ovules  ouli/  4  (two  on  each  placenta): 
corolla  cainpanithttf ,  irith  narrow  folds  or  appendages  icithin,  the  lohes  entire. 

1.  P.  bipinnatifida,  Michx.  Biennial;  stem  upright,  hairv  (1-2^ 
high),  leaves  long-petioled,  pinnately  3- 5-divided,  the  divisions  or  leaflets 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  often  sparingly  cut-lobed  or  pin- 
natifid;  racemes  elongated,  loosely  many-flowered,  glandular-pubescent;  pedi- 
cels about  the  length  of  the  calyx,  spreading  or  recurved.  —  Shaded  banks,  in 
rich  soil,  Ohio  to  111.  and  southward.  ]May,  June. — Corolla  bright  blue,  6" 
broad,  with  5  pairs  of  longitudinal  ciliate  folds,  covering  as  manv  externally 
keeled  deep  grooves.     Stamens  bearded  below  and  with  the  stvle  exserted. 

§  2.  COSMANTHUS.  Ovules  and  seeds  as  in  §  1 ;  corolla  almost  rotate,  ivith 
Jinibriate  lohes,  and  no  appendages  icithin:  filaments  villous-beardcd,rareli/ 
exserted ;  leaves  pinnatijid,  the  upper  clasping. 

2.  P.  Piirshii,  Buckley.  Sparsely  hairy ;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  branched 
(8-  12'  high)  ;  lohes  of  the  stem-leaves  5-9,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  a<nlc  ;  raome 
many-fowered ;  cali/x-lobes  lanre-linear;  corolla  light  blue,  varying  to  white 
(about  Y  '"  diameter).  —  Moist  wooded  banks,  W.  Penn.  to  Minn.,  and  south- 
ward.    A]iril-June. 

3.  P.  fimbri^ta,  Midix.  Slightly  hairy,  slender:  stems  spreading  or  as- 
cending (.5-8'  long\  few-leaved  ;  lowest  leaves  3-5-tlivi(led  into  roundish  leaf- 
lets ;  the  upper  5  -  7-cleft  or  cut-toothed,  the  lobes  obtuse :  raceme  3  -  \0-fiowered  ; 
cali/x-iobes  I inear-ohlong,  obtuse,  becoming  spatulate;  corolla  white  (3-4"  broad). 
—  Woods,  high  mountains  of  Va.  to  Ala.     May. 

§  3.    COSMANTHoiDES.     Ovules  and  seeds  2-8  on  each  placenta  .  corolla 
rotate  or  campanulate,  with  entire  lobes  and  no  appendages. 

4.  P.  parvifldra,  Pursh.  Somewhat  hairy,  slender,  diffuse! v  spreading 
(3  -  8'  high ) ;  leaves  jjinnately  cleft  or  the  lower  divided  into  3  -  ;>  short  lobes  ; 
racemes  solitary,  loosely  5- 15-flowered ,  pedicels  filiform,  at  length  several 
times  longer  than  the  oblong  calyx-lobes ;  corolla  opeu-campanulate,  bluish- 


360  HYDKOPHYLLACE^..        (WATERLEAF    FAMILY.) 

wliite  (4-6"  broad) ;  filaments  hairy;  capsule  globular,  6-  12-seeded,  a  half 
shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Shaded  banks,  Peun.  and  Ohio  to  Mo.,  south  to 
S  C.  and  Tex.     April -June. 

Var.  hirsuta,  Gray.  More  hirsute  and  the  stems  less  slender,  apparently 
growing  in  more  open  dry  soil ;  corolla  larger,  5  -  7"  in  diameter ;  seeds  4-8. 
—  Prairies  and  barrens,  S.  W.  Mo.  to  E.  Tex. ;  also  Va.  and  Ga. 

5.  P.  Covillei,  Watson.  Like  the  last;  racemes  2-5-flowered;  calyx- 
lobes  linear,  in  fruit  3"  long  or  more ;  corolla  tubular-campanulate  with  erect 
limb ;  filaments  glabrous ;  capsule  depressed-globose ;  seeds  4,  large.  —  Lark- 
spur Island  in  the  Potomac,  five  miles  above  Washington.     {F.  \\  Coville.) 

§  4-    EtlTOCA.     Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  on  each  placenta ;  corolla  rotate- 
campanulate,  with  10  vertical  lamellce  within. 

6.  P.  Franklinii,  Gray.  Soft-hairy;  stem  erect  (6-15'  high),  rather 
stout ;  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  many  lanceolate  or  oblong-linear  lobes, 
which  are  crowded  and  often  cut-toothed  or  pinnatifid ;  racemes  short,  dense, 
crowded  mto  an  oblong  spike;  calyx-lobes  linear;  corolla  blue. — Shores  of 
li  Superior,  thence  north  and  westward. 

5.    HYDROLEA,    L. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short-campanulate  or  almost  wheel-shaped,  5-cleft. 
Filaments  dilated  at  base.  Styles  2,  distinct.  Capsule  globular,  2-celled,  with 
very  large  and  fleshy  many-seeded  placentae,  thin-walled,  2-4-valved  or  burst- 
ing irregularly.  Seeds  minute,  striate-ribbed. —  Herbs  or  scarcely  shrubby, 
growing  in  water  or  wet  places  (whence  the  name,  from  vdup,  water),  with 
entire  leaves,  often  having  spines  in  their  axils,  and  clustered  blue  flowers. 

1.  H.  afifinis,  Gray.  Glabrous  throughout ;  stem  ascending  from  a  creep- 
ing base,  armed  with  small  axillary  spines ;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a 
very  short  petiole ;  flowers  in  small  axillary  leafy-bracted  clusters ;  divisions 
of  the  calyx  lance-ovate,  equalling  the  corolla  and  the  irregularly-bursting 
globose  capsule.  —  Banks  of  streams,  S.  111.  to  Tex. 

Order  72.     BOKRAGINACE^.     (Borage  Family.) 

Chiefly  rough-hairij  herbs,  icith  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  symmetrical 
Jiowers  with  a  b-parted  calyx,  a  regular  b-lohed  corolla  (except  in  Echium), 
5  stamens  inserted  on  its  tube,  a  single  style  and  a  usually  deeply  4:-lobed 
ovary  {as  in  Labiatfe),  forming  in  fruit  4  seed-like  1-seeded  nutlets,  or 
separating  into  tico  2-seeded  or  four  l-seeded  nutlets.  —  Albumen  none. 
Cotyledons  plano-convex ;  radicle  pointing  to  the  apex  of  the  fruit. 
Stigmas  1  or  2.  Calyx  valvate,  the  corolla  imbricated  (in  Myosotis 
convolute)  in  the  bud.  Flowers  mostly  on  one  side  of  the  branches  of 
a  reduced  cyme,  imitating  a  spike  or  raceme,  which  is  rolled  up  from  ihe 
end,  and  straightens  as  the  blossoms  expand  (circinate  or  scorpioid), 
often  bractless.  (A  rather  large  family  of  innocent,  mucilaginous,  and 
slightly  bitter  plants ;  the  roots  of  some  species  yielding  a  red  dye.) 

Tribe  T.    HEL,IOTROPIE^.    Ovary  not  lobed ;  fruit  separating  into  2  -  4  nutlets. 
1    Heliotropium.    Corolla  salver-form.    Stamens  included.     Nutlets  1  -  2-celled. 


BORRAGINACEiE.        (UORAGK    FAMILY.)  3GI 

Tribe  II.      BOKRAOINEiE.      Ovary  ilneply  4-parU''l,  f(»rmin«  as  many  separate  1- 
seedcil  uutleus  in  Iruit;  style  rising  from  tlie  centre  between  tlieni. 
•  Corolla  and  stamens  regular. 
•K  Nutlets  armed,  attaclied  laterally  :  corolla  short,  tdosed  by  5  scales. 

2.  Cj'noglossuin.     Nutlets   horizontally  radiatf,    much   luoduccd   downward,  covered 

wiih  barbed  prickles. 

3.  Kchinospenmiin.     Nutlets  erect  or  ascending,   the  margin  or  back  armed   with 

barbed  jinekles. 

■^  -I-  Nutlets  not  armed,  attached  more  or  less  laterally. 

4.  Krynitzkiu.     Corolla  short,  white,  with  closed  throat.     Nutlets  attached  along  the 

inner  angle. 

5.  Merten«ia.     Corolla  trumpet-shaped  with  open  throat,  usually  blue.     Nutlets  flesliy, 

attached  just  above  the  b;use. 
■!-■•-•»-  Nutlets  unarmed,  attaelied  by  the  very  base,  ovoid,  mostly  smooth  and  shining. 
♦♦  Scar  Uat,  small.     Racemes  leafy-bracteate,  except  in  n.  6. 

6.  Myjjsotls.     Cortdla  short  salver-form,  its  lobes  rounded,  and  throat  crested. 

7.  Lithosperinum.     Corolla  salver-form  to  funnel-form,  its  rounded  lobes  spreading; 

the  ihioat  either  naked  or  with  low  crests. 

8.  Onosinodiuiu.    Corolla  tubular,  unappendaged,  its  erect  lobes  acute. 

++  4-*  year  large  and  excavated. 

9.  Symphytum.     Corolla  oblong-tubular,  enlarged  above  and  closed  by  5  scales. 

*  •  Corolla  irregular,  limb  and  throat  oblique  and  lobes  uneiiual. 

10.  L.ycopsis.    Corolla-tube  curved,  closed  with  hispid  scales.    Stamens  included. 

11.  l^cliium.     Dilated  throat  of  corolla  unappendaged.    Stamens  unequal,  exserted. 

AspERtJGO  PROCUMBENS,  L.,  a  European  annual,  well  marked  by  its  much 
enlarged  memhranaceous  and  veiny  fructiferous  calyx,  has  sparingly  appeared 
in  waste  grounds  about  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  and  at  Pipestone,  Minn. 

1.     HELIOTROPIUM,    Tourn.        Tourk.sole,  Heliotrope. 

Corolla  salver-form  or  funnel-form,  unappendaged,  more  or  less  plaited  in 
the  bud.  Anthers  nearly  sessile.  Style  sliort ;  stigma  conical  or  capitate. 
Fruit  2-4-lobed,  separating  into  2  indurated  2-c-elled  and  2-seeded  closed  car- 
pels, or  more  commonly  into  4  one-seeded  nutlets.  —  Herbs  or  low  shrubby 
plants;  leaves  entire;  fl.  in  summer,  white  (in  our  species).  (The  ancient 
name,  from  "]\ios,  the  sun,  and  rpoir-f],  a  tarn,  with  reference  to  its  flowering  at 
the  summer  solstice.) 

§  I.   HELIOTROPIUM   proper.     Fruit   A-lobed,  separating  into  four  l-celled 

l-seeded  nutlets.     iStyle  short. 

*  Flowers  in  bractless  one-sided  scorpioid  spikes. 

H.  ErKOP.V:rM,  L.  Erect  annual  (6-18'  high),  hoary-pul)esceut ;  leaves 
oval,  long-petiuled  ;  lateral  spikes  single,  the  terminal  in  pairs;  calyx  spreiwl- 
ing  in  fruit,  hairy.  —  Waste  places,  southward;  scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

1.  H.  Curassavicum,  L.  Apparently  annual,  glabrous;  stems  ascend- 
ing; leaves  lance-linear  or  spatulate,  thickish,  pale,  almost  veinless;  spikes  in 
pairs.  —  Sandy  seashore,  Va. ;  saline  soils,  S.  HI.,  ami  soutli  and  westward. 

*  *  fnjlonsccnce  not  at  all  scorpioid ;  Jiotcers  scattered. 

2.  H.  ten^Uum,  Torr.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  paniculately  branched, 
slender,  strigosc-canescent;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  with  revolute  margins; 
flowers  often  bractless.  —  Open  dry  ground,  Ky.  to  Mo.  and  Kiui.,  south  to 
Ala.  and  Tex. 


362  BORRAGINACEiE.        (bORAGE    FAMILY.) 

§  2.  EUPLOCA.     Frnd  didpnous,  the  2  carpels  each  spUttmg  into  two  l-seeded 
nutlets  ;  style  elongated ;  flowers  scattered,  large. 

3.  H.  COnvolvulaeeum,  Gray.  Low  animal,  strigose-liirsute  and 
hoarv,  much  branched;  leaves  lanceolate,  or  ovate  or  even  linear,  short- 
petioled ;  floAvers  opposite  the  leaves  and  terminal ;  corolla  6"  broad,  tlie 
strigose-hirsute  tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  linear  sepals.  —  Sandy  plains, 
Neb.  to  W.  Tex.  A  showy  plant,  with  sweet-scented  flowers. 
§  3.  TIARIDIUM.  Fruit  2-lobed,  separating  into  two  2-celled  2-seeded  carpels, 
ivith  sometimes  a  pair  of  empty  false  cells :  style  very  short ;  flowers  in 
bractless  scorpioid  spikes. 

TT.  Indiccm,  L,  Erect  and  hairy  annual ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  oval 
and  somewhat  heart-shaped ;  spikes  single ;  fruit  2-cleft,  mitre-shaped,  with 
an  empty  false  cell  before  each  seed-bearing  cell.  (Heliophytum  Indicura, 
DC.)  —  ^Yaste  places,  along  the  great  rivers,  from  S.  lud.  to  Mo.,  and  south- 
ward.    (Adv.  from  India.) 

2.    CYNOGLOSSUM,    Tourn.        IIound's-Toxgue. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  the  tube  about  equalling  the  5-parted  calyx,  and  throat 
closed  with  5  obtuse  scales ;  lobes  rounded.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  de- 
pressed or  convex,  obli(iue,  fixed  near  the  apex  to  the  base  of  the  style,  rough- 
ened all  over  with  short  barbed  or  hooked  prickles.  —  Coarse  herbs,  with  a 
strong  scent  and  petioled  lower  leaves ;  the  mostly  panicled  (so-called)  racemes 
naked  above,  usually  bracted  at  base.  Fl.  all  summer.  (Name  from  kvojv,  a 
dog,  and  y?\a)(ra-a,  tongue;  from  the  shape  and  texture  of  the  leaves.) 

C.  OFFICINA.LE,  L.  (Common  IIouxd's-Toxgue.)  Jjicunml;  clothed  wilh 
short  soft  hairs,  leafy,  panicled  above ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  closely  sessile 
by  a  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  base;  racemes  nearly  bractless;  corolla 
reddish-purple  (rarely  white)  ;  nutlets  flat  on  the  broad  upper  face,  somewhat 
margined.  —  Waste  ground  and  pastures;  a  familiar  and  troublesome  weed; 
the  large  nutlets  adhering  to  the  fleece  of  sheep,  etc.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

1.  C.  Virginicum,  L.  (Wild  Comfret.)  Perennial;  roughish  ivith 
spreading  bristly  hairs;  stem  sim\i\e,  few-leaved  (2-3°  liigh);  stem-leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  clasping  by  a  deep  heart-shaped  base ;  racemes  few  and 
corymbed,  raised  on  long  naked  peduncles,  bractless ;  corolla  pale  blue  ;  nutlets 
strongly  convex.  —  Open  woods,  Out.  and  Sask.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

3.    ECHINOSPERMUM,    Lehm.        Stickseed. 

Corolla  salver-form,  short,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the  throat  closed  with  5 
short  scales.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  erect,  fixed  laterally  to  the  base  of 
the  style  or  central  column,  triangular  or  compressed,  the  back  armed  all  over 
or  with  1  -3  marginal  rows  of  prickles  which  are  barbed  at  the  apex,  otherwise 
naked.  — Rough-hairy  and  grayish  herbs,  with  small  blue  to  whitish  flowers 
in  racemes  or  spikes ;  ours  annuals  or  biennials,  flowering  all  summer.  (Name 
compounded  of  ex^vos,  a  hedgehog,  and  (nrepfia,  seed.) 

*  Racemes  panicled,  leafy-bracteate  at  base ;  slender  pedicels  recurved  or  de- 
flexed  in  fruit;  calyx-lobes  short,  at  length  reflexed ;  biennial,  not  hispid. 
1.   E.  Virginicum,  Lehm.     (Beggak's  Lice.)     Stem  2  - 4°  high  ;  radi- 
cal leaves  round-ovate  or  cordate,  slender-petioled ;  cauline  (3  -  8'  long)  ovate- 


BORKACilN.VrK.K.        (lUHtAdK    lAMII.Y.)  363 

oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  ac-uniinate  at  botb  ends ;  loosely  paniculate 
racemt'S  divaricate;  jjcdicel  and  flower  each  a  line  l(Mig;  nutlets  of  the  (jlobose 
fruit  c(juci/l_i/  short-fjloc/u'dialc  over  the  whole  luick.  (Cynoglossuin  Morisoni, 
I)(' )  —  Borders  of  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Kng.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Va.  and  La. 

2.  E.defldxum,  Lelini.,var  Americanum,  (iray  Diffusely  l)ranched, 
about  1°  liigh ,  leaves  oblong  to  liuiceolatt- ,  racemes  lax,  loosely  paniculate; 
flowers  small ;  nutlets  of  the  f/lubular-jti/niimddl  fruit  onhj  iiKirrjindlli/  (jlochidiute. 
—  Iowa,  Minn.,  and  northward. 

3.  E.  floriblindum,  Lehni  Kather  strict,  2°  high  or  more;  leaves 
ol)long- to'linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  tapering  into  margined  peti(des ;  nx- 
ccmes  numerous,  commonly  geminate  and  in  fruit  rather  strict ;  corolla  larger 
(blue,  sometimes  white),  2-3"  in  diameter;  nutlets  scabrous  and  margined 
with  a  close  row  of  flat  subulate  prickles.  —  Minn  and  Sask.,  and  westward. 
*  *  Racemes  leafj-bracteale.   stout  pedicels  not  defexed ;  calijx  becominf/  foli- 

accous ;  leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  the  loiver  spatulate  ■  hispid  annuals. 

E.  LAppula,  Lehm.  Erect.  1-2°  high  ,  nutlets  rough-granulate  or  tuber- 
culate  on  the  back,  the  margins  with  a  double  row  of  slender  distinct  prickles, 
or  these  irregular  over  most  of  tiic  back  —  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds, 
from  Canada  to  the  Middle  Atlantic  States.     (Nat.  from  Ku.) 

4.  E.  Redowskii,  Lehm.,  var  occident^le,  Watson.  Erect,  1-2° 
high,  at  lengtli  diffuse;  nutlets  irregularly  and  minutely  sharp-tuberculate, 
the  margins  armed  with  a  single  row  of  stout  flattened  prickles  sometimes 
confluent  at  base.  —  Minn,  to  Tex.,  and  westward. 

4.    KRYNITZKIA,    Eisch.  &  Meyer. 

Calyx  5-parted  or  deeply  cleft,  erect  or  little  spreading  in  fruit.  Corolla 
short,  usually  with  more  or  less  fornicate  throat.  Nutlets  erect  and  straight, 
unarmed,  attached  to  the  axis  either  at  inner  edge  of  base  or  ventrally  from 
the  ba.se  upward.  —  Ours  are  very  hispid  annuals  or  biennials,  with  small 
Aviiite  flowers  in  scorpioid  spikes.  A  large  western  genus.  (Dedicated  to 
Pnf.  J.  Krijnitzki,  of  Cracow.) 

1.  K.  Crassisdpala,  (iray.  Annual,  diffusely  much  branched,  a  span 
high,  very  rough-hispid;  leaves  oblanceolate  and  linear-spatulate ;  flowers  very 
small,  short-pedicelled,  mostly  bracteate ,-  lobes  of  the  persistent  cali/x  closed 
over  the  fruit,  the  midrib  below  becominr/  much  thickened  and  indurated;  nutlets 
ovate,  acute,  dissivdlar,  3  of  them  muricate-granulate  and  1  larger  and  smooth, 
attached  from  the  base  to  the  middle.  —  Plains,  Sask.  to  Kan.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

5.     MERTENSIA,     Hoth.        Lixgwoht. 

Corolla  trujupet-shaped  or  bell-funnel-shaped,  longer  than  the  deeply  5-cleft 
or  5-parted  calyx,  naked,  or  with  5  small  glandular  folds  or  ajipendages  in  the 
open  throat.  Anthers  oblong  or  arrow-shaped.  Style  long  and  tliread-form. 
Nutlets  ovoid,  fleshy  when  fresh,  smooth  or  wrinkled,  oblicjuely  attaehed  next 
the  base  by  a  prominent  internal  angle,  the  scar  small.  — Smooth  or  soft- 
hairy  perennial  herbs,  with  pale  and  entire  leaves,  and  hand.some  purplish-blue 
(rarely  white)  flowers,  in  loose  aiid  short  panided  or  corymbed  raceme-like 
clusters,  only  the  lower  one  leafy-bracted ;  pedicels  slender.  (Named  for 
I'rif.  Francis  Charles  Mertens,  a  German  botanist.) 


364  BORRAGINACEiE.        (bORAGE    FAMILY.) 

*  Corolla  trumpet-shaped',  with  spreading  nearlij  entire  limb  and  naked  throat; 
Jilaments  slender,  exserted ;  hi/pogynous  disk  2-lohed. 

1.   M.  Virginica,  DC.  (Virginian  Cowslip.  Lungwort.  Blue  Bells.) 

Very  smooth,  pale,  erect  (1-2°  high) ;  leaves  obovate,  veiny,  those  at  the  root 
(4-6'  long)  petioled;  corolla  trumpet-shaped,  T  long,  many  times  exceeding 
the  calyx,  rich  purple-blue,  rarely  white ;  nutlets  dull  and  roughish.  —  Allu- 
vial banks,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  S.  C  ,  and  Ark.     May.     Cultivated  for  ornament. 
*  *  Corolla  with  conspicuously  5-lobed  limb,  and  crested  throat. 

-t-  Filaments  broad  and  short ;  nutlets  dull,  wrinkled  or  roughish  when  dry. 

2  M.  panicul^ta,  Don.  Roughish  and  more  or  less  hairy,  erect  (1-2° 
high),  loosely  branched  ,  leaves  ocate  and  orate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  ribbed, 
thin;  corolla  (6"  long)  somewhat  funnel-form,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the 
lance-linear  acute  divisions  of  the  calyx ,  filaments  broader  and  shorter  than  the 
anthers.  —  Shore  of  L.  Superior  and  north  and  westward.     July  and  Aug 

3.  M.  lanceolata,  DC.  Glabrous  or  hirsute,  pale,  1°  high  or  less,  sim- 
ple or  branched  ,  leaves  spatulate-oblong  to  lanceolate-linear,  smaller  (1  -2'  long), 
nearly  veinless,  obtuse  or  acute  ;  corolla-tube  somewhat  longer  than  the  lan- 
ceolate calyx-lobes;  Jilaments  generally  longer  than  the  anthers.  —  Dak.  to  N. 
Mex.  and  westward. 

H-  4-  Filaments  lonrjer  and  narrower  than  the  anthers  ;  nutlets  shining,  utricular. 

4.  M.  maritima,  Don.  (Sea  Lungwort.)  Spreading  or  decumbent, 
smooth,  glaucous ;  leaves  fleshy,  ovate  or  obovate  or  spatulate,  the  upper  sur- 
face becoming  papillose;  corolla  white,  bell-funnel-form  (3"  long),  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  —  Sea-coast,  on  rocks  and  sand,  Cape  Cod  to  Maine  and 
northward;  scarce.     June -Aug. 

6.     MYOSOTIS,     Dill.        Scorpion-grass.    Forget-me-not. 

Corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  about  the  length  of  the  5-toothed  or  .5-cleft 
calyx,  the  throat  with  5  small  and  blunt  arching  appendages  opposite  the 
founded  lobes ;  the  latter  convolute  in  the  bud !  Stamens  included,  on  very 
short  filaments.  Nutlets  smooth,  compressed,  fixed  at  the  base ;  the  scar  mi- 
nute.—  Low  and  mostly  soft-hairy  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  those  of  the  stem 
sessile,  and  with  small  flowers  in  naked  racemes,  which  are  entirely  bractless, 
or  occasionally  Avith  one  or  two  small  leaves  next  the  base,  prolonged  and 
straightened  in  fruit.  Flowering  through  the  season.  (Xame  composed  of 
fivs,  mouse,  and  ovs,  wtos,  ear,  in  allusion  to  the  aspect  of  the  short  and  soft 
leaves  in  some  species;  one  popular  name  is  Mouse-ear.) 

*  Calyx  open  in  fruit,  its  hairs  appressed,  none  of  them  hoolced  or  glandular. 

M.  PALUSTRis,  Withering.  (True  Forget-me-not.)  Perennial;  stems 
ascending  from  an  oblique  creeping  base  (9-20'  high),  loosely  branched, 
smoothish  ;  leaves  rough-pubescent,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong;  calyx- 
lobes  much  shorter  than  its  tube  ;  limb  of  corolla  3  or  4  lines  broad,  sky-blue 
with  a  vellow  eve.  —  In  wet  ground,  probably  only  escaped  from  cultivation. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

1.  M.  laxa,  Lehm.  Perennial  from  filiform  subterranean  shoots;  stems 
very  slender,  decumbent ;  pubescence  all  appressed ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong 


borraginace;^:.     (horack  family.)  365 

or  somewhat  si)atulate ;  ealyx-lobes  as  lonp  as  its  tube ;  limb  of  corolla  2  or 
3"  bruail,  ])aK'r  l)lne.  (M.  palustris,  var.  laxa,  (''ni'/.)  —  In  water  and  wet 
ground,  Xewf.  to  N.  Y.     (l>u.) 

*  *  C(tli/r  c/osin;/  or  the  lobes  erect  in  fruit,  clothed  with  sprtadiitfj  hnirs,  some 
minuteJij  hooked  or  gland-tipped  ;  corolla  small ;  annual  or  biennial. 

2.  M.  arvdnsis,  lloffin.  Hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing (G  -  15'  liigb) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish  ;  racemes  naked  at  the  base 
and  stalked;  corolla  blue,  rarely  white;  pedicels  spreading  in  fruit  and  longer 
than  the  5-rlrj}  erpial  cali/x.  —  Fields,  etc. ;  uot  very  common.     (Eu.) 

•'3.  M.  V^rna,  Nutt.  Bristly-hirsute,  branched  from  the  base,  erect  (4- 
12'  higii) ;  leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong ;  racemes 
leafij  at  the  base ;  corolla  very  small,  white,  with  a  short  limb  ;  j>edicels  in  fruit 
erect  and  appressed  at  the  base,  usually  abruptly  bent  outward  near  the  apex, 
ra''ier  shorter  than  the  deeplg  b-cUft  unequal  (somewhat  2-lipped)  very  hispid 
calj.r.  —  Dry  ground,  rather  common.     May -July. 

M.  vEKsfcoLOR,  Ters.  More  slender  than  the  last,  simple  at  base ;  racemes 
loose,  mostly  naked  at  base ;  Jiowers  almost  sessile  ;  corolla  pale  yellow  chanrj- 
ing  to  blue  or  violet;  calyx  deeply  and  equally  5-cleft. — Fields,  Del.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

7.     LITHOSPERMUM,    Tourn.        Gromwell.     Puccoon. 

Corolla  funnel-form,  or  sometimes  salver-shaped  ;  the  open  throat  naked,  or 
with  a  more  or  less  evident  transverse  fold  or  scale-like  appendage  opposite 
each  lobe;  the  spreading  limb  5-cleft,  its  lobes  rounded.  Anthers  oblong, 
almost  sessile,  included.  Nutlets  ovate,  smooth  or  roughened,  mostly  bony  or 
stony,  fixed  by  the  base ;  scar  nearly  flat.  —  Herbs,  with  thickish  and  commouly 
red  roots  and  sessile  leaves ;  flowers  solitary  and  as  if  axillary,  or  spiked  and 
leafy-bracted,  sometimes  dimorphous  as  to  insertion  of  stamens  and  length  of 
style.    (Name  formed  of  \idos,  stone,  and  airdpfia,  seed,  from  the  hard  nutlets.) 

§  1.  Nutlets  tubercled  or  rough-icrinkled  and  pitted,  gray  and  dull ;  tliroat  of  the 
{nearly  ichite)  corolla  destitute  of  any  evident  folds  or  appendages. 

L.  ARVEXSE,  L.     (Corn  Gromwell.)     Minutely  rough-hoary,  annual  or      \/ 
biennial;  stems  erect   (6-12'  high);  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,   veinless;         /\ 
corolla  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Sandy  banks  and  I'oadsides.     May- 
Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Nutlets  smooth  and  shining,  white  like  ivory  ;  coro'la  greenish-white  or  pale- 
yellow,  small,  tcith  5  distinct  pubescent  scales  in  the  throat;  perennial. 

L.  OFFICINALE,  L.  (Common  Gromwell.)  Much  branched  above,  erect 
(1-2°  high);  leaves  thinnish,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  with  a  few  distinct 
veins,  rough  above,  soft-pubescent  beneath  ;  corolla  exceeding  the  calyx.  — 
Roadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

1.  L.  latifolium,  Michx.  Stem  loosely  branched,  erect  (2-3°  high), 
rough;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  taper-pointed  (eyen  the  floral 
ones  2-4'  long),  ribbed-veined,  roughish  above,  finely  soft-pubescent  beneath, 
the  root-leaves  large  and  rounded ;  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  Open 
ground  and  borders  of  woods,  W.  New  York  to  Minn.,  south  to  Va.  and  Ark. 
§3.  BATSCHIA.  Nutlets  white,  smooth  and  shining;  corolla  large,  salver- 
form  or  nearly  so,  deep  orange-yellow,  somewhat  pulwsccnt,  the  tube  much 


366  BOKRAGINACE^.        (bOKAGE    FAMILY.) 

exceeding  the  calyx,  and  the  throat  appendaged.     {Roots  perennial,  long 
and  deep,  yielding  a  red  dije.) 

*  Corolla-tube  one  half  to  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  not  much  longer  than  the 

ample  limb,  the  lobrs  entire  ;  appendages  little  if  at  all  projecting. 

2.  L.  hirtum,  Lehm.  Hispid  with  bristly  hairs  (1-2°  high);  stem- 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  those  of  the  flowering  branches  ovate-oblong, 
bristly-ciliate ;  corolla  icoolly-bearded  at  the  base  inside  (limb  8-12"  broad); 
flowers  distinctly  peduncled,  crowded,  showy ;  fruiting  calyx  {^  long)  3-4 
times  longer  than  the  nutlets.  —  Pine  barrens,  etc.,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  south  and 
westAvard.     April  -  June. 

3.  L.  eaneseens,  Lehm.  (Plxcoon  of  the  Indians.)  Softly  hairy  and 
more  or  less  hoary  (6-15'  high);  leaves  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  or  the  upper 
ovate-oblong,  more  or  less  doiuny  beneath  and  roughish  with  close  appressed 
hairs  above ;  ^ou^ers  sessile;  corolla  naked  at  the  base  within;  fruiting  calyx 
(3"  long)  barely  tivice  the  length  of  the  nutlets.  —  Plains  and  open  woods,  in 
sandy  soil,  Ont.  to  Va.,  Ala.,  and  westward.     May. 

*  *  Corolla-tube  in  well-developed  flowers  2-4  times  the  length  of  the  calyx  and 

of  its  erose-toothed  lobes,  and  the  appendages  conspicuous  and  arching ;  later 
flowers  small,  cleistogenous. 

4.  L.  angUStifolium,  Michx.  Erect  or  diffusely  branched  from  the 
base,  6-18'  higli,  minutely  rough-strigose  and  hoary;  leaves  linear;  flowers 
pedicelled,  leafy -bracted,  of  two  sorts;  the  earlier  large  and  shoAvy  (corolla- 
tube  8-18''  long),  the  later  and  those  of  more  diffusely  branching  plants, 
Avith  inconspicuous  or  small  and  pale  corollas,  Avithout  crests,  and  the  pedicels 
commonly  recurved  in  fruit ;  nutlets  usually  punctate.  (L.  longiflorum, 
Spreng.;  the  long-tlowered  form.) — Dry  and  sterile  or  sandy  soil,  Ind.  and 
Mich,  to  Dak.  and  Tex.,  and  AvestAvard. 

8.     ONOSM  ODIUM,     Michx.        False  Gromavell. 

Calyx  5-parted;  the  divisions  linear  and  erect.  Corolla  tubular,  or  tubular- 
funnel-form,  not  crested  (the  sinuses  minutely  hooded-inflexed),  the  5  acute 
lobes  converging  or  bareh^  spreading.  Anthers  oblong-linear  or  arroAv- 
shaped,  mucronate,  inserted  in  the  throat.  Style  thread-form,  much  ex- 
serted.  Nutlets  bony,  ovoid,  smooth,  erect,  fixed  by  the  base;  the  scar 
minute,  not  holloAAed  out.  —  Chiefly  perennial  herbs,  coarse  and  hispid,  AA-ith 
oblong  and  sessile  ribbed-veined  leaves,  and  Avhite,  greenish,  or  yelloAvisIi 
floAvers,  in  at  length  elongated  and  erect  leafy  raceme-like  clusters ;  in  sum- 
mer. —  Our  species  belong  to  true  0NOSMODiU3r,  with  smooth  included  anthers 
on  very  short  filaments ;  the  corolla  rarely  tAvice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
(Named  from  the  likeness  to  the  genus  Onosma,  Avhich  name  means  ass-smell.) 

1.  O.  Virginianum,  DC.  Clothed  (dl  ever  idth  harsh  and  rigid  ap- 
pressed short  bristles ;  stems  rather  slender  (1-2^  higli)  5  leaves  narrowly 
oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate  (1  -  2|'  long),  the  loAver  narrowed  at  base ;  lobes 
of  the  narrow  corolla  lance-aicl-shaped ,  sparingly  bearded  outside  Avith  long 
bristles.  —  Banks  and  hillsides,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  La. 

2.  O.  Carolini^num,  DC.  Shaggy  all  over  icith  long  and  spreading 
bristly   hairs;    stem    stout,   upright   (2-4°   high);   leaves   ovate-lanceolate  or 


I 


CONVOLVrLACE.*:.        (CONVOLVILI-S    FAMILY.)  367 

oblortfj'lanceolate,  acute ;  lobes  of  the  rather  broad  corolla  ovatc-tiiangular  or 
trianijiihir-ldiirrolatp,  t/tickli/  hirsute  outside.  —  Alluvial  grounds,  \V.  New  York 
to  MiuM.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

Var.  molle,  Gray.  Pubescence  shorter  (tnd  less  sjirendiuf/  or  oppressed, 
1  -2°  high;  leaves  mostly  smaller  (2'  long),  when  young  softly  strigose-i-anes- 
cent  beneath.     (O.  molle,  Michx.)  — 111.  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  westward. 

9.     SYMPHYTUM,     Tourn.        Co.mfkey. 

Corolla  oblong-tubular,  inflated  above,  5-toothed ,  the  short  teeth  spread- 
ing; the  throat  closed  with  5  converging  lincar-awl-shaped  scales.  Stamens 
included  ;  anthers  elongated.  Style  tliread-form.  Nutlets  smooth,  ovate, 
erect,  tixed  by  tlie  large  liollowed  base,  which  is  finely  toothed  on  its  mar- 
gin.—  Coarse  perennial  herbs,  with  thickened  bitterish  mucilaginous  roots; 
the  nodding  raceme-like  clusters  either  single  or  in  pairs.  (Ancient  Greek 
name  ixom  a-ufj-cpetv,  to  grow  together,  probably  for  its  rejnited  healing  virtues.) 

S.  officinXle,  L.  (Common  Comfrey.)  Hairy,  l)ranched,  winged 
above  by  the  decurrent  leaves ;  the  lower  leaves  ovate-lancerdate,  tapering 
into  a  petiole,  the  upper  narrower;  corolla  yellowisli-white,  rarely  jnirplish. 
—  Moist  places;  escaped  from  gardens.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

10.     LYCOPSIS,     L.        Blc;lo.ss. 

Corolla  funnel-shaped,  Avith  curved  tube  and  slightly  unequal  limb ;  the 
throat  closed  with  .5  convex  obtu.se  bristly  scales  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens 
and  style  included.  Nutlets  rough-wrinkled,  erect,  fixed  by  a  hollowed-out 
base.  —  Annuals.     (Name  from  Au/cos,  a  icolj]  and  6\l/is,face.) 

L.  ARVENSis,  L.  (Small  Bigloss.)  Very  rough-bristly  (1°  high) ; 
leaves  lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  leafy  raceme-like  clusters ;  calyx  as  long  as  the 
tube  of  the  small  blue  corolla.  —  Dry  or  sandy  fields,  New  Eug.  to  Va. ; 
scarce.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

11.     ECHIUM,     Tourn.         Viper's  Bugloss. 

Corolla  with  a  cylindraceous  or  funnel-form  tulie,  and  a  more  or  less  un- 
equal spreading  5-lobed  border;  lobes  rounded,  the  expanded  throat  naked. 
Stamens  mo.stly  exserted,  unequal.  Style  thread-form.  Nutlets  roughened  or 
wrinkled,  fi.xed  by  a  flat  base.     (A  naiiie  of  Dioscorides,  from  exts,  "  riper.) 

E.  vllgXre,  L.  (Bll'e-weed.)  Kough-bristly  biennial;  stem  erect 
(2°  high),  mostly  simple  ;  stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  .sessile  ;  flowers  showy, 
in  sliort  lateral  clusters,  disposed  in  a  long  and  narrow  thyrsus;  corolla  red- 
dish-pur])le  changing  to  brilliant  blue  (rarely  pale).  —  Koadsiiles  and  meadows 
of  the  Middle  Atlantic  States.     June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

Order  73.     CONVOLVULACEiE.     (Convolvulus  Family.) 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  often  with  some  milky  Juice,  with 
alternate  leaves  {or  scales)  and  regular  f>-androus  Jfowers ;  a  calyx  of  5 
imbricated  .<fc;?rt/.s-  ,  a  5-plaited  or  5-lobed  corolla  convolute  or  twisted  in 
the  bud  (imbricate  in  n.  G)  ;  a  2  celled  {rarely  3-celled)  ovary  (or  in  one 
tribe  2  separate  pistils),  with  a  pair  of  erect  ovules  in  each  cell,  the  cells 
sometimes  doubled  by  a  false  partition^  between  the  seedSj  so  becoming 
A-celled ;  the  embryo  large,  curved  or  coiled  in  mucilaginous  albumen. — 
Fruit  a  globular  2-6-seede(l  capsule.  Flowers  mostly  showy,  on  axil- 
lary peduncles;  pedicels  articulated,  often  2-bractc(l.     (Many  are  culti- 


368       CONVOLVULACE^.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

vated  for  ornament,  and  one,  the  Sweet  Potato,  for  its  edible  farinaceous 

roots;  those  of  several  species  are  cathartic  ;  e.  g.  Jalap.) 

Tribe  I.    DICHONDKE^.    Carpels  2  or  4,  distinct  or  nearly  so ;  styles  1,  basilar. 
Creeping  herbs. 

1.  Diclionclra.    Corolla  deeply  5-cleft.     Pistils  2,  one-seeded. 

Tribe  II.    CONVOL,VUL,E^.    Ovary  entire.    Leafy  plants,  mostly  twiners 

2.  Ipomoea.     Style  undivided,  with  stigma  capitate  or  2-3-globose. 

3.  Convolvulus.    Style  undivided  or  2-cleft  only  at  apex;  stigmas  2,  linear-tiliform  to 
subulate  or  ovate. 

4.  Breweria.     Style  2-cleft  or  2-parted;  the  divisions  simple;  stigmas  capitate. 

5.  Evolvulus.     Styles  2,  each  2-cleft;  stigmas  linear-filiform.     Not  twining. 

Tribe  III.    CUSCUTE.^.    Ovary  entire.    Leafless  parasitic  twining  herbs,  never  green. 
Embryo  filiform,  coiled,  without  cotyledons. 

6.  Cuscuta.    The  only  genus  of  the  group. 

1.    DICHONDRA,    Forst. 

Calyx  S-parted.  Corolla  broadly  bell-shaped,  5-cleft.  Stamens  included. 
Styles,  ovaries,  and  utricular  1  -  2-seeded  capsules  2,  distinct.  Stigmas  thick. 
—  Small  and  creeping  perennial  herbs,  soft-pubescent,  with  kidney-shaped 
entire  leaves,  and  axillary  1-flowered  bractless  peduncles.  Corolla  small,  yel- 
lowish or  white.  (Name  from  5:s,  double,  and  ^oVSpoj,  a  f/rain;  from  the 
fruit.) 

1.  D.  ripens,  Forst.  Leaves  round-kidney-shaped,  pubescent,  green 
both  sides;  corolla  not  exceeding  the  calyx  (1-1^"  lotig)-  —  Wet  ground, 
Va.  to  Tex.,  near  the  coast. 

2.    IPOMCEA,    L.        MoRxixG  Glory. 

Calyx  not  bracteate  at  base,  but  the  outer  sepals  commonly  larger.  Corolla 
salver-form  or  funnel-form  to  nearly  campanulate  ;  the  limb  entire  or  slightly 
lobed.  Style  undivided,  terminated  by  a  single  capitate  or  2  -3-globose  stig- 
ma. Capsule  globular,  4-6  (by  abortion  fewer)-seeded, 2 -4 -valved.  (Name, 
according  to  Linnaeus,  from  'i\f/,  a  Bindiceed,  and  oixoios,  like ;  but  txp  is  a  icorm.) 
§  1.  QUAMOCLIT.  Corolla  salver-form,  or  with  somewhat  funnel-form  but  nar- 
row  tube ;  stamens  and  sti/le  exserted ;  flowers  red.     Annual  twiners. 

I.  Qt'i^rocLiT,  L.  (Cypress-Vixe.)  Leaves  piunately  parted  into  linear- 
thread-shaped  delicate  parallel  lobes;  peduncles  1-flowered;  corolla  narrow, 
scarlet-red,  or  sometimes  white.  (Quamoclit  vulgaris,  Choisy.)  —  Sparingly 
spontaneous  southward.     (Trop.  Amer.,  ett-.) 

I.  coccf XEA,  L.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  acuminate,  entire  or  angled ;  sepals 
awn-pointed  ;  corolla  light  scarlet  (1'  long).  (Quamoclit  coccinea,  Moench.)  — 
River-banks,  etc.,  Ohio  to  111.,  Va.,  and  southward.  (Probably  indigenous  iu 
N.  Mex.  and  Arizona.) 

§  2.   IPOMCEA  proper.     Corolla  funnelform  or  nearly  campanulate,  contorted 
in  the  bud ;  stamens  and  style  not  exserted. 

*  (MoRxixG  Glory.)     Lobes  of  stigma  and  cells  3 ,  sepals  long  and  narrow, 
attenuate  upward,  mostly  hirsute  below ,  corolla  purple,  blue,  and  white. 

I.  hederXcea,  Jacq.  Stems  retrorsely  hairy,  leaves  heart-shaped,  3-lobed, 
the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate ;  peduncles  short,  or  rather  long,  1  -  3-flowered  ; 
calyx  densely  hairy  below;  corolla  white  and  purple  or  pale  blue  (1-1^ 
long).  (I.  Nil.  of  Manual,  not  Roth.)  —  Waste  and  cultivated  ground,  Penn. 
to  Fla.,  and  La.     (Trop.  Amer.) 


CONVOLVl  LACEi*:.        (CDNVOIATI.IJS    KA.MIF.Y.)  309 

I.    PURPtTREA,   Lam.      (Common    Moknixo-Gi.ory.)     Annual ;  stems  rr;- 

trursely  liairy;  leaves  li((irt-sh(iiwd,  acuininnlc,  mtirt' ;  |ic(lnn(lcs  lon;^,  lunlx'l- 
lately  3-5-llowered  ;  calyx  I)ri8tly-hairy  hflow  ;  curolhi  funnel-form  (2'  long), 
purple,  varying  to  white.' — Escaped  in  cultivated  grounds.     (Trop.  Amer.) 

*  *  Stigma  2-loljed  or  entire  ;  cells  2,  each  2-seeded  ;  sejnds  broader,  imbricated. 

•i-  Leaves  cordate,  acuminate. 

1.  I.  pandurata,  Meyer.  (Wild  roxAXo-viNE.  Man-of-thk-Ivvrth.) 
Perennial,  sniooth  or  nearly  so  when  old,  trailing  or  sometimea  twiniug ; 
leaves  occasionally  contracted  at  the  sides  so  as  to  be  fiddle-shaped  ;  peduncles 
longer  than  the  petioles,  1  -  5-flowered  ;  sepals  smooth,  ovate-obloug,  very  obtuse  ; 
corolla  open-funnel-form  (3' long),  white  with  purple  in  the  tube.  —  Dry 
ground,  Conn,  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  June -Aug.  Stems  long 
and  stout,  from  a  huge  root,  which  often  weighs  10-  20  pounds. 

2.  I.  lacunbsa,  L.  Annual ;  rather  smooth ;  stem  twming  and  creej> 
ing,  slender;  leaves  entire  or  angled-lobed ;  peduncles  short,  1 -S-fiowered  ; 
sepals  lance-oblong,  pointed,  bristl ji-ciliate  or  hairy,  half  the  length  of  the 
sharply  5-lobed  (white,  ^- J' long)  corolla.  —  Kiver-bauks  and  low  grounds, 
Peuu.  to  111.,  south  to  8.  C.  and  Tex. 

■(-  •»-  Leaves  linear ;  not  tivining. 

3.  I.  leptophylla,  Torr.  Perennial,  very  glabrous;  stems  erect  or 
ascending  (2-4°  higli),  with  slender  recurving  branches,  from  an  immense 
root  (weighing  10-  100  pounds) ;  leaves  2-4'  long,  2-3"  wide,  short-petioled, 
acute ;  peduncles  short,  1  -  2-flowered ;  sepals  broadly  ovate,  very  obtuse,  outer 
ones  shorter;  corolla  pink-purple,  funnel-form,  about  3'  long.  —  Plains  of 
Neb.  to  central  Kan.,  Tex.,  and  westward. 

3.    CONVOLVULUS,    Tourn.        Bindweed. 

Corolla  funnel-forju  to  campanulate.  Stamens  included.  Style  undivided 
or  2-cleft  only  at  the  apex  ;  stigmas  2,  linear-filiform  to  subulate  or  ovate. 
Capsule  globose,  2-celled,  or  imperfectly  4-celled  by  spurious  partitions  be- 
tween the  2  seeds,  or  by  abortion  1-celled,  mostly  2-4-valved. —  Herlis  or 
somewhat  shrubby  plants,  either  twining,  erect,  or  prostrate.  (Name  from 
convolve,  to  entwine.) 

§  1.  jPtLYSTEGIA.      Stigmas   oval    to  oblong;  cali/x  enclosed    in    2  broad 

leafy  bracts. 

1.  C.  spithamaeus,  L.  Downy;  stem  low  and  mostly  simple,  upright 
or  ascending  (6 -12' long);  leaves  oblong,  with  or  without  a  heart-shaped  or 
auricled  base  ;  corolla  white  (2'  long) ;  stigmas  oval.  (Calystegia  spithamsea, 
Pursh.)  —  Dry  and  sandy  or  rocky  soil ;  not  rare. 

2-  C.  sdpium,  L.  (Hedge  Bindweed.)  Glabrous,  or  more  or  less 
pubescent ;  stem  twining  or  sometimes  trailing  extensively ;  leaves  triangular- 
halberd-shaped  or  arrow-shaped,  acute  or  pointed,  the  basal  lobes  obliquely 
truncate  and  often  somewhat  toothed  or  sinuate-lobed ;  peduncles  4-angled; 
bracts  commonly  acute;  corolla  white  or  tinged  with  rose-color  (H-2'  long). 
(Calystegia  scpiuni,  /?.  Dr.)  — Moist  alluvial  soil,  or  along  streams  ;  N.  Atlan- 
tic States  and  westward,     (En.,  etc.) 

Var.  Americ^nus,  Sims.  Glabrous  ;  corolla  pink  or  rose-purple  ;  bracts 
obtuse.     (C.  scpium  of  Ain,  authors  mainly.)  —  Common,  across  the  continent, 

24  ' 


370     coNVOLvuLACE^:.  (convolvulus  family.) 

Var.  repens,  Gray.  More  or  less  pubescent ;  sterile  and  sometimes 
flowering  stems  extensively  prostrate ;  leaves  more  narrowly  sagittate  or  cor- 
date, the  basal  lobes  commonly  obtuse  or  rounded  and  entire ;  corolla  from 
almost  white  to  rose-color ;  bracts  very  obtuse  or  acute.  (Calystegia  sepium, 
var.  pubescens,  Graij.)  —  Common. 

§  2.  Siigmas  fdiform  ;  no  bracts  at  or  near  the  base  of  the  cali/x. 

C.  ARVENSis,  L.  (Bindweed.)  Perennial;  stem  procumbent  or  twining, 
and  low  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  arrow-shaped,  with  the  lobes  at  the  base  acute  ; 
peduncles  mostly  1-flowered  ;  bracts  minute,  remote  ;  corolla  (9"  long)  Avhite 
or  tinged  with  reddish. —  Old  fields,  N.  Atlantic  States.     (Eu.) 

4.  BKEWERIA,    II.  Br. 

Styles  2,  or  rarely  3,  simple  and  distinct,  or  else  united  into  one  below ; 
stigmas  depressed-capitate.  Otherwise  as  Convolvulus  and  Evolvulus. — 
Perennial  prostrate  or  diffusely  spreading  herbs ;  flowers  small ;  in  summer ; 
corolla  more  or  less  hairy  or  silky  outside.  (Named  for  Samuel  Brewer,  an 
English  botanist  or  amateur  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  B.  humistrata,  Gray.  Sparselj  hairy  or  nearly  smooth;  leaves 
varying  from  oblong  with  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base  to  linear,  mucronate 
or  emarginate ;  peduncles  1  -  7-flowered ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels ; 
sepals  pointed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  corolla  white;  Jilaments  hairy ;  styles 
united  at  base.    (Bouamia  humistrata,  Gray.)  —  Dry  pine  barrens,  Va.  to  La. 

2.  B.  aquatica,  Gray.  Minutely  soft  </oif?K_y  and  somewhat  hoary;  pe- 
duncles 1  -3-flowered;  sepals  silky  ;  corolla  pink  or  purple;  Jilaments  smooth; 
styles  (ihnost  distinct;  otherwise  nearly  as  n.  1.  (Bouamia  aquatica.  Gray.)  — 
Wet  pine  barrens  and  margins  of  ponds,  N.  C.  to  Tex.,  extending  into  Mo. 

3.  B.  Pickeringii,  Gray.  Soft-pubescent  or  smoothish;  leaves  very 
mirroich/  linear  or  the  lowest  linear-spatulate,  tapering  to  the  base,  nearly 
sessile ;  peduncles  1  -3-flowered  ;  bracts  resembling  the  leaves,  mostly  exceeding 
the  flowers;  sepals  hairy ;  Jilanients,{sQaTce\yha,ivy)  and  styles  (united  far 
above  the  middle)  exserted  from  the  open  ivhite  corolla.  (Bouamia  Pickeringii^ 
Qray.)  —  Dry  pine  barrens  and  prairies,  N.  J.  and  southward ;  also  W.  111. 

5.  EVOLVULUS,    L. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  naked  at  base.  Corolla  open  funnel-form  or  almost  ro- 
tate. Styles  2,  each  2-cleft ;  stigmas  obtuse.  Capsule  2-celled ;  the  cells 
2-seeded.  —  Low  and  small  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  mostly  diffuse,  never 
tw^ining  (hence  the  name,  from  evolvo,  to  unroll,  in  contrast  with  Convolvulus). 

1.  E.  argenteus,  Pursh.  Many-stemmed  from  a  somewhat  woody  base, 
dwarf,  silky-villous  all  over ;  leaves  crowded,  broadly  lanceolate,  sessile,  or  the 
lower  oblong-spatulate  and  short-petioled,  about  h'  long ;  flowers  almost  ses- 
sile in  the  axils ;  corolla  purple,  3"  broad.  —  Sterile  plains  and  prairies,  Dak. 
and  Neb.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

6.     CUSCUTA,     Tourn.        Dodder. 

Calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft,  or  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  globular-urn-shaped,  bell- 
shaped,  or  short-tubular,  the  spreading  border  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft,  imbricate. 
Stamens  with  a  scale-like  often  fringed  appendage  at  base.     Ovary  2-celled, 


COSViMAlLXCEM.        (cONVOLVrU  S    lAMII.V.)  371 

4-<)vule(l ;  styles  distinct,  or  rarely  united.  Capsnhf  numtly  4-Heeded.  Em- 
brvo  thread-shaped,  spirally  roiled  in  the  rather  flfshy  allminen,  destitute  of 
cotyledons,  sometimes  with  a  few  alternate  scales  (h«lonpjin<;  to  the  plumule) ; 
t^ermination  occurring  in  the  soil.  —  Leafless  annual  hcrhs,  with  thread-like 
yellowish  or  reddish  stems,  hearing  a  few  minute  males  in  jilace  of  leaves  ; 
on  rising  from  the  ground  hecoming  entirely  parasitic  on  the  hark  of  herhs 
and  shruhs  on  which  they  twine,  and  to  which  they  adhere  hy  means  of  suck- 
ers developed  on  the  surface  in  cont;vct.  Flowers  small,  cymose-clustered, 
mostly  white;  usually  produced  late  in  summer  and  in  autumn.  (Name  hui>- 
posed  to  he  of  Arahic  derivation.) 

§  1.   Stiijinas  eloiujated ;  capsule  chxumscissi/e. 

C.  Ei'f LiNUM,  Weihe.  (Flax  Doddkr.)  Stems  very  slender,  low ;  flowers 
glohular,  sessile  in  dense  scattered  heads;  corolla  5-])arted,  short-cylindrical, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  ltroa<lly  ovate  acute  divisi(jns  of  the  i-alyx.  persistent 
around  the  capsule;  stamens  inchuled;  scales  short,  hroad,  crcnulate,  shorter 
than  the  glolmse  ovary. —  Flax-fields;  in  Euroi)e  very  injurious;  sparingly 
introduced  with  flax-seed  into  the  Northern  States,     rlune. 

C.  EpfxHYMUM,  Murr.  Stems  very  slender;  flowers  capitate;  corolla-lohes 
spreading,  the  cylindrical  tul»e  longer  tlian  the  suberect  acute  sojmls ;  scales 
large,  contiguous,  toothed;  stanieus  exserted.  —  Occasionally  found  in  dover- 
lields.     (Int.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.   Stir/mas  capitate ;  capsule  indehisceut. 
*  Calijx  gamosepalous ;  ovary  and  capsule  depre^ed-globose. 
■*-  Flowers  in  dense  or  globular  clusters ;  corolla  with  short  and  wide  tube,  per- 
sistent at  the  base  of  the  capsule ;  sti/les  inostli/  shorter  than  the  ovary. 

1.  C.  Chlorocarpa,  Engclm.  Stems  coarse,  orange-colored:  flowers 
white  (1  -U  '  loug);  lobes  ofcali/.r  and  corolla  (mostly  4)  acute,  often  longer 
than  the  tube;  scales  small, 2-cle/t,oitei\  reduced  to  a  few  teeth  ;  the  thin  cap- 
sule pale  greenish-yellow. —  Wet  places,  from  Wise,  and  Minn,  to  Ark.;  also 
in  Tenn.  and  Del.,  often  on  Polygonum. 

2.  C.  arvensis,  Beyrich.  Stems  pale  and  slender,  \o\y ;  Jloicers  smaller 
(hardly  1"  long) ;  rali/x-lobes  (5)  obtuse,  mostly  very  broad;  those  of  the  corolla 
acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube,  with  inflexed  points;  scales  large,  deeply 
fringed.  —  Kather  dry  soil  on  various  low  plants,  N.  Y.  to  Fla..  west  to  the 
Pacific.     Very  variable. 

H-  H-  Floicers  in  panicled  often  compound  cymes ;  styles  slender,  )nostly  longer 
than  the  ovary ;  corolla  withering  on  the  summit  of  the  large  capsule. 

3.  C.  tenuiflbra,  Engelm.  Stems  coarse  and  yellow,  usually  rather  high- 
climbing;  flowers  (I'Mong  or  less)  on  short  thick  pedicels,  often  4-mennis; 
lobes  of  calyx  and  corolla  oblong,  obtuse,  the  latter  mostly  shorter  than  the 
.slender  deeply  campanulate  tube;  scales  shorter  than  the  tube,  fringed.  —  On 
tall  herbs  and  shrubs  in  wet  places,  Tenn.  to  Minn.,  and  south  to  Tex. 

*  *  Calyx  gamosepalous ;  ovary  and  capsule  pointed,  the  latter  enveloped  or 

capped  by  the  marcescent  corolla  ;  flowers  in  l<H>se  panicled  cymes. 

■^  Acute  tijis  of  the  corolla-lobes  infe.red. 

4.  C.  dec6ra,  Engelm.  Stems  coarse;  flowers  fleshy  and  more  or  less 
]>a])illose;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  acute;  those  of  the  broadly  cami)auulate 


372       CONVOLVULACE^.   (CONVOLVULUS  FAMILY.) 

corolla  ovate-lanceolate,  minutely  crenulate,  spreading;  scales  large,  deeply 
fringed ;  capsule  enveloped  by  remains  of  corolla.  (C.  indecora,  Choisij.)  — Var. 
PULCHERRIMA,  Engelm.  The  larger  form,  with  coarser  stems,  and  conspicu- 
ous flowers  1^  -  2^"  long  and  wide ;  anthers  and  stigmas  yellow  or  deep  purple, 

—  Wet  prairies,  on  herbs  and  low  shrubs  (principally  Leguminosse  and  Com- 
posite), from  111.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  westward. 

5.  C.  inflexa,  Engelm.  Similar  to  the  preceding ;  flowers  of  the  same 
structure,  but  smaller  (only  1"  long),  generally  4-merous  ;  corolla  deeper,  with 
erect  lobes,  finally  capping  the  capsule ;  scales  reduced  to  a  few  teeth.  —  Open 
woods  and  dry  prairies,  on  shrubs  (hazels,  etc.)  or  coarse  herbs,  southern  N. 
Eng.  to  Neb.  and  Ark. 

f-  -t-  Corolla-lobes  obtuse,  spreading. 

6.  C.  Gronovii,  Willd.  Stems  coarse,  often  climbing  high;  corolla- 
lobes  mostly  shorter  than  the  deeply  campanulate  tube;  scales  copiously 
fringed ;  capsule  globose,  umbonate.  —  Wet  shady  places,  Canada  to  Minn., 
south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  The  commonest  of  our  species.  Flowers  very  variable 
in  size  and  compactness  of  clusters.  —  Var.  latifl6ra,  Engelm.,  is  a  form 
with  flowers  of  more  delicate  texture,  and  shorter  tube  and  longer  lobes  to 
the  corolla.     Common  northward. 

7.  C.  rostrata,  Shuttleworth.  Similar  to  the  preceding ;  flowers  larger 
(2 -3"  long),  more  delicate  and  whiter;  lobes  of  corolla  and  calyx  shorter 
than  its  tube;  slender  styles  longer;  ovary  bottle-shaped ;  capsule  long-pointed. 

—  Shady  valleys  in  the  Alleghanies,  from  Md.  and  Va.,  southward ;  on  tall 
herbs,  rarely  shrubs. 

*  *  *  Sepals  5,  distinct,  surrounded  by  2  or  more  similar  bracts;  styles  capil- 
lary;  scales  large,  deeply  fringed ;  capsule  capped  by  the  marcescent  corolla. 

8.  C.  CUSpidata,  Engelm.  Stems  slender ;  flowers  (1|- 2^"  long)  thin, 
on  bracteolate  pedicels  in  loose  panicles ;  the  ovate-orbicular  bracts  and  sepals 
and  the  oblong  corolla-lobes  cuspidate  or  mucronate,  rarely  obtuse,  shorter 
than  the  cylindrical  tube ;  styles  many  times  longer  than  the  ovary,  at  length 
exserted.  —  Wet  or  dry  prairies,  on  Ambrosia,  Iva,  some  Leguminosa,  etc., 
Neb.  to  Tex,,  occasionally  down  the  Missouri  as  far  as  St.  Louis. 

9.  C.  COmpacta,  Juss.  Stems  coarse ;  floicers  closely  sessile  in  densely 
compart  clusters;  bracts  (3-5)  and  sepals  orbicular,  concave,  slightly  crenate, 
oppressed,  nearly  equalling  or  much  shorter  than  the  cylindrical  tube  of  the 
corolla ;  stamens  shorter  tlian  the  oblong  obtuse  spreading  lobes  of  the  latter, 

—  Along  the  west  side  of  the  Alleghanies  from  Ont.  to  Ala.,  west  to  Mo,  and 
Tex,     In  damp  woods,  almost  always  on  shrubs. 

10.  C.  glomerata,  Choisy.  Flowers  very  densely  clustered,  forming 
knotty  masses  closely  encircling  the  stem  of  the  foster  plant,  much  imbricated 
with  scarious  oblong  bracts,  their  tips  recurved-spreading  ;  sepals  nearly  similar, 
shorter  than  the  oblong-cylindrical  tube  of  the  corolla ;  stamens  nearly  as  long 
as  the  oblong-lanceolate  obtuse  spreading  or  reflexed  corolla-lol)es ;  style  seve- 
ral times  longer  than  the  ovary. —  Wet  prairies,  Ohio  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  and 
Tex.,  mostly  on  tall  Compositae.  The  rope-like  twists  (^-f  thick),  of  white 
flowers  with  golden  yellow  anthers  imbedded  in  a  mass  of  curly  bracts,  have 
a  singular  appearance. 


SOLANACE^E.        (nICHTSII AIH:    FAMILY.)  373 

Ordkr  74.     SOLANACEyK.     (Xuihtshadk  Family.) 

Herbs  (or  rarely  shrubs),  wilh  colorless  Juice  and  alternate  leaves,  regu- 
lar b-merous  and  b-androus Jloicers,  on  braclless  pedicels;  the  corolla  im- 
bricate or  valvule  in  the  bud,  and  mosllf/  plaited  :  the  fruit  a  2-celled  {rarely 
S-5-celled)  many-seeded  capsule  or  berry.  —  Seeds  campylotropous  or 
amphitropous.  Embryo  mostly  slender  and  curved  in  fleshy  albumen. 
Calyx  usually  persistent.  Stamens  mostly  e(iual,  inserted  on  the  corolla. 
Style  and  stigma  sinji;le.  I'lacentae  in  the  axis,  often  projecting  far  into 
the  cells.  (Foliage  rank-scented,  and  with  the  fruits  mostly  narcotic, 
often  very  i)oisonous,  while  some  are  edible.)  —  A  large  family  in  the 
tropics,  but  very  few  indigenous  in  our  district.  It  shades  off  into  Scro- 
phulariacea?,  from  which  the  plaited  regular  corolla  and  5  equal  stamens 
generally  distinguish  it. 

♦  Corolla  wlicel-sliaped,  5-parted  or  5-lobecl;  the  lobes  valvatc  and  their  margins  usually 
turned  inward  in  the  bud.     Anthers  connivent.     Fruit  a  berry. 

1.  SolHiium.     Anthers  opening  by  pores  or  chinks  at  the  tip. 

*  *  Corolla  various,  not  wheel-shaped,  nor  valvate  in  the  bud.    Anthers  separate. 

•*-  Fruit  a  berry,  closely  invested  by  an  herbaceous  (not  angled)  calyx. 

2.  Cliatnaesaraclia.    Corolla  plicate,  5-angulate.     Pedicels  solitary,  recurved  in  fruit. 
•<-  t-  Fruit  a  berry,  enclosed  in  the  bladdery-inflated  calyx.    Corolla  widely  expanding. 

3.  Physalis.    Calyx  5-cleft.    Corolla  5-lobed  or  nearly  entire.     Berry  juicy,  2-celIed. 

4.  Nicandra.    Calyx  5-parted.    Corolla  nearly  entire.     Berry  dry,  3  -  5-celled. 

•*-■)-■•-  Fruit  a  berry  with  the  unaltered  calyx  persistent  at  its  base. 

5.  Lycium.    Corolla  funnel-form  or  tubular,  not  plaited.     Berry  small,  2-celled, 

•t-  •<-  -t-  -^  Fruit  a  capsule. 

6.  Hyoscyamiis.    Calyx  urn-shaped,  enclosing  the  smooth  2-celled  capsule,  which  opens 

by  the  to])  falling  off  as  a  lid.     Corolla  and  stamens  somewhat  irregular. 

7.  Datura.    Calyx  prismatic,  .5-toothed.     Capsule  prickly,  naked,  more  or  less  4-celled, 

4-valved.     Corolla  funnel-form. 

8.  Nicotiana.    Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  5-cleft.    Capsule  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  2-celled. 

1.     SOLAN  UM,     Tourn.         Xi(;htsh.\de. 

Calyx  and  wlieel-shaped  corolla  5-partetl  or  o-cleft  (rarely  4-  lO-parted),  the 
latter  plaited  in  tlie  hud,  and  valvate  or  induplicatc.  Stamens  exserted  ;  fila- 
ments very  short;  anthers  converging  around  the  style,  opening  at  the  tip 
by  two  pores  or  chinks.  Berry  usually  2-celled.  —  Herbs,  or  slirubs  in  warm 
climates,  the  larger  leaves  often  accompanied  by  a  smaller  lateral  (rameal) 
one ;  the  peduncles  al.so  mostly  lateral  and  extra-axillary.  —  A  vast  genus, 
chiefly  in  warmer  regions,  including  the  Pot.\to  (S.  tibkk6si:m)  and  the 
Egg-plaxt  (S.  MELON(;i:\A) ;  while  tlie  Tomato  (Lycopkksicl'.m  escu- 
lentum)  is  closely  related.     (Name  of  unknown  (b'rivatiou.) 

*  Not  prickly  ;  anthers  blunt ;  Jlowers  and  glol)ose  naked  buries  svi-dl. 

-t-  Perennial,  climbing  or  tirining. 

S.  Di:lcam.\ra,  T..  (Bitterswekt.)  More  or  less  pubescent;  leaves 
ovate-heart-shaped,  the  upper  halljerd-shaped,  or  witli  two  ear-like  lobes  or 
leaflets  at  base;  flowers  (])ur])le  or  blue)  in  small  cymes;  berries  oval,  red. — 
Moist  banks  and  around  (Iwellings.     June -Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


374  SOLANACEiE.        (NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY.) 

-1-  -f-  Simple-leaved  annuals. 

1 .  S.  triflbrum,  Xutt.  Low,  spreading,  slightly  hairy  or  nearly  glabrous ; 
leaves  oblong,  pinnatijid  (7  - 9-lobed)  with  rounded  sinuses;  peduncles  1-3- 
flowered ;  corolla  white ;  berries  green,  as  large  as  a  small  cherry,  —  Central 
Kan.,  and  westward ;  chiefly  a  weed  near  dwellings. 

2.  S.  nigrum,  L.  (Common  Nightshade.)  Low,  much  branched  and 
often  spreading,  nearly  glabrous,  rough  on  the  angles;  leaves  ovate,  icavg- 
toothed ;  flowers  white,  in  small  umbeNike  lateral  clusters,  drooping ;  cali/x 
spreading;  filaments  hairy;  berries  globular,  black.  —  Shaded  grounds  and 
fields;  common,  appearing  as  if  introduced,  but  a  cosmopolite.     July -Sept. 

Var.  vill6sum.  Mill.  Low,  somewhat  viscid-pubescent  or  villous ;  leaves 
small,  conspicuously  angular-dentate ;  filaments  glabrous ;  berries  yellow.  — 
Established  near  Philadelphia,  from  ballast.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

S.  GRACiLE,  Link.  Cinereous-pubescent  or  puberulent,  rather  tall  (2-3^ 
high),  with  virgate  spreading  branches  ;  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  nearlj/ 
entire;  corolla  white  or  bluish  ;  calijx  somewhat  appressed  to  the  black  berri/  — 
Coast  of  N.  C,  and  about  ballast  near  Philadelphia.     (Adv.  from  S.  Am.) 

*  *  3Iore  or  less  prickiij ;  anthers  tapering  upicard ;  pubescetice  stellate. 

■1-  Perennial ;  fruit  naked ;  anthers  equal ;  corolla  violet,  rarely  white.  ' 

3.  S.  Carolinense,  L.  (Horse-Nettle.)  Hirsute  or  roughish-pubescent 
ivith  4-  S-rayed  hairs  :  prickles  stout,  yellowish,  copious  (rarely  scanty) ;  leaves 
oblong  or  ovate,  obtusely  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed  or  sinuate-pinnatifid ,  ra- 
cemes simple,  soon  lateral;  calyx-lobes  acuniinate;  berries  about  6"  broad. — 
Sandy  soil  and  waste  grounds,  Conn,  to  Iowa,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  S.  elseagnifolium,  Cav.  Silver y-canescent  with  dense  scurf-like  pu 
bescence  of  many-rayed  hairs ;  prickles  small,  slender,  more  or  less  copious  or 
wanting;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong  and  linear,  sinuate-repand  or  entire, 
calyx-lobes  slender;  herry  seldom  <o'  in  diameter.  —  Prairies  and  plains,  E 
Kan.  to  Tex.,  and  westward. 

5.  S.  Torreyi,  Gray.  Cinereous  ivith  a  someivhat  close  pubescence  o/'about 
equally  9-l2-rayed  hairs:  prickles  small  and  stout,  scanty  or  nearly  wanting; 
leaves  ovate  with  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  base,  sinuately  5  -  7-lobed  (4  -6' 
long)  •  calyx-lobes  short-ovate,  abruptly  long-acuminate  ;  berry  1'  in  diameter  — 
Prairies,  etc.,  E.  Kan.  and  Tex. 

■*-  -(-  Annual :  fruit  closely  covered  •  lowest  anther  much  the  longest ,  corolla  yellow. 

6.  S.  rostratum,  Dunal.  Very  prickly.  someAvhat  hoary  or  yellowish 
with  a  copious  wholly  stellate  pubescence  (1  -  2°  high):  leaves  I  -  2-pinnatitid  ; 
calyx  densely  prickly  ;  stamens  and  style  much  declined.  —  Plains  of  Neb.  to 
Tex.;  spreading  eastward  to  111.  and  Tenn. 

2.     CHAM^SARACHA,     Gray. 

Calyx  herbaceous,  closely  investing  the  globose  berry  (or  most  of  it),  ob- 
scurely if  at  all  veiny.  Corolla  rotate,  5-angulate,  plicate  in  the  bud.  Fila- 
ments filiform;  anthers  separate,  oblong.  —  Perennials,  with  mostly  narrow 
entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves  tapering  into  margined  petioles,  and  filiform  naked 
pedicels  solitary  in  the  axils,  refracted  or  recurved  in  fruit.  {Saracha  is  a 
tropical  American  genus  dedicated  to  Isidore  Saracha,  a  Spanish  Benedictine  ; 
the  prefix  x«i"°'j  ^"  '^'^  ground.) 


SOLANACK/K.        (NK  illTSIl  ADK    lA.MILV.)  07.') 

1.  C.  s6rdida,  Gray.  Much  branched  from  root  or  bjise,  somewhat  cine- 
reous witli  sliort  viscid  pubesceuce ;  leaves obovatc-spatuhite  or  cuncate-ol)long 
to  oblanceolate,  repand  to  iucisely  pinnatifid ;  calyx  wlien  ycjung  villous-vi.sciil ; 
corolla  pale  yellow  or  violet-purple  (G"  broad) ;  berry  as  larf^e  as  a  i)ea.  —  Drv 
or  clayey  soil,  central  and  W.  Kan.  to  Tex.  and  Arizona. 

3.     PHYSALIS,     L.         CiuoiNn  (hkkkv. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  reticulated  and  enlarging  after  Howerin^,  at  lenj^th  much  in- 
flated and  endosijig  the  2-celled  i^lobnlar  (edible)  berry.  Corolla  between 
wheel-shaped  and  funnel-form,  the  very  short  tube  marked  with  .'i  concave 
sj)ots  at  the  base ;  the  plaited  border  somewhat  5-lobed  or  barely  5  -  10-toothed. 
iStamens  5,  erect ;  anthers  .separate,  opening  lengthwise.  —  Herbs  (in  this  coun- 
try), with  tlie  leaves  often  uneriually  in  ))airs,  and  the  1-flowered  nodding  pe- 
duncles extra-axillary;  flowering  tlirough  the  summer.  (Name  (pvaaMs,  a 
hi  udder,  from  the  inflated  calyx.) 

*  Corolla  larrje,  white  or  tinged  with  blue,  icithout  dark  centre,  with  almost  mtire 

border;  pubesceiice  simple. 
1.  P.  grandiflbra,  Hook.  Clammy-pubescent,  erect ;  leaves  lance-ovate, 
pointed,  entire  or  nearly  so;  corolla  1-2'  wide  when  expanded,  and  with  a 
woolly  ring  in  the  throat;  fruiting  calyx  globular,  apparently  nearly  filled  by 
tlie  berry.  —  S.  shore  of  L.  Superior  to  Sask. ;  Trovidence  Island,  L.  Cham- 
plain  {Perkins). 

*  *  Corolla  lurid  greenish-white  or  yellow,  mostli/  with  dark  centre,  3  -  10"  bruad. 

H—  Aiuiaiils,  f/labruus  or  pubescence  minute;  anthers  violet. 

2.  P.  Philadelphica,  Lam.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  oblique  at 
base,  entire,  repand,  or  very  sparingly  angulate-toothed ;  corolla  brownish-  or 
violet-spotted  in  the  centre,  7-10"  broad ;  calyx  at  maturity  globose  and  com- 
pletely filled  by  the  large  reddish  or  purple  berry  and  open  at  the  moutli.  — 
In  fertile  soil,  Penn.  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

3.  P.  angulata,  L.  Much  branched;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong, 
sharply  and  irregularly  laciniate-toothed ;  peduncles  filiform  ;  corolla  unspotted, 
very  small  (3  -  6"  broad  when  expanded) ;  fruiting  calyx  conical-ovate  with  a 
truncate  or  sunken  base,  10-augled,  loosely  inflated,  at  length  well  filled  by  the 
greenish-yellow  berry.  —  Open  rich  grounds,  I'eun.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 
•*-  ■♦-  Strong-scented,  villous  or  pubescent  icith  viscid  or  glandular  simple  hairs ; 

fruiting  calyx  ovate-pyramidal,  carinately  5-angled,  closed,  loostlu  f  nrplop. 
ing  the  green  or  yellow  berry  ;  leaves  ovate  or  cordate. 

4.  P.  pubdscens,  L.  Annual,  diffusely  much  branched  or  at  length  de- 
cumbent; leaves  angulate-  or  repand-toothed  or  nearly  entire;  corolla  spotted 
with  brown  purple  in  the  centre,  5-6"  broad  when  expanded,  ob.scurelv  5-  10- 
toothed  ;  anthers  violet.  —  Low  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.,  and  westward.  —  A  very  doubtful  form,  found  at  Independence,  Mo. 
(B.  F.  Bush),  has  the  small  corolla  (2"  broad)  yellow,  without  a  l)rown  centre, 
the  antliers  vellow,  tin'  fruiting  calyx  smaller,  and  the  berry  viscid. 

,').  P.  Virgini^na,  Mill-  /V?Tw;nVi/,diffu.sely  much  branched  and  widely 
si)reading,  or  at  first  erect;  leaves  sometimes  oblong,  repand  or  obtusely  toothed, 
rarely  entire;  corolla  9-12"  broad,  5-angled  or  5-  10-toothed  ;  anthers  yellow. 


376  SOLANACE^..        (nightshade    FAMILY.) 

(P.  viscosa,  Graij,  Man.,  not  L.)  —  Light  or  vsandy  soils,  Ont.  and  Minn,  to 
Fla.  and  Tex.  —  Yar.  AMBfouA,  Gray,  is  a  coarse  and  very  villous  form  with 
violet  anthers.     Wise,  and  westward. 

-»-■»--)-  Perennials,  mostl ij  low,  not  xnscid ;  pubescence  stellate  or  simple  or  nearly 
none ;  anthers  almost  always  yelloio. 

6.  P.  viscosa,  L.  Cinereous  or  ichen  young  almost  canescent  with  short 
stellate  or  2 -^-forked  pubescence ;  stems  ascending  or  spreading  from  slender 
creeping  subterranean  shoots ;  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  varying  to  oblong  and  obo- 
vate,  entire  or  undulate ;  corolla  greenish-yellow,  with  a  more  or  less  dark  eye ; 
fruiting  calyx  globose-ovate ;  berry  yellow  or  orange.  —  In  sands  on  and  near 
the  coast,  Va.  to  N.  C.  and  Fla. 

7.  P.  lanceolata,  Michx.  More  or  less  hirsute-pubescent  icith  short  stiff 
mostly  simple  hairs,  varying  to  nearly  glabrous ;  stems  from  rather  stout  sub- 
terranean shoots,  angled,  somewhat  rigid  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, sparingly  angulate-toothed  to  undulate  or  entire ;  corolla  ochroleucous, 
with  a  more  or  less  dark  eye;  calyx  commonly  hirsute,  in  fruit  pyramidal-ovate 
(1-1^'  l(>iig) ;  berry  reddish.  (P.  Pennsylvauica,  Gray,  Man.,  in  part ;  not  L.) 
—  Dry  open  ground,  Peun.  to  111.,  Minn.,  and  south  and  westward. 

Var.  ISBVigata,  Gray.  Glabrous  or  almost  so  throughout,  or  witli  some 
rerv  short  hairs  on  young  parts.  —  Neb.  to  Tex.,  and  westward. 

Var.  hirta,  Gray.  A  remarkable  ambiguous  form,  with  much  of  the  hir- 
sute-pubescence of  the  leaves  2  -  3-f orked,  as  also  are  some  of  the  abundant 
villous-hispid  hairs  of  the  stem.  —  Wet  woods,  Tex.  to  Mo.,  and  E.  Kan. 

4.     NICANDRA,     Adans.        Apple  of  Peru. 

Calyx  5-parted,  5-angled,  the  divisions  rather  arrow-shaped,  enlarged  and 
bladder-like  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  3-.5-celled  globular  dry  berry.  Corolla 
with  border  nearly  entire.  Otherwise  much  like  Physalis.  —  An  annual 
smooth  herb  (2-3°  high),  with  ovate  sinuate-toothed  or  angled  leaves,  and 
solitary  pale  blue  flowers  on  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles.  (Named  after 
the  poet  Nicander  of  Colophon.) 

N.  PHYSALOiDES,  Gacrtu.  —  Waste  grounds,  near  dwellings  and  old  gar- 
dens.    (Adv.  from  Peru.) 

5.    LYCIUM,    L.        Matrimont-Vixe. 

Calvx  3  -  5-toothed  or  -cleft,  not  enlarging,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry. 
Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-sliaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  and  not 
plaited  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  ;  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Style  slender ; 
stigma  capitate.  Berry  small,  2-celled.  Shrubby,  often  spiny  plants,  with 
alternate  and  entire  small  leaves,  and  mostly  axillary  small  flowers.  (Named 
from  the  country,  Lycia.) 

L.  vulgXre,  Dunal.  (Common  ]\r.)  Shrub  Avith  long  sarmentose  recurved- 
drooping  branches,  smooth,  s])aringly  if  at  all  spiny  ;  leaves  oblong-  or  spatu- 
late-lanceolate,  often  fascicled,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole ;  flowers  on  slender 
peduncles  fascicled  in  the  axils ;  corolla  short  funnel-form,  greenish-purple ; 
style  and  slender  filaments  equalling  its  lobes ;  berry  oval,  orange-red.  —  About 
dwellings,  and  escaped  into  waste  grounds  in  Penn.,  etc.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

6.     HYOSCYAMUS.     Tourn.        Henbaxe. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  urn-shaped,  5-lobed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  oblique,  with 
a  5-lo'bed  more  or  less  unequal  plaited  border.     Stamens  declined.     Capsule 


SCKOPIIULAHIACK.i:.        (fI<;\V()KT    lAMII.Y.)  377 

enclosed  in  tlie  persistent  calyx,  2-colle(l,  openin"^  transversely  all  round  near 
tlie  apex,  which  falls  off  like  a  lid.  —  Claminy-puhescent,  fetid",  narcotic  herhs, 
with  lurid  Howers  in  the  axils  of  angled  or  toothed  leaves.  (Nam*'  composed 
of  us,  v6s,  a  liof/,  and  Kva/xoi,  a  bean ;  said  to  l)e  poisonous  to  swine.) 

H.  Nir.EU,  L.  (Black  IIknbaxi:.)  Biennial  or  annual ;  leavefl  claspinp^, 
sinuate-toothed  and  angled;  Howers  sessile,  in  one-siilod  leafy  si)ikes;  corolla 
dull  yellowish,  strongly  reticulated  with  ])urple  veins.  —  Escaped  from  gardens 
to  roadsides.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

7.     DATURA,     L.         Jamkstown-Weed.     Thoun-Ai'itk. 

Calyx  ])rismatic,  5-toothed,  separating  transversely  ahove  the  base  in  fruit, 
the  upper  part  falling  away.  Corolla  funiud-furm,  with  a  large  and  sjtreading 
5-l()-tootlied  jdaited  border.  Stigma  ^-lipjicd.  Capsule  gl(»hular,  ]>ricklv. 
4-valved,:2-celled,  with  2  tliick  placentic  ])rojfcted  from  the  axis  into  the  middle 
of  the  cells,  and  connected  with  the  walls  by  an  imperfec-t  false  ]»artition,  so 
that  the  cajisule  is  4-celkHl  except  near  the  ti»p,  the  jdacenta^  as  if  on  the  middle 
of  these  false  partitions.  Seeds  rather  large,  flat. —  Kank  weeds,  narcotic- 
poisonous,  with  ovate  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers  on  short  ])e(luncles  iu 
the  forks  of  the  brauchin;[;  stem  ;  produced  aUsummerand  autumn.  (Altered 
from  the  Arabic  name,  Tato^ah.) 

D.  Stkam^xhm,  L.  (Common  Stramomi  m  or  Thorn  Apple.)  Annual, 
glabrous  ;  leaves  ovate,  sinuate-toothed  or  angled  ;  stem  f/rren  ;  corolla  white 
(3' long),  the  border  with  5  teeth  ;  lower  ])rickles  of  the  cajjsule  mostly  shorter. 
—  Waste  grounds;  a  well-known  ill-scented  weed.     (Adv.  from  Asia?) 

D.  Tatlla,  L.  (Pl-rple  T.)  Mostly  taller;  stem  purple;  corolla  pale 
violet-purple ;  prickles  of  the  capsule  nearly  equal.  —  Waste  grounds,  iu  the 
Atlantic  States.     (Adv.  from  trop,  Amer.) 

8.     NICOTIAN  A,    Tourn.        Tobacco. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-sliaped,  .'i-cleft.  Corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form,  usu- 
ally with  a  long  tube  ;  the  plaited  border  5-lobed.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule 
2-celled,  2-4-valved  from  the  apex.  Seeds  minute.  —  Kank  acrid-narcotic 
herbs,  mostly  clammy-])ubesceut,  with  ample  entire  leaves,  and  racemed  or 
panicled  flowers.  (Named  after  John  Nicot,  who  was  thought  to  have  intro- 
tluced  Tobacco  (N.  Tab.Ict.m,  L.)  into  Europe.) 

N.  RusTiOA,  L.  (Wild  Tobacco.)  Annual;  leaves  ovate,  petioled;  tube 
of  the  dull  greenish-yellow  corolla  cylindrical,  two  thirds  longer  than  the  calyx. 
the  lobes  rounded.  —  Old  fields,  from  X.  V.  westward  and  southward;  a  relic 
of  cultivation  by  the  Indians.     (Of  unknown  nativity.) 

Ordkr  75.     SCKOPHULARIACE^.     (Figwokt  Fa.mily.) 

Chiejiy  herbs  (rarely  trees),  tcith  didynamons  stamens  (or  perfect  stamens 
often  only  2,  rarely  5)  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  2-Upped  or  more  or  less 
irrer/ular  corolla,  the  lobes  of  which  are  imbricated  in  the  hud ;  fruit  a  2- 
celled  and  usually  many-seeded  capside,  with  the  placentce  in  the  axis  ;  seeds 
anatropous,  or  amphitropous,  tcith  a  small  embryo  in  copious  albumen.  —  Style 
single;  stigma  entire  or  2-lol)ed.  Leaves  and  inlL^re.si-ence  various;  but 
the  flowers  not  terminal  in  any  genuine  representatives  of  the  order. — 
A  large  order  of  bitterish  plants,  some  of  them  narcotic-poisonous. 

I.  ANTIRRHINIDE.E.  Ujjper  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  covering  the  lower 
iu  the  bud  (with  occasiomil  excei)tions  in  Mimulus,  etc.)  Caj)sule  usually 
septicidal. 


378  SCROPHLLARIACE^.       (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

Tribe  I.     VEKBASCE^.    Corolla  rotate.     Flowers  racemose.     Leaves  alternate. 

1 .  Verbascuni.     Stamens  5,  all  with  anthers,  aud  3  or  all  with  bearded  tilanients. 
Tribe  II.     ANTIKRHINE^.    Corolla  tubular,  witli  a  spur  or  sac  at  the  base  below, 

the  throat  usually  with  a  palate.  Capsule  opeuiug  by  chinks  or  holes.  Flowers  in  sim- 
ple racemes  or  axillary.     Lower  leaves  usually  opposite  or  whorled.     Stamens  4. 

2.  liinaria.     Corolla  spurred  at  base  ;  the  palate  seldom  closing  the  throat. 

3.  Antirrhinum.     Corolla  merely  saccate  at  base;  the  palate  closing  the  throat. 
Tribe  III.     CHELOJ^E^.     Corolla  tubular,  or  'i-lipped,  not  spurred  nor  saccate  below. 

Capsule  2-4-valved,  Leaves  opposite  Inflorescence  usually  compound,  of  small  axil- 
lary spiked  or  racemed  or  umbel-like  clusters  or  cymes,  or  when  reduced  to  a  single 
flower  the  peduncle  mostly  2-bracteate.    Stamens  4,  and  usually  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth. 

4  Scrophularia.     Corolla  inflated,  globular  or  oblong,  with  four  erect  lobes  and  one 

spreading  one      Rudiment  of  the  sterile  stamen  a  scale  on  the  upper  lip. 

5  Collinsia.     Corolla  2-cleft,  the  short  tube  saccate  on  the  upper  side  ;  the  middle  lobe  of 

the  lower  lip  sac-like  and  enclosing  the  declined  stamens. 
6.  Chelone.     Corolla  tubular  inflated  above.    Sterile  stamen  shorter  than  the  others. 
Anthers  very  woolly.     Seeds  winged. 

7  Pentstemon.  Corolla  tubular.  Sterile  stamen  about  as  long  as  the  rest.  Seeds  wingless. 
Tribe  IV.     GRATIOL,E.3E.     Corolla  tubular,   not  saccate   nor  spurred.     Capsule   2- 

valved      Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  or  leaves  ;  peduncles  naked  (or  2-bracte- 
olate  in  n.  12).     Leaves  all  or  the  lower  ones  opposite.    No  trace  of  a  fifth  stamen. 
*  Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing  and  similar. 

8  Mimulus.     Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  5-toothed.     Corolla  elongated. 
9.  Couobea.     Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  equal.    Corolla  short. 

10.  Herpestis.    Calyx  5-part.ed,  unequal,  the  upper  division  largest.     Corolla  short. 

11    L.imusella.    Calyx  5-toothed.    Corolla  open  bell-shaped,  i3-cleft,  nearly  regular.    Leaves 
alternate  or  fascicled,  fleshy.     Dwarf  aquatic  or  marsh  plant. 
*  *  Anther-bearing  stamens  2;  usually  also  a  pair  of  sterile  filaments. 
12.  Gratiola.     Calyx  5-parted.    Stamens  included  .  the  sterile  pair  short  or  none. 
l:J    Ilysanthes.     Calyx  o-parted.     Stamens  included  .  the  sterile  filaments  protruded. 

14.  Micrantlieinum.     Flowers  minute.     Calyx  4-toothed  or  cleft.     Upper  lip  of  corolla 

short  or  none.     Filaments  with  an  appendage  ;  sterile  pair  none.    Dwarf  aquatic. 

11.  RHINANTHIDE^.     Under  lip  or  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla  cover- 

ing the  up)3er  in  the  bud.     Capsule  commonly  loculicidal. 
Tribe  V.     I>IGITAL,E.iE.     Corolla  wheel-shaped,  salver-shaped,  or  bell-shaped.    Sta- 
mens 2  or  4,  not  approaching  in  pairs  nor  strongly  didynamous;  anthers  2  celled. 

15.  Synthyris.     Calyx  4-parted.     Corolla  bell-shaped,  2-4-lobed,  irregular      Stamens  2 

or  4.     Leaves  alternate      Flowers  racemed. 
IG.   V^eronica     Calyx  4-( rarely  3-5-)  parted.    Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  salver-shaped,  almost 

legular      Stamens  2.     Leaves  chiefly  opposite  or  whorled.     Flowers  racemed. 
Tribe  VI.     GEKARDIE^.     Corolla  with  a  spreading  and  slightly  unequal  S-lobed 
limb     Stamens  4,  approximate  in  pairs.     Leaves  opposite,  or  the  uppermost  alternate. 
*  Corolla  salver-shaped.     Anthei-s  1-celled.     Flowers  in  a  spike. 

17.  Buchnera.    CaljTC  tubular,  5-toothed.     Limb  of  the  elongated  corolla  5-cleft. 

*  •  Corolla  bell-shaped  to  funnel-form  ;  anthers  2-celled. 

18.  Seymeria.    Stamens  nearly  equal.    Tube  of  the  corolla  broad,  not  longer  than  the  lobes. 

19.  Gerardia.     Stamens  strongly  unequal,  included. 

Tribe  VII.     EUPHRASIES.     Corolla  tubular,  obviously  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  nar- 
row, erect  or  arched,  enclosing  the  4  usually  strongly  didynamous  stamens. 
*  Anther-cells  unequal  and  separated     Capsule  many-seeded. 

20.  Castilleia.    Calyx  tubular,  cleft  down  the  lower,  and  often  also  on  the  upper,  side. 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  elongated  ;  the  lower  short,  often  very  small. 


SCROPHULARIACE.t:.        (iniWolM     lAMILV.)  379 

21.  Orthocarpus.    Calyx  tubuhir-ciimpanulaie,  4-clcrt.     Upi^er  lip  of  corolla  little  lon;ier 
and  usually  much  narrower  than  the  inflated  lower  one. 

•  «  Anther-cells  equal.     Capsule  many  -  several-seeded. 
2-2.  Scliwalbea.    Calyx  5-toothcd,  very  oblique,  the  upper  tooth  mu«h  the  smallest. 

23.  Euphrasia.   .Calyx  4-cleft.     Upj)fr  lip  of  the  corolla 'J-lobed,  and  sides  folded  back. 

L'ap.sule  oblong. 

24.  Bartsia.    Calyx  4-cleft.     Upper  lip  of  corolla  entire  and  sides  not  folded  back. 
2:).   Khinanthus.     Calyx  inflated,  ovate      Capsule  orbicular  :  seeds  wini,'(!d. 

2G.  Petlirularis.     Calyx  not  inflated.     Capsule  ovate  or  sword-shaped  ;  seeds  wingless. 

•  *  ♦  Anther-cells  equal.    Cajjsule  l-4-.seeded. 
27.  Melampyruni.     Calyx  4-cleft.     Ovary  2-celled,  4-ovuled.    Cajisule  flat,  oblique. 

1.  VERB  AS  CUM,    L.        Mlllkix. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  .j-lohod,  open  or  concave,  wheel-shaped  ,  the  lobes 
broad  and  rounded,  a  little  unccinal  Stamens.'),  all  the  filaments,  or  the  3 
upper,  woolly.     Style  flattene<l  at  the  apex.     Capsule  glol)ular,  many-seeded. 

—  Tall  and  u.sually  woolly  biennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  those  of  the 
stem  sessile  or  decurrent.  Flowers  in  large  terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  ephem- 
eral;  in  summer.     (  rhe  ancient  Latin  name,  altered  from  Barbascum.) 

V.  Th.\.psus,  L.  (Common  Mi;i,lcin  )  Dtn^eiif  iroolltf  throuf/hout ;  stem 
tall  and  stout,  sim})/e,  Avinged  by  tiic  decurrent  bases  of  the  oblong  acute  leaves  : 
floicers  (yellow,  very  rarely  white)  ///  (i  jiro/onf/fd  utid  vcri/  dense  ci//indrical 
spike:  lower  stamens  usually  beardless.  —  Fields,  a  common  weed.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

V.  BlattXria,  L.  (Moth  M.)  (Jreeu  and  smnothish,  slender ;  lower  leaves 
petioled,  oblong,  doubly  serrate,  sometimes  lyre-shaped,  the  upper  partly  clasj)- 
ing  ;  raceme  loose  ;  filaments  all  bearded  with  violet  wool.  —  Koadsides,  through- 
out our  rauge.  Corolla  either  yellow,  or  white  with  a  tinge  of  purple.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

V.  LvciiNiTis,  L.  (White  M.)  Clof/ied  ivith  thin  powder  i/  u-ool/mess  ; 
stem  and  branches  angled  above ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  not  decurrent,  greenish 
above ;  Jiowers  (yellow,  rarely  white)  in  a  pi/ramida!  panicle;  filaments  with 
whitish  wool.  —  Fields,  N.  Atlantic  States,  rather  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.  LIN  ARIA,     Tourn.        Toad-Flax. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  personate,  with  the  prominent  palate  often  nearly 
closing  the  throat,  spurred  at  base  on  the  lower  side.  Stamens  4.  Capsule 
thin,  opening  below  the  summit  by  one  or  two  pores  or  chinks.     Seeds  many. 

—  Herbs,  with  at  least  all  the  upper  leaves  alternate  (in  ours) ,  fl.  in  summer. 
(Name  from  Lmum,  the  Flax,  which  the  leaves  of  some  species  resemble.) 

*  Slender  glahrons  annual  or  biennial :  leaves  linear,  entire  and  alternate  (or 

smaller,  oblong,  and  opposite  on  jnocumbent  sfioots) ,  small  blue  flowers  in  a 
naked  lenninal  rarrme. 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Dumont.  Flowering  stems  nearly  simple  (fi-.30' 
high);  leaves  flat  (1-2"  wide);  pedicels  erect,  not  longer  than  the  filiform 
curved  spur  of  the  corolla.  —  Sandy  soil,  conmion. 

*  *  Perennial, erect  (1  -3°  hi;/Ii),(/labrous,ivith  uan'ow  entire  and  alternate  pale 

leaves,  and  i/i  How  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme. 

L.  vulgXris,  Mill.  (Ramstkd.  Butter  and  Er.cs.)  Leaves  linear  or 
nearly  so,  extremely  numerous;  raceme  dense;  corolla  l'  long  or  more,  in- 
cluding the  slender  subulate  spur;  seeds  winged.  —  Fields  and  roadsides, 
throughout  our  range.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


380  SCROPIIULARIACE^.        (fIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

L.  GENiSTiFOLiA,  Mill.  Glaucous,  paiiieulatelv  brauched ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute ;  flowers  smaller  and  more  scattered ;  seeds  wingless.  —  Sparingly 
naturalized  near  New  Yorlv.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Annual,  procumbent,  much  branched,  iclth  broad  petioled  veini/  alternate 
leaves,  and  small  purplish  and  ijellow  Jiowers/rom  their  axils. 

L.  Elatine,  Mill.  Spreading  over  the  ground,  slender,  hairy  ;  leaves  has- 
tate or  the  lower  ovate,  much  surpassed  by  the  filiform  peduncles ;  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate,  acute ;  corolla  3-4"  long,  including  the  subulate  spur.  — Sandy 
banks  and  shores,  Canada  to  N.  C,  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  SPURIA,  Mill.  Like  the  preceding,  but  with  roundish  or  cordate  leaves 
and  ovate  or  cordate  calyx-lobes.  —  Occasionally  occurs  on  ballast  or  waste 
grounds  near  cities.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.     ANTIRRHINUM,    Tourn.        Sxapdragon. 

Corolla  saccate  at  the  base,  the  throat  closed  by  the  large  bearded  palate. 
Seeds  oblong-truncate.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Linaria.  —  Corolla  com"^ only 
showy,  resembling  the  face  of  an  animal  or  a  mask;  whence  the  name  (from 
avri,'like,  and  plv,  a  snout.)     Fl.  summer  and  autumn. 

A.  Oroxtium,  L.  a  small-flowered  annual  or  biennial,  Ioav,  erect ;  leaves 
lance-linear ;  spike  loose,  leafy ;  sepals  longer  than  the  purplisli  or  white  co- 
rolla.—  About  gardens  and  old  fields  in  Atlantic  States.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

A.  .M.\Ji:s,  L.  (Large  Snapdragon.)  A  large-flowered  perennial,  with 
oblong  smooth  leaves  and  a  glandular-downy  raceme  ;  sepals  short ;  corolla  1|- 
2'  long,  purple  or  white.  —  Eastward,  escaping  from  gardens.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

4.     SCROPHULARIA,     Tourn.         Figwort. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  somewhat  globular  tube  ;  the  4  upper 
lobes  of  the  short  border  erect  (the  two  upper  longer),  the  lower  spreading. 
Stamens  4,  declined,  with  the  anther-cells  transverse  and  confluent  into  one ; 
the  fifth  stamen  a  scale-like  rudiment  at  the  summit  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Capsule  many-seeded.  —  Rank  herbs,  with  mostly  opposite  leaves,  and  small 
greenish-purple  or  lurid  flowers  in  loose  cymes,  forming  a  terminal  narrow 
panicle.     (So  called  because  a  reputed  remedy  for  scrofula.) 

\.  S.  nodosa,  L.,  var.  Marilandica,  Gray.  Smooth  perennial  (3  -  5° 
high) ;  stem  4-sided  ;  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
cut-serrate,  rounded  or  rarely  heart-shaped  at  base.  —  Damp  grounds,  N.  Eng. 
to  Fla.,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.     (Eu.,  Asia,  the  type.) 

5.    COLLINSIA,    Nutt. 

Calvx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  declined,  with  the  tube  saccate  or  bulging  at 
the  base  on  the  upper  side,  deeply  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  its  lobes 
partlv  turned  backward  ,  the  lower  3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe  keeled  and  sac-like, 
enclosing  the  4  declined  stamens  and  style.  Fifth  stamen  a  gland-like  rudi 
ment.  Capsule  4-many-seeded— Slender  branching  annuals  or  biennials, 
with  opposite  leaves,  and  handsome  party-colored  flowers  in  umbel-like  clus- 
ters, appearing  whorled  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  (Dedicated  to  the 
late  Zaccheus  Collins,  of  Philadelphia,  an  accurate  botanist.) 

1.  C.  verna,  Nutt.  Slender  (6-20'  high) ,  lower  leaves  ovate,  the  upper 
ovate-lanceolate,  clasping  by  the  heart-shaped  base,  toothed ;  whorls  about  6- 
floivered :  flowers  long-peduncled ;  corolla  (blue  and  white)  twice  the  length  of  the 
ca/yx.  —  Moist  soil,  western  N.  Y.  to  W.  Va.,  Wise,  and  Ky.     May,  June. 


SCROPHL'LARIACE.*:.        (KI(;WUKT    FAMILY.)  381 

2.  O.  parviflbra,  Dougl.  Small;  lower  leaves  ovate  or  rounded,  the 
upper  obloug-lanceulate,  mostly  entire;  whorls  2-Gjluicercd ;  Jlouers  short- 
ped uncled ;  the  small  (blue)  corolla  scarce!  1/  exceeding  the  caiijx.  —  Shore  of 
L.  Superior,  N.  Mich.,  aiitl  westward. 

6.     CHE  LONE,     Touru.        Tuutle-hkad.     Sn  vKi;-iir.\i). 

Calvx  of  5  distinct  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  inflated-tnl)nlar,  with  tlie 
mouth  a  little  open  ;  upper  lip  broad  and  arched,  keeled  in  the  middle,  notched 
at  the  apex ;  the  lower  woolly-bearded  in  tiie  throat,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the 
middle  lobe  smallest.  Stamens  4,  with  woolly  filaments  and  very  w<^olly 
heart-shaped  anthers,  and  a  fifth  sterile  filament  smaller  than  the  others. 
Seeds  many,  wing-margined.  —  Smoutii  perennials,  witii  upriglit  branching 
stem.s,  opposite  serrate  leaves,  and  large  white  or  purple  fiowers,  which  are 
ne^y  sessile  in  spikes  or  clusters,  aud  closely  imbricated  with  round-ovate 
concave  bracts  and  bractlets.  (Name  from  xsAwi/tj,  a  tortoise,  the  corolla  re- 
sembling in  shape  the  head  of  a  reptile.) 

1.  C.  glabra,  L.  A  foot  or  two  (or  even  6-7°)  high  ;  leaves  narroicli/  to 
rather  broadl  11  lanceuUite  (4-5'  long,  4-12"  wide),  gradually  acumiuate,  ser- 
rate with  sharp  appressed  teeth,  uarrowed  at  biise  usually  into  a  very  short 
petiole;  bracts  not  ciliate  ;  corolla  ichite,  or  barely  tinyed  with  rose. —  Wet 
places,  Xcwf.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  aud  Tex. 

2.  C.  obliqua,  L.  Less  strict  or  with  spreading  branches,  1  -2°  high; 
leaves  broadly  lanceolate  to  oblomj  (2  -  5' long),  sometimes  laciniately  serrate, 
more  veiny  and  duller,  acute  or  obtuse  at  base,  mostly  short-petioled ;  bracts 
ciliolate ;  corolla  deep  and  briyht  rose-color.  —  S.  111.  to  Va.  aud  Fla. 

7.     PENTSTEMON,     Mitchell.        Beard-tongue. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular  and  more  or  less  inflated,  or  bell-shaped, 
either  decidedly  or  slightly  2-lij)ped  ;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  and  the  lower 
3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  declined  at  the  base,  ascending  above,  and  a  fifth  sterile 
filament  usually  as  long  as  the  others,  either  naked  or  bearded.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, wingless.  —  Perennials,  branched  from  the  base,  simple  above,  with  op- 
posite leaves,  the  upper  sessile  and  mostly  clasping.  Flowers  mostly  showy, 
thyrsoid  or  racemose-panicled.  (Name  from  irfi/Tf,  jire,  and  aT-nuwu,  stamen; 
the  fifth  stamen  being  present  and  conspicuous,  although  sterile.) 
*    Viscid  or  y  land  alar  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  ytabrous  btluic ;  leaves 

often  toothed  or  denticulate. 

■*-    Thyrse  somewhat  open  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear  ;  corolla  9  -  12"  long, 

the  lower  lip  usually  bearded  within. 

1.  P.  pubescens,  Solander.  Stem  \ -2°  high,  viscid-puUscent  (at  least 
the  inflorescence) ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate  (2-4'  long),  the  lowest  aud  radi- 
cal ovate  or  oblong,  usually  denticulate ;  thyrse  narrow ;  corolla  dull  violet  or 
purple  (or  partly  whitish),  very  moderately  dilated,  the  throat  nearly  closed  by 
a  villous-bearded  palate;  sterile  Jilament  densely  bearded.  —  Dry  or  rocky 
grounds,  S.  Maine  (Miss  Furbish)  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  P.  ISBVigatUS,  Solander.  >'>tem  2-4°  high,  mostly  glabrous  except  the 
iufioresceuce ;    leaves  firmer,  aomewhut  gluisy,  the  cauline  ovate-  ur  oblong- 


382  SCROPHULARIACEiE.       (p^IGWORT    FAMILY.) 

lanceolate  with  subcordate  clasping  base  (2 -5' long);  thyrse  broader;  corolla 
white  (commonly  tinged  with  ^xxv^Ae),  abruptly  and  broadly  inflated,  the  throat 
widely  open;  sterile  Jiloment  thinly  bearded  above. —  Moist  or  rich  soil,  Penn. 
to  Fla.  and  westward,  where  the  common  form  is 

Var.  Digitalis,  Gray.  Stem  sometimes  5°  high ;  corolla  larger  and  more 
abruptly  inflated,  white.    (P.  Digitalis,  Nutt.)  —  Penn.  to  Iowa,  Mo.,  Ark.,  etc. 

3.  P.  gracilis,  Xutt.  Glabrous  or  puberulent,  viscid-pubescent  above, 
1°  high  or  less;  stem-leaves  mostly  linear-lanceolate,  the  radical  spatulate  or 
oblong;  corolla  tubular-funnel-form  or  nearly  cylindrical  with  open  throat, 
lilac-purple  or  whitish.  —  Minn,  to  Mo.,  and  westward. 

-^  ■*-  Thyrse  raceme-like.     All  extreme  western. 

4.  P.  Cobdea,  Xutt.  Soft-puberulent,  1°  high;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  or 
the  lower  broadly  lanceolate  and  the  upper  cordate-clasping,  mostly  sharply 
toothed ;  thyrse  short ;  corolla  2'  long,  broadly  ventricose,  dull  purple  or  whitish. 
—  Prairies,  Kan.  to  Tex. 

5.  P.  tubiflorus,  Nutt.  Wholly  glabrous  excepting  the  viscid  ovate 
sepals,  2-3°  high;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  sparsely  toothed, 
the  floral  shorter  than  the  remote  dense  clusters  of  the  virgate  thyrse  ; 
corolla  9"  long,  the  narrow  tube  gradually  dilated  upward,  white  or  whitish.  — 
Low  prairies,  Kan.  and  Ark. 

6.  P.  albidus,  Xutt.  Viscid-pubescent,  6-10'  high;  leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate or  narrow,  entire  or  sparsely  toothed  ;  clusters  of  the  strict  thyrse  few- 
flowered,  approximate;  sepals  lanceolate,  densely  pubescent;  corolla  9"  long, 
with  shorter  tube  and  more  dilated  throat.  —  Plains,  Neb.  to  Dak.  and  Tex. 

*  *  Glabrous  throughout  and  glaucous  ;  leaves  sessile,  entire  ;  thyrse  raceme-like. 

7.  P.  grandiflorus,  Nutt.  Stem  2-4°  high  ;  leaves  thickish,  the  upper 
and  floral  rounded,  all  but  the  obovate  radical  ones  clasping  or  perfoliate ;  pedi- 
cels short ;  corolla  2'  long,  oblong-campanulate,  nearly  regular,  lilac  or  lavender- 
blue  ;  sterile  filament  hooked  and  minutely  bearded  at  the  apex.  —  Prairies, 
from  111.  and  Wise,  to  Dak.,  Neb.,  and  Kan. 

8.  P.  glaber,  Pursh.  Stems  1-2°  high;  leaves  mostly  oblong-lanceolate 
or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate ;  thyrse  elongated,  the  peduncles  and  pedicels  very 
short;  corolla  1  -lY  long,  bright  blue  to  violet-purple,  dilated  above ;  anthers 
and  apex  of  sterile  filament  glabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute.  —  Plains  of  E.  Neb. 
to  Dak.,  and  westward. 

9.  P.  acuminatus,  Dougl.  Stem  6-20'  high,  stout;  leaves  thick,  the 
lower  obovate  or  oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate  or  cordate-clasping, 
acute  or  acuminate ;  thyrse  leafy  below,  very  narrow ;  corolla  9"  long,  lilac  or 
violet ;  sterile  filament  mostly  bearded  above.  —  Kan.  to  Minn.,  and  westward. 

8.     M  I  M  U  L  U  S,     L.        Monkey-flower. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  5-toothed,  the  upper  tooth  largest.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar ;  upper  lip  erect  or  reflexed-spreading,  2-lobed ;  the  lower  spreading,  3- 
lobed.  Stamens  4.  Stigma  2-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate.  Seeds  numerous. — 
Herbs,  with- opposite  leaves,  and  mostly  handsome  flowers  on  solitary  axillary 
and  bractless  peduncles.  (Diminutive  of  mimus,  a  buffoon,  from  the  grinning 
corolla.) 


SCROPHULARIACEiE.       (fIGWORT    FAMILY.)  383 

»  Erect  from  n  perennial  root,  glabrous;  leaven  feather-veined ;  corolla  violet' 

purple. 

1.  M.  ringens,  L.  Stem  square  (1  -2"^  higli) ;  leaves  ohlontj  or  lanceolate, 
pointed,  claspimj  hy  a  heart-shaped  baj»e,  serrate ;  peduncles  Xon^vv  than  the 
flower ;  calyx-teeth  taper-pointed,  nearly  equal ;  ccn-olla  ))ersonate.  —  Wet 
places,  N.  Enj;.  to  Minn.,  and  southward;  common.  .iuly-St'jjt.  —  Flower 
1  -  1|'  long,  rarely  white. 

2.  M.  al^tus,  Ait.  Stem  somewhat  winged  at  the  angles;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  tiie  calyx,  which  has  verv 
short  abruptly  pointed  teeth  ;  otherwise  like  the  last.  —  Wet  places,  western 
X.  Eng.  to  111.,  south  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 

*  #  Leaves  several-nerved  and  vcini/,  dentate,  the  tipper  sessile  and  clasping ; 
(•(di/.r  ohlifpw,  the  upper  tooth  longest ;  corolla  i/ellow,  the  lower  lip  bearded. 

3.  M.  Jam^sii,  Torr.  Diffusely  spreading,  smooth  or  smoothish  ;  stems 
creeping  at  base ;  stem-leaves  roundish  or  kidney -shaped,  nearly  sessile,  equal- 
ling the  peduncles ;  calyx  ovate,  inflated  in  fruit ;  throat  of  corolla  broad  and 
open.  —  In  water  or  wet  places,  usually  in  springs,  N.  Mich,  and  Minn,  to  111., 
Kan.,  and  westward. 

M.  LtjTEUs,  L.  P>ect  or  with  later  branches  spreading;  leaves  ovate  to 
roundish  or  subcordate ;  corolla  deep  yellow,  with  brown-purple  dots  or 
blotches,  often  large.  —  Wet  meadows,  Norfolk,  Ct.     (Adv.  from  Calif.) 

9.    CONOBEA,    Auldet. 

Calyx  5-parted,  equal.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  2-lol)ed,  the  lower  3-parted. 
Stamens  4,  fertile ;  anthers  approximate.  Stigma  2-lol)ed,  the  lobes  wedge- 
form.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Low  branching  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
small  solitary  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.     (Name  unexplained.) 

1.  C.  multlfida,  Benth.  Annual,  diffusely  spreading,  much  branched, 
minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  petioled,  pinnately  parted,  divisions  linear-wedge- 
shaped  ;  peduncles  naked ;  corolla  (greenish-white)  scarcely  longer  than  the 
calyx.  —  Along  streams  and  shores,  Ohio  to  111.,  Ark.,  and  Tex.;  also  adv. 
below  Philadelj)hia.     July -Sept. 

10.     HERPESTIS,    Gaertn.  f. 

Calyx  .5-parted ;  the  upper  division  broadest,  the  innermost  often  very  nar- 
row. Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire,  notched  or  2-cleft,  and  the  lower  .'Mobed, 
or  the  linil)  nearly  equally  .5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  all  fertile.  Style  dilated  or 
2-lobed  at  tlio  apex.  Seeds  numerous.  —  Low  herbs,  with  oj)posite  leaves,  and 
solitary  axillary  flowers ;  in  summer ;  ours  rather  succulent  perennials.  (Name 
from  €pTrv(TTr}s,  o  creeping  thing,  tiie  species  being  chiefly  procumbent.) 

*  Corolla  plainlij  bilabiate,  the  2  upper  lobes  united  to  form  the  upper  lip ;  leaves 

many-nerved. 

1.  H.  nigr^scens,  Benth.  Erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy,  glabrous; 
leaves  pinnately  veined,  oblong  to  cuneate-lanceolate  (1-2'  long),  serrate; 
pedicels  equalling  and  the  u})per  surpassing  the  leaves;  corolla  whitish  or 
purplish.  —  Wet  places,  .Md.  and  N.  C  to  Tex.,  along  and  near  the  coast. 


384  SCROPHULAKIACE.E.        (FIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

2.  H.  rotundifolia,  Pursh.  Nea%  smooth,  creeping;  leaves  round- 
ohovate,  half -clasping  (i-1'  long),  entire,  basally  nerved ;  peduncles  twice  or 
thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  upper  sepal  ovate ;  corolla  white  or  pale  blue. 
—  Margins  of  ponds,  111.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  southward. 

3.  H.  amplexicaulis,  Fursh.  Stems  hairy,  creeping  at  base;  leaves 
ovate,  clasping,  entire,  basally  nerved;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  calt/x;  upper 
sepal  heart-shaped ;  corolla  blue.  —  Margin  of  pine-barren  ponds,  N.  J.  and 
Md.  to  La. — Aromatic  when  bruised. 

*  *   Corolla  obscurely  bilabiate,  the  limb  subequaUij  b-lohed  ;  stamens  almost  equal, 

4.  H.  Monniera,  HBK.  Glabrous,  prostrate  and  creeping ;  leaves  spat- 
ulate  to  obovate-cuneate,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed,  nearly  nerveless,  sessile ; 
corolla  pale  blue.  —  River-banks  and  shores  near  the  sea,  Md.  to  Tex. 

11.    LI  MO  SELL  A,    L.        Mudwort. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  short,  widely  bell-shaped,  5-cleft, 
nearly  regular.  Stamens  4 ;  anthers  confluently  1 -celled.  Style  short,  club- 
shaped.  Capsule  globular,  many-seeded ;  the  partition  thin  and  vanishing.  — 
Small  annuals,  growing  in  mud,  usually  near  the  sea-shore,  creeping  by  slen- 
der runners,  without  ascending  stems ;  the  entire  fleshy  leaves  in  dense  clus- 
ters around  the  simple  1-flowered  naked  peduncles.  Flowers  small,  white  or 
purplish.     (Name  from  limus,  mud,  and  sella,  seat.) 

1.  L.  aquatica,  L.,  var.  tenuifolia,  Hoffm.  Leaves  (with  no  blade 
distinct  from  the  petiole)  awl-shaped  or  thread-form.  —  Brackish  river-banks 
and  shores.  Lab.  to  N.  J.,  and  far  north  and  west.     (Eu.,  Asia,  etc.) 

12.     G  RATI  OLA,    L.        Hedge-Hyssop. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  narrow  divisions  nearly  equal.  Upper  lip  of  corolla 
entire  or  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  posterior;  the 
anterior  mere  sterile  filaments,  or  Avanting.  Style  dilated  or  2-lipped  at  the 
apex.  Capsule  4-valved,  many-seeded.  —  Low  herbs,  mostly  perennials,  some 
apparently  annuals,  with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  axillary  1-flowered  pedun- 
cles, usually  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Flowering  all  summer ; 
all  inhabiting  wet  or  damp  places.  (Name  from  gratia,  grace  or  favor,  on  ac- 
count of  supposed  excellent  medicinal  properties.) 

§  1.  Anthers  with  a  broad  connectii'e,  the  cells  transverse  ;  stems  mostly  diffusely 
branched,  or  creeping  at  base,  soft  viscid-pubescent  or  sraooth  ;  corollas  4-  6'' 
long ;  bractlets  fol iaceous,  equalling  the  calyx. 

*  Sterile  f  laments  minute  or  none ;  corolla  whitish,  with  the  tube  yelloivish. 

1.  G.  Virginiana,  L.  Stem  clammy-puberulent  above  (4-6'  higli) ; 
leaves  lanceolate  with  narrow  base,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed; 
peduncles  almost  equalling  the  leaves  {\-V  long) ;  pod  ovoid  (2"  long).  —  Very 
common. 

2.  G.  sphgerocarpa,  Ell.  Smooth,  rather  stout  (5-10' high);  leaves 
lance-ovate  or  oblong  to  oval-obovate  (1  -2' long),  toothed  ;  peduncles  scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx  and  the  large  (3")  globular  pod.  —  N.  J.  and  Md.  to  111., 
soutli  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


SCROPHULARIACEiE.        (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  385 

»  *  Sterile  Jilaments  slender,  tipped  with  a  little  head  ;  leaves  short  (i  -  I'  long). 

3.  G,  viSOOsa,  JScliweiu.  Clammi/-j)ul>escent  or  ylandular ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  olnonj,  acute,  toothed,  mostly  sliorter  tliaii  the  peduncles  ;  corolla 
whitish,  ijellow  aithin.  —  Ky.  to  M.  C.  aud  Ga. 

4.  G.  aurea,  Muhl.  Nearltf  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong4inear, 
entire,  equalUug  the  peduucles ;  corolla  golden-yellouo  {^'  longj.  —  JSaady 
swamps,  \'t.  aud  N.  11.  to  Ohio,  aud  south  to  Fla. 

§  2.  Anthers  with  no  broad  connective,  the  cells  vertical ;  sterile  Jilaments  tipped 
with  ahead;  hairg  apparenll//  annual  plants,  with  erect  rigid  and  more 
simple  sle7us. 

5.  G.  pilbsa,  Michx.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sparingly  toothed,  sessile 
(^'  long) ;  liowers  nearly  sessile ;  corolla  white,  3  -  4"  long,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  calyx.  —  Low  grouud,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

13.    ILYSANTHES,     Kaf. 

Calyx  5-parted,  nearly  equal.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  short,  erect,  2-lobed ; 
the  lower  larger  and  spreading,  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  included,  posterior ; 
the  anterior  pair  sterile,  inserted  in  the  throat,  2-lobed,  without  anthers;  one 
of  the  lobes  glandular,  the  other  smooth,  usually  short  and  tooth-like.  Stigma 
2  lobed.  Capsule  ovate  or  oblong,  many-seeded.  —  Small  and  smooth  annuals, 
with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  axillary  (purplish)  flowers,  on  filiform  naked 
pedicels,  or  the  upper  racemed,  produced  all  summer.  (Name  from  iKvs,  mndy 
or  mire,  and  av^os  flower.) 

1.  I.  riparia,  Raf.  (False  Pimperxel.)  Much  branched,  diffusely 
spreading  (4  -  8'  high),  or  at  first  simple  and  erect,  leafy  ;  leaves  ovate,  rounded, 
or  oblong,  sparingly  toothed  or  entire,  the  upper  partly  clasping;  corolla  3" 
long.     (I.  gratioloides,  Benth.)  —  Wet  places;  common. 

14.    MICRANTHEMUM,    Michx. 

Calyx  4-lobed  or  4-  (rarely  5)  parted.  Corolla  short.  2-lip])ed,  with  the  up- 
per lip  considerably  shorter  than  the  lower,  or  1-lipped,  the  upper  lip  obsolete ; 
lower  lip  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  longest.  Stamens  2,  anterior,  the  short  fila- 
ments with  a  glandular  (mostly  basal)  appendage ;  anthers  2-celled,  didymous ; 
no  sterile  filaments.  Style  short ;  the  stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  globular,  thin, 
with  a  very  delicate  or  evanescent  partition,  several -many-seeded.  —  Small, 
smooth,  depressed  and  tufted  or  cree])ing  annuals,  in  mud  or  siiallow  water, 
witli  opposite  and  entire  rounded  or  spatulate  sessile  leaves,  and  minute  wliite 
or  ])urplish  flowers  solitary  in  tlie  axils  of  some  of  the  middle  leaves  (usually 
one  axil  floriferous,  that  of  the  other  leaf  sterile).  (Name  formed  of  fiiKpos, 
small,  and  &w9€/j.ou,  flower.) 

1.  M.  Nuttallii,  Gray.  Branches  ascending,  1 -2' high;  leaves  obovate- 
spatulate  or  oval ;  peduncles  at  length  recurved,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
which  is  bell-shaped,  4-toothed  and  usually  split  down  on  one  side,  in  fruit  be- 
coming pear-shaped  ;  middle  lobe  of  the  corolla  linear-oblong,  nearly  twice  the 
length  of  tlie  lateral  ones ;  appendage  of  the  stamen  nearly  as  long  as  the  fila- 
ment itself;  stigmas  subulate.  —  Tidal  mud  of  rivers,  N.J.  to  Fla.  Aug. - 
Oct. 

25 


386  SCROPHULARIACE.E.        (fIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

15.    SYNTHYRIS,    Benth. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  variously  2  -  4-lobed  or  cleft. 
Stamens  2,  inserted  just  below  the  upper  sinuses,  occasionally  with  another 
pair  from  the  other  sinuses,  exserted  ;  anther-cells  not  confluent.  Style  slen- 
der ;  stigma  simple.  Capsule  flattened,  rounded,  obtuse  or  notched,  2-celled 
(rarely  3-lobed  and  3-celled),  many-seeded,  loculicidal ;  the  valves  cohering  be- 
low with  the  axis.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  the  simple  stems  beset  with  partly 
clasping  bract-like  alternate  leaves,  the  root-leaves  rounded  and  petioled, 
erenate.  Flowers  in  a  raceme  or  spike,  bracteate.  (Name  from  cvv,  together, 
and  evp'.s,  a  little  door ;  in  allusion  to  the  closed  valves  of  the  pod.) 

1.  S.  Houghtoniana,  Benth.  Hairy;  root-leaves  ovate,  heart-shaped ; 
spike  dense  (5-12'  long) ;  corolla  (greenish-white  or  yellowish)  not  longer  than 
the  calyx,  usually  2-3-parted.  —  Oak-barrens  and  prairies,  Mich,  to  Minn., 
south  to  Ind.,  111.,  and  Iowa, 

16.     VERONICA,     L.        Speedwell. 

Calyx  4-  (rarely  3  -  5-)  parted.  Corolla  wheel-shaped  or  salver-shaped,  the 
border  4-parted  (rarely  .5-parted) ;  the  lateral  lobes  or  the  lower  one  commonly 
narrower  than  the  others.  Stamens  2,  one  each  side  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
corolla,  exserted;  anther-cells  confluent  at  the  apex.  Style  entire;  stigma 
single.  Capsule  flattened,  obtuse  or  notched  at  the  apex,  2-celled,  few  -  many- 
seeded.  —  Chiefly  herbs ;  leaves  mostly  opposite  or  whorled  ;  floAvers  blue,  flesh- 
color,  or  white.     (Derivation  doubtful ;  perliaps  the  flower  of  St.  Veronica.) 

§  1.  LEPTANDRA.  Tall  perenmals,  with  mostly  ichorled  leaves;  racemes 
terminal,  dense,  spiked ;  bracts  very  small;  tube  of  the  corolla  longer  than 
its  limb  and  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  both  sometimes  5-cle/t. 

1.  V.  Virginica,  L.  (Cclver's-root.  Culver's  Physic.)  Smooth 
or  rather  downy  ;  stem  simple,  straight  (2  -  6°  high) ;  leaves  whorled  in  fours 
to  sevens,  short-petioled,  lanceolate,  pointed,  finely  serrate ;  spikes  panicled ; 
corolla  small,  nearly  white;  stamens  much  exserted;  capsule  oblong-ovate, 
not  notched,  opening  by  4  teeth  at  the  apex,  many-seeded.  —  Rich  woods,  Vt. 
to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  southward.     July,  Aug. 

§  2.  VERONICA  proper.     Corolla  wheel-shaped ;  capsule  more  or  less  notched, 

strongly  flattened  except  in  n.  2  and  3;  low  herbs. 

*  Perennials,  stoloniferous  or  rooting  at  base,  with  opposite  usually  serrate  leaves; 

racemes  axillary,  mostly  opposite  ;  corolla  pale  b'ue. 

-t-  Capsule  turgid,  orbicular,  many-seeded. 

2.  V.  Anagallis,  L.  (Water  Speedwell.)  Smooth,  creeping  and 
rcoting  at  base,  then  erect ;  leaves  sessile,  most  of  them  clasping  by  a  heart-shaped 
base,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  or  entire  (2-3'  long) ;  pedicels  spreading; 
corolla  pale  blue  with  purple  stripes;  capsule  slightly  notched.  —  Brooks  and 
ditches,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.     June-  Aug.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

3.  V.  Americana,  Schweinitz.  (American  Brooklime.)  Smooth, 
decumbent  at  base,  then  erect  (8-1.5'  high);  leaves  mostly  petioled,  ovate  or 
oblong,  serrate,  thickish,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base ;  the  slender 
pedicels  spreading.  —  Brooks  and  ditches,  common.     June  -  Aug. 


SCROPHULARIACE^.        (fIGWOUT    FAMILY.)  387 

■«-  •»-  Capsule  strongly  flattened,  several-seeded. 

4.  V.  scutellata,  L.  (Maksh  Spke!)\vell.)  .^';/jno//(,  slender  and  weak 
(6-  12'  high) ;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  acute,  remoteli/  denticulate  ;  racemes  several, 
very  slender  and  zigzag;  Jioicersfew  and  scattered,  on  elongated  spreading  or 
reflexed  pedicels ;  capsule  very  flat,  much  broader  than  long,  notched  at  both 
ends  or  didymous.  —  Bogs,  common.     June- Aug.     (Ku.,  Asia.) 

5.  V.  officinalis,  L.  (Common  Spkkdwell.)  Pulicsmit ;  stem  inns- 
trate,  rooting  at  base;  leaves  short-petioled,  uhovule-elliptical  or  ived;je-ol>lont/, 
obtuse,  serrate;  racemes  densely  manij-Jlowered ;  pedicelsshorter  than  the  calvx  ; 
capsule  obovate-triangular,  broadly  notched.  —  Dry  hills  and  open  woi^d.s,  N. 
Kng.  to  Mich. ,  and  southward.     July.     (Ku.,  Asia.) 

V.  Cii.\M^i)KYS,  L.  Stem  pubescent,  at  least  in  two  lines,  ascending  from 
a  creeping  base;  leaves  subsrssile,  ovate  or  cordate,  incisel//  crcnate ;  racemes 
looselij-jloivered ;  pedicels  little  longer  than  calyx ;  capsule  triangular-obcor- 
date.  —  Sparingly  introduced  into  Canada,  N.  Y.,  and  l*enn.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  opposite ;  floivers  in  a  terminal  raceme;  the  lower  bracts  leaf -I  ike; 

capsules  fat,  several-seeded.     Perennials  (mostli/  turning  blackish  in  drying). 

6.  V.  alpina,  L.  Stem  branched  from  the  base,  erect,  simple  (2-12' 
high) ;  leaves  elliptical,  or  the  lowest  rounded,  entire  or  toothed,  nearly  sessile ; 
raceme  hairy,  few-foivered,  crowded ;  capsule  obovate,  notched.  —  Alpine  sum- 
mits of  the  White  Mts.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

7.  V.  serpyllifolia,  L.  (Thyme-leaved  Spkedwkli..)  Much  branched 
at  the  creeping  base,  nearly  smooth  ;  branches  ascending  and  simple  (2  -  4'  high) ; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obscurely  crenate,  the  lowest  petioled  and  rouniled,  the 
upper  passing  into  lanceolate  bracts;  raceme  loose;  corolla  whitish,  or  pale 
blue,  with  deeper  stripes ;  capsule  rounded,  broader  than  long,  obtusely  notched. 

—  Roadsides  and  fields,  common;    introduced  and  indigenous.     May -July 
(Eu.,  Asia.) 

*  *  *  Annuals ;  foral  leaves  like  those  of  the  stem  (or  somewhat  reduced),  the 

flowers  appearing  to  be  axillary  and  solitary,  mostly  alternate ;  corolla  shorter 
than  the  calyx. 
H-  Flowers  short-pndicelled  ;  foral  leaves  reduced  ;  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

8.  V.  peregrina,  L.  (Neckweed.  Purslane  Speedwell.)  Glan- 
dular-puberulent  or  nearly  smooth,  erect  (4-9'  high),  branched;  lowest  leaves 
petioled,  oval-oblong,  toothed,  thickish,  the  others  sessile,  obtuse;  the  upper 
oblong-linear  and  entire,  longer  than  the  almost  .-sessile  (whitish)  flowers;  cap- 
sale  orbicular,  slightly  notched,  many-seeded.  —  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds, 
in  damp  soil;  throughout  U.  S.,  and  almost  cosmopolite.     April -June. 

V.  ARVENSis,  L.  (Corn  Speedwell.)  Simple  or  diffusely  branched 
(3  -  8'  high),  hairy  ;  lower  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  crenate  ;  the  uppermost  sessile, 
lanceolate,  entire ;  cajisule  inversely  heart-shaped,  the  lobes  rounded. — Culti- 
vated grounds,  Atlantic  States  to  Tex.,  rather  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

■*-  -•-  Flowers  long-pedicelled  in  axds  of  ordinary  leaves  ;  seeds  cup-shaped. 

V.  AGRESTis,  L.  (Field  Speedwell.)  Leaves  round  or  ovate,  crenate- 
toothed,  the  floral  somewhat  similar;  calvx-lobes  oblong;  flower  small;  ovary 
many-ovuled,  but  the  nearly  orbicular  and  sharply  notched  capsule  1  -  2  seeded. 

—  Saixly  fields,  \   Brunswick  to  La.,  near  the  coast.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

V.  BVxBAt':Mii,  Tenore.  Leaves  round  or  heart-ovato.  crenately  cut-toothed 
(§  -  1'  long) ;  flower  large  (nearly  i'  wide,  l>lue) ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  widely 


388  SCROPHULARIACE^.        (fIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

spreading  in  fruit ;  capsule  obcordate-triangular,  broadly  notched,  1 6  -  24-seeded. 
—  Waste  grounds,  rare  in  Atlantic  States.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

V.  heder^f6lia,  L.  (Ivy-leaved  Speedwell.)  Leaves  rounded  or 
heart-shaped,  3- 7-<oo^Aec?  or /o<[)ef/;  calyx-lobes  somewhat  heart-shaped ;  flow- 
ers small;  capsule  turgid,  2-lobed,  2-4-seeded.  —  Shaded  places,  N.  J.,  Penn,, 
etc.     April- June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

17.    BtJCHNERA,    L.        Blue-Hearts. 

Calyx  tubular,  obscurely  nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  a 
straight  or  curved  tube  and  an  almost  equally  5-cleft  limb,  the  lobes  oblong 
or  wedge-oboA'ate,  flat.  Stamens  4,  included,  approximate  in  pairs ;  anthers 
one-celled  (the  other  cell  wanting).  Style  club-shaped  and  entire.  Capsule 
2-valved,  many-seeded.— Perennial  rough-hairy  herbs  (doubtless  root-parasitic), 
turning  blackish  in  drying,  with  opposite  leaves,  or  the  uppermost  alternate ; 
the  flowers  opposite  in  a  terminal  spike,  bracted  aud  with  2  bractlets.  (Named 
in  honor  of  /.  G.  Buchner,  an  early  German  botanist.) 

1.  B.  Americana,  L.  Rough-hairy;  stem  wand-like  (1-2°  high); 
lower  leaves  obovate-oblong,  tlie  others  ovate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  spar- 
ingly and  coarsely  toothed,  veiny ;  spike  interrupted ;  calyx  longer  than  the 
bracts,  one  third  the  length  of  the  deep-purple  corolla  (T  long).  —  Moist  sandy 
ground,  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  southward.     June -Aug. 

18.    SEYMERIA,    Pmsh. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  short  and  broad  tube,  not 
longer  than  the  5  ovate  or  oblong  nearly  equal  and  spreading  lobes.  Stamens 
4,  somewhat  equal ;  anthers  approximate  by  pairs,  oblong,  2-celled ;  the  cells 
equal  and  pointless.  Capsule  many-seeded.  —  Erect  branching  herbs,  with  the 
general  aspect  and  character  of  Gerardia ;  leaves  mostly  opposite  and  dissected 
or  pinnatifid,  the  uppermost  alternate  and  bract-like.  Flowers  yellow,  interrupt- 
edly racemed  or  spiked.     (Named  for  Henry  Seymer,  an  English  naturalist.) 

1.  S.  raacroph;^lla,  Nutt.  (Mullein-Foxglove.)  Rather  pubescent 
(4-5°  high) ;  leaves  large,  the  lower  pinnately  divided,  with  the  broadly  lan- 
ceolate divisions  pinnatifid  and  incised,  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  tube  of  the  corolla 
incurved,  very  woolly  inside,  as  are  the  filaments  except  at  the  apex ;  style 
short,  dilated  and  notched  at  the  point ;  capsule  ovate,  pointed.  —  Shady  river- 
banks,  Ohio  to  Iowa,  south  to  Tex.     July. 

19.    GERARDIA,    L. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  campanulate-funnel-form,  or 
somewhat  tubular,  swelling  above,  with  5  more  or  less  unequal  spreading  lobes, 
the  2  upper  usually  rather  smaller  aud  more  united.  Stamens  4,  strongly  di- 
dynamous,  included,  hairy ;  anthers  approaching  by  pairs,  2-celled,  the  cells 
parallel,  often  pointed  at  base.  Style  elongated,  mostly  enlarged  and  flattened 
at  the  apex.  Capsule  globular  or  ovate,  pointed,  many-seeded.  —  Erect  branch- 
mg  herbs  (more  or  less  root-parasitic) ;  stem-leaves  opposite,  or  the  upper  alter- 
nate, the  uppermost  reduced  to  bracts  and  subtending  1  flowered  peduncles, 
whicli  often  form  a  raceme  or  spike.  Flowers  showy,  purple  or  yellow ;  in  late 
summer  aud  autumn.     (Dedicated  to  the  celebrated  herbalist,  John  Gerarde.) 


SCROPHULARIACE^>.        (FIGWORT    FAMILY.)  389 

§  1.   DASYSTOMA.     Corolla  yellow,  the  tube  woollij  inside,  as  well  as  the  an- 
thers and  Jilaments ;  anthers  alike,  aicn-pointed  at  base;  leaves  rather  large, 
more  or  less  incised  or  pinnatljid. 
*  Pubescence  partly  glandular  and  viscid ;  corolla  pubescent  outside. 

1.  G.  pedicul^ria,  L.  Annual  or  biennial,  smoothish  or  pubescent, 
much  branched  (2-3°  high),  very  leafy;  leaves  ovate-lauceolate,  i)innatlfnl, 
and  the  lobes  cut  and  tootlied ;  ])edicels  longer  than  the  hairy  mostly  serrate 
calyx-lobes.  —  Dry  copses;  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Ark. 

*  *  No  glandular  pubescence ;  corolla  glabrous  outside  ;  perennial. 

2.  G.  grandiflbra,  Benth.  Minutely  downy ;  stem  much  branched  (2- 
4°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  or  cut,  the  lower  pinnatljid  ; 
pedicels  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  (2'  long)  4  times  the  length  of 
the  broadly  lanceolate  entire  or  tootlied  calyx-lobes.  —  Oak  openings,  Wise, 
and  Minn,  to  Tenn.  and  Tex. 

3.  G.  fl^va,  L.  (Downy  False  Foxglove. )  Pubescent  with  a  Jine 
close  down;  stem  (3 -4°  high)  mostly  simple;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  usually  sinuate-toothed  or  pmnatijid ;  pedicels 
very  short ;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube ,  corolla 
H'  long.  —  Open  woods,  X.  Eng.  to  Wise,  and  Iowa,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

4.  G.  quercif61ia,  Pursh.  (Smooth  False  Foxglove.)  Smooth  and 
glaucous  (3  -  G°  high),  usually  branching;  lower  leaves  commonly  twice-pinnat- 
ijid  ;  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatljid  or  entire  ;  pedicels  nearly  as  long  as 
the  calyx ;  calyx-lobes  lance-linear,  acute,  as  long  as  the  at  length  inflated 
tube;  corolla  2'  long.  —  Dry  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  111. 

5.  G.  laevigata,  Eaf.  Smooth,  not  glaucous;  stem  (1-2°  high)  mostly 
simple;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or  the  lowest  obscurely  toothed;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  calyx-tube:  corolla  1'  long.  (G.  integrifolia,  Gray.)  — 
Oak-barrens,  etc.,  Penn.  to  Mich,  and  111.,  south  in  the  mountains  to  Ga. 

§  2.  OTOPHYLLA.  Corolla  purple  {rarely  white),  naked  ivithin,  as  ivell  as 
the  very  une(jual  Jilaments ;  anthers  dissimilar,  pointless,  glabrous  or  spar- 
ingly hairy. 

6.  G.  auriculata,  Michx.  Rougii-hairy ;  stem  erect,  nearly  simple 
(9-20'  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lower  entire,  the 
others  with  an  oblong-lanceolate  lol)e  on  each  side  at  the  base ;  Jiowers  nearly 
sessile  in  the  axils  (T  long).  —  Low  gi'ounds  and  prairies,  W.  Penn.  to  Minn., 
south  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 

7.  G.  densiflora,  Benth.  More  hispid  and  rough,  very  leafy;  leaves 
rigid,  pinnately  parted  into  3-7  narrmrly  linear  acute  divisions,  those  sub- 
tending the  densely  spicate  Jiowers  similar  and  crowded;  corolla  over  1'  long. 
—  Prairies,  E.  Kan.  to  Tex. 

§  3.  GPniARDlA  proper.  Corolla  jnirple  or  rose<olor  (rarely  white) ;  calyx- 
teeth  short ;  anthers  alike,  nearly  puiutless,  pubescent ;  cauline  leaves  linear 
or  narrower,  entire. 

*  Perennial ;  leaves  erect,  very  narrow ;  pedicels  erect,  as  long  as  Jl oral  leaves. 

8.  G.  linifblia,  Nutt.  Glabrous,  2-3°  high,  sparingly  or  paniculately 
branched;  leaves  flat,  thickish,  \"  wide;  calyxteetli  minute;  corolla  1'  long. 


390  SCUOl'HLLARIACE.^.        (fIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

minutely  pubescent  outside,  villous  within  and  lobes  ciliate ;  anthers  and  fila- 
ments very  villous.  —  Low  pine  barrens,  Del.  to  Fla. 

*    *   Annuals;  herhcifje  blackish  in  drying  (except  n.  1.3). 
-»-  Pediceh  little  if  at  all  longer  than  the  calyx  and  capsule. 

9.  G.  aspera,  Dougl.  Sparingly  branched  (1-2°  high);  leaves  long 
and  linear,  rough ;  pedicels  {most  of  them  alternate)  equalling  or  moderately 
exceeding  the  calyx,  which  has  triangular-Janceolate  acute  lobes  about  half  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla  over  1' long. — Plains  and  prairies,  Mich,  and  W. 
Ind.  to  Dak.  and  W.  Ark. 

10.  G.  purpurea,  L.  (Purple  Geeardia.)  Stem  (1-2°  high)  with 
long  and  rigid  widely  spreading  branches ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  rough-mar- 
gined; flowers  large  (1' long),  bright  purple,  often  downy;  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  mainly  opposite ;  calyx-teeth  sharp-pointed,  from  very  short  to 
about  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Low  grounds,  mainly  near  the  coast  and  in 
the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Very  variable.  —  Var.  palpercula.  Gray. 
Smoother,  more  simple ;  corolla  usually  only  J'  long,  lighter  rose-purple.  — 
N.  Eug.  to  I'euu.,  X.  111.,  Minn.,  and  northward. 

11.  G.  maritima,  Raf.  (Sea-side  G.)  Low  (4-12'  high),  with  shorter 
branches;  leaves  and  short  broad  calyx-teeth  rather  fleshy  and  obtuse;  pedicels 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  corolla  h,'  long.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast. 

H-  +-  Pedicels  usually  exceeding  the  corolla  ;  woolly  anthers  cuspidate  at  base. 

12.  G.  tenuifdlia,  Vahl.  (Slender  G.)  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute, 
the  floral  ones  mostly  like  the  others;  calyx-teeth  very  short,  acute ;  capsule 
globular,  not  exceeding  the  calyx  ;  corolla  about  ^'  long.  —  Low  or  dry  ground, 
common.  —  Var.  jiacrophtlla,  Benth.  Stouter;  larger  leaves  U- 2' long 
and  almost  2"  wide,  scabrous ;  pedicels  ascending ;  calyx-teeth  larger ;  corolla 
little  over  ^'  long.  W.  Iowa  to  W.  La.  and  Col.  —  Var.  asperlla.  Gray. 
Leaves  all  nearly  filiform  and  upper  face  hispidulous  scabrous ;  inflorescence 
more  paniculate  ;  corolla  small,  the  expanded  limb  only  6"  in  diameter.  Dry 
bare  hills,  Mich,  and  N.  Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

13.  G.  Skinneriana,  Wood.  Leaves  bristle-shaped,  as  are  the  branch- 
lets,  or  the  lower  linear;  capsule  ovate,  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx,  which  has 
short  setaceous  teeth ;  corolla  4  -  6"  long.     (G.  setacea.   Gray,  Man.,  not  of 

Walt.)  —  Sandy  low  ground,  Mass.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  La. 

20.   CASTILLEIA,     Mutis.        Paixted-Cup. 

Calyx  tubular,  flattened,  cleft  at  the  summit  on  the  anterior,  and  usually  on 
the  posterior  side  also ;  tlie  divisions  entire  or  2-lobed.  Tube  of  the  corolla 
included  in  the  calyx ;  its  upper  lip  (galea)  long  and  narrow,  arched  and 
keeled,  flattened  laterally,  enclosing  the  4  unequal  stamens ;  lower  lip  short, 
3-lobed.  Anther-cells  oblong-linear,  unequal,  the  outer  fixed  by  the  middle, 
the  inner  pendulous.  Capsule  many-seeded.  —  Herbs  (root-parasitic),  with 
alternate  entire  or  cut-lobed  leaves ;  the  floral  ones  usually  dilated,  colored, 
and  more  showy  than  the  yellow  or  purplish  spiked  flowers.  (Dedicated  to 
Castillejo,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

1.  C  COCCinea,  Spreng.  (Scarlet  Painted-Cup.)  Hairy  biennial 
sr   annual ;   stem  simple ;   root-leaves   clustered,   mostly   entire,  obovate  or 


SCKOriULAUIACE^.        (fIGWORT    FAMILY.)  391 

oblong ;  those  of  the  stem  incised  ;  the  floral  3  -  5-cleft,  bright  scarlet  toward 
the  summit  (rarely  yellow) ;  calyx  about  the  length  of  the  pule  }fllow  corolla, 
equaUij  cleft  both  sides,  the  lobes  quadrate-oblong,  entire  or  retuse.  —  Low  saudy 
ground,  Maine  to  Minn.,  south  to  N.  J.,  Tenn.,  and  Tex. 

2.  C.  pallida,  Kunth,  var.  septentrion^lis,  Gray.  Perennial,  smooth 
or  sparingly  hairy,  at  the  summit  woolly  ;  leaves  inainli/  entire,  the  lower  linear, 
upper  broader ;  the  floral  oblong  or  obovate,  greenish-white,  varying  to  yel- 
lowish, purple,  or  red  ;  calijx  equally  cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate.,  2-clejl ; 
corolla  A  -  r  long,  the  fjalea  decidedlt/  shorter  than  the  tube,  not  over  2  or  3 
times  as  long  as  the  lip.  —  Alpine  summits  of  N.  Kng.,  N.  sliore  of  L.  Supe- 
rior, west  and  northward. 

3.  C.  sessilifl6ra,  Pursh.  Perennial,  6-8' high,  very  leafy,  cinereous- 
pubescent ;  lea\es  mostly  3 -5-cleft,  with  narrow  diverging  sometimes  cleft 
lobes ;  the  floral  similar  or  broader,  not  at  all  colored ;  calyx  deeper  cleft  in 

front,  the  narrow  lobes  deeply  2-cleft ;  corolla  2'  long,  the  short  galea  but  twice 
as  long  as  the  slendtr-lobed  lip.  —  Prairies,  Wise,  and  111.  to  Dak.  and  Tex. 

21.  ORTHOCARPUS,    Nutt. 

Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  (galea)  little  longer  and  usually  much  narrower 
than  tlie  inflated  1  -  3-saccate  lower  one.  Otherwise  nearly  as  Castilleia. 
(Name  from  6p66s,  upright,  and  Kapirbs,  fruit.) 

1.  O.  luteus,  Nutt.  Annual,  pubescent  and  liirsute,  sometimes  viscid, 
erect,  l°high;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  occasionally  3-cleft ;  spike  dense; 
bracts  broader,  mostly  3-cleft,  about  equalling  the  flowers,  not  colored;  co- 
rolla golden-yellow,  not  6"  long,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Plains, 
N.  Minn,  to  Col.,  and  westward. 

22.     SCHWALBEA,     Gronov.        Chaff-seed. 

Calyx  oblique,  tubular,  10- 12-ribbed,  .5-toothed  ;  the  posterior  tooth  much 
the  smaller,  the  2  anterior  united  higher  than  the  others.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  arched,  oblong,  entire ;  the  lower  little  shorter,  erect,  2-plaited,  with  3 
very  short  and  broad  obtuse  lobes.  Stamens  4,  included  in  the  upper  lip; 
anther-cells  ecjual  and  parallel.  Capsule  ovate,  many-seeded.  Seeds  linear, 
with  a  loose  chaff-like  coat.  —  A  perennial  minutely  pubescent  upright  herb 
(1  -2°  high),  with  leafy  simple  stems,  terminated  by  a  loo.se  spike  of  rather 
large  dull  purplish-yellow  flowers;  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  3-nerved,  entire, 
ovate  or  oblong,  the  upper  gradually  reduced  t«)  narrow  ])racts;  pedicels 
very  short,  with  2  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  (Dedicated  to  C.  G.  Schicalbe, 
an  obscure  German  liotniiist.) 

1.  S.  Americana,  h.  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  Mass.  to  La.,  near  the  coast. 
May- July. 

23.     EUPHRASIA,     Tourn.         Evkrrigiit. 

Calyx  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  4-cleft.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect, 
scarcely  arched,  2-lol)e(l,  and  the  sides  folded  back  ;  lower  lip  spreading, 
3-cleft,  the  lobes  obtuse  or  notched.  Stamens  4,  under  the  upper  lip;  anther- 
cells  equal,  pointed  at  the  base.     Capsule  oblong,  flattened.     Seeds  uumer- 


392  SCROPHULARIACE^.       (fIGWORT    FAMILY.) 

ons.  —  Herbs,  with  branching  stems,  and  opposite  toothed  or  cut  leaves. 
Flowers,  small,  spiked.  (Name  cixppaa-ia,  cheerfulness,  in  allusion  to  its 
reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

1.  E.  officinalis,  L.  Low  annual;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  the 
lowest  crenate,  the  floral  bristly-toothed  ;  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  of  the  (Avhit- 
ish,  yellowish,  or  bluish)  corolla  notched.  —  Coast  of  INIaine  and  Lower  Can- 
ada; perhaps  introduced  from  Eu.  —  Var.  TatArica,  Benth.,  a  low  form 
with  small  flowers  (2-3"  long),  and  mostly  rounded  leaves.  —  Alpine  region 
of  N.  IL,  shore  of  L.  Superior,  and  far  northward. 

24.    BAHTSIA,    L. 

Calvx  equallv  4-cleft.  Corolla  with  upper  lip  entire  and  sides  not  folded 
back.'  Otherwise  much  as  Euphrasia.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite  sessile  leaves, 
and  subsessile  flowers,  in  the  upper  axils  and  in  a  terminal  leafy  spike. 

B.  Odontites,  Huds.  A  span  or  two  high  from  an  annual  root,  branch- 
ing, scabrous-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely  and  remotely  ser- 
rate ;  spikes  elongated,  loosely-flowered;  corolla  small,  rose-red.  —  Coast  of 
Maine  and  N.  Scotia.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

25.     RHINANTHUS,    L.    Yellow-Rattle. 

Calyx  membranaceous,  flattened,  much  inflated  in  fruit,  4-toothed.  Upper 
lip  of  corolla  arched,  ovate,  obtuse,  flattened,  entire  at  the  summit,  but  with  a 
minute  tooth  on  each  side  below  the  apex  ;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Stamens  4, 
under  the  upper  lip ;  anthers  approximate,  hairy,  transverse ;  the  cells  equal, 
pointless  Capsule  orbicular,  flattened.  Seeds  many,  orbicular,  winged.  — 
Annual  upright  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves ;  the  yellow  flowers  crowded  in  a 
one-sided  leafy-bracted  spike.  (Name  composed  of  plv,  a  snout,  and  auOos,  a 
Jlower,  from  the  beaked  upper  lip  in  some  species  formerly  of  this  genus.) 

L  R.  Crista-galli,  L.  Leaves  narroAvly  oblong  to  lanceolate,  coarsely 
serrate,  the  floral  bracts  more  incised  with  bristle-tipped  teeth ;  corolla  6" 
long ;  seeds  broadly  Avinged  (when  ripe  they  rattle  in  the  inflated  calyx,  whence 
the  popular  name.)  —  Coast  of  N.  Eng.  and  alpine  region  of  N.  H.,  to  L. 
Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

26.    PEDICULARIS,    Tourn.        Lousewort. 

Calyx  various.  Corolla  strongly  24ipped  ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  flattened, 
often  beaked  at  the  apex ;  the  lower  erect  at  base,  2-crested  above,  3-lobed ; 
lobes  commonly  spreading,  the  lateral  ones  rounded  and  larger.  Stamens  4, 
under  the  upper  lip ;  anthers  transverse ;  the  cells  equal,  pointless.  Capsule 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  mostly  oblique,  several-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with 
chiefly  pinnatifid  leaves,  the  floral  bract-like,  and  rather  large  flowers  in  a 
spike.     (Name  from  pediculus,  a  louse  ;  of  no  obvious  a^iplication.) 

1.  P.  Canadensis,  L,  (Common  Lousewort.  Wood  Betonv.) 
Hairy  ;  stems  simple,  clustered  (.5-  12'  high)  ;  Ieai:es  scattered,  the  lowest  pin- 
natelji  parted,  the  others  half-pinnatijid ;  spike  short  and  dense;  califx  split  in 
front,  otherwise  almost  entire,  oblique ;  upper  lip  of  the  (dull  greenish-yellow 
and  purplish)  corolla  hooded,  incurved,  2-toothed  under  the  apex  ;  capsule y?af, 
somewhat  sword -shaj^ed,  —  Copses  and  banks,  common.     May  -July. 


OROBANXIIACE.*:.        ( BKOOM-RAPK    KAMII.Y.)  393 

2.  P.  lanceol^ta,  Mkhx.     Stem  upriglit  (1-3°  high),  nearly  simple, 

mostlv  smouth  ;  Itavts  parti i/  opposite,  oblomj-lanccolute,  douUi/  cut-toothed  ; 
spike  crowded;  cali/x  2-lohed,  leafy-crested;  upper  lip  of  the  (pale  yellow) 
corolla  incurved  and  bearing  a  short  truncate  beak  at  the  apex,  the  lower 
erect,  so  as  nearly  to  close  the  throat;  capsule  ovate,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
ca///.r.—  Swamps,  Conn,  to  Va.,  Ohio,  and  Minn. 

3.  P.  Furbishise,  Watson.  Tall  (2-3°  high)  pubescent  or  glabrate ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  pinii(ftcli/  parted  and  the  short  oblong  divisions  pinnatijid- 
inrised,  or  the  upper  simply  pinnatifid  and  the  lobes  serrate;  bracts  ovate, 
laciniate-deutate;  calj/x-lobes  5,  rather  unequal,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or 
toothed ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  straight  and  beakless,  the  truncate  apex  bicus- 
pidate,  the  lower  erect,  truncately  3-l()bed  ;  capsule  broadlg  ovate.  — Banks  of 
the  St.  John's,  Aroostook  Co.,  Maine  (Miss  Kate  Furbish),  and  adjacent 
N.  Brunswick. 

27.     ME  LAM  PY  RUM,    Tourn.     Cow-Wiikat. 

Calyx  bell  shaped,  4-cleft ;  the  taper  lobes  sharp-pointed.  Tul)e  of  corolla 
cylindrical,  enlarging  above ;  upper  lip  arched,  compressed,  straight  in  front; 
tlie  lower  erect-spreading,  biconvex,  3-lol)ed  at  tlie  apex.  Stamens  4,  under 
tlie  upper  lip ;  anthers  approximate,  oblong,  nearly  vertical,  hairy ;  the  equal 
cells  minutely  pointed  at  base.  ( )vary  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Capsule 
flattened,  oblique,  1-4-seedcd.  —  Erect  branching  annuals,  Avith  opposite 
leaves,  the  lower  entire,  the  upper  mostly  toothed  at  base.  Flowers  solitary 
in  the  upper  axils.  (Name  from  /xeAas,  black,  and  irvp'js,  wheat ;  from  the 
color  of  the  seeds  of  some  species  as  they  appear  mixed  with  grain.) 

1.  M.  Americ^num,  Michx.  Leaves  lanceolate,  short-petioled,  the 
floral  ones  like  tlie  lower,  or  truncate  at  base  and  beset  with  a  few  bristly 
teeth;  calyx-teetli  linear-awl-shaped,  not  half  tlie  length  of  the  slender  tube 
of  the  pale  greenish-yellow  corolla  (5"  long).  —  Open  woods;  common,  from 
the  Atlantic  to  Minn,  and  Iowa,  especially  eastward.     June  -  Sept. 

Ordek  7<).     OROBANCHACE^.     (linooM-UAi-K  Family.) 

Herbs  destitute  of  green  foliage  {root-parasites),  monopetalous,  didgna- 
mous,  the  ovary  one-celled  with  2  or  4  parietal  placentce  ;  pod  very  many- 
seeded;  seeds  minute,  with  albumen  and  a  very  minute  embryo.  —  Calyx 
])ersistent,  4  -  5-toothed  or  parted.  Corolla  tubular,  more  or  less  2- 
lipped,  ringent,  persistent  and  witherinp;;  upper  lip  entire  or  2-lobed, 
the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4.  didynamous,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
corolla;  anthers  2-celU'd,  persistent.  Ovary  free,  ovoid,  pointed  with  a 
long  style;  stigma  large.  Capsule  1-cellcd,  2-valved  ;  each  valve  bearing 
on  its  face  one  placenta  or  a  pair.  Seeds  very  numerous,  minute.  —  Low, 
thick  or  fleshy  herbs,  bearing  scales  in  place  of  leaves,  lurid  yellowish  or 
brownish  throughout.     Flowers  solitary  or  spiked. 

*  Flowers  of  two  .sorts,  scattered  along  slender  panicled  branches. 
1.  Epiphet;ii8.     Upper  flowers  sterile,  with  a  tubular  corolla  ;  the  lower  fertile,  with  the 
cnroll.T  minute  and  not  expanding.     Bracts  inconspicuous. 


394  OROBANCHACE^.        (bROOM-RAPE    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect ;  stems  mostly  simple. 

2.  Conopholis.     Flowers  densely  spicate.     Calyx  deeply  cleft  in  front.     Corolla  2-lipped. 

Stamens  exserted. 

3.  Aphyllon.     Flowers  pedicellate,  sometimes  subsessile  and  tliyrsoid-spicate.     Calyx 

regularly  5-cleft.     Corolla  somewhat  2-lipped.     Stamens  included. 

4.  Orobanche.    Flowers  sessile,  spicate.    Calyx  cleft  before  and  behind  almost  to  the 

base.     Corolla  2-lipped.     Stamens  included. 

1.     EPIPHEGUS,     Nutt.        Beech-drops.     Cancer-root. 

Flowers  racemose  or  spiked,  scattered  on  the  branches ;  the  upper  sterile, 
with  a  long  tubular  corolla  and  long  filaments  and  style ;  the  lower  fertile, 
with  a  very  short  corolla  which  seldom  opens,  but  is  forced  off  from  the  base 
by  the  growth  of  the  pod ;  stamens  and  style  very  short.  Calyx  5-toothed. 
Stigma  capitate,  a  little  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved  at  the  apex,  with  2  ap- 
proximate placentae  on  each  valve.  —  Herbs  slender,  purplish  or  yellowish- 
brown,  much  branched,  with  small  scattered  scales,  6-12'  high.  (Name  from 
iiri,  upon,  and  ^vyos,  the  Beech,  because  it  grows  on  the  roots  of  that  tree.) 

1.  E.  Virginiana,  Bart.  Corolla  of  the  upper  (sterile)  flowers  whitish 
and  purple,  6  -  8"  long,  curved,  4-toothed.  —  Common  under  Beech-trees,  para- 
sitic on  their  roots ;  X.  Brunswick  to  Wise,  south  to  Fla.  and  Ark.    Aug.  -  Oct. 

2.     CONCSPHOLIS,     Wallroth.        Squaw-root.    Cancer-root. 

Flowers  in  a  thick  scaly  spike,  perfect,  with  2  bractlets  at  the  base  of  the 
irregularly  4-  5-toothed  calyx ;  its  tube  split  down  on  the  lower  side.  Corolla 
tubular,  swollen  at  base,  strongly  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  arched,  notched  at  the 
summit,  the  lower  shorter,  3-parted,  spreading.  Stamens  protruded.  Stigma 
depressed.  Capsule  with  4  placents©,  a  pair  on  the  middle  of  each  valve.  — 
Upper  scales  forming  bracts  to  the  flowers,  regularly  imbricate,  not  unlike 
those  of  a  fir-cone  (whence  the  name,  from  kQvos,  a  cone,  and  (poXis,  a  scale). 

1.  C.  AineriCcina,  Wallroth. — Oak  woods,  growing  in  clusters  among 
fallen  leaves;  N.  Eng.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tenn.  May,  June.  —  A 
singular  plant,  chestnut-colored  or  yellowish  throughout,  as  thick  as  a  man's 
thumb,  3-6'  high,  covered  with  flesliy  scales,  which  become  dry  and  hard. 

3.     APHYLLON,    ^Mitchell.        Xaked  Broom-rape. 

Flowers  perfect,  pedicellate,  sometimes  subsessile  and  thyrsoid-spicate. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  regular.  Corolla  somewhat  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  more  or 
less  spreading  and  2-lobed,  the  loAver  spreading,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included. 
Stigma  broadly  2-lipped  or  crateriform.  Capsule  with  4  placenta,  equidistant 
or  contiguous  in  pairs.  Plants  brownish  or  whitish.  Flowers  (purplish  or 
yellowish)  and  naked  scapes  minutely  glandular-pubescent.  (Name  from  o- 
privative  and  (pvWou,  foliage,  alluding  to  the  naked  stalks.) 
*  F/ou-ers  solitanj  on  Jong  naked  scapes  or  peduncles,  ivithout  bractlets ;  corolla 
with  a  long  curved  tube  and  spreading  5-Jobed  limb. 

1.  A.  unifl6rurQ,  Gray.  (One-flowered  Cancer-root.)  Stem  sul>- 
terranean  or  nearly  so,  very  short,  scaly,  often  branched,  each  branch  sending 
up  1  -3  slender  one-flowered  scapes  (3  -  5'  high) ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance- 
awl-shaped,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  Avhich  is  1'  long,  with  2  yellow 


LKNTIHLLAlilACE.IC.        (BLADDKKWoIM     lAMILV.)  395 

bearded  folds  iu  the  throat,  and  obovate  lobes.  —  Damp  woodlands,  Newf.  to 
Va.  aud  Tex.,  and  west  to  tlie  Pacific.     April- July. 

2.  A.  fascicul^tum.  Gray.  ScaJij  stem  erect  and  risiiuf  3-4'  out  of  the 
ground,  mostly  longer  tliau  the  crowded  peduudee;  dirisions  of  the  rnli/x  tri- 
angular, veri/  much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  which  has  roun<le(l  short  lobes. — 
Sandy  ground,  L.  Michigan  to  Minn.,  southward  west  of  tlie  Mississippi,  and 
westward.     On  Artemisia,  Eriogonum,  etc.     May. 

*  *  Caulescent i  Jlowers  densc.lij  spicate,  icith  \  -2  brartlets  at  base  of  cahjx ; 
corolla  2-llpped,  the  upper  lip  less  or  not  at  all  2-cleft. 

3.  A.  Ludovicianum,  (iray.  (ilandular-pubescent,  branched  (3-12' 
higli) ;  corolla  somewiiat  curved,  twice  the  length  of  the  narrow  lanceolate 
calyx-lobes;  the  lips  equal  in  length.  (I'lieliptea  Ludoviciaua,  Walp.)  — 
Minn,  to  111.  and  Tex.,  aud  westward. 

4.     OROBANCHE,    Toum.        Broom-rape. 

Flowers  spicate,  sessile.  Calyx  cleft  before  and  behind  almost  or  quite  to 
the  base,  the  divisions  usually  2-clett.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  2- 
lobed  or  emarginate,  the  lower  spreading,  broadly  3-lobed.  Stamens  included. 
—  Old  World  parasites,  on  roots  of  various  plants. 

O.  .MINOR,  L.  A  span  to  a  foot  high,  pubescent,  pale  yellowish-brown,  or 
with  purplish-tinged  flowers  in  a  rather  loose  spike ;  corolla  6"  long.  —  Para- 
sitic on  clover,  N.  J.  to  V^.     Sparingly  and  probably  recently  introduced. 

Order  77.   LENTIBULAKIACE^E.   (Bladderwort  Family.) 

Small  herb!f  (growing  in  icater  or  icet  places'),  with  a  '2-lipped  calyx,  and  a. 
2-lipped  personate  corolla,  2  stamens  with  (confluentl//)  one-celled  anthers, 
and  a  one-celled  ovary  with  a  free  central  placenta,  bearing  several  anatro- 
pous  seeds,  icith  a  thick  straight  embryo,  and  no  albumen.  —  Corolla  deeply 
2-lippe(l,  the  lower  lip  larger,  3-lobed  and  with  a  prominent  palate, 
spurred  at  the  base  in  front;  the  palate  usually  bearded.  Ovary  free; 
style  very  short  or  none  ;  stigma  1  -  2-lippe(l.  Capsule  often  bursting 
irregularly.  Scapes  1  -  few-flowered.  —  The  following  are  the  two  prin- 
cipal genera. 

1.  Utricularia.    Calyx-lobes    mostly  entire.      Upper  lip  of  corolla  erect.     Filaments 

.strongly  incurved.     Foliage  dissected ;  bladder-bearing. 

2.  Pinguicula.    Calyx  witli  upper  lip  deeply  3-  and  lower  '2-rleft.    Corolla-lobes  spreading. 

Filaments  straigbter.     Terrestrial,  with  entire  rosulate  leaves  next  the  ground. 

1.     UTRICULARIA,     L.        Bi.addkrwort. 

Lips  of  the  2-parted  calyx  entire,  or  nearly  .so.  Corolla  personate,  the  ]»al- 
ate  on  the  lower  lip  projecting,  often  closing  the  throat;  upper  lip  erect. 
Anthers  convergent.  —  A(|uatic  and  immei-sed,  with  capillary  di.ssected  leaves 
bearing  little  bladders,  which  float  the  plant  at  the  time  of  flowering;  or  root- 
ing in  the  mud,  and  sometimes  with  few  or  no  leaves  or  bladders.  Scapes  I  - 
few-flowered  ;  usually  flowering  all  summer.  Bladders  furnished  with  a  valvu- 
lar lid  and  usually  with  a  few  bristles  at  the  orifice.  (.\ame  from  utriculus,  a 
little  bladder.) 


306  LENTIBULARIACE.E.        (bLADDERWORT    FAMILY.) 

*  Upper  leaves  in  a  ichorl  on  the  otherwise  naked  scape,  floating  hy  means  of 

larcje  bladders  formed  of  the  inflated  petioles;  the  lower  leaves  dissected 
and  capillary,  bearing  small  bladders ;  rootlets  few  or  none. 

1.  U.  inflata,  Walt.  Swimming  free;  bladder-like  petioles  oblong, 
pointed  at  the  ends  and  branched  near  the  apex,  bearing  fine  thread-like 
divisions ;  flowers  3-10  (large,  yellow) ;  the  appressed  spur  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla;  style  distinct. —  In  still  water,  Maine  to  Tex.,  near  the  coast. 

*  *  Scapes  naked  (except  some  small  scaly  bracts),  from  immersed  branching 

stems,  ichich  commonly  swim  free,  bearing  capillary  dissected  leaves  with 
small  bladders  on  their  lobes  ;  roots  few  and  not  affixed,  or  none.  {Mostly 
perennial,  propagated  from  year  to  year  by  tuber-like  buds.) 

+-  Cleistogamons  flowers  along  the  submersed  copiously  bladder-bearing  stems. 

2.  U.  clandestina,  NiUt.  Leaves  numerous  on  the  slender  immersed 
stems,  several  times  forked,  capillary;  scapes  slender  (3-5'  high) ;  lips  of  the 
yellow  corolla  nearly  equal  in  length,  the  lower  broader  and  3-lobed,  some- 
what longer  than  the  approximate  thick  and  blunt  spur.  —  Ponds,  from  N. 
Brunswick  and  X.  Eng.  to  X.  J.,  near  the  coast. 

-I-  ■*-  N^o  cleistogamous  flowers. 
■*-+  Pedicels  recurved  in  fruit;  corolla  yellow. 

3.  U.  vulgaris,  L.  (Greater  Bladderwort.)  Immersed  stems  (1 -3° 
long)  crowded  with  2-3-pinnately  many-parted  capillary  leaves,  bearing  many 
bladders  ;  scapes  5  -  12-flowered  (6-12'  long) ;  corolla  closed  (6-9"  broad),  the 
sides  reflexed ;  spur  conical,  rather  shorter  than  the  lower  lip,  thick  and  blunt 
in  the  European  and  the  high  northern  plant ;  in  the  common  American  plant 
less  thick  and  rather  acute.  —  Common  in  ponds  and  slow  streams,  Newf .  to 
Minn.,  south  to  A^a.  and  Tex.,  and  westward.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

4.  U.  minor,  L.  (Smaller  B.)  Leaves  scattered  on  the  thread-like 
immersed  stems,  2-4  times  forked,  short;  scapes  weak,  2-8-flowered  (3-7' 
high) ;  upper  lip  of  the  gaping  corolla  not  longer  than  the  depressed  palate  ;  spur 
very  short  and  blunt,  or  almost  none.  —  Shallow  water,  E.  Mass.  to  Minn.,  south 
to  N.  J.  and  Ark.,  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

++  ++  Pedicels  erect  in  fruit,  few  and  slender ;  corolla  yellow. 

5.  U.  gibba,  L.  Scape  (1  -  3'  high)  1  -  2-flowered,  at  base  furnished 
witli  very  slender  sliort  branches,  bearing  sparingly  dissected  capillary  root- 
like leaves  and  scattered  bladders;  corolla  3-4"  broad,  the  lips  broad  and 
rounded,  nearly  equail ;  the  lower  with  the  sides  reflexed,  exceeding  and  ap- 
proximate to  the  very  thick  and  blunt  conical  gibbous  spur.  —  Shallow  water. 
Mass.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Va.  and  111. ;  Mt.  Desert  (F.  M.  Day). 

6.  U.  biflora.  Lam.  Scape  (2-5'  high)  1  -'Sflowered,  at  the  base  bear- 
ing somewliat  elongated  submersed  branches  with  capillary  root-like  leaves 
and  numerous  bladders;  corolla  4-6"  broad,  the  spur  oblong,  equalling  the  lower 
lip ;  seeds  scale-shaped.  —  Ponds  and  shallow  waters,  S.  111.  and  Iowa  to  Tex. ; 
also  S.  Va.  (?),  and  Barnstable,  Mass.  (  IF.  Dearie). 

7.  U.  fibrosa,  Walt.  Leaves  crowded  or  whorled  on  the  small  immersed 
stems,  several  times  forked,  capillary  ;  the  bladders  borne  mainly  along  the 
stems;  flowers  2-6  (6"  broad);  lips  nearly  equal,  broad  and  expanded,  the 


LENTIBULARIACE/^:.        (bLADDERWOKT    FAMILY.)  397 

upper  undulate,  concave,  plaited-striate  in  tlie  middle ;  spur  ncnrli/  linear,  ob- 
tuse, approaching  and  almost  equalling  the  lower  lip.  (i;.  striata,  LeConte.) 
—  Shallow  pools  in  pine  barrens,  L.  Island  and  N.  J.  to  I'la.  and  Ala. 

8.  U.  intermedia,  Ilayne.  Leaves  crowdetl  on  the  immersed  stems, 
2-7-ankcd,  4-5  times  forked,  rigid,  the  divisions  liuear-awl-shaped,  miuutelv 
bristle-toothed  along  the  margins ;  the  bladders  borne  on  separate  leajiess 
branches;  upper  lip  of  corolla  much  longer  tlian  the  palate;  spur  conical- 
suhuhite,  acute,  appressed  to  the  very  broad  (6-8")  lower  lip  and  nearly  as  long 
as  it.  —  Shallow  pools,  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Iowa,  Minn.,  and  northward. 
(Eu.,  Asia.) 

4-4.  4-*.  4-4.  Pedicels  erect  in  fruit,  rather  long ;   corolla  violet-purple. 

9.  U.  purpurea,  Walt.  Leaves  whorled  along  the  long  immersed  free 
floating  stems,  ])etioled,  decompound,  capillary,  bearing  many  bladders ;  flow- 
ers 2-4  (6"  wide) ;  spur  appres.sed  to  the  3-lobed  2-saccate  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla  and  about  half  its  length.  —  Ponds,  Maine  and  N.  I'eun.  to  Fla., 
mainly  near  the  coast ;  also  Lake  Co.,  lud. 

*  *  *  Scape  solitarij,  slender  and  naked,  or  with  a  few  small  scales,  the  base 
rooting  iii  the  mud  or  soil ;  leaves  small,  awl-shaped  or  grass-like,  often  raised 
out  of  the  water,  commonly  few  or  fugacious ;  air-bladders  few  on  the  leaves 
or  rootlets,  or  commonly  none. 

H-  Flower  purple,  solitary  ;  leaves  bearing  a  few  delicate  lobes. 

10.  U.  resupin^ta,  B.  D.  Greene.  Scape  (2-8'  high)  2-bracted  above; 
leaves  thread-like,  on  delicate  creeping  branches;  corolla  (4  -  5"  long)  deeply 
2-parted  ;  spur  oblong-conical,  very  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  dilated  lower  lip 
and  remote  from  it,  both  ascending,  the  flower  resting  transversely  on  the 
summit  of  the  scape.  —  Sandy  margins  of  ponds,  E,  Maine  to  R.  I.,  near  the 
coast ;  also  N.  New  York  and  Presque  Isle,  L.  Erie. 

•*-  -4-  Flowers  2-10,  [chiefly)  yellow;  leaves  entire,  rarely  seen. 

11.  U.  SUbul^ta,  L.  Stem  capillary  (.3-.'"/  high);  pedicels  capillary: 
lower  lip  of  the  corolla  flat  or  with  its  margins  recurved,  equally  3-lobed,  much 
larger  than  the  ovate  upper  one ;  spur  ohlomf,  acute,  straight,  appressed  to  the 
lower  lip,  which  it  nearly  equals  in  length.  —  Sandy  swamps,  and  pine-barrens, 
Nantucket,  ]\ra.ss.,  to  N.  J.,  Fla.,  and  Tex.,  near  the  coast. 

Var.  cleist6gaina,  Gray.  Only  1  -2'  high,  bearing  1  or  2  evidently  cleis- 
togamous  pnr])lish  flowers,  not  larger  than  a  pin's  head;  capsule  becoming  1" 
long.  (The  unnamed  Utricularia  in  the  Man.,  p.  320).  —  "With  the  ordinary 
form  ;  Barnstable  and  Nantucket,  Mass.,  pine-barrens  of  N.  J.,  and  southward. 

12.  U.  COrnuta,  Michx.  Stem  strict  (.'}'- 1°  high),  1-5-flowered;  ped- 
icels not  lonqer  than  the  calyx ;  corolla  1'  long,  the  lower  lip  large  and  helmet- 
shaped,  its  centre  very  convex  and  projecting,  while  the  sides  are  strongly 
refiexed ;  upper  lip  obovate  and  much  smaller;  spur  awl-shaped ,  turned  down- 
ivard  and  outward,  about  as  long  as  the  lower  lip.  —  Peat-bogs,  or  sandy 
swamps,  Newf.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  common. 

2.     PINGUiCULA,    Tourn.        Bitterwort. 

Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  3-cleft,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  an  open  hairy 
or  spotted  palatp,  the  lobes  sjtreadiiig.  —  Small  and  stemless  porennialn,  grow- 


398  LENTIBULARIACE^.        (bLADDERWORT    FAMILY.) 

ing  on  damp  rocks,  with  l-flowered  scapes,  and  broad  and  entire  leaves,  all 
clustered  at  the  root,  soft-fleshy,  mostly  greasy  to  the  touch  ( whence  the  name, 
from  pinguis,  fat). 

1.  P.  vulgaris,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical;  scape  and  calyx  a  little 
pubescent ;  lips  of  the  violet  corolla  very  unequal,  the  tube  funnel-form ;  spur 
straightish.  —  Wet  rocks,  northern  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  far  north- 
ward.    (Eu.,  Asia.) 

Order  78.     BIGXONIACE^.     (Bigxoxia  Family.) 

Woody  plants,  monopetalous,  didynamous  or  dlandrous,  with  the  ovary 
commonly  2-celled  by  the  meeting  of  the  two  parietal  placentce  or  of  a  pro- 
jection from  them,  many-ovuled ;  fruit  a  dry  capsule,  the  large  fiat  winged 
seeds  ivith  aflat  embryo  and  no  albumen,  the  broad  and  leaf-like  cotyledons 
notched  at  both  ends.  —  Calyx  2-lipped,  5-cleft,  or  entire.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar or  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  somewhat  irregular  or  2-lipped,  deciduous; 
the  lower  lobe  largest.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  ;  the  fifth  or  pos- 
terior one,  and  sometimes  the  shorter  pair  also,  sterile  or  rudimentary ; 
anthers  of  2  diverging  cells.  Ovary  free,  bearing  a  long  style,  with  a 
2-lipped  stigma.  —  Leaves  compound  or  simple,  opposite,  rarely  alternate. 
Flowers  large  and  showy.  —  Chiefly  a  tropical  family. 

1.  Bignoiiia.    Pod  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition.   Leaves  compound,  tendril-bearing. 

2.  Tecoma.    Pod  flattish  contrary  to  the  partition.    Leaves  compound,  without  tendrils. 

3.  Catalpa.    Pod  terete.     Fertile  stamens  only  2.    Trees  ;  leaves  simple. 

L     BIGNONIA,    Touru. 

Calyx  truncate,  or  slightly  5-toothed.  Corolla  somewhat  bell  shaped,  5-lobed 
and  rather  2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  often  showing  a  rudiment  of  the  fifth.  Cap- 
sule linear,  2-celled,  flattened  parallel  with  the  valves  and  partition.  Seeds 
transversely  winged.  —  Woody  climbers,  with  chiefly  compound  leaves,  ter- 
minating in  a  tendril.     (Named  for  the  Ahhe  Bignon.) 

L  B.  capreolata,  L.  (Cro^s-vixe.)  Smooth;  leaves  of  2  ovate  or  ob- 
long leaflets  and  a  branched  tendril,  often  with  a  pair  of  accessory  leaves  in 
the  axil  resembling  stipules ;  peduncles  few  and  clustered,  1-floAvered  ;  corolla 
orange,  2'  long;  pod  6'  long;  seeds  with  the  wing  \\'  long.  — Rich  soil,  Va. 
to  S.  111.  and  south  to  Fla.  and  La.  April.  Climbing  tall  trees ;  a  transverse 
section  of  the  wood  showing  a  cross. 

2.     TECOMA,    Juss.        Trcmpet-flower, 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  a  little  irregular. 
Stamens  4.  Capsule  2-celled,  with  the  partition  at  right  angles  to  the  convex 
valves.  Seeds  transversely  winged.  —  Woody,  with  compound  leaves,  climb- 
ing by  aerial  rootlets.     (Abridged  from  the  Mexican  name.) 

\.  T.  radicans,  Juss.  (Trumpet  Creeper.)  Leaves  piunate;  leaflets 
9-11,  ovate,  pointed,  toothed;  flowers  corymbed ;  stamens  not  protruded  be- 
yond the  tubular-funnel-form  orange  and  scarlet  corolla  (2|-3'  long) ;  pod  ob- 
lanceolate,  4-5'  long.  —  Moist  soil,  Penn.  to  111.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Com- 
mon in  cultivation  farther  north. 


ACANTHACE.I-:.        (aCANTHLS    FAMILY.)  399 

3.    CAT  A  LP  A,    Scop..  W:ilt.    Catam-a.     I  M.IAN  IU;av. 

Calyx  deeply  2-lippe(l.  Corolla  hell-shaped,  swelling;  tlie  undulate  5-lobed 
spreading  horder  irregular  and  2-lii)j)ed.  Fertih-  stainons  2,  or  sometimes  4; 
the  1  or  3  others  sterile  and  rudimentary.  Ca|)sule  verv  long  and  slender 
nearly  cylindrical,  2-c-elled.  the  jtartition  at  right  angles  to  the  valves.  Seeds 
winged  on  each  side,  the  wings  cut  into  a  fringe.  —  Trees,  with  ovate  or  cor- 
date and  mainly  op]>osite  leaves.     (The  alxM-iginal  name.) 

1.  C.  speciosa,  Warder.  A  large  and  tall  tree,  with  tlii<k  hark  ;  leaves 
ample,  lH'art-shn])ed,  long-acuminate ;  corolla  2'  long,  nearly  white,  incon- 
spicuously spotted,  with  obconical  tube  and  slightly  obli({ue  limh,  the  lower 
lobe  eraarginate ;  capsule  thick.  —  Low  rich  woodlands,  S.  Ind.  to  Tenn.,  Mo., 
and  Ark.     May. 

C.  Rir.NONioiDHs,  ^^'alt.,  of  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Mi.ss.,  very  widely  cultivateil, 
and  formerly  iiuluding  the  above  species,  is  a  low  mudi  braiK  licil  tree,  with 
thin  bark,  smaller  (li' long)  thickly  sjiottcd  corolla  (witli  ol.liijue  limb  and 
lower  lobe  entire),  and  a  much  tliinner  cap-sule. 

Order  79.     PEDALIACEiE. 

Herbs,  with  cJiie/h/  opposite  simple  leaces,  and  jloicers  as  of  the  preced- 
ing Order,  except  in  structure  of  ovary  and  fruit,  the  former  being  l-celledy 
the  latter  fleshy-drupaceous,  with  wingless  seeds  and  thick-  entire  cotyledons. 
—  Ovary  (in  ours)  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  intruded  })la(entic  expanded 
into  2  broad  lamellae  or  united  into  a  central  columella. 

1.     MARTYNIA,     L.        UxicoRN-ri.ANT. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  mostly  unequal.  Corolla  gibbous,  bell-shaped,  5-lobed  aud 
somewhat  2-lipped.  Fertile  stamens  4,  or  only  2.  Fruit  fleshy,  the  flesh  at 
length  falling  away  in  2  valves ;  the  inner  part  woody,  terminated  by  a  beak, 
which'  at  length  splits  into  2  hooked  horns,  and  opens  «at  the  apex  between  the 
horns,  imperfectly  5-celled,  owing  to  the  divergence  of  the  two  plates  of  each 
placenta,  leaving  a  space  in  the  centre,  while  by  reaching  and  cohering  with 
the  walls  of  the  fruit  they  form  4  other  cells.  Seeds  several,  wingless,  with  a 
thick  roughened  coat.  —  Low  branching  annuals,  clammy-pubescent,  exhaling 
a  heavy  odor,  stems  thickish;  leaves  simple,  rounded  ;  flowers  racemed,  large. 
(Dedicated  to  Pi(f.  Ji>hn  Marlyn,  of  Cambridge,  England.) 

1.  M.  proboscidea,  Glox.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  oldique.  entire  or  un- 
dulate, the  u])i)er  alternate  ;  corolla  dull  white  or  j)urplish,  or  spotted  with  yel- 
low and  purple;  endocarp  of  the  fruit  crested  on  one  side,  long-beaked. — 
Banks  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  lower  tributaries,  from  S.  Ind.,  111.,  and  Iowa, 
to  northern  Mexico.     Also  cultivated  and  naturalized  farther  north. 

Order  80.     ACANTHACEiE.     (Ac.WTiirs  Family.) 

Chiefly  herbs,  with  opposite  simple  leaves,  didynamuus  or  diandrous  sta- 
mens, inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  more  or  less  2-lipped  corolla,  the  lobes  of 
which  are  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  fruit  a  2-celled  and  few-  (4  - 
12-)  seeded  capsule:  seeds  anatropous,  without  albumen,  usually  fiat  and 


400  ACANTHACEi-E.    (aCANTHLS  FAMILY.) 

supported  by  hooked  projections  of  the  placentce  (retinacula).  —  Flowers 
commonly  much  bracted.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Style  thread-form ;  stigma 
simple  or  2-cleft.  Pod  loculicidal,  usually  flattened  contrary  to  the  valves 
and  partition.  Cotyledons  broad  and  flat.  —  Mucilaginous  and  slightly 
bitter,  not  noxious.  A  large  family  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Avorld ; 
represented  in  gardens  by  Thunbp:rgia,  which  differs  from  the  rest  by 
the  globular  pod  and  seeds,  the  latter  not  on  hooks. 

*  Corolla  not  obviously  bilabiate,  tlie  5  lobes  broad  and  roundish,  spreading  ;  stamens  4. 

1.  Caloplianes.     Calyx-lobes  long-filiform.     Capsule  2  -  4-seeded. 

2.  Kuellia.    Calyx-lobes  mostly  linear  or  lanceolate.    Capsule  6- 20-seeded. 

*  ♦  Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect  and  concave,  lower  spreading ;  stamens  2. 

3.  Dianthera.     Capsule  obovate,  flattened,  4-seeded. 

1.  CALOPHANES,  Don. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  or  parted ;  its  lobes  elongated  setaceous-acuminate  or 
aristiforra.  Corolla  funnel-form,  with  ample  limb,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens 4,  the  anthers  muci'onate  or  sometimes  aristate  at  base.  Ovules  a  single 
pair  in  each  cell.  Capsule  oblong-linear,  2 -4-seeded.  —  Low  branching  per- 
ennials, pubescent  or  hirsute,  with  proportionally  large  axillary  nearly  sessile 
flowers  (solitary  or  few),  and  blue  corolla.  (Name  from  kuKos,  beautiful,  and 
(paivw,  to  appear.) 

1.  C.  Oblongifolia,  Don.  Stems  usually  erect  and  simple,  ^-1°  high; 
leaves  from  narrowly  oblong  to  oval,  very  obtuse,  sessile  (!'  long  or  less) ;  co- 
rolla blue,  sometimes  purple-dotted  or  mottled,  seldom  Tloug;  calyx-lobes 
nearly  distinct,  filiform-setaceous,  hirsute.  —  Fine-barrens,  S.  Va.  to  Fla. 

2.     RUELLIA,     Plumier. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  Avith  spreading  ample  border,  convo- 
lute in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  the  cells  of  the  somewhat  arrow-shaped  anthers 
parallel  and  nearly  equal.  Capsule  narrow,  in  our  species  somewhat  flattened, 
contracted  and  seedless  at  the  base,  above  8-  12-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  muci- 
laginous coat,  when  wet  exhibiting  under  the  nucroscope  innumerable  taper- 
ing short  bristles,  their  walls  marked  with  rings  or  spirals.  —  Perennials,  wdth 
rather  large  and  showy  blue  or  purple  flowers,  mostly  in  axillary  clusters, 
sometimes  also  with  small  flowers  precociously  close-fertilized  in  the  bud.  Ca- 
lyx often  2-bracteolate.     (Named  for  the  early  herbalist,  John  Ruelle.) 

1.  R.  ciliosa,  Pursh.  Hirsute  with  soft  Avhitish  hairs  (1  -3°  high)  ;  leaves 
nearly  sessile, oval  or  ovate-oblong  (I  -2' long) ;  flowers  1-3  and  almost  sessile 
in  the  axils;  tube  of  the  corolla  (1  -  H'  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  seta- 
ceous cali/x-lobes ;  the  throat  short.  —  Dry  ground,  ISIich.  to  Minn.,  south  to 
Fla.  and  La.  June -Sept.  —  Var.  AMnfouA,  Gray.  Sparingly  hirsute-pubes- 
cent or  glabrate ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  usually  short-petioled,  larger ;  tube  of 
corolla  little  exceeding  the  hardly  hirsute  calyx.  —  Va.  and  Ky.  to  Ala.  Ap- 
pearing like  a  liybrid  with  the  next. 

2.  R.  Strepens,  L.  Glabrous  or  sparincjly  pubescent  (1  -4°  high)  ;  leaves 
narroived  at  base  into  a  petiole,  ovate,  obovate,  or  mostly  oblong  (2^-5'  long) ; 
tube  of  the  corolla  (about  1'  long)  little  longer  than  the  dilated  portion,  slitjldlt/ 


VKRBENACE.*:.        (VKKVAIN    lA.MIl.V.;  401 

exceeding  the  lanceolate  or  linear  calyx-lubes.  —  Kich  soil,  I'eun.  to  Wise,  south 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.  .luly  -  Sept.  —  \'ar.  cleij^tAntha,  (Jniv.  Leaves  commonly 
narrower  and  oblong ;  flowers  for  most  of  the  season  cleistogamous.  —  Com- 
mon with  the  ordinary  f(»rni. 

3.    DIANTHERA,    Gronov.     Watek-Willuw. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  deeply  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  erect,  notched;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-parted,  external  in  the  l)ud.  Stamens  2;  anthers  2celled, 
the  cells  separated  and  somewhat  unecjual.  Capsule  obovate,  flattened,  con- 
tracted at  base  into  a  short  stalk,  4-sceded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  growing  in 
water  or  wet  places,  with  entire  leaves,  and  purplish  flowers  in  axillary  pe- 
duncled  spikes  or  heads.  (Name  formed  of  his,  double,  ^nd  avQy^pd,  anther , 
the  separated  cells  giving  the  appearance  of  two  anthers  on  each  filament.; 

1.  D.  Americana,  L.  Stem  1-3°  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elon- 
gated; spikes  oblong,  dense,  long-peduncled  ;  corolla  4-5"  long.  —  In  water, 
N.  W.  Vt.  to  Wise,  south  to  S.  C.  and  Tex.    July -Sept. 

Order  81.     VEKBENACE.^.     (Vervain  Family.) 

Herbs  or  shi'ubs,  ivith  opposite  leaves,  more  or  less  2-lipped  or  irregular 
corolla,  and  didynamous  stamens,  the  2-4-celled  (in  Phryma  1-celled) 
fruit  dry  or  drupaceous,  usually  splitting  when  ripe  into  as  many  l-seeded 
indehiscent  nutlets;  differing  from  the  following  order  in  the  ovarv  not 
being  4-lobed,  the  style  therefore  terminal,  and  the  plants  .«eldom  aro- 
matic or  furnishing  a  volatile  oil.  —  Seeds  with  a  straight  embryo  and 
little  or  no  albumen.  —  A  large  order  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world, 
sparingly  represented  in  cool  regions. 

Tribe  I.    VEKBENE^.    Ovary  '2-4-celled,  with  an  erect  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell 

1.  Verbena.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.    Calj'x  tubular.     Fruit  siilitting  into  4  nutlets. 

2.  Lippia.    Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.    Calyx  short,  2-cleft.    Fruit  splitting  into  2  nutlets. 

3.  Callicarpa.    Flowers  in  axillary  cymes.    Calyx  short.    Fruit  berry-like,  with  4  nutlets. 
Tribe  II.     PHRYME.iE.    Ovary  1-celled  ;  ovule  erect,  ortliotropous. 

4.  Phryma.     Flowers  in  slender  spikes.     Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lipped.     Fruit  an  achene. 

1.     VERBENA,    Tourn.        Vervain. 

Calyx  tubular,  .'j-toothed,  one  of  the  teeth  often  shorter  than  the  others. 
Corolla  tubular,  often  curved,  salver-form ;  the  border  somewhat  une(jually  5- 
deft.  Stamens  included  ;  the  upper  pair  occasionally  without  anthers.  Style 
slender;  stigma  mostly  2-lobed.  Fruit  splitting  into  4  seed-like  nutlets. — 
Flowers  sessile,  in  single  or  often  panicled  sj)ikes,  bracted  ;  produced  all  sum- 
mer. (The  Latin  name  for  any  sacred  herb;  derivation  obscure.) — The  spe- 
cies present  numerous  spontaneous  hybrids. 

§  1.    Anthers  not  appendaged ;  Jlowers  small,  in  narroiv  spikes. 
*  Spikes  filiform,  with  flowers  or  at  least  fruits  scattered,  naked,  the  inconspic- 
uous bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

V.  ofkicjnXlis,  L.  (European  V.)  Annual,  glabrous  or  nearlv  so, 
loosely  branched  {l-3<=>  high);  leaves  pinnatifld  or  3-clff},  oblonfj-Ionce'olate, 

•26 


402  VERBENACE^.        (VERVAIN    FAMILY.) 

sessile,  smooth  above,  the  lobes  cut  and  toothed  ;  spikes  panicled  ;  flowers  pur- 
plish, very  small. —  Roadsides  and  old  fields,  N.  «J.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Tex., 
and  westward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

1.  V.  urticaefolia,  L.  (White  Y.)  Perennial,  from  minutely  pubes- 
cent to  almost  glabrous,  rather  tall  (3-5°  high);  leaves  oval  or  oblung-ovate, 
acute,  coarsely  serrate,  petioled ;  spikes  at  length  much  elongated,  loosely  pan- 
icled; flowers  very  small,  wJdte.  —  AYaste  or  open  grounds.     (Trop.  Am.) 

*  *  Spikes  thicker  or  densel ij  flowered ;  the  fruits  crowded,  mostly  overlapping 
each  other ;  bracts  inconspicuous,  not  exceeding  the  flowers  ;  perennial. 

2.  V.  angUStifolia,  Michx.  Low  (6-18'  high),  often  simple;  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sessile,  roughish,  slightly  toothed; 
spikes  few  or  single ;  tlie  purple  flowers  crowded,  larger  than  in  the  next.  — 
Dry  or  sandy  gronnd,  Mass.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ila.  and  Ark. 

3.  V.  hastata,  L.  (Blue  Vervain.)  Tall  (4-6^  high);  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanreolate,  taper-pointed,  cut-serrate,  petioled,  the  lower  often  lobed 
and  sometimes  halberd-shaped  at  base ;  spikes  linear,  erect,  corymbed  or  pani- 
cled ;  flowers  blue.  —  Waste  grounds  and  roadsides ;  common. 

4.  V.  Stricta,  Vent.  (Hoary  V.)  Downy  with  soft  ivhitish  hai7's,  erect, 
simple  or  branched  (1-2°  high);  leaves  sessile,  obovate  or  oblong,  serrate; 
spikes  thick,  someAvhat  clustered,  hairy  ;  flowers  rather  large,  purple.  —  Barrens 
and  prairies,  Ohio  to  Dak.,  south  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

*  *  *  S])ikes  thick,  sessile  and  leafy-bracted ;  annual. 

5.  V.  bracteosa,  Michx.  Widely  spreading  or  procumbent,  hairy ;  leaves 
wedge-lanceolate,  cut-pinnatifid  or  3-cleft,  short-petioled ;  spikes  single,  re- 
motely flowered ;  bracts  large,  the  lower  pinnatifid,  longer  than  the  small  purple 
flowers.  —  Prairies  and  waste  grounds,  Ohio  to  Minn.,  south  and  westward. 
§2.  Anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  glandular-tipped ;  flowers  showy,  from  de- 
pressed-capitate becoming  spicate. 

6.  V.  bipinnatifida,  Xutt.  Hispid-hirsute,  ^-\°  high;  leaves  (l|-4' 
long)  bipinnately  parted,  or  3-parted  into  more  or  less  bipinnatifid  divisions, 
the  lobes  commonly  linear  or  broader;  bj-acts  mostly  surpassing  the  calyx; 
limb  of  bluish-purple  or  lilac  corolla  4  -  5"  broad.  —  Plains  and  prairies,  Kan. 
to  Ark.  and  Tex.,  and  westward. 

7.  V.  Aubl6tia,  L.  Slender,  1°  high  or  less,  soft-pubescent  or  glabrate ; 
leaves  (1  -2'  long)  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  in  outline,  with  a  wedge-shaped  base,  in- 
cisely  lobed  and  toothed,  often  more  deeply  3-cleft ;  bi'acts  shorter  than  or  equal- 
ling the  calyx;  limb  of  reddish-purple  or  lilac  (rarely  white)  corolla  6-8" 
broad.  —  Open  woods  and  prairies,  Ind.  and  111.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  N.  Mex. 

2.     LIPPIA,     lloust. 

Calyx  short,  often  flattened,  2-4-toothed,  or  2-lipped.  Corolla  2  lipped ; 
upper  lip  notched,  the  lower  much  larger,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Style 
slender;  stigma  obliquely  capitate.  Fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded.  (Dedicated  to 
Augustus  Lippi,  an  Italian  naturalist  and  traveller.) 

1.  L.  lanceolata,  Michx.  (Fog-fruit.)  Creeping  extensively,  roughish, 
green  ;  leaves  ohlanceolate  or  wedge-spatulate,  serrate  above  ;  peduncles  axillary, 
slender,  exceeding  the  leaves,  bearing  solitary  closely  bracted  heads  of  bluish- 


LABIA'IVK.        (MINT    FAMILY.)  403 

white  flowers ;  bracts  mucronate  or  jtointless.  —  Kiver-baiiks,  E.  Vcnu.  to  Minn., 
soulli  to  Fla.  ami  Tex.    July -Sept. 

2.  L.  cuneifolia,  Steud.  Diffusely  branched  from  a  woody  base,  pro- 
cumbent (not  cic(/tiii(j),  inhiuteli/  cunesceiit  (hroiujhont ;  leaies  rif/id,  cuneate- 
linear,  incisely  2-G-tuotlicd  above  the  middle;  peduncles  axillary,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  rigid,  broadly  cuneate,  abrupt/ 1/  acuminate ;  corolla 
white  (?).  —  Plains,  W.  Neb.  to  central  Kan.  and  Arizona. 

3.    CALLICARPA,     L. 

Calyx  4-5-toothed,  short.  Corolla  tubular  bell-sha])ed,  4-.5-lobed,  nearly 
regular.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal,  exserted  ;  anthers  opening  at  the  apex.  Style 
slender,  thickened  upward.  Fruit  a  small  berry -like  druj)e,  with  4  nutlets. — 
Shrubs,  with  scurfy  pubescence,  and  small  (lowers  in  axillary  cymes.  (Name 
formed  of  kclWos,  beauti/,  and  Kapnoi,  fruit.) 

1.  C.  Americana,  L.  (Fuencu  MuLniiUUV.)  Leaves-ovate-oblong  with 
a  tapering  base,  acuminate,  toothed,  whitish  beneath;  cymes  n»any-flowered; 
calyx  obscurely  4-toothed  ;  corolla  bluish;  fruit  violet-color. —  Rich  soil,  Va. 
to  Tex.,  thence  north  to  Mo.     May  -July. 

4.    PHRYMA,    L         Lopsked. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  of  3  bristle-awl-shaped  tterh;  the 
lower  shorter,  2-tO()tlied.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  notched  ;  the  lower  nmch 
larger, 3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Style  slender;  stigma 2-lobed.  F'ruit  dry, 
in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  oblong,  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Seed  orthotropous. 
Cotyledons  convolute  round  their  axis.  —  A  perennial  herl),  with  slender  branch- 
ing stems,  and  coarsely  toothed  ovate  leaves,  the  lower  long-petiolcd ;  the  small 
opposite  flowers  in  elongated  and  slender  terminal  spikes,  strictly  reHexed  in 
fruit.     Corolla  purplish  or  rose-color.     (Derivation  of  the  name  unknown.) 

1.  P.  Leptost^chya,  L.  riant  2-.3°  high;  leaves  3-5'  long,  thin; 
calyx  strongly  ribbed  and  closed  in  fruit,  the  long  .sientier  teetii  hooked  at  the 
tip.  —  Moist  and  open  woods,  common.     (IC.  Asia.) 

Ordkr  82.     LABIATyli:.     (.Mint  Family.) 

Cliiejlij  herbs,  icith  s(]uare  stems,  opposite  aromatic  lewes,  more  or  less  2- 
lippeil  corolla,  didynamous  or  diandrous  stamens,  and  a  deeply  A-lobed  ovary, 
which  forms  in  fruit  4  little  seed-like  nutlets  or  achenes^  surroundiny  the  base 
of  the  single  style  in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx,  each  filed  icith  a  sin- 
f/le  erect  seed.  —  Nutlets  smooth  or  barely  rougliish  and  fixed  by  their 
base,  except  in  the  first  tribe.  Albumen  mostly  none.  I'mbryo  straight 
(excei)t  in  Scutellaria);  radicle  at  the  base  of  the  fruit.  Upper  lij)  of 
the  corolla  2-lobed  or  sometimes  entire;  the  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens 
inserted  (m  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Style  2-lol)ed  at  the  apex.  Flowers 
axillary,  chiefly  in  cymose  clusters,  these  often  aggregated  in  terminal 
spikes  or  racemes.  F^oliage  mostly  dotted  with  small  glands  containing  a 
volatile  oil,  upon  which  deju-nds  the  warnjih  and  aroma  of  the  plants  of 
this  large  and  well-known  family. 


404  LABIATE.        (mint    FAMILY.) 

I.  Nutlets  rugose-reticulated,  attached  obliquely  or  ventrally ;  ovary  merely 

4-lobed. 
Tribe  I.    AJUGOIDE^.    Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel,  mostly  exserted  from 
the  upper  side  of  the  corolla.     Calyx  5-  10-uerved. 

*  Limb  of  corolla  merely  oblique,  of  5  nearly  equal  and  similar  lobes, 

1.  Tricliostema.    Corolla-lobes  all  declined.     Calyx  oblique.    Stamens  exserted. 

2.  Isantlius.    Calyx  bell-shaped.    Corolla  small,  the  lobes  spreading.    Stamens  included. 

*  *  Limb  of  corolla  irregular,  seemingly  unilabiate,  the  upper  lip  being  either  split  down 

or  very  short ;  stamens  exserted  from  the  cleft. 

3.  Teucrium.     Corolla  deeply  cleft  between  the  2  small  lobes  of  the  upper  lip. 

4.  Ajuga.    Corolla  with  a  very  short  and  as  if  truncate  upper  lip. 

II.   Nutlets  smooth  or  granulate ;  scar  basal,  small ;  ovary  deeply  4-parted. 
Tribe  II.     SATUKEINE^.     Upper  pair  of  stamens  shorter  or  wanting;  anthers  2- 
celled.     Upper  lip  of  corolla  not  galeate  or  concave. 

*  Flowers  in  loose  terminal  panicled  racemes;  calyx  2-lipped,  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit. 

5.  Collinsonia.    Lower  lobe  of  corolla  fimbriate,  much  the  largest.     Stamens  2. 

6.  Ferilla.    Corolla  short,  the  lower  lobe  little  larger.    Stamens  4,  included. 

*  *  Flowers  in  more  or  less  crowded  clusters  or  whorls,  axillary  or  spicate. 
*-  Corolla  not  evidently  2-lipped,  but  almost  equally  4-lobed,  small.    Stamens  erect,  distant. 

7.  Mentha.    Fertile  stamens  4,  nearly  equal. 

8.  Lyeopus.     Fertile  stamens  2,  and  often  2  sterile  filaments  without  anthers. 

H-  ••-  Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped. 

*+  Stamens  distant  and  straight,  often  divergent,  never  cojivergent  nor  curved. 

=  Stamens  2,  with  or  without  rudiments  of  the  upper  pair. 

9.  Cunila.    Calyx  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed.     Corolla  small. 

=  =  Stamens  4  ;  calyx  10-13-nerved,  and  hairy  in  the  throat  (except  n.  10). 

10.  Hyssopus.     Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  .5-toothcd.     Stamens  exserted. 

11.  Pycnanthemum.    Calyx  ovate  or  short-tubular,  equally  5-toothed  or  somewhat  2- 

lipped.     Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  clusters. 

12.  Origanum.     Calyx  ovate-bell-shaped,  5-tootlied.     Spikes  with  large  colored  bracts. 

13.  Thymus.    Calyx  ovate,  nodding  in  fruit,  2-lii)ped.     Bracts  minute  ;  leaves  very  small. 
■H-  ++  Stamens  (often  2  only  in  n.  16)  ascending  or  arcuate,  often  more  or  less  converging  (or 

ascending  parallel  under  the  erect  upper  lip  in  n.  14  and  15). 

14.  Satwreia.    Calyx  bell-shaped,  10-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat,  equally  5-toothed. 

15.  Calamintha.    Calyx  tubular,  often  hairy  in  the  throat,  13-nerved,  2-Iipped.     Tube  of 

corolla  straight. 

16.  Melissa.    Calyx  tubular-bell-sliaped,  flattish  on  the  upper  side.    Corolla  curved  upward. 

17.  Hedeoma.    Calyx  gibbous  on  the  lower  side,  hairy  in  the  throat.     Flowers  loose. 
Tribe  III.    MONAKDE^.    Stamens  2,  ascending  and  parallel ;  anthers  apparently  or 

really  1-cellcd.     Corolla  strongly  2-lipped. 

18.  Salvia.    Calyx  2-lipped.     Anthers  with  a  long  connective  astride  the  filament,  bearing 

a  linear  cell  at  the  upper  end,  and  none  or  an  imperfect  cell  on  the  lower. 

19.  Monarda.    Calyx  tubular  and  elongated,  equally  5-toothed.    Anthers  of  2  cells  con- 

flueni;  into  one,  the  connective  inconspicuous. 

20.  Blepliilia.    Calyx  ovate-tubular,  2-lipped.    Anthers  as  in  the  last. 

Tribe  IV.  NEPETE^.  Stamens  4,  the  upper  (inner)  pair  longer  than  the  lower, 
ascending  or  diverging.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  concave  or  arched,  the  lower 
spreading.    Calyx  mostly  15-nerved. 

*  Anthers  not  approximate  in  pairs  ;  their  cells  parallel  or  nearly  so. 

21.  liophanthus.    Stamens  divergent,  exserted  ;  upper  pair  declined,  lower  ascending. 

22.  Cedronella.    Stamens  all  ascending,  not  exceeding  the  lip  of  the  corolla. 


I 


LABiAT.i-:.      (mint   rA.MIl.V.)  405 

•  •  Anthers  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs;  tlieir  cells  divuricatc  or  divei-gent ;  filaments 
ascending,  not  exscrtcd. 

23.  Nepeta.    Calyx  more  or  less  curved,  equally  6-tootlied. 

24.  Dracocephaluin.    Calyx  straight,  the  upper  tooth  much  the  larger. 

Tribe  V.    SCLTEL,L,AKINE^.    Stamens  4,  ascending  and  parallel.     Calyx  bilabiate, 

closed  in  fruit;  the  rounded  lii>s  entire.     Corolla  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  arched. 

23.  Scutellaria.    Calyx  with  a  helmet-like  projection  on  the  upper  side. 

Tribe  VI.  STACHYDE.^.  Stamens  4,  parallel  and  ascending  under  the  galeate  or 
concave  upper  lip,  tiie  lower  (outer)  pair  longer  (except  in  n.  31,  32).  Calyx  5-10- 
nerved,  not  2-lipped  (except  in  n.  2G). 

*  Calyx  reticulate-vemy,  deeply  bilabiate,  closed  in  fruit. 

26.  Brunella.    Calyx  nerved  and  veiny  ;  upper  lip  flat,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft 

*  *  Calyx  thin,  inflated  in  fruit,  obscurely  nerved,  3-5-lobed.  oi)en. 

27.  Physostegla.    Calyx  5-toothed  or  .Vlobed.     Antl.ii  -.  ells  parnllel. 

28.  Synaiidra.    Calyx  almost  equally  4-lobed  !    Anthei-cells  widely  divei-gent. 

•  «  *  Calyx  of  firmer  texture,  distinctly  5-10-nerved  or  striate,  5  -  10-toothed. 
-t-  Stamens  included  in  the  short  oorolla-tube,  its  upper  lip  merely  concave. 

29.  Marrubium.    Calyx  tubular,  5-10-nerved,  and  with  5  or  10  awl-shaped  teeth. 

■t-  -t-  Stamens  ascending  under  the  galeate  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 
**  Stamens  not  deflexed  after  anthesis  ;  naturalized  from  the  Old  World. 
BO.  Ballota.    Calyx  somewhat  funnel-forni,  expanding  above  into  a  spreading  5-toothed 
border.     Nutlets  roundish  at  top.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect. 

31.  Plilomis.    Calyx  tubular,  the  5  teeth  abruptly  awned.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  arched. 

32.  Leonurns.    Calyx  top-shaped,  the  rigid  spiny-pointed  teeth  soon  spreading.     Nutlets 

truncate  and  acutely  3-angled  at  top.     Leaves  cleft  or  incised. 

33.  Liaiuiuni.    Calyx-teeth  not  spiny-pointed.     Nutlets  sharply  3-angled,  truncate. 

34.  Galeopsis.     Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped  ;   the  5  teeth  spiny-pointed.     Anthers  trans- 

versely 2-valved,  the  smaller  valve  ciliate. 

*~-  ++  Stamens  often  deflexed  or  contorted  after  anthesis. 

35.  Stachys.    Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  equally  5-toothed  or  the  2  upper  teeth  united  into 

one.     Nutlets  rounded  at  top. 

1.    TRICHOSTEMA,    L.        Blue  Curls. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  oblique,  deeply  5-cleft ;  the  3  upper  teeth  elongated  and 
partly  united,  the  2  lower  very  short.  Corolla  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  narrowly  ob- 
long, declined,  nearly  equal  in  length ;  the  3  lower  more  or  less  united.  Sta- 
mens 4,  with  very  long  capillary  filaments,  exserted  much  beyond  the  corolla, 
curved;  anther-cells  divergent  and  at  length  confluent.  —  Low  annuals,  some- 
what clammy-glandular  and  balsamic,  branched,  with  entire  leaves,  and  mostly 
solitary  1-flowercd  pedicels  terminating  the  branches,  becoming  lateral  by  the 
production  of  axillary  branchlet.s,  and  the  flower  appearing  to  be  reversed, 
namely,  tlie  short  teeth  of  the  calyx  u])ward,  etc.  Corolla  blue,  varying  to 
pink,  rarely  white,  small;  in  .snmmer  and  autumn.  (Name  comi)o.sed  of  dp(^, 
hair,  and  arriixa,  sUnncn,  from  the  ca|)illary  filaments.) 

1.  T.  dichotomum,  L.  (H.vstakd  rj;NNYRovAL.)  ^'iscid  with  rather 
minute  pubescence  ;  leaves  lance-oblonf/  or  rhombic-lanceolate ,  rarely  lance-linear, 
short-petioled.  —  Sandy  fields,  E.  Mass.  to  Ky.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  T.  line^re,  Nutt.  Pubemlent,  more  slender  and  less  forked ;  leaves 
linear,  nearly  smooth. — Conn,  to  La.,  near  the  coast;  in  sandy  ground. 


40G  LABiAT.i:.      (mint  family.) 

2.     ISaNTHUS,     .Michx.        False  Pennyroyal. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-lobed,  equal,  enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  little  longer 
than  the  calyx ;  the  border  bell-shaped,  with  5  nearly  equal  and  obovate  spread- 
ing lobes.  Stamens  4,  slightly  didynamous,  incurved-ascending,  scarcely  ex- 
ceeding the  corolla.  —  A  low,  much  branched  annual,  clammy-pubescent,  with 
nearly  entire  lance-oblong  3-nerved  leaves,  and  small  pale  blue  flowers  on 
axillary  1-3-flowered  peduncles.  (Name  from  X<ros,  equal,  and  6.v0os,  flower, 
referring  to  the  almost  regular  corolla.) 

1.   I.  cseruleus,  Michx.     Corolla  2-3"  long,  little  exceeding  the  calyx. 

—  Dry  or  sterile  ground,  Maine  to  111.,  Minn.,  and  southward.     July,  Augr..st. 

3.     TEtrCRIUM,     Tourn.        Germander. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  oblong,  turned 
forward,  so  that  there  seems  to  be  no  upper  lip ;  the  lower  lobe  much  larger. 
Stamens  4,  exserted  from  the  deep  cleft  between  the  2  upper  lobes  of  the  co- 
rolla ;  anther-cells  confluent.     (Named  for  Teticer,  king  of  Troy.) 

1.  T.  Canadense,  L.  (American  Germander.  Wood  Sage.)  Per- 
ennial, doicnij,  erect  (1-3°  high) ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  rounded  at 
base,  short-petioled,  hoary  underneath,  the  floral  scarcely  longer  than  the  ob- 
lique unequally -toothed  calyx ;  whorls  about  6-flowered,  crowded  in  a  long  and 
simple  wand-like  spike ;  cali/x  canescent,  the  3  upper  lobes  very  obtuse  or  the 
middle  one  acutish ;  corolla  purple,  rose,  or  sometimes  cream-color  (6''  long). 

—  Low  grounds ;  not  rare.     July  -  Sept. 

2.  T.  OCCidentale,  Gray.  Loosely  pubescent ;  calyx  villous  ivith  viscid 
hairs,  the  upper  lobes  acute  or  middle  one  acuminate;  corolla 4 -.5"  long;  other- 
wise like  the  lasj.  —  AAvestern  form,  from  Neb.  southwestward,  and  extending 
eastward  (Out.,  and  near  Philadelphia). 

4.    AJUGA,    L. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  with  very  short  and  as  if  truncate  upper  lip ;  the 
large  and  spreading  lower  lip  Avith  the  middle  lobe  emarginate  or  2-cleft.  Sta- 
mens as  in  Teucrium,  but  anther-cells  less  confluent.  (From  a-  privative,  and 
^vyov  (Latin  jugnm),  yoke,  from  the  seeming  absence  of  a  yoke-fello\v  to  the 
lower  lip  of  the  corolla.) 

A.  REPTANS,  L.  Perennial,  ahout  1°  high,  with  copious  creeping  stolons; 
leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  sometimes  sinuate,  the  cauline  sessile,  the  floral 
approximate,  subtending  several  sessile  blue  flowers.  —  Naturalized  near  Saco. 
Maine,  Montreal,  etc.     (Eu.,  N.  Asia.) 

5.     COLLINS  ONI  A,     L.         Horse-Balm. 

Calyx  ovate,  enlarged  and  declined  in  fruit,  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  truncate  and 
flattened,  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  elongated,  expanded  at  the  throat, 
somewhat  2-lipped,  the  tube  with  a  bearded  ring  Avithin ;  the  4  upper  lobes 
nearly  equal,  but  the  lower  much  larger  and  longer,  pendent,  toothed  or  lacer- 
ate-fringed.  Stamens  2  (sometimes  4,  the  upper  pair  shorter),  much  exserted, 
diverging ;  anther-cells  divergent.  —  Strong-scented  perennials,  with  large 
ovate  leaves,  and  yellowish  flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  loose  and  panicled 
terminal  racemes.  (Named  in  honor  of  Peter  CoUinson,  a  well-known  patron 
of  science  and  correspondent  of  Linnaus^  who  introduced  it  into  England.) 


LAlilAT.E.        (mint    FAMILY.)  407 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  L.  (Hich-weed.  Stone-root.)  Nearly  smooth 
(1-3°  higli);  leaves  .serrate,  pointed,  petioled  (3-6'  long);  panicle  loose; 
corolla  8-9"  long,  lemon-scented ;  stamens  2.  —  liich  moist  woodw,  N.  Bruns- 
wick to  Wise,  south  to  Fla.  and  Mo.     July  -  Sept. 

6.    PERILLA,    L. 

Calyx  ns  in  Cttlliiisonia.  C'orolla-tuhe  included,  tlic  linil)  .')-(loft ;  lower  lobe 
a  little  larger.  Stamens  4,  included,  erect,  di.stant.  —  Coar.se  anjmatic  annual, 
with  small  Howers  in  pauicled  and  axillary  racemes.  (A  Greek  and  Latin 
prujier  name.) 

P.  ocvMoiDES,  L,  Erect,  branching,  2-3°  high;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely 
tootlied ;  flowers  white.  —  About  dwellings  and  roaclsides,  S.  1\\.  (Schneck.) 
(Adv.  from  E.  Asia.) 

7.     MENTHA,    Toum.     Mint. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  or  tubular,  5-tuutlied,  e(jual  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  witli  a 
short  included  tube ;  the  bell-shaped  border  somewhat  erpially  4-cleft ;  the  upper 
lobe  broadest,  entire  or  notched.  Stamens  4,  Cfjual,  erect,  distant.  —  Odotous 
perennial  herbs;  the  small  flowers  mostly  in  close  clusters,  forming  axillary 
capitate  whorls,  sometimes  approximated  in  interrujited  sjukes,  produced  in 
summer,  of  two  sorts  as  to  the  fertility  of  the  stamens  in  most  species.  Corolla 
pale  purple  or  whitish.  Species  mostly  adventive  or  naturalized  from  Europe, 
with  many  hybrids.  (MiV^tj  of  Theophrastus,  from  a  Nymph  of  that  name, 
fabled  to  have  been  changed  into  Mint  by  Proserpine.) 

*  Spikes  narrow  and  leajless,  densely  crowded ;  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

M.  sylvestris,  L.  (Horse  Mint  of  Eu.)  Finely  pubescent  or  canescent ; 
leaves  ovate-oblonrj  to  oh/on fj-/anceoJate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  often  glabrous 
above  ;  spikes  rather  slender,  canescenthj  jnibescent.  —  Koadsides.  etc.,  Tenn. — 
Var.  ALOPECiKOiDEs,  Baker.  Leaves  larger,  more  nearly  sessile,  broadly 
oval  and  obtuse,  often  subcordate,  coarsely  serrate,  more  veiny,  but  not  rugose; 
approaching  the  next.  —  I'enn.  and  N.  J. 

M.  JioTLXDiFOLiA,  L.  Soft-lidiry  or  downy;  leaves  broadly  elliptical  to 
round-ovate  and  somewhat  heart  shaped,  ?»vosc,  crenate-toothed ;  spikes  slen- 
der, not  canescent.  —  Atlantic  States,  at  a  few  stations,  Maine  to  Tex. 

M.  vfuiDi^;,  I...  (SrEARMiNT.)  Nearly  siJiootli  :  leaves  oblony-  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, wnequaUy  serrate;  bracts  linear-lanceolate  and  subulate,  conspicuous. 

—  Wet  places ;  in  all  cultivated  districts. 

*  *  Flowers  pedicellate,  less  crowded,  in  interrupted  leajless  spikes,  e,r  snwe  in 

the  upper  axils  ;  leaves  petioled. 

M.  PiPEHiTA,  L.  (Peppermint.)  Glabrous  (somewhat  hairy  in  var.  si  hiiik- 
sf^TA),  very  pungent-ta.'^ted ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
sliarply  serrate;  s/iikes  narrow,  loose.  —  Ah)ng  brooks,  escaped  everywhere. 

M.  AQiiTiCA,  L.  (Water  Mint.)  Pubescent  orsmoothish;  leaves  ovate 
or  rouiid-ovHte;  flowers  in  a  terminal  efle>bular  or  interrupt!  d  and  oblonej  head, 
often  with  one  or  more  clust(!rs  in  tiie  axils  of  the  ui)per  leaves;  calyx  and 
usuallv  the  pedicels  liairv.     'IMie  common  form  has  the  stems  hairy  downward. 

—  Wet  places,  N.  Eng.  to  Del. ;  rare.  —  \.\x.  <  ufspA,  Henth.,  is  a  glabrous  or 
glabrate  form,  with  lacerate-dcntate  and  crisped  leaves.  —  Ditches,  N.  J.,  etc. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  globular  tchorls  or  clusters,  all  in  the  arils  of  the  leaves,  the  up- 

permost axils  not  Jiowtr-bearing ;  leaves  more  or  less  petioled,  toothed. 

M.  SATivA,  L.  (WnoRi.ED  MiNT.)  Stem  hairy  downward :  leaves  ovate, 
sliarplv  serrate;  calyx  oblong-cylindrical  with  very  slender  tetth.  —  Waste 
damp  places,  ALass.  to  Penn. ;  not  conunon.     Passes  into  the  next. 


408  LABIATE.       (mint    FAMILY.) 

M.  ARVExsis,  L.  (Corn  Mint.)  Lower  and  smaller-leaved  than  the  last; 
leaves  obtusely  serrate ;  calyx  bell-shaped,  the  teeth  short  and  broader.  —  Moist 
fields,  N.  Eug.,  etc. ;  rare. 

1.  M.  Canadensis,  L.  (Wild  Mint.)  Leaves  varying  from  ovate- 
oblong  to  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends ;  calyx  oblong-bell-shaped,  the  teeth 
rather  short ;  hairs  on  the  stem  not  conspicuously  refiexed.  The  commoner 
form  is  more  or  less  hairy,  and  has  nearly  the  odor  of  Pennyroyal.  — Wet 
places,  through  the  northern  U.  States  across  the  continent,  and  northward. 

Var.  glabrata,  Benth.  Leaves  and  stems  almost  glabrous,  the  former 
sometimes  very  shurt-petioled  ;  scent  sweeter,  as  of  Monarda.  —  Similar  range. 

8.     LYCOPXJS,     Tourn.         Water  Horehound. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4-5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  bell-shaped, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  nearly  equally  4-lobed.  Stamens  2,  distant ; 
the  upper  pair  either  vSterile  rudiments  or  wanting.  Nutlets  with  thickened 
margins.  —  Perennial  low  herbs,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  resembling  Mints, 
with  sharply  toothed  or  pinuatifid  leaves,  the  floral  ones  similar  and  much 
longer  than  the  dense  axillary  whorls  of  small  mostly  white  flowers ;  in  sum- 
mer. (Name  compounded  of  \vkos,  a  wolf,  and  vovs,/oot,  from  some  fancied 
likeness  in  the  leaves.) 

*  Stolon  if erous,  the  long  filiform  runners  often  tuberiferous  ;  leaves  onhj  serrate. 
-H-  Calgx-teeth  usually  4,  barely  acutish,  shorter  than  the  mature  nutlets. 

1.  L.  Virginicus,  L.  (Bugle-^veed.)  Stem  obtusely  4-angled  (6' -2*^ 
high) ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed,  entire  toward  the  base,  acu- 
minate at  both  ends,  short-petioled ;  calyx-teeth  ovate.  —  Shady  moist  places. 
Lab.  to  Pla.,  Mo.,  and  northwestward  across  the  continent. 

H-  -*-  Calyx-teeth  usually  5,  very  acute,  longer  than  the  nutlets. 
•^  Bracts  minute;  corolla  tivice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

2.  L.  sessilifolius,  Gray.  Stem  rather  acutely  4-angled;  leaves  closely 
sessile, o\3ite  or  lanceolate-oblong  (1-2'  long),  sparsely  sharply  serrate;  calyx- 
teeth  subulate,  rigid.  (L.  Europseus,  var.  sessilifolius,  Gray,  Man.)  —  Pine 
barrens  of  N.  J,  to  Cape  Cod,  Mass.  {Deane). 

3.  L.  rubellus,  Moench.  Stem  ratlier  obtusely  4-angled ;  leaves  petioled, 
ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle,  (tttenuate-acn- 
minate  at  both  ends  (S'  long)  ;  calyx-teeth  triangular-subulate,  wof  rigid-pointed. 
(L.  Europaeus,  var.  integrifolius,  Gray.)  —  Penn.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 

•^  -t-t-  Outer  bracts  conspicuous ;  corolla  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx. 

4.  L.  lucidus,  Turcz.,  var.  Americanus,  Gray.  Stem  strict,  stout, 
2-3°  high;  leaves  lanceolate  and  oblong-lanceolate  (2 -4' long),  acute  or  acu- 
minate, very  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate,  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  calyx-teeth 
attenuate-subulate.  —  Sask.  and  Minn,  to  Kan.,  thence  west  to  Calif. 

*  *  Xot  stoloniferous ;  leaves  incised  or  pinnatifid. 

5.  L.  sinuatns,  Ell.  Stem  erect,  1-3°  high,  acutely  4-angled ;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate  (li-2'  long),  acuminate,  irregularly  incised  or  laciniate- 
pinnatifid,  or  some  of  the  upper  merely  sinuate,  tapering  to  a  slender  petiole : 
calyx-teeth  short-cuspidate ;  sterile  filaments  slender,  conspicuous,  with  glob- 
ular or  spatulate  tips.     (L.  Europ^us,  var.  sinuatus,  6'ra//.)  —  Common. 


LABIATE..        fMINT    FAMILY.)  409 

9.    CUNILA,    L.        DiTTANv. 

Calyx  ovate  tubular,  equally  5-toothed,  very  hairy  in  the  throat.  Corolla  2- 
lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  Hattish.  mostly  notched  ;  the  lower  .spreading,  3-cleft. 
8t:imen.s  2,  erect,  exserted,  distant;  sterile  filaments  short,  minute.  —  Peren- 
nials, with  small  white  or  |)urplish  tiowers,  in  corymbcd  cymes  or  clusters. 
(An  ancient  Latin  name,  of  unknown  origin.) 

1.  C.  Mariana,  L.  (Co.mmon'  Dittany.)  Stems  tufted,  corymhosely 
much  branched  (1°  liigh) ;  leaves  smooth,  ovate,  serrate,  rounded  or  heart- 
shaped  at  ba.sc,  nearly  sessile,  dotted  (T  long) ;  cymes  pedunded;  calyx  stri- 
ate.—  Dry  hills,  southern  N.  Y.  to  S.  Ind.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

10.     HYSSOPUS,     Tonni.         Hyssop. 

Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  eciually  5-tootlied,  naked  in  the  tliroat.  Corolla 
short,  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  obscurely  notched,  the  lower  3-cleft,  with 
the  middle  hjbe  larger  and  2<deft.  Stamens  4,  ex.serted,  diverging.  —  Peren- 
nial herb,  with  wand  like  simple  branches,  lanceolate  or  linear  entire  leaves,  and 
blue-purple  flowers  in  small  clusters,  crowded  in  a  spike.     (The  ancient  name.) 

H.  OFFICINALIS,  L. —  Roadsides,  etc.,  sparingly  escaped  from  gardens. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

11.    PYCNANTHEMXJM,    Michx.        Moiintain  Mint.     Basil. 

Calyx  ovate-oblong  or  tubular,  about  13-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  or  the 
three  upper  teeth  more  or  less  united,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla  short, 
more  or  less  2-lipped ;  the  u])per  lip  straight,  nearly  flat,  entire  or  slightly 
notched  ;  the  lower  3-cleft,  its  lobes  all  ovate  and  obtuse.  Stamens  4,  distant, 
the  lower  pair  rather  longer ;  anther-cells  parallel.  —  Perennial  upright  herbs, 
with  a  pungent  mint-like  flavor,  corymbosely  branched  above,  the  floral  leaves 
often  whitened ;  the  many-flowered  whorls  dense,  crowded  with  bracts,  and 
usually  forming  terminal  heads  or  close  cymes.  Corolla  whitish  or  purplish, 
the  lips  mostly  dotted  with  purple.  Fl.  summer  and  early  autumn.  —  Varies, 
like  the  Mints,  with  the  stamens  exserted  or  included  in  different  flowers. 
(Name  composed  of  irvKv6s,  dense,  and  ivdefiov,  a  blossom,  from  the  dense 
inflorescence.) 
*  Bracts  and  equal  cali/x-teeth  aivn-tipped,  ri(jid,  naked,  as  long  as  the  corolla ; 

flowers  in  rather  dense  mostlij  terminal  heads ;  leaves  rigid,  slightly  ftetioled. 

1.  P.  aristatum,  Michx.  Minutely  hoary-puberulont  (1-2°  high); 
leaves  ovate-oblong  ami  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sparingly  denticulate-serrate 
(1-2'  long),  roundish  at  the  base.  —  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

Var.  hyssopifblium,  Cray.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  broadly  linear, 
nearly  entire  antl  oI)Luse.  —  Va.  to  Fla. 

*  ♦  Bracts  and  equal  and  similar  cali/T-teefh  not  awned. 
■*-  Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  nearli/  sessile,  entire,  ven/  numerous ;  capitate 
glomerules  small  and  numerous,  denselg  ci/mose,  imbricated  with  mam/  short 
oppressed  riqid  bracts. 

2.  P.  lanceolatum,  Pursli.  Smoothish  or  minutelg  pubesrent  (2°  h\^h); 
leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  obtuse  at  base;  hi  ads  downy ;  bracts  ovate  or 
lanceolate;  calyx-teeth  short  and  triangular.  —  Dry  thickets,  Mass.  to  Dak., 
south  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 


410  LABIATE.        (mint    FAMILY.) 

3.  P.  linifolium,  Pur^li.  Smoother  and  leaves  narrower  and  heads  less 
dowiiy  than  in  the  last ;  the  narrower  bracts  and  I ance-awJ -shaped  calt/x-teefh 
pujigentli/  pointed.  —  Dry  ground,  Mass.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

•*-  -1-  Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  sessile  or  nearlij  so,  denticulate  or  entire  ;  heads 
larger  and  fewer,  with  fewer  and  looser  bracts. 

4.  P.  muticum,  Pers.  Minuteli/  hoan/  throughout,  or  becoming  almost 
smooth,  corymbosely  much  branched  (1-2^°  higli) ;  leaves  ovate  or  broadly 
ovate-lanceolate,  varying  to  lanceolate,  rather  rigid,  acute,  rounded  or  slighfli/ 
heart-shaped  at  base,  mostly  sessile  and  minutely  sharp-toothed,  prominently 
veined,  green  when  old;  theforal  ones,  short  bracts,  and  triangular  or  ovate 
calyx-teeth,  hoary  ivith  a  fine  close  down;  flower-clusters  very  dense.  —  Maine 
to  S.  111.,  south  to  11a.  and  Ark. 

Var.  pilosum,  Gray.  Hoary  with  loose  pubescence ;  leaves  thinner,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  in(;stly  acute  or  acutish  at  base ;  bracts  and  especially  tlie  narrower 
(often  somewhat  unequal)  calyx-teeth  often  villous-pubescent.  (P.  pilosum, 
Nutt.)  —  Ohio  to  Iowa,  Kan.,  and  Ark. 

5.  P.  leptodon,  (xray.  Soft-pubescent ,  or  glabrate  below,  loosely  branched ; 
leaves  membranaceous,  green  (H-2' long), /«?;ceo/«<e  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sub- 
sessile  ;  clusters  larger  and  looser,  canescent-hirsute ;  long-acuminate  bracts  and 
calyx-teeth  slender-subulate,  villous-hirsute.  —  S.  Mo.  to  northwestern  N.  C. 

-«-  -I-  -*-  Leaves  linear-  or  oblong -lanceolate,  short-petioled,  not  at  all  hoary  ;  flow- 
ers in  mostly  terminal  dense  capitate  clusters ;  calyx  hoary-pubescent. 

6.  P.  Torreyi,  Benth.  Puberulent;  stem  strict  and  nearly  simple  (2 - 
3°  high);  leaves  thin,  Hnear4anceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends  (mostly  2'  long 
and  2-3"  wide),»?ecfr/y  entire ;  heads  small ;  a^vl  shaped  calyx-teeth  and  mostly 
appressed  bracts  canostent. —  Dry  soil,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Penn.  and  Del. 

7.  P.  clinopodioides,  Gray.  Pubescent;  leaves  broadly  or  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, sharply  denticulate  (sometimes  entire) ;  heads  fewer  and  larger;  bracts 
loose.  —  Dry  soil,  southern  N.  Y.  to  E.  Penn. 

*  *  *  Calyx  bilabiate  (3  upper  teeth  xinited),  the  teeth  and  the  tips  of  the  loose 

bracts  not  rigid :  flowers  in  dense  fattened  glomerate  cymes;  leaves  thin, 
mostly  serrate,  petioled,  the  uppermost  more  or  less  canesceni. 

8.  P.  Tlillia,  Benth.  Leaves  greener  and  loosely  soft-downy,  only  the 
floral  ones  whitened,  otherwise  resembling  those  of  the  next ;  cymes  dense ; 
bracts  much  surpassing  the  fowers,  their  long  awn-like  points  and  the  awn- 
pointed  calyx-teeth  bearded  with  long  loose  hairs.  — S.  Va.  and  N.  C.  to  Tenn. 
and  Ga. 

9.  P.  ineanum,  Michx.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  remotely  toothed. 
downy  above  and  mostly  hoary  with  irhitiih  wool  vnderneath,the  uppermost  ichit- 
ened  both  sides ;  cymes  open ;  bracts  linear-awl-shaped  and,  with  the  calyx-teeth, 
more  or  less  awn-pointed.  — N.  Eng.  to  Ont.  and  Ind.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

*  *  *  *  Calyx  equally  5-toothed ;  heads  few,  large  and  globose  {terminal  and 

in  the  upper  axils  of  the  thin  petioled  leaves) ;  bracts  loose,  ciliate-bearded. 

10.  P.  montanum,  Michx.  Stem  (1-3°  high)  and  ovate-  or  oblong- 
lanceolate  serrate  leaves  glabrous ;  bracts  very  acute  or  awl-pointed,  the  outer- 
most ovate  and  leaf-like,  the  inner  linear ;  teeth  of  the  tubular  calyx  short  and 
acute. —  Alleghanies,  from  S.  Va.  and  Tenn.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 


LABIAT.f..        (mint    FAMILY.)  411 

12.     ORIGANUM,     T..urn.         Wild  Marjoram. 

Calyx  ovato-l)oll-sliai)e(l,  liairv  in  the  tliroat,  striato,  .'i-toothod.  Tuhe  of  the 
rorollii  al)i)ut  the  leiii^th  of  the  calyx,  2-li|)j)C(l ;  the  upper  lip  rather  ereet  and 
slif!;htly  notched,  tlie  Liwer  longer,  of  3  nearly  equal  spr<-;uiing  lohes.  Stamens 
4,  exserted,  diverging.  —  Perennials,  with  nearly  entire  leaves,  and  purplish 
flowers  crowded  in  cylindrical  or  oblong  spikes,  imbricated  with  colored  bracts. 
(An  ancient  Greek  name,  comj)osed  of  vpos,  <i  munutaiu,  and  yavos,  (Idiijht.) 

0.  vii,g.\rk,  L.  Upright,  hairy,  corymbose  at  the  summit;  leaves  peti- 
oled,  round-ovate ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  purplish.  —  Rtjadsidcs,  Atlantic  States. 
June -Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

13.      THYMUS,     Tourn.        Thvmk. 

Calvx  ovate,  2-li])ped,  13-nerved,  hairy  in  tlie  throat ;  tlie  u])per  lip  .3-toothed. 
spreading;  the  lower  2-cleft,  with  the  awl-shaped  divisions  ciliate.  Corolhv 
short,  slightly  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  straight  and  Hattish,  notched  at  the  apex, 
the  lower  3-cieft.  Stamens  4,  straiglit  and  distant,  usually  exserted.  —  Low  per- 
ennials, with  small  and  entire  strongly-veined  leaves,  and  purplish  or  whitish 
flowers.  (The  ancient  (ireek  name  of  the  Thyme,  probal)ly  from  0yw,  Id  hunt 
per/nine,  because  it  was  used  for  incense.) 

T.  Serpvllim,  L.  (Crkeping  Thyme.)  Prostrate;  leaves  green,  flat, 
ovate,  entire,  sbort-jietioled  ;  flowers  crowded  at  tlie  ends  of  the  branches. — 
Old  fields,  E.  Mass.  to  Penn.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

14.     SATUREIA,     Tourn.         Savory. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  10-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  naked  in  the  throat.  Corolla 
2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lij)  erect,  flat,  nearly  entire,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens  4, 
somewhat  ascending.  —  Aromatic  plants,  with  narrow  entire  leaves,  often  clus- 
tered, and  somewhat  spiked  purplish  flowers.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

S.  HORTENSis,  L.  (Summer  Savory.)  Pubescent  annual;  clusters  few- 
flowered  ;  bracts  small  or  none.  —  Escaping  from  gardens  and  sparingly  wild 
in  Ohio  to  111.,  etc.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

15.     CALAMINTHA,     Tourn.        Calamint. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  mostly  hairy  in  the  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip 
3-cleft,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  straight  tube  and  an  inflated  throat, 
distinctly  2-lipped ;  tlie  upjier  lip  erect,  flattish,  entire  or  notched ;  the  lower 
spreading,  3-parted,  the  middle  lobe  usually  largest.  Stamens  4,  mostly  as- 
cending ;  the  anthers  usually  approximate  in  pairs.  —  Perennials,  with  mostly 
]>urplish  or  wliitisli  flowers,  produced  all  summer;  infloresi-ence  various. 
(Name  composed  of  koAo's,  heauti/ul,  and  fxlvda,  Mint.) 

§  1.   Flowers  loose,  without  long-subulate  bracts:  cali/x  villous  in  tlie  throat. 

*  Pubescent;  peduncles  short  but  nwstlii  distinct :  bracts  minute. 

C.  Nepeta,  Link.  (Basil-Thyme.)  Soft-hairy;  stem  ascending  (1-3° 
high) ;  leaves  petioled,  l)roa<lly  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate  ;  corolla  (3"  long)  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  Dry  waste  grounds,  Md.  to  Ark.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

»  *  Glabrous  or  nearli/  so;  common  peduncles  hardly  any ;  pedicels  1-5,  slen- 
der,the  conspicuous  bracts  subulate-acuminate  ;  on  wet  limestone  river-l)anks. 

1.  C.  glabella,  Benth.  Smooth;  stems  dijju.'<e  or  spreading  (1-2°  lonrj); 
leaves  slightly  petioled,  obkmg  or  oblor.fj-Iinear,  narrowed  at  ba.se  (8" -2'  long), 
sparingly  toothed  or  nearly  entire;  clusters  3-5-flo\vere<l ;  corolla  (jjurplish, 
5-6"  long)  fully  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  —  S.  Ind.,  Ky.,  and  Tenn. 


412  LABIAT.^.        (mint    FAMILY.) 

2.  C.  Nuttallii,  Gray.    Smaller ;  the  flowering  stems  more  upright  (5  -  9' 

high),  icith  narrower  mostly  entire  leaves  and  feirer-Jloicered  dusters,  ichile  sterile 
runners  from  the  base  hear  ovate  thickish  leaves  onli/  2-5"  long.     (C.  glabella, 
var.  Nuttallii,  Gray.)  —  Niagara  Falls  to  Minn.,  south  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 
§  2.  Flowers  in  sessile  dense  many-flowered  clusters,  and  involucrate  with  con- 
spicuous setaceous-subulate  rigid  bracts :  calyx  nearly  naked  in  the  throat. 

3.  C.  Clinopodium,  Benth.  (Basil.)  Hairy,  erect  (l -2°  high) ;  leaves 
ovate,  petioled,  nearly  entire ;  flowers  (pale  purple)  in  globular  clusters ;  hairy 
bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Borders  of  thickets  and  fields,  naturalized  exten- 
sively, but  indigenous  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Rocky  Mts.      (Eu.,  Asia.) 

16.      MELISSA,     L.        Balm. 

Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  flattened  and  .3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla 
with  a  recurved-ascending  tube.  Stamens  4,  curved  and  conniving  under  tiie 
upper  lip.  ()therwi.se  neajl  as  Calamintha.  —  Clusters  few-flowered,  loose, 
one-sided,  with  few  and  iii>  s  ly  ovate  bracts  resembling  the  leaves.  (Name 
from  fieXicra-a,  a  bee ;  the  ti.^..ers  yielding  abundance  of  houey.) 

M.  officinXlls,  L.  (Co.^imon  Balm.)  Upright,  branching,  perennial, 
pubescent ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  crenate-toothed,  lemon-scented ;  corolla 
nearly  white.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

17.     HE  DEO  MA,     Pers.     Mock  Pexnyroval. 

Calyx  ovoid  or  tubular,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the  base,  13-nerved, 
bearded  in  the  throat,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Co- 
rolla 2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  notched  at  the  apex,  the  lower  spreading, 
3-cleft.  Eertile  stamens  2 ;  the  upper  pair  reduced  to  sterile  filaments  or 
wanting.  —  Low,  odorous  annuals,  with  small  leaves,  and  loose  axillary  clus- 
ters of  flowers  (in  summer),  often  forming  terminal  leafy  racemes.  (Altered 
from  T]Zv6(T^iov,  an  ancient  name  of  Mint,  from  its  sweet  scent.) 

*  Sterile  filaments  manifest;  leaves  ohlong-ovate,  petioled,  somewhat  serrate. 

\.  H.  pulegioides,  Pers.  (American  Pexn-yrotal.)  Erect,  branch- 
ing, hairy ;  whorls  few-flowered  ;  upper  calyx-teeth  triangular,  the  lower 
setaceous-subulate  ;  corolla  (bluish,  pubescent)  .scarcely  exserted  (2  -  3"  long) ; 
taste  and  odor  nearly  of  the  true  Pennyroyal  (Mentha  Pulegium)  of  Europe.  — 
Common  from  N.  Eng.  to  Dak.,  and  southward. 
*  *  Sterile  filaments  minute  or  obsolete  ;  leaves  narrow,  entire,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

2.  H.  hispida,  Pursh.  Mostly  low;  leaves  linear,  crowded,  almost  gla- 
brous, somewhat  hispid-ciliate ;  bracts  spreading  or  refiexed ;  upper  flowers 
rather  crowded ;  calyx-teeth  all  subulate,  equalling  the  bluish  corolla.  —  Plains, 
Minn,  and  Dak.  to  W.  111.  and  La. 

3.  H,  Drummondi,  Benth.  Pubescent  or  pnberulen*,  a  span  or  two 
high;  leaves  oblong  to  linear ;  bracts  mostly  erect;  calyx  hirsute  or  hispid,  its 
teeth  at  length  connivent,  the  lower  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  upper.  —  Cen- 
tral Neb.  and  Kan.  to  Tex.,  and  westward. 

18.     SALVIA,    L.    Sage. 
Calyx  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  3-toothed  or  entire,  the  lower  2-cleft.     Corolla 
deeply  2-lipped,  ringent ;  upper  lip  straight  or  scythe  shaped,  entire  or  barely 


LABI  AT.*:.        (mint    FAMILY.)  413 

notched,  the  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe  larger.  Sta- 
mens 2,  on  short  filaments,  jointed  with  the  elongated  transverse  connective 
one  end  of  which,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  hears  a  linear  l-celled  (half ) 
anther,  the  other,  usually  descending,  bears  an  ini])erfect  or  deformed  (half) 
anther  or  none  at  all.  —  Flowers  mostly  large  and  sliowy,  in  spiked,  racemed, 
or  panided  whorls,  produced  in  summer.  (Name  from  salvo,  to  save,  in  alhi- 
sion  to  the  reputed  iiealing  qualities  of  Sage.) 

*  Both  anther-cells  polliniferous ;  leaves  mostly  It/rateli/  lobed  or  pinnatifid. 

1.  S.  lyr^ta,  L.  (Lyre-leaved  Sage.)  Low  perennial  (10-20' high), 
somewhat  hairy ;  stem  nearly  simple  and  naked  ;  root-leaves  lyre-shaped  or 
sinuate-pinnatifid,  sometimes  almost  entire;  those  of  the  stem  mostly  a  single- 
pair,  smaller  and  narrower ;  the  floral  oblong-linear,  not  hunger  than  the  ca- 
lyx ;  whorls  loose  and  distant,  forming  an  interrupted  raceme ;  upper  lip  of 
the  blue-purple  pubescent  corolla  (nearly  1'  long)  short,  straight,  not  vaulted. 
—  Woodlands  and  meadows,  N.  J.  to  111.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

*  *  Lotver  anther<ell  wanting;  the  sterile  ends  of  the  connectives  mostli/  united. 
■*-  Calyx  obscurely  bilabiate  ;  corolla  8  -  12"  long,  with  prominently  exserted  tube. 

2.  S.  aziirea.  Lam.,  var.  grandifl6ra,  Benth.  Cinereous-puberulent, 
1-5°  higli ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate  or  serrate, 
tapering  to  a  short  petiole ;  upper  narrower,  often  linear,  entire  ;  inflores- 
cence spike-like,  tomentulose  sericeous  ;  calyx-teeth  short,  tlie  broad  upper  lip 
entire  ;  corolla  deep  blue  (varying  to  white).  —  E.  Neb.  to  Miss.,  Tex.,  aud  Col. 
•*-■*- Calyx  deeply  bilabiate;  corolla  4-G"  long,  the  tube  hardly  at  all  exserted. 

3.  S.  lanceol^ta,  Willd.  Pnberulent  or  nearly  glabrous,  .5- 12' high ; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  irregularly  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  tapering 
to  a  slender  petiole ;  inflorescence  virgate-spiciform,  interrupte.i ;  upper  lip 
of  calyx  entire,  lower  2-cleft ;  corolla  blue,  4"  long, //V^/e  exserted;  style  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so.  —  Plains,  Iowa  and  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 

4.  S.  Urticif61ia,  L.  VUlous-pubescent  and  somewhat  viscid,  or  glabrate, 
1-2°  high;  lenrcs  coarsely  serrate,  ovate,  ivith  truncate  or  cuneafe  base  decur- 
rent  into  a  winged  prfiolc  ;  inflorescence  racemose-spicate,  of  numerous  distant 
clusters;  calyx-lips  divergent,  ^/je  upper  3-toothed ,  lower  2-cleft;  corolla  Idue 
and  white,  5-6"  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  style  strongly  bearded. — 
Woodlands,  Md.  to  Ky.,  south  to  Ga.  and  La. 

5.  SclXrea,  L.  (Clary.)  Villous-pube.scent,  viscid,  stout,  2-3°  high; 
leaves  ample,  long-petioled,  ovate  and  cordate,  crenate,  rugose ;  the  floral 
forming  bracts  of  tlie  spike,  tinged  with  white  and  rose-color;  corolla  white 
and  bluish,  rather  large,  the  long  upper  lip  falcate  and  compressed.  —  Es- 
caped from  gardens,  Tenn.     (Nat.  from  Ku.) 

S.  verbenXce.v,  L.  Pubescent  or  villous,  1  -2°  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or  ob- 
long, often  cordate  at  base,  mostly  sinuate-incised  or  moderately  ])innatifld, 
the  lobes  crenate-toothed,  rugo.se;  the  few  cauline  mostly  sessile,  tlie  floral 
inconspicuous;  raceme  interrupted;  calyx  reflexed  after  flowering;  corolla 
bluish,  small,  the  upper  lip  nearly  straight.  —  Sparingly  seen  in  the  Middle 
States.     (Nat.  from  Ku  ) 

19.     MONARDA,     L.         House-Mint. 

Calyx  tubular,  elongated,  15  iierveii,  nearly  eciuaily  5-toothed,  ufiually  hairy 
in  the  throat.     Corolla  elongated,  with  a  slightly  expanded   tiiroat.  ami  a 


414  LABIATE.        (mint    FAMILY.) 

strongly  2-lipped  limb  ;  lips  linear  or  oblong,  somewhat  equal,  the  upper 
erect,  entire  or  slightly  notched,  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  its 
lateral  lobes  ovate  and  obtuse,  the  middle  one  narroAver  and  slightly  notched. 
Stamens  2,  elongated,  ascending,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla ;  anthers 
linear  (the  divaricate  cells  confluent  at  the  junction).  —  Odorous  erect  herbs, 
with  entire  or  toothed  leaves,  and  pretty  large  flowers  in  a  feAv  whorled  heads, 
closely  surrounded  with  bracts.  (J^edicated  to  Nicolas  Monardes,  author  of 
many  tracts  upon  medicinal  and  other  useful  plants,  especially  those  of  the 
New  World,  in  the  latter  half  of  the  16th  century.) 

*  Stamens  and  stijie  exserted  heijond  the  linear  straight  acute  tipper  lip  of'  (he 

corolla;  heads  solitari/  and  terminal  or  sometimes  2  or  3;  leaves  acutely 
more  or  less  serrate  ;  perennials. 
-f-  Leaves  petioled  ;  calijx-teeth  scarcely  longer  than  the  width  of  the  tube. 

1.  M.  didyma,  L.  (Oswego  Tea.  Bee-Balm.)  Somewhat  hairy  (2° 
liigh),  acutely  4-angled ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  Jioral  ones 
and  the  large  outer  bracts  tinged  icith  red ;  c(dyx  smooth,  incurved,  nearly  naked 
in  the  throat;  corolla  smooth  [2'  long),  bright  re (/,  showy.  —  Moist  woods  by 
streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Ga.  in  the  mountains.     July- Aug. 

2.  M.  clinopodia,  L.  Nearly  glabrous  to  villous-pubescent ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceulate  and  ovate;  bracts  whitish;  calyx  moderately  hirsute  in  the 
throat;  corolla  slightly  pidiescent  {V  long),  dull  ichite  or  flesh-colored.  —  Shady 
places,  ravines,  etc.,  Out.  to  111.,  and  along  the  mountains  to  Ga. 

3.  M.  flstulosa,  L.  (AViLD  Bergamot.)  Smoothish  or  doAvuy,  2-5° 
high;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  the  ujipermost  and  outer  bracts  somewhat  col- 
ored (whitish  or  purplish) ;  calyx  slightly  curved,  very  hairy  in  the  throat ; 
corolla  (V  long  or  more)  purple  or  purplish  dotted,  smooth  or  hairy.  —  Dry 
soil,  Vt.  and  E,  Mass.  to  Ela.,  and  far  westward.  Very  variable  ;  the  follow- 
ing are  the  more  marked  forms.  —  Var.  rubra.  Gray.  Corolla  bright  crim- 
son or  rose-red;  habit  of  n.  1,  but  upper  lip  of  corolla  villous-bearded  on  the 
back  at  tip ;  throat  of  calyx  with  the  outer  bristly  hairs  widely  spreading. 
In  moist  ground,  Alleghany  Mts.  —  Var.  media,  Gray.  Corolla  deep  purple. 
Alleghany  Mts.  —  Var.  mollis,  Benth.  ^Corolla  flesh-color  to  lilac,  glandu- 
lar, its  upper  lip  hairy  outside  or  more  bearded  at  the  tip  ;  leaves  paler,  soft- 
jjubescent  beneath;  throat  of  calyx  mostly  filled  wiih  dense  beard,  with 
sometimes  an  cmter  row  of  bristles.     Extends  to  Minn,  and  westward. 

-I-  -I-  Leaves  nearly  sessile  ;  calyx-teeth  elongated,  lax ;  head  solitary. 

4.  M.  Bradburiana,  Beck.  Leaves  clothed  with  long  soft  hairs,  espe- 
cially underneath;  the  floral  and  the  outer  bracts  somewhat  heart-shaped, 
purplish ;  calyx  smoothish,  contracted  above,  very  hairy  in  the  throat,  Avith 
awl-shaped  awned  teeth ;  corolla  smoothish,  bearded  at  the  tip  of  the  upper 
lip,  scarcely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  pale-purplish,  the  lower  lip  dotted 
with  purple. — Thickets,  Ind.  to  Teun.  and  Kan. 

*  *-  Stamens  not  exceeding  the  falcate  upper  lip  of  the  short  corolla;  heads  axil- 

lary or  interrupted  spicate ;  leaves  lanceolate  or   oblong,  sparsely  serrate, 
tapering  into  the  petiole. 

5.  M.  punctata,  L.  (Horse-Mint.)  Perennial,  minutely  downy 
(2-3°  high) ;  leaves  petioled,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base;  bracts  lanceolate. 


LABIAT.E.       (MINT    FAMILY.)  415 

blunt,  obtuse  at  base,  sessile,  yellowish  and  jniri)le ;  teeth  of  the  ilowny  calyx 
short  (1)1(1  aimless,  rigid,  soon  spreading;  corolhi  nearly  smooth,  i/dluu-isli,  the 
upper  lip  spotted  icith  purple,  notched  at  the  ajjex,  the  tnhe  scarcely  exceeding 
the  calyx.  —  8andy  ground,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

0.  M.  Citriodbra,  C'crv.  Annual,  1-3°  high;  bracts  narrowly  oblong, 
tlieir  s!(  ndcr  uicned  tips  sprcadiiKj  or  rerurrinf/ ;  r(di/.r-t('(t/i  slender,  at  length 
usually  spreading;  corolla  white  or ]>iiiLis/i,  not  spotted.  —  Neb.  to  Tex. 

20.     BLEPHILIA,     Uaf. 

Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  l.J-ncrvcd,  2-lii)i)ed,  naked  in  the  tliroat ;  upper  Up  with 
3  awned  teeth,  tlie  lower  with  2  nearly  awnlcss  teeth.  Corolla  inllated  in  the 
throat,  strongly  and  nearly  equally  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  erect,  entire,  the  lower 
spreading,  3-cle£t,  its  lateral  lobes  ovate  and  rountled,  larger  than  the  oblong 
and  notched  middle  one.  Stamens  2,  ascending,  exstrted  (the  ui)per  pair 
minute  or  none) ;  anthers,  etc.,  as  in  Monarda.  —  I'erennial  herbs,  with  nearly 
tlie  foliage,  etc.,  of  Monarda;  the  small  pale  ])luish  purple  flowers  crowde*! 
in  axillary  and  terminal  globose  whorls;  in  summer.  (Name  from  fi\f(pap{s, 
the  eijcUtsh,  in  reference  to  the  hairy-fringed  bracts  and  calyx-teeth.) 

1.  B.  Ciliata,  Kaf.  Somewhat  downy  (1  -  2°  high)  ;  leaves  tdmost  sessile, 
ohloiuj-ovate,  narroiced  at  base,  whitish-downy  underneath ;  outer  bracts  ovate, 
acute,  colored,  ciliate,  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  corolla  hairy.  —  Dry  open  places, 
Mass.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Kan. 

2.  B.  hirsuta,  Benth.  Taller,  hairy  throughout;  leaves  long-petioled, 
ovate,  pointed,  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  base;  the  lower  floral  ones  similar, 
the  uppermost  and  the  bracts  linear-aicl-shaped,  shorter  tlian  the  long-haired 
calyx  ;  corolla  smoothish,  pale,  with  darker  purple  spots.  —  Moist  shady  places, 
Vt.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.  and  E.  Tex. 

21.      LOPHANTHUS,     Bcnth.        Giaxt  Hyssop. 

Calyx  tul)ular-l)ell-sliai)ed,  15-nerved,  ol)]i(ine,  5-tootlied,  the  upper  teeth 
rather  longer  than  tlie  others.  Corolla  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  nearly  erect,  2- 
lobed,  the  lower  somewhat  sjjrcading,  3-cleft,  with  the  middle  lobe  crenate. 
Stamens  4,  exserted  ;  tlie  upper  ])air  declined,  the  lower  aiul  shorter  pair  as- 
cending, so  that  the  pairs  cro.ss  ;  anther-cells  nearly  parallel.  —  Perennial  tall 
herbs,  with  petioled  serrate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  crowded  in  interrn])ted 
terminal  sjdkes;  in  summer.    (Name  from  \j(pos,  (X  crest,  and  &v6os,  ajloner.) 

1  L.  nepetoides,  Benth.  Stem  stout,  2^-6°  high,  .sharply  4-angled, 
smooth,  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  ovate,  somewhat  pointed,  coarsely  crenate-tootlied 
(2-4' long);  spikes  2-6'  long,  crowded  with  the  ovate  pointed  bracts;  rali/x- 
teeth  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  little  shorter  than  the  pale  greenish- yellow  corolla. — 
Borders  of  woods,  Vt.  to  Minn.,  south  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 

2.  L.  scrophulariaefolius,  Benth.  Stem  (obtusely  4-angled)  and  lower 
surface  of  the  ovate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  acute  leaves  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent ;  cah/r-teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  purplish  corolla  (spikes  4-15' 
long);  otlierwise  like  the  last.  —  Same  range. 

3.  li.  anis^tUS,  Benth.  Smooth,  bnt  the  ovate  acute  leaves  glaucous  ivhitc 
underneath  with  minute  down;  r(di/.r-teeth  htnccolatr,  acute.  —  Plains,  Wise,  to 
Minn.,  Neb.,  and  westward.  —  Foliage  with  the  scent  of  anise. 


416  LABIATE.        (mint    FAMILY.) 

22.  CEDRONELLA,     Moench. 

Calyx  rather  obliquely  5-toothed,  many-nerved.  Corolla  ample,  expanded 
at  the  throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  flattish  or  concave,  2-lobed,  the  lower  3- 
cleft,  spreading,  the  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  ascending,  the  lower 
pair  shorter;  anther-cells  parallel.  —  Sweet-scented  perennials,  with  pale  pur- 
plish flowers.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  cedrus,  the  cedar-tree,  from  the  aro- 
matic leaves  of  C.  triphylla,  the  Dalm-of-Gllead  of  English  gardens.) 

1.  C.  COrdata,  Benth  Low,  with  slender  runners,  hairy  ;  leaves  broadly 
heart-shaped,  crenate,  petioled,  the  floral  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  whorls  few- 
flowered,  at  the  summit  of  short  ascending  stems;  corolla  hairy  inside  (1^' 
long) ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  upper  lip.  —  Moist  shady  banls,  W.  Penu.  to 
Ky.,  south  to  the  mountains  of  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

23.  NEPETA,     L.        Cat-Mixt. 

Calyx  tubular,  often  incurved,  obliquely  5-toothed.  Corolla  dilated  in  the 
throat,  2-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  erect,  rather  concavo,  notched  or  2-cleft ;  the 
lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  largest,  either  2-lobed  or  entire.  Sta- 
mens 4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the  lower  pair  shorter ;  antliers  ap- 
proximate in  pairs,  the  cells  divergent.  —  Perennial  herbs.  (The  Latin  name, 
thought  to  be  derived  from  Nepete,  an  Etrurian  city.) 

§  L   Ci/mose  clusters  rather  dense  and  man ij-Jioicered ,  forming  interrupted  spikes 
or  racemes;  upper  floral  leaves  small  and  brad-like. 

"N.  CatXkia,  L.    (Catnip.)    Downy,  erect,  branched ;  leaves  heart-shaped, 
oblong,  deeply  crenate,  whitish-downy  underneath ;   corolla  whitish,  dotted 
with  purple. -^  Near  dwellings;  a  very  common  weed.     July -Sept.     (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 
§2.  GLECH6MA.     Leaves  all  alike  ;  the  axillari/  clusters  loosehjfeiv-Jlou-ered. 

N.  Glech6ma,  Benth.  (Ground  Ivy.  Gill-over-the-Ground.)  Creep- 
ing and  trailing;  leaves  petioled,  round  kidney-shaped,  crenate,  green  both 
sides ;  corolla  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  light  blue.  —  Damp  or  shady 
places,  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

24.     DRACOCEPHALUM,     Tourn.        Dragon-Head. 

Calyx  tubular,  13- 15-nerved,  straight,  5-toothed;  the  upper  tooth  usually 
much  the  largest.  Corolla  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  slightly  arched  and  notched  ; 
the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  Avith  its  middle  lobe  largest  and  2-cleft  or  notched 
at  the  end.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  the  lower  pair  shorter  . 
anthers  approximate  by  pairs,  the  cells  divergent.  —  Whorls  many -flowered, 
mostlv  spiked  or  capitate,  and  Avith  awn-toothed  or  fringed  leafy  bracts- 
(Name  from  SpaKcou,  a  dragon,  and  Ke<paK-n,  head,  alluding  to  the  form  of  the 
corolla  in  the  original  species.) 

I.  D.  parviflorum,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial;  stem  erect,  leafy  (8- 
20'  high);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  cut-toothed,  petioled;  whorls 
crowded  in  a  terminal  head  or  spike ;  upper  tooth  of  the  calyx  ovate,  nearly 
equalling  the  bluish  small  slender  corolla.  —  Kocky  or  gravelly  soil,  northern 
N.  Y.  to  Iowa  and  Minn.,  and  westward. 

25.     SCUTELLARIA,    L.        Skullcap. 

Calyx  bell-shaped  in  flower,  2-lipped ;  the  lips  entire,  closed  in  fruit,  the  up- 
per with  a  helmet-like  at  length  concave  and  enlarged  appendage  on  the  back 


I 


LABIAT.*:.        (mint    FAMILY.)  417 

(the  upper  sepal) ;  calyx  splitting  to  the  base  at  maturity,  the  upper  lip  usu- 
ally falling  away.  Corolla  with  an  elongatoil  curvctl  asc-ending  tube,  dilated 
at  the  throat,  2-lipped  ;  the  upper  lip  arched,  entire  or  barely  notched,  the  lat- 
eral lobes  mostly  connected  with  the  upper  rather  than  the  lower  lip ;  the  lower 
lobe  or  lip  spreading  and  convex,  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  4,  ascending 
under  the  upper  lip  ;  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  ciliate  or  bearded,  tlujse  of 
the  lower  stamens  1-celled  (halved),  of  the  upper  2-celled  and  heart  shaped. — 
Bitter  perennial  herbs,  not  aromatic,  the  short  peduncles  or  pedicels  ciiiefly 
opposite,  1-flowered,  often  1-sided,  axillary  or  sjjiked  or  racemed  ;  in  summer. 
(Name  from  scntel/a,  a  dish,  in  allusion  to  the  appendage  to  the  fruiting  calyx.) 
§  1.    Kutlets  irimj/ess,  mostly  manjinless,  on  a  low  (jijnohase. 

*  Floicers  small  {.3"  Ion;/),  in  axillary  and  sometimes  terminal  \-sided  racemes. 

1.  S.  Iaterifl6ra,  L.  (Mad-dog  Skullcap.)  Smooth;  stem  upright, 
much  branched  (1-2°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate-ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  pointed, 
coarsely  serrate,  rounded  at  base,  petioled  (2-3'  long),  the  lower  floral  ones 
similar;  flowers  blue,  rarely  white.  —  Wet  shaded  places,  common. 

*  *  Flowers  larger  (6-12"  long)  in  terminal  single  or  panicled  racemes,  the 

floral  leaves  gradually  reduced  to  bracts. 

-t-  Stem-leaves  all   cordate,  crenate-toothed ,  slender-petioled ;    lateral   lobes  of 

the  corolla  almost  equalling  the  short  upper  lip. 

2.  S.  versicolor,  Nutt.  Soft  hairy,  the  hairs  of  the  inflorescence,  etc., 
partly  viscid-glancrular ;  stem  mostly  erect  (I  -3°  high) ;  leaves  ovate  or  round- 
ovate,  very  veiny,  rugose,  the  floral  reduced  to  broadly  ovate  entire  bracts  about 
equalling  the  glandular-hairy  calyx ;  racemes  mostly  simple;  corolla  bright 
blue  with  lower  side  and  lip  whitish.  —  Banks  of  streams,  Fenn.  to  Wise, 
Minn.,  and  southward.  —  Var.  minor,  Chapm.  Low,  slender,  and  thin-leaved  ; 
floral  leaves  small.  —  Mountains  of  Va.,  etc. 

3.  S.  saxatilis,  Riddell.  Glabrous  or  slightly  hairy;  stem  weak,  ascend- 
ing (6-18' long),  often  producing  runners,  branched;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong  (1-2'  long),  thin,  obtuse;  upper  bracts  oblong  or  ovate,  small,  entire; 
raceme  simple,  loose.  —  Moist  shaded  banks,  Del.  to  Ohio,  south  in  the  moun- 
tains to  Va.  and  Tenn. 

H-  -*-  Stem-leaves  crenate-dentate  or  serrate  (or  nearly  entire  in  n.  7),  only  the 
loivest  if  any  cordate  at  base,  more  or  less  petioled ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  blue 
corolla  shorter  than  the  galeate  upper  lip. 

4.  S.  serr^ta,  Andrews.  Green  and  nearly  glabrous  ;  stem  rather  simple 
(1-3°  high),  with  single  loosely  flowered  racemes;  leaves  serrate,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong;  calyx,  etc.,  somewhat  hairy;  corolla  1' 
long,  narrow,  its  lips  equal  in  length.  —  Woods,  Penn.  to  111.  and  N.  C. 

5.  S.  candscens,  Nutt.  Stem  branched  above  (2-4°  high),  with  the 
panicled  many-flowered  racemes,  flowers,  and  the  lower  surface  of  the  ovate  or 
lance-ovate  acute  (at  the  base  acute,  obtuse,  or  cordate)  crenate  leaves  whitish 
ivith  flne  soft  down,  often  becoming  ratiier  glabrous ;  bracts  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate;  corolla  8-9"/o?2r7.  — River-banks,  Out.  and  Tenn.  to  the  mountains 
of  N.  C.  and  N.  Ala.,  west  to  Kan.  and  Ark. 

6.  S.  pil6sa,  Michx.  Pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  ;  stem  nearly  simple 
(1-3°  high);  leaves  rather  distant,  crenate,  oblong-ovate,  obti.se    v:\rvinp-  to 

27 


418  LAHIAT^..        (mint    FAMILY.) 

roundish-ovate,  the  lower  abrupt  or  heart-shaped  at  base  and  long-petioled, 
the  upper  on  short  margined  petioles,  veiny  ;  bracts  oblong-spatulate  ;  racemes 
short,  often  branched ;  coroUa  6"  long,  rather  narrow,  the  lower  lip  a  little  shorter. 

—  Dry  or  sterile  ground,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
Var.  hirsuta,  Gray,  is  a  large  form  (sometimes  3°  high),  more  hirsute, 

with  larger  very  coarsely  crenate  leaves  (2-3'  long).  —  Richer  soil,  Ky. 

Var.  ovalifolia,  Benth.,  is  a  form  with  shorter  and  finer  pubescence,  and 
narrower  less  veiny  leaves.  —  N.  J.  to  \?i. 

7.  S.  integrifolia,  L.  Doicny  all  over  with  a  minute  hoariness ;  stem 
commonly  simple  (1-2°  high) ;  leaves  oblong -lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  entire, 
obtuse,  very  short-petioled ;  corolla  V  long,  much  enlarged  above,  the  ample  lips 
equal  in  length.  —  Dry  ground,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

*  *  *  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  mostly  sessile  leaves,  which  re- 
semble the  lower  ones  but  are  occasionally  reduced. 

8.  S.  Wrightii,  Gray.  Fir7n  and  woody  at  base,  not  stoloniferous  nor 
tuberiferous,  low,  many-stemmed  in  a  tuft,  minutely  ciuereous-puberulent, 
very  leafy ;  leaves  ovate  or  spatulate-obloug,  entire,  subsessile  (^'  long),  the 
upper  floral  shorter  thau  the  flowers;  corolla  pubescent  (^'  long),  usually 
violet.  —  Kan.  to  Tex. 

9.  S.  parvula,  ^lichx.  Herbaceous;  subterranean  stolons  moniliform- 
tuberiferous ;  minutely  downy,  dwarf  (3-6'  high),  branched  and  spreading; 
all  but  the  lower  leaves  sessile  and  entire,  the  lowest  round-ovate,  the  others 
ovate  or  lance-ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped  (6  -  8"  long) ;  corolla  2  -  4''  long.  — 
Sandy  banks,  W.  New  Eng.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  —  Var.  mollis, 
Gray,  is  more  spreading,  softly  pubescent  throughout,  with  larger  less  firm 
leaves.  —  Sandy  banks,  S.  111.  to  Kan, 

10.  S.  galericul^ta,  L.  Herbaceous  ;  subterranean  stolons  not  tuberif- 
erous;  smooth  or  a  little  downy,  erect  (1-2°  high),  simple;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  roundish  and  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base  (1-2' 
long);  corolla  violet-blue,  8 - 9"  long,  with  slender  tube,  the  large  lower  lip 
nearly  erect.  —  Wet  shady  places ;  common  especially  northward.     (Eu.) 

§  2.   Nutlets  conspicuously  loinged,  each  raised  on  a  slender  base. 

11.  S.  nervosa,  Pursh.  Smooth,  simple  or  branched,  slender,  10-20' 
high ;  lower  leaves  roundish,  the  middle  ovate,  toothed,  somewhat  heart-shaped 
(r  long),  the  floral  ovate-lanceolate,  entire;  nerve-like  veins  prominent  be- 
neath ;  corolla  bluish,  4"  long,  the  lower  lip  exceeding  the  concave  upper  one. 

—  Moist  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Ind.,  south  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

26.      BRUNELLA,     Tourn.         Self-heal. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  somewhat  10-nerved  and  reticulated-veiny,  flat- 
tened on  the  upper  side,  naked  in  the  throat,  closed  in  fruit,  2-lipped ;  upper 
lip  broad  and  flat,  truncate,  with  3  short  teeth,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  as- 
cending, slightly  contracted  at  the  throat  and  dilated  at  the  lower  side  just 
beneath  it,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  arched,  entire ;  the  lower  reflexed- 
spreading,  3-cleft,  its  lateral  lobes  oblong,  the  middle  one  rounded,  concave, 
denticulate.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip ;  filaments  2-toothed 
at  the  apex,  the  lower  tooth  bearing  the  anther ;  anthers  approximate  in  pairs. 


LABIAIVK.        (mint    FAMILY.)  11  H 

their  cells  diverging.  —  Low  perennials,  with  nearly  Hiniplc  stem.s  and  3-flow. 
cred  clusters  of  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  round  and  br.ict-Iiko  memhra- 
naceous  floral  leaves,  imbricated  in  a  close  spike  or  head.  (Xaino  naid  to  1»c 
from  the  German  braune,  a  disease  of  the  throat,  for  wliich  this  j)l;int  w:is  a 
re|)nted  reniedx.) 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  L.  (Common  Sulf-heal  or  IIkal-all.)  I.cavo.-%  ovate- 
uhlong,  entire  or  toothed,  petioled,  hairy  or  snioothish  ;  corolla  (violet  or  flesh- 
color,  rarely  white)  not  twice  the  length  of  the  purplish  calyx,  —  Woods  and 
flelds,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  westward  across  the  continent.    'June -Sept.     (Ku.) 

27.     PHYSOSTEGIA,     Benth.        False  Dkagon-hkai.. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  .'j-toothed,  obscurely  10-nerved,  short-tubular  or  bell- 
shaped,  more  or  less  enlarged  and  slightly  inflated  in  fruit.  Corolla  funnel- 
form,  M'ith  a  much  inflated  throat,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  erect,  nearly  entire ; 
the  lower  3-parted,  spreading,  small,  its  middle  lobe  larger,  broad  and  rounded, 
notched.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip;  anthers  a])proximate ; 
the  cells  parallel.  —  Smooth  perennials,  with  upright  wand-like  stems,  and 
sessile  lanceolate  or  oblong  mostly  serrate  leaves.  Flowers  large  and  showy, 
rose  or  flesh-color  variegated  with  purple,  opposite,  crowded  in  sim])le  or 
panic-led  terminal  leafless  spikes.  (Name  from  (pvaa,  a  bladder,  and  ari-yr], 
a  cocerimj  ) 

1.  P,  Virginiana,  Benth.  Stem  l-4°  high,  terminated  by  a  sim]de 
virgate  or  several  jianicled  spikes;  leaves  thickish  ;  c(di/x  tubuldr-ranipanulate, 
its  teeth  half  the  lenrjth  of  the  tube ;  corolla  V  long.  —  Wet  grounds,  from  N.  Vt. 
west  and  southward.  Varies  greatly.  —  Var.  dknticuiAta,  Gray.  Slender 
and  commonly  low,  with  crenulate-denticulate  or  ob.scurely  serrate  leaves,  and 
slender  or  loosely-flowered  spikes.  —  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

2.  P.  intermedia,  Gray.  Slender,  1-3°  high,  remotely  leaved;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  repand-denticulate  ;  spikes Jiliform,  rather  remotely  flowered  ; 
cali/x  short  and  broadit/  campannlate,  its  teeth  about  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  corolla 
5  -  6"  long,  much  dilated  upicard.  —  Barrens,  W.  Ky.  and  Ark.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

28.      SYNANDRA,    Nutt. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  inflated,  membranaceous,  irregularly  veiny,  almost  equally 
4-toothed !  Corolla  with  a  long  tube,  much  expanded  above  and  at  the  throat ; 
the  upper  lip  slightly  arched,  entire,  the  lower  spreading  and  3-cleft,  with  ovate 
lobes,  the  middle  one  broadest  and  notched  at  the  end.  Stamens  4,  ascending ; 
filaments  hairy  ;  anthers  approximate  in  ])airs  under  the  u])per  lij);  the  two 
upper  each  with  one  fertile  and  one  smaller  sterile  cell,  the  latter  cells  cohering 
together  (whence  the  name;  from  avv,  together,  and  dtrf)p,  for  anther). 

1.  S.  grandifldra,  Nutt.  Hairy  biennial,  1°  high:  lower  leaves  long- 
petioled,  broadly  ovate,  heart-sha])ed,  crenate,  thin,  the  floral  .sessile,  gradually 
reduced  to  bracts,  each  with  a  single  sessile  flower;  corolla  \V  long,  yellowish- 
white. —  Shady  banks  of  streams,  S.  Ohio  to  111.  and  Tenu.     In  spring. 

29.     MARRUBIUM,    Tourn.        IIoreholnd. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-  10-nerved,  nearly  ecinally  .'>  -  U)  toothed,  the  teeth  more  or 
less  spiny-pointed  and  spreading  at  maturity.     I'pjier  lip  of  the  corolla  erect, 


420  LABIATE.        (mint    FAMILY.) 

notched,  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft,  its  middle  lobe  broadest.  Stamens  4, 
included  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  —  Whitish-woolly  bitter-aromatic  perennials, 
branched  at  the  base,  with  rugose  and  crenate  or  cut  leaves,  and  many-flowered 
axillary  whorls.     (A  name  of  Pliny,  from  the  Hebrew  marrob,  a  bitter  juice.) 

M.  vulgXke,  L.  (Commox  Horehocnd.)  Stems  ascending;  leaves 
round-ovate,  petioled,  crenate-toothed ;  whorls  capitate ;  calyx  with  10  re- 
cnrved  teeth,  the  alternate  ones  shorter ;  corolla  small,  white.  —  Escaped  from 
gardens  into  waste  places.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

30.     BALLOT  A,    L.        Fetid  Horehound. 

Calyx  nearly  funnel-form ;  the  10-ribbed  tube  expanded  above  into  a  spread- 
ing regular  border,  with  5- 10  teeth.  Anthers  exserted  beyond  the  tube  of 
the  corolla,  approximate  in  pairs.  Otherwise  much  as  in  Marrubium.  (The 
Greek  name,  of  uncertain  origin.) 

B.  NIGRA,  L.  (Black  Horeiiouxd.)  More  or  less  hairy,  but  green,  erect ; 
the  root  pereimial ;  leaves  ovate,  toothed  ;  whorls  many-tiowered,  dense  ;  calyx- 
teeth  5,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  purplish  corolla.  —  Waste  places,  X.  Eng., 
Penu.,  etc.  '  (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

31.      PHLOMIS,     Tourn.        Jerusalem  Sage. 

Calyx  tubular,  .5  -  10-nerved,  truncate  or  equally  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  arched ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  4,  ascending  and  ap- 
proximate in  pairs  under  the  upper  lip ;  the  filaments  of  the  upper  pair  longer 
than  the  others  in  P.  tuberosa,  with  an  awl-shaped  appendage  at  base;  anther- 
cells  divergent  and  confluent.  —  Leaves  rugose.  AVhorls  dense  and  many-flow- 
ered, axillary,  remote,  bracted.     (An  old  Greek  name  of  a  woolly  plant.) 

P.  TUBEROSA,  L.  Tall  perennial  (3 -5°  high),  nearly  smooth;  leaves  ovate- 
heart-shaped,  crenate,  petioled,  the  floral  oblong-lanceolate  ;  bracts  awl-shaped, 
hairy ;  upper  lip  of  the  purple  corolla  densely  bearded  with  white  hairs  on  the 
inside.  —  S.  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  N.  Y.     June,  July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

32.    LEON  CJ BUS,    L.        Motherwort. 

Calyx  top-shaped,  5-nerved,  with  5  nearly  equal  teeth  which  are  awl-shaped, 
and  when  old  rather  spiny-pointed  and  spreading.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  ob- 
long and  entire,  somewhat  arched  ;  the  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe 
larger,  narrowly  oblong-obovate,  entire,  the  lateral  ones  oblong.  Stamens  4, 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip ;  anthers  approximate  in  pairs,  the  valves  naked. 
Nutlets  truncate  and  sharply  3-angled.  —  Upright  herbs,  Avith  cut-lobed  leaves, 
and  close  whorls  of  flowers  m  their  axils ;  in  summer.  (Name  from  k4wv,  a  lion, 
and  ovpa,  tail,  i.  e.  Lions-tail.) 

L.  Cardiaca,  L.  (Common  ^Motherwort.)  Tall  perennial ;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  the  lower  rounded,  palmately  lobed,  the  floral  wedge-shaped  at  base, 
3-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate ;  upper  lip  of  the  pale  purple  corolla  bearded.  — 
Waste  places,  around  dwellings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  Marrubiastrum,  L.  Tall  biennial,  with  elongated  branches;  stem- 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  toothed ;  corolla  (whitish)  shorter  than  the  calyx- 
teeth,  the  tube  naked  within";  loAver  lip  rather  erect.  —  Roadsides,  N.  J.  to  Del., 
and  southward.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

L.  SiBiRicus,  L.  Tall  biennial;  leaves  3-parted,  the  divisions  2-5-cleft, 
or  deeplv  3-7-cleft  and  incised;  corolla  (purplish)  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
the  upper  lip  fornicate,  the  lower  little  spreading.  — Waste  grounds,  Penu. ; 
also  far  west.     (Adv.  from  Eu.  and  Asia.) 

33.     LAMIUM,    L.        Dead-Nettle. 

Calvx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  5-nerved,  with  5  nearly  equal  awl-pointed 
teeth."   Corolla  dilated  at  tlie  throat ;  upper  lip  ovate  or  oblong,  arched,  uar- 


LABIAT.K.        (mint    FAMILY.)  421 

rowed  at  the  base;  the  middle  lobe  of  the  spreading  lower  lip  broad,  notched 
at  tlie  apex,  contracted  as  if  stalked  at  the  base,  the  lateral  ones  sniall,  at  the 
margin  of  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  ;  anthers  ap- 
])r(»ximatc  in  pairs,  2-cclled,  the  cells  divergent.  Nutlets  trun<-:ile.  —  Decum- 
bent herbs,  the  lowest  leaves  sniall  antl  long-jx-iioled,  the  middle  heart-shaped 
and  doubly  toothed,  the  floral  sul)tending  the  whorled  Hower-cluster;  spring  to 
autumn.     (Name  from  Aai/xos,  throat,  in  allusion  to  the  ringeut  corolla.) 

*  Annuals  or  biennials,  low ;  Jioxcors  small,  purple,  in  few  u-horls  or  heads. 

L.  AMPLEXiCAtJLE,  L.  Leaves  rouudcd,  dee])ly  crenate-toothod  or  cut,  the 
vpjter  ones  claspinrj;  corolla  elongated,  upper  lip  bearded,  the  lower  spotted; 
lateral  lol)es  truncate.  —  Kather  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  PLKPtiREiM,  L.  Leaves  roundish  or  (d)long,  heart-shaped,  crenate- 
toothed,  all  petiole (l.  —  N.  Eng.  and  Tenn.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Perennial,  taller ;  Jloivers  larger,  in  several  axillarif  whorls. 

L.  AuMM,  L.  Hairy;  leaves  ovate,  heart  shaped,  petioled ;  calyx-teeth 
very  slender,  spreading;  corolla  white,  the  tube  curved  upward,  oblicpiely  con- 
tracted near  the  ba,se,  where  there  is  a  ring  of  hairs  inside  ;  lateral  lobes  of  lower 
lip  bearing  a  long  slender  tooth.  —  E.  New  Eng.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  M.^ciLXTr.Ai,  L.  Like  the  last,  but  leaves  more  fre(piently  marked  with 
a  white  spot  on  the  ujjper  face,  and  flowers  i)urplish,  with  the  ring  of  hairs 
transverse  instead  of  oblique.  —  Sparingly  esca})ed.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

34.     GALE  dp  SIS,     L.     1 1 1:  mi-Nettle. 

Calyx  tubular-bell-shaped,  about  .5-nerved,  with  5  somewhat  equal  and  spiny- 
ti])])e(i  teeth.  Corolla  dilated  at  the  throat ;  upper  lip  ovate,  arched,  entire ; 
the  lower  3-cleft,  spreading,  the  lateral  lobes  ovate,  the  middle  one  inversely 
heart  sliai)ed  ;  palate  with  2  teeth  at  the  sinuses.  Stamens  4,  ascending  uuder 
the  u])i)er  lip;  anther-cells  transverseli/  2-valved :  the  inner  valve  of  each  cell 
bristly-fringed,  the  outer  one  larger  and  naked. —  Annuals,  with  spreading 
branches,  and  several  -  mauy-fiowered  whorls  in  the  axils  of  floral  leaves  whieli 
are  nearly  like  the  lower  ones.  (Name  composed  uf  yaK^rj,  a  iceasel,  and  o |<$,  re- 
semblance, from  some  fancied  likeness  of  the  corolla  to  the  head  of  a  weasel.) 

G,  TetkXiiit,  L.  (Commox  Hemp-Nettle.)  Stem  swollen  below  the  Joints, 
brisiljf-hairij ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate;  corolla  purplish  or  variegated, 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  or,  in  var.  grandiflOka,  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  often  yellowish  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  lower  lip. — 
Waste  places,  common.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

G.  l...\nANi::M,  \j.  (Red  11.)  Stem  smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong -lan- 
ceolate, more  or  less  downy  ;  corolla  red  or  rose-color  (often  spotted  witli  yel- 
low), much  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  E.  New  Eng.,  rare.    Aug.    (Adv.  from  Eu. ) 

35.      STACHYS,     Tourn.         Hedge-Nettle. 

Calyx  tubular-bell  shaped,  5  -  10-nerved,  eipuilly  5-toothed,  or  the  upper  teeth 
united  to  form  an  upper  lip.  Corolla  not  dilated  at  the  throat;  upper  lip 
erect  or  rather  spreading,  often  aroiied,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  the  lower  usually- 
longer  and  spreading,  3-lobcd,  with  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  nearly  entire. 
Stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip  (often  reflexed  on  the  throat  after 
flowering);  anthers  api)roximate  in  pairs.  Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate. — 
Whorls  2 -many-flowered,  approximate  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike  (whence 
the  name,  from  aTaxvs,  a  spike).  Flowers  i>urple  or  rose-retl,  in  summer. 
*  Root  annual ;  stems  decumbent,  low. 

S.  ARVENSis,  L.  (Woundwort.)  Hairy;  leaves  petioled,  cordate-ovjite, 
obtuse,  crenate ;  whorls  4-6-flowered,  distant;  corolla  (purplish)  scarcely 
longer  than  the  unarmed  calyx.  —  Waste  places,  E.  Mass.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


422  LABIATE.        (mint    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Root  perennial ;  stem  erect, 
•i- Leaves  ohscurehj  or  not  at  all  cordate,  sessile  or  short-pet loled. 

1.  S.  hyssopifdlia,  Michx.  Smooth  and  glabrous,  ov  the.  noi\e?,h\rs,\\ie\ 
stems  slender  (1°  high);  leaves  linear-ohlong  or  narrowly  linear,  sessile,  ob- 
scurely toothed  toward  the  apex;  whorls  4-6-fiowered,  rather  distant;  corolla 
glabrous,  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  triangnlar-awl-shaped  spreading 
calyx-teeth.  —  Wet  sandy  places,  Mass.  to  Mich.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Mo.  —  Yar. 
AMBiGUA,  Gray,  is  stouter  (1-2°  high),  sometimes  with  scattered  retrorse 
bristles  on  the  angles  of  the  stem,  and  with  broader  (3-6")  serrulate  leaves. 
—  111.  and  Ky.  to  Ga. 

2.  S.  palustris,  L.  Stem  4-angled  (2-3°  high),  leafy,  hirsute  icith 
spreading  or  refiexed  hairs,  especially  on  the  angles;  leaves  sessile,  or  the 
\ov,^v  short-petioled,  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolate,  crenatehj  serrate,  rounded  at 
base,  downy  or  hairy-pubescent,  obtusish  (2-4'  long),  the  upper  floral  ones 
shorter  than  the  nearly  sessile  calyx ;  whorls  6  -  10-flowered,  the  upper  crow .  ed 
into  an  interrupted  spike ;  calyx  hispid ;  the  lance-subulate  teeth  somewhat 
spiny,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  diverging  in  fruit ;  upper  lip  of  corolla 
pubescent.  —  Wet  ground,  NeAvf.  to  Penn.,  westward  across  the  continent. 

3.  S.  aspera,  Michx.  Taller;  stem  more  commonly  smooth  on  the  sides, 
the  angles  beset  with  stiff  refiexed  bristles ;  leaves  hairy  or  smoothish,  as  in  the 
last,  but  nearly  all  distinctly  petioled,  the  lower  floral  as  long  as  the  floAvers; 
spike  often  slender  and  more  interrupted;  calyx  mostly  glabrous,  the  tube 
rather  narrower  and  the  teeth  more  awl-shaped  and  spiny;  corolla  glabrous 
throughout.     (S.  palustris,  var.  aspera.  Gray.)  —  Wet  ground,  common. 

Var.  glabra,  Gray.  More  slender,  smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  or 
with  feAV  bristly  hairs ;  leaves  taper-pointed,  more  sharply  toothed,  mostly 
rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  all  more  conspicuously  petioled.  (S.  palustris, 
var.  glabra.  Gray.)  —  Western  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  southward. 

-t-  -t-  Nearly  all  the  leaves  long-petioled  and  cordate. 

4.  S.  COrdata,  Riddell.  Rather  Aveak,  hirsute,  2-3°  high;  lea\-es  all 
ovate- or  oblong-cordate,  acuminate,  crenate  (2-5'  long),  the  floral  mostly 
minute;  spikes  slender,  of  numerous  fe\A^-floA\-ered  clusters;  calyx  only  2" 
long;  corolla  glabrous  throughout  (or  nearly  so),  barely  5"  long.  (S.  palus- 
tris, var.  cordata,  Gray.)  —  Thickets,  S.  Ohio  to  loAva,  south  to  Va.,  Tenn.. 
and  Mo. 

Order  83.     PLANTAGINACE^E.     (Plantain  Family.) 

Chiefly  stemless  herbs,  icifh  regular  4-merous  spiked  floicerSy  the  stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  dry  ajid  membranaceous  veinless  monopetalous 
corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes ;  —  chiefly  represented  by  the  Iavo  following 
genera. 

1.     PLANTAGO,     Tourn.        Plaxtaix.     Ribavort. 

Calyx  of  4  imbricated  persistent  sepals,  mostly  Avith  dry  membranaceous 
margins.  Corolla  salver-form  or  rotate,  Avitheriug  on  the  pod,  the  border  4- 
parted.     Stamens  4,  or  rarely  2,  in  all  or  some  floAvers  Avith  long  and  Aveak 


PLANTAGINACEJE.        (PLANTAIN    FAMII.V.)  IJ.'J 

exseited  filaments,  and  fugacious  2-celle(l  anthers.  Ovary  2-  (or  iu  n.  5  falsely 
3  -  4-)  celled,  witli  1  -  sevenil  ovules  iu  each  cell.  Style  and  long  hairy  stipjma 
single,  filifurni.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-scveral-seedLMl,  opening  transverielv,  so 
that  the  top  falls  off  like  a  lid  and  the  loose  partition  (which  bears  the  peltate 
seeds)  falls  away.  Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.  —  Leaves  ribbed. 
Flowers  whitisli,  small,  in  a  bracted  spike  or  head,  raised  on  a  naked  .scape. 
(The  Latiu  name.) 

§  1.   Stamens  4;  Jioivers  all  perftct ;  corolla  not  closed  over  thej'ntit. 
*  Flowers  proterogynous,  the  st/jlejirst  projecting  from  the  unopened  corolla,  the 

anthers  long-exserted  ajler  the  corolla  has  opened ;  seeds  not  hollowed  on  the 

face  {except  in  P.  lanceolata). 

-t-  Corolla  glabrous;  leaves  si  ronglg  ribbed ;  perennial. 
++  Ribs  of  the  broad  lea  res  rising  from  the  midrib. 

1.  P.  COrdata,  Lam.  Tall,  glabrous ;  leaves  heart-shaped  or  round-ovate 
(3-8'  lon2;),  loiig-pctioled ;  spike  at  length  loosely  Howered ;  bracts  round- 
ovate,  flesliy;  capsule  2-4-secdcd.  —  Along  streams,  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and 
southward. 

•*-<•  ■*-*■  Ribs  of  the  leaf  free  to  the  contracted  base. 

2.  P.  major,  L.  (Common  Plantain.)  Smooth  or  rather  hairy,  rarely 
roughish;  leaves  ovate,  oblong,  oval,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  often  tootiied, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  a  channelled  petiole;  spike  dense,  obtuse ;  sepals  round- 
ovate  orobovate;  capsule  ovoid,  circumscissile  near  the  middle,  8-  18-seeded ; 
seeds  angled,  reticulated.  —  Waysides  and  near  dwellings  everywhere.  Doubt- 
less introduced  from  Eu.,  but  native  from  L.  Superior  and  N.  Minn.,  northward. 

3.  P.  Rugelii,  Decaisne.  Leaves  as  in  the  last,  but  paler  and  thinner; 
s/>iL-es  long  and  thin,  attenuate  at  the  apex;  sepals  oblong,  acutely  carinate  ■ 
capsules  cglindraceous-oblong, circumscissile  much  below  the  middle,  4 -9-seeded ; 
seeds  oval-oblong,  not  reticulated.  (P.  Kamtschatica,  Grog,  Man.,  not  Cham.) 
—  Vt.  to  Minn.,  south  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

4  P.  eriopoda,  Torr.  UsuaUg  a  mass  of  gellowish  wool  at  the  Ixtse ; 
leaves  thickish,  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  with  short  stout  petioles;  spike  den.se  or 
loose;  sepals  and  bract  more  or  less  scarious  but  not  carinate;  capsule  ovoid, 
never  over  4-seeded.  —  Moist  and  saline  soil;  Red  Kiver  valley,  Minn.,  and 
westward ;  also  on  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence. 

P.  lanceolXta,  L.  (Rnj(;nASS.  Ripim.kgrass.  English  Plantain.) 
Mostly  hairy ;  scape  grooved-angled,  at  length  much  longer  tlian  the  tauceo- 
late  or  lance-oblong  teares,  slender  (9'- 2°  high) ;  s}»ike  dense,  at  first  ca|)itate, 
in  age  cylindrical;  l)ract  and  sepals  scarious,  l»rownish;  seeds  2,  hollowed  on 
the  face.  —  \'ery  common.     (Nat.  from  V,\x.) 

-■-  -t-   Corolla-tube  externallg  pubescent;  leaves  linear  or  fibform,  flesh g,  indis- 
tinctlg  ribbeel ;  seeds  2-4;  maritime,  eiften  woollg  at  base. 

5.  P.  decipiens,  Barncoud.  .4 nn»/a/,  or  sometimes  biennial  with  a  stout 
rootstock,  smootli,  or  the  scape  pubescent ;  leaves  fiat  or  fiattish  and  channelled, 
erect,  nearly  as  lung  as  the  scape  (5- 12'),  acuminate  ;  s|)ike  sh^nder,  rather 
loose.  (P.  maritima,  var.  juncoides,  Grag,  Man.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Atlantic 
coast,  from  Labrador  to  X.  J.  The  characters  distinguishijig  biennial  speci- 
mens of  this  from  the  next  are  obscure. 


424         PLANTAGINACE^.   (PLANTAIN  FAMILY.) 

6.  P.  maritima,  L.  Perennial;  spikes  deuse.  —  Coast  of  Mass.;  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  to  Lab.  and  Greenland.     (Eu-) 

*  *  Flowers  of  2  sorts  {as  respects  length  of  anthers  and  f  laments)  on  different 
plants,  viostljj  cleistogamous;  corolla-lohes  broad,  rounded, persistently  spread- 
ing;  seeds  2,  boat-shaped ;  inflorescence  and  narrow  leaves  silky -pubescent 
or  woolly ;  annual. 

7.  P.  Patagonica,  Jacq.,  var.  gnaphalioides,  Gray.  White  with 
silky  wool;  leaves  1 -3-uerved,  varying  from  oblong-linear  to  filiform  ;  spike 
very  dense  (i-4'  long),  woolly;  bracts  not  exceeding  the  calyx;  sepals  very 
obtuse,  scarious,  with  a  thick  centre.  —  Prairies  and  dry  plains,  Minn,  to  Ind., 
Ky.,  and  Tex.,  Avestward  to  the  Pacific.  Very  variable.  —  Var.  nuda.  Gray  • 
with  sparse  and  loose  pubescence,  green  and  soon  glabrate  rigid  leaves,  and 
short  bracts.  —  Var.  spinulosa,  Gray;  a  canescent  form  with  aristately  pro- 
longed and  rigid  bracts.  —  Var.  aristXta,  Gray;  loosely  hairy  and  green,  or 
becoming  glabrous,  with  narrowly  linear  bracts  2-3  times  the  length  of  the 
flowers.     (Nat.  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  about  Boston.) 

§  2.  Floicers  subdioecious  or  polygamo-cleistogamous ;  the  corolla  in  the  fertile 
(or  mainly  fertile)  plant  closed  over  the  maturing  capsule  and  forming  a 
kind  of  beak,  and  anthers  not  exserted ;  sterile  flowers  ivith  spreading  corolla 
and  long-exserted  f  laments  ;  seeds  mostly  flat;  small  annuals  or  biennial. 

*  Leaves  comparatively  broad,  short-petioled  or  subsessile ;  stamens  4. 

8.  P.  Virginica,  L.  Hairy  or  hoary -pubescent  (2-9'  high) ;  leaves  ob- 
long, varying  to  obovate  and  spatulate-lanceolate,  3-5  nerved,  slightly  or 
coarsely  and  sparingly  toothed;  spikes  mostly  dense  (1-2'  long);  seeds  usu- 
ally 2.  —  Sandy  grounds,  S.  New  Eng.  to  S.  111.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Ariz. 

*  *  Leaves  linear  or  filiform;  fiowers  very  small ;  stamens  2;  spike  slender. 

9.  P.  pusilla,  Xutt.  Minutely  pubescent  (1-4'  high);  leaves  entire; 
capsule  short-ovoid,  4-seeded,  little  exceeding  the  calyx  and  bract.  —  Sandy 
soil,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.     Apr.- Aug. 

1 0.  P.  heterophylla,  Xutt.  Leaves  rather  fleshy,  acute,  entire,  or  some 
of  them  below  2-4-lobed  or  toothed  ;  capsule  oblong-conoidal,  lO-2S-seeded, 
nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  and  bract.  —  Low  sandy  ground,  Penn. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Apr. -June. 

2.    LITTORELLA,    L. 

Flowers  monoecious;  the  male  solitary  on  a  mostly  simple  naked  scape; 
calyx  4-parted,  longer  than  the  cylindraceous  4-cleft  corolla ;  stamens  exserted 
on  very  long  capillar}  filaments.  Female  flowers  usually  2,  sessile  at  the  base 
of  the  scape ;  calyx  of  3  or  4  unequal  sepals ;  corolla  urn-shaped,  with  a  3  -  4- 
toothed  orifice.  Ovary  with  a  single  cell  and  ovule,  ti])ped  witli  a  long  later- 
ally stigmatic  style,  maturing  as  an  achene.  (Name  from  litus  or  Itttus,  shore, 
from  the  place  of  growth.) 

1.  L.  laeiistris,,  L.  Stoloniferous  but  otherwise  stemless ;  leaves  terete, 
linearfsubu'ate,  1  -2''  long.  —  In  water  or  on  gravelly  shores.  Nova  Scotia  and 
N.  Bfi-unswick,  to  L.  Champlain  (Pr ingle)  and  Out. 


I 


NYCTAGINACE.*:.        (FOUR-o'cLOCK    FAMILY.)  4'2o 

Division  III.     APETALOUS   DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

Corolla  none  ;  the  floral  envelopes  in  a  single  series  (calyx), 
or  sometimes  wanting  altogether. 

Order  84.     NYCTAGINACKyK.     (Folr-o'clock  Family.) 

Herbs  {or  in  the  tropica  often  shrubs  or  trees),  with  mostly  opposite  and 
entire  leaves,  stems  tumid  at  the  joints,  a  delicate  tubular  or  funucl-form 
calyx  icliich  is  colored  like  a  corolla,  its  persistent  base  constricted  above  the 
1-celled  1-seeded  ovary,  and  indurated  into  a  sort  of  nut-ULe  pericarp  ;  the 
stamens  fete,  slender,  and  hypor/ynous  ;  the  embryo  coiled  arowul  the  out- 
side of  mealy  albumen,  with  broad  foliaceous  cotyledoJis  (in  Abronia  mono- 
ootyledonous  by  abortion).  —  Rej)resonte(l  in  our  f^artlens  by  the  Four- 
o'clock,  or  Marvkl  of  Pkru  (Miraijilis  Jalapa),  in  which  the 
calyx  is  connnonly  mistaken  for  a  corolla,  the  cup-like  involucre  of  each 
flower  exactly  imitating  a  calyx. 

L  Oxybaphus.     Involucre  of  united  bracts.     Fruit  wingless.     Calyx  boll  shajiwi, 
'2.  Abronia.     Involucre  of  distinct  bracts.     Fruit  5-\vinged.     Calyx  salvcr-fi^nn. 

1.    OXYBAPHUS,    Vahl. 

Flowers  .3 -.5  in  the  same  .5-lobe(l  membranaceous  broad  and  open  involucre, 
which  enlarges  and  is  thiu  and  reticulated  in  fruit.  Calyx  with  a  very  short 
tube  and  a  bell-shaped  (rose  or  jini-ple)  deciduous  limb,  plaited  in  the  hud. 
Stamens  mostly  3  (3-.')),hypogynous.  Style  filiform  ;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit 
achene-like,  several-ribbed  or  angled  (pubescent  in  ours).  —  Herbs,  abounding 
on  the  western  plains,  witii  very  large  and  thick  perennial  roots,  opposite  leaves, 
and  mcjstly  clustered  small  flowers.  (Name  o^ufidcpov,  a  viiifyar-saurer,  or 
small  shallow  ves.scl ;  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  O.  nyctagineus,  Sweet.  Nearly  smooth  ;  stem  becoming  repeatedly 
forked,  1-3°  high;  leaves  all  petioled  (except  the  uppermo.st  reduced  ones), 
from  broadli/  ovate  to  la7ireolate,  rounded  or  cordate  or  ciniente  (it  liase;  inflo- 
rescence loose  and  hut  slightly  pubescent,  the  peduncles  slender  (at  first  soli- 
tary in  the  axils) ;  fruit  ol)long-obovate,  2"  long,  rather  acutely  angled.  —  Minn, 
and  Wise,  to  Tex.  and  La. ;  rare  escape  from  gardens  in  K.  .Miuss.  and  I\.  I. 

2.  O.  hirsutus,  Sweet.  More  or  less  f/landular-hirsitte,  esj>ecially  about 
the  nodes  and  tlie  usually  contracted  inflorescence,  1-3°  high;  leaves  lunreo- 
late  to  linear-iancfolale,  sessile  and  cuneate  at  base  or  narrowed  to  a  short 
l)etiole;  stamens  often  .5;  fruit  with  thickened  o])tuse  angles.  —  Plains  of  the 
Sask.  to  Wise,  Iowa.,  Xeb.,  and  Tex. 

3.  O.  angustifblius,  Sweet.  Often  taW,  yiabroiis  except  the  more  or 
le.ss  hirsute  peduncles  and  iuvcducres;  leaves  linear,  thick  and  glaucous,  often 
elongated  (2-6'  long) ;  fruit  as  in  the  last.  —  Minn,  to  '\\'\.,  and  wt>stward. 

2.     ABRONIA,    Ju.ss. 

Involucre  of  5  -  1 .')  distinct  bracts,  enclosing  numerous  sessile  flowers.  Caly.x. 
salver-form,  with  oljcordate  lolics.  Stamens  5,  included,  adnate  to  the  calyx- 
tube.      Style   included  ;   stigma   linear-clavate.      Perfect    fruit  3  -  .5  winged. 


426  NYCTAGINACEJE.        (POUR-o'CLOCK    FAMILY.) 

Embryo  niouocotyledonous.  —  Low  herbs,  with  thick  opposite  petioled  une- 
qual leaves,  axillary  or  terminal  peduncles,  and  showy  flowers  in  solitary 
heads.     (Xanie  from  a^pos,  rjracefuL) 

1.  A.  fragrans,  A'utt.  More  or  less  viscid-pubescent,  from  a  perennial 
root ;  leaves  ohlonj^  or  ovate,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base ;  involucre  conspic- 
uous, of  broad  ovate  white  and  scarious  bracts;  flowers  white, fragrant, 4-10" 
long;  fruit  coriaceous,  obpyramidal,  with  narrow  undulate  coarsely  reticulated 
wings.  —  From  W.  Iowa  to  Utah  and  N.  Mex. 

Order  85.     ILLECEBRACE^E.     (Knotwort  Family.) 

llerhs,  lollh  mostly  opposite  and  entire  leaves,  scarious  stipules  (except 
in  Scleranthus),  a  4-d-foothed  or -parted  herbaceous  or  coriaceous  persis- 
tent calyx,  no  petals,  stamens  home  on  the  calt/x,  as  many  as  the  lobes  and 
opposite  them  or  fewer,  styles  2  and  often  united,  and  fruit  a  1-seeded 
utricle.  Seed  upon  a  basal  funiele,  the  embryo  (in  ours)  surrounding 
the  mealy  albumen.  —  Small  diffu^^e  or  tufted  herbs,  with  small  greenish 
or  whitish  flowers  in  clusters  or  dichotomous  cymes. 

1.  Anycliia.     Stamens  on  the  basj  of  the  5-parted  awnless  calyx.    Styles  hardly  any. 

2.  Paroiiycliia.    Stamens  on  the  bas§  of  the  6-paited  calyx ;  the  sepals  hooded  at  the 

summit  and  bristle-pointed.     Style  1,  2-cleft  at  the  top. 

3.  Scleranthus.    Stamens  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  indurated  5-cleft  and  pointless  calyx. 

Styles  2      Stipules  none. 

1.     ANYCHIA,     Michx.        Forked  Chickweed. 

Sepals  .5,  scarcely  concave,  indistinctly  mucronate  on  the  back,  greenisli. 
Stamens  2-3,  rarely  5.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Utricle  larger  than  the  calyx. 
Kadicle  turned  downward.  —  Small,  many  times  forked  annuals,  with  small 
stipules,  and  minute  flowers  in  the  forks,  produced  all  summer.  (Same  deri- 
vation as  the  next  genus.) 

1.  A.  dichotoma,  Michx.  More  or  less  pubescent,  short-jointed,  low  and 
spreading  ;  leaves  somewhat  petioled,  mostly  very  narrowly  lanceolate  or  ob- 
lanceolate ;  ^oz<;ers  nearly  sessile  and  somewhat  clustered.  —  Mostly  in  open 
places,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

2.  A.  capillacea,  DC.  Smooth,  lomjer-jointed,  slender  and  erect ;  leaves 
thinner,  broader  and  longer  (5-15"  \ou^)  ;  flowers  more  stalked  and  diffuse. 
(A.  dichotoma,  var.  capillacea,  Torr.)  —  Diy  woodlands,  same  range  as  the 
last,  but  more  abundant  northward. 

2.     PARONYCHIA,     Tourn.        Whitlow-wort. 

Sepals  5,  linear  or  oblong,  concave,  awned  at  the  apex.  Petals  (or  stami- 
nodia)  bristle-form,  or  minute  teeth,  or  none.  Stamens  5.  Style  2-cleft  at 
the  apex.  Utricle  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  Radicle  ascending.  —  Tufted  herbs 
(ours  perennial),  with  dry  and  silvery  stipules,  and  clustered  flowers.  (Greek 
name  for  a  whitlow,  and  for  a  plant  thought  to  cure  it.) 

1.  P.  argyrocoma,  Xutt.  Forming  broad  tufts,  branched,  s;j/-eai/i'«^  ,- 
leaves  linear  {^'  long) ;  flowers  densely  clustered,  surrounded  by  conspicuous 
large  silvery  bracts;  calyx  hairy,  short-awned ;  petals  mere  teeth  between  the 


AMAI:AXTA(  K.I-,        (AMAKANTII     lA.MII.V.)  427 

Stamens.  —  Bare  mountaiu  slopes  of  the  White  Mts.,  and  in  the  Allei?hauie« 
from  V'a.  to  Ga. ;  also  coast  of  Maine  and  near  New hniv port,  Mass.     July. 

2.  P.  dichotoma,  Nutt.  Smooth,  tufted  ;  stems  (G-  12'  hi^li)  ascending 
from  a  rather  woody  base  ;  leaves  (^  -  1  A'  long)  nud  hrurts  narrow Iv  (itrl-shn/ted  ; 
ci/nies  open,  man  n-times  forked ;  se])als  short-pointed;  minute  bristles  iu  place 
of  petals.  —  Kocks,  Md.  to  X.  C.  and  Te.x.     July  -  Sept. 

3.  P.  Jam^sii,  Torr.  &  (iray.  Suhcespitose,  much  branched  from  the 
somewhat  woody  base,  minutely  puherulent;  leaves  filiform  subulate,  obtust.' 
or  mucronate;  forked  cymes  rather  close;  caly.x  narrow-campanulate  with 
turbinate  base.  —  Central  Kan.  to  W.  Neb.,  Col.,  and  Tex. 

3.    S  CLE  RAN  THUS,    L.        Knawkt.. 

Sepals  5,  united  below  in  an  indurated  cu]),  en<'lnsing  tlie  utricle.  Stamens 
10  or  5.  Styles  2,  distinct. —  Homely  little  weeds,  witli  awlshajjcd  leaves, 
obscure  greenish  clustered  flowers,  and  no  sti])ules.  (Name  from  <rK\T]p6;, 
hard,  and  &i/6os,Jlower,  from  the  hardened  calyx-tul)e.) 

S.  .4\NUUS,  L.  Much  branched,  spreading  (3-5' high) ;  flowers  sessile  iu 
the  forks;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  margined.  —  \Vaste  places.     (Nat.  from  Ku.) 

Order  8G.     AMARANTACEiE.     (.\maraxhi  Family  ) 

Weedy  herbs,  icilh  nearly  the  characters  of  the  next  family,  but  the  flowers 
mostly  imbricated  icith  dry  and  scarious  persistent  bracts ;  these  of  en  colored, 
com)no)dy  3  in  number;  the  1-celled  ovary  in  our  genera  1-ovuIed.  (The 
greater  j)art  of  the  order  tropical.) 

*  Anthers  2-celled  ;  flowei-s  unisexual  ;  leaves  alternate. 
1.  Ainarantus*     Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  all  with  a  calyx  of  3  or  5  dist  net 

ereet  sepals,  not  falling  off  with  the  fruit. 
■-'.  Acuida.     Flower.s  dicecious.     Calyx  none  in  the  fertile  fluwers. 

»  ♦  Anthers  l-eelled ;  flowers  perfe-jt;  leaves  opposite. 

3.  Iresine.     Calyx  of  5  sepals.     Filaments  united  below  into  a  i-ui).     F'lowei-s  paniculate. 

4.  Froelichia.     Calyx  5-ck'ft.     Filaments  united  into  a  tube.     Flowers  spicate. 

1.     AM  AR ANT  US,     Tourn.         A.mak.\ntii. 

Flowers  mon(Kcious  or  polygamous,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  fi.  or  sometimes  3, 
ecjual  erect  sepals,  glabrous.  Stamens  5,  rarely  2  or  3,  separate ;  anthers  2- 
celled.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  1-seeded  utricle,  2 -3-beaked  at  the 
ajjex,  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx,  opening  transversely  or  sometimes  burst- 
ing irregularly.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  —  Annual 
weeds,  of  coarse  aspect,  with  alternate  and  entire  petioled  seto.sely  tip])ed 
leaves,  and  small  green  or  purplish  flowers  in  axillary  ttr  terminal  spiked 
clusters;  in  late  summer  and  autumn,  {'fikjj.d.pavro'i,  u}ifhdinfj,hocAi\sc  the  dry 
caly.x  and  liracts  do  not  wither.  'JMie  Komans,  like  the  Greeks,  wrote  Ama- 
rantus,  which  the  early  l)otanists  incorrectly  altered  to  Aniaranlhns.) 
§  1 .   Ulrii  le  thin,  cirriiinscissiie,  lite  top  falliny  aicay  as  a  lid  ;  flowers  pot iiqamous. 

*  Flowers  iu  terminal  and  axillary  simple  or  mostly  panirled  spikes  ;  stem  erect 
(1  -6^  high)  ;  leaves  lony-petioled  :  stamens  and  sepals  .'i. 

■*-  Rkd  Amaranths.     Floivers  and  of  en  leaves  tinged  tvith  crimson  or  purple. 

A.  hvpochondhIaccs,  L.  Glabrous;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
pointed  at   both  ends;  spikes  very  oUase,  thick,  crowded,  the   terniinal   one 


428  AMAKANTACE^.   (AMARANTH  FAMILY.) 

elongated  and  interrupted;  bracts  long-airned ;  fruit  2-^-cleft  at  the  apex, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Rarely  spontaneous  about  gardens.  (Adv.  from 
Trop.  Amer.) 

A.  paniculXtus,  L.  Stem  mostly  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  spikes  mimerons  and  slender,  panicled,  erect  or  S])vetii]mg;  bracts 
aicn-pointed  ;  flowers  small,  green  tinged  with  red,  or  sometimes  crimson  ;  fruit 
2  -  3-tuothed  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  Koadsides,  etc.  (Adv.  from 
Trop.  Amer.) 
-t-  H-  Green  Amaranths,  Pigweed.     Flowers  green,  rarely  a  little  reddish. 

A.  RETROFEExus,  L.  Roughish  and  more  or  less  pubescent ;  leaves  dull 
green,  long-petioled,  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  undulate ;  the  thick  spikes  crowded 
m  a  stiff  or  glomerate  panicle ;  bracts  awn-pointed,  rigid,  exceeding  the  acute 
or  obtuse  sepals.  —  Cultivated  grounds,  common  ;  indigenous  southwestward. 
(Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

A.  CHLOROSTACHYS,  Willd.  Very  similar,  but  smoother  and  deeper  green, 
with  more  slender,  linear-cylindric,  more  or  less  flexuous  spikes,  the  lateral  ones 
spreading  or  divaricate,  and  the  sepals  more  frequently  acute  or  acuminate. 
(A.  retrortexus,  var.  chlorostachys.  Gray.)  —  Cultivated  grounds;  apparently 
also  iniligenous  southwestward".  —  Var.  hybridus,  Watson,  is  similar,  but 
smooth  and  still  more  loosely  panicled.  (A.  retroflexus,  var.  hybridus,  Gray.) 
(Adv.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

*  *  Flowers  crowded  in  close  and  small  axillary  clusters;  stems  loic,  spreading 
or  ascending ;  stamens  and  sepals  3,  or  the  former  only  2. 

1.  A.  albus,  L.  (TiTMBLE  Weed.)  Smooth,  pale  green  ;  stems  whitish, 
erect  or  ascending,  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  small,  obovate  and  s])atulate- 
oblong,  very  obtuse  or  retuse;  flowers  greenish;  sepals  acuminate,  half  the 
length  of  the  rugose  fruit,  much  shorter  than  the  sidndate  rigid  pungently 
pointed  bracts;  seed  small,  |"  broad.  —  Waste  grounds,  common. 

2.  A.  blitoides,  Watson.  Like  the  last,  but  prostrate  or  decumbent ; 
spikelets  usually  contracted;  bracts  ovate-oblong,  shordy  acuminate;  sepals 
obtuse  or  acute;  fruit  not  rugose;  seed  about  \"  broad.  —  From  Minn,  to  Mo. 
and  Tex.,  and  westward,  and  introduced  eastward  as  far  as  western  N.  Y. 

A.  Blitum,  L.,  resembles  tlie  last,  but  is  usually  erect,  with  shorter  and 
more  scarious  bracts,  and  a  smaller  seed  more  notched  at  the  hilum.  —  Near 
N.  Y.  City  and  Boston.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 
§  2.    Utricle  thinnish,  bursting  or  imperfectly  circumscissile  ;  flowers  monacious. 

A.  si'in6sus,  L.  (Thorny  Amaranth.)  Smooth,  bushy-branched  ;  stem 
reddish;  leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dull  green,  a  pair  of  spines 
in  their  axils;  upper  clusters  sterile,  forming  long  and  slender  spikes;  the 
fertile  globular  and  mostly  in  the  axils;  flowers  yellowish-green,  small.— 
Waste  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  E!^  Kan.,  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

§  .3.  EtiXOLUS.     Utricle  rather  fleshy,  remaining  closed  or  bursting  irregularly  .- 
no  spi7ies ;  bracts  inconspicuous. 

3.  A.  pumilus,  Baf.  Low  or  prostrate;  leaves  fleshy  and  obovate, 
emarginate,  strongly  nerved;  flower-clusters  small  and  axillary;  stamens  and 
se/^a/s  5,  the  latter  half  the  length  of  the  obscurely  5-ribbed  fruit.  — Sandy 
beaches,  B.  I.  to  Va. 

A.  CRfspcs,  Braun.  Verv  slender,  procumbent,  pubescent;  leaves  small, 
light  green,  rhombic-ovate  to' -lanceolate,  acute,  the  margin  crisped  and  undu- 
late; flowers  in  small  axillarv  clusters ;  bracts  and  sepals  scarious,  oldanceo- 
late,  acute  or  obtuse  ;  utricle  about  as  long,  roughened,  not  nerved  nor  angled. 
(A.  viridis,  J/ah.)  —  Streets  of  Albany,  New  York  City  and  Brooklyn  ;  doubt- 
less introduced,  but  the  native  habitat  unknown. 


k 


AMAUANTACE.E.        (aMAHANTII     IAMII.Y.)  429 

2.     ACNIDA,     Mitch.     Watku-Hkmi-. 

Characters  of  Ainarantus,  except  tliat  the  flowj-rs  are  ronipletolv  dioecious 
aud  the  pistillate  ones  witliout  calyx.  Bracts  I  -3,  uueipial.  Staininate  calvx 
of  5  thin  oblong  imicrouate-tipped  sepals,  longer  than  the  hracts ;  stamens  5, 
the  anther-cells  united  only  at  the  middle.  Stigmas  2-5,  often  long  and  plu- 
mose-liispid.  Fruit  somewhat  coriaceous  and  indehiscent,  or  a  thin  membran- 
ous utricle  dehiscing  irregularly  (rarely  circumscissile),  usually  .3-5-angled. 
(Name  from  a-  privative,  and  kvISv,  a  nettle.) 

§  I.    ACNIDA  proper.     Fruit  indehiscent,  with  jinn  aud  i-iosf  jiirirarp. 

1.  A.  cann&bina,  L.  Usually  stout,  2-G°  high  or  more,  glabrous; 
leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  long-j)eti()le(l ;  sepals  of  sterile 
flowers  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutisli ;  bracts  usually  thin  and  lax,  much 
sliorter  than  the  fruit,  sometimes  more  rigid  and  longer;  fruit  ab<nit  1"  long, 
obovate,  the  pericarp  rather  thin,  more  or  less  rugosely  angled  ;  seed  somew  hat 
turgid,  not  angled,  usually  less  than  1"  loug,  shining. — 4Salt  or  brackish 
marshes,  coast  of  N.  Kng.  to  Fla. 

2.  A.  rusocarpa,  Mlchx.  Very  similar;  fruit  larger,  1^-2"  long,  the 
pericarp  thicker,  and  tlie  larger  seed  flattened  with  thick  margins,  usually 
thickest  on  the  cotyledonar  side.  —  N.  Y.  (^)  and  Teun.  to  S.  Car. ;  apparently 
much  less  common  than  the  last,  though  it  is  often  difficult  to  positively  dis- 
tinguish the  species  from  the  immature  fruit. 

§  2.    MONTELIA.     Fruit  dehiscimj  irregular/ 1/,  the  pericarp  thin,  loose  and  usu- 
al/1/  roughened ;  not  salt-marsh  plants. 

3.  A.  tuberculata,  ^Nloq.  Tall  aud  erect,  or  sometimes  low  and  decum- 
bent; leaves  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish  or  sometimes  oljtuse  ;  sepals  of  sterile 
flowers  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  pistillate  flowers  closely  clustered  in 
more  or  less  dense  naked  or  leafy  axillary  aud  terminal  spikes  (ar  the  axillarv 
cajjitate)  ;  bracts  rather  rigitl,  acuminate,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  fruit: 
utricle  about  ^"  long;  seed  shining, -J- J"  in  diameter.  (Montelia  tamaris- 
ciua,  (Jrai/,  in  part.)  —  Ohio  to  Dak.,  Mo.,  Ala.,  and  La. 

Var.  SUbnuda,  Watson.  Erect  or  often  prostrate,  the  lower  clusters  at 
least  of  pistillate  flowers  more  or  less  cymose  aud  often  in  globose  heads ;  bracts 
thinner,  narrow  and  lax,  shorter  than  the  fruit.  (M.  tamariscina,  var.  coucate- 
nata,  O'rai/,  in  part.)  —  W.  Vt.  (Oahe.s) ;  Out.  to  Minn.,  and  .southward.  Often 
appearing  quite  distinct  from  the  type,  but  intermediate  forms  are  not  rare. 

3.     I  RE  SINE,     IMJrowno. 

Flowers  mostly  polygamous  or  dioecious,  3-bracteil.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Sta- 
mens mostly  5;  filaments  slender,  united  into  a  short  cup  at  base;  anthers 
1-celled,  ovate.  Fruit  a  globular  utricle,  not  opening.  —  Herbs,  with  opposite 
petioled  leaves,  and  minute  scarious-white  flowers,  crowded  into  clusters  or 
spiked  aud  brandling  panicles ;  the  calyx,  etc.,  often  bearing  long  wool  (whence 
the  name,  from  flpfaiwyr],  a  wreath  or  staff  entwined  with  fillets  of  wool). 

1.  I.  celosioides,  L.  Nearly  glabrous,  annual,  erect,  slender  (2-4° 
high);  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  panicles  very  slender,  often  l)road  and  difTuse, 
naked;  bracts  and  calyx  silvery -white,  tiie  fertile  calyx  twice  louger  than  tlie 


430  AMARAKTACEiE.        (^AMARANTH    FAMILY.) 

broad  bracts  and  densely  silky-villuus  at  base.  —  Dry  banks,  Ohio  to  Kau.,and  : 

far  southward.     Sept. 

4.    FRCELICHIA,     Moench. 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Calyx  tubular,  .5-cleft  at  the  summit,  below  2-5- 
crested  lengthwise,  or  tubercled  and  indurated  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  iudehis- 
cent  thin  utricle.  Filaments  united  into  a  tube,  bearing  5  oblong  1-celled 
anthers,  and  as  many  sterile  strap-shaped  appendages.  —  Hairy  or  woolly  herbs, 
with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  spiked  scarious-bracted  flowers.  (Named  for 
./.  A.  Froelich,  a  German  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  F.  Floridana,  Moquin.  Koot  annual;  stem  leafless  above  (1-3° 
high) ;  leaves  lanceolate,  silky-downy  beneath;  spikelets  crowded  into  an  in- 
terrupted spike ;  calyx  very  woolly,  becoming  broadly  winged,  the  wings  ir- 
regularlv  toutlied.  —  Dry  sandy  places,  S.  Minn,  to  111.,  Col.,  Tex.,  and  Fla. 

2.  F.  gracilis,  Moq.  More  slender,  with  narrow  leaves,  the  spikelets 
smaller,  and  the  crests  of  the  matured  calyx  of  nearly  distinct  rigid  processes. 
—  Col.  to  Tex.,  and  is  reported  from  Kansas. 

Order  87.     CHENOPODIACE^3E.     (Goosefoot  Family.) 

Cluejij  herbs,  of  homely  aspect,  more  or  less  succulent,  icith  mostly  alter- 
nate leaves  and  no  stipules  nor  scarlous  bracts,  minute  (jreenish  Jlowers,  with 
the  free  calyx  imbricated  in  the  bud ,  the  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes,  or 
occasionally  fewer,  and  inserted  opposite  them  or  on  their  base;  the  1-celled 
ovary  becoming  a  1-seeded  thin  utricle  or  rarely  an  achene.  Embryo  coiled 
into  a  rimj  around  the  mealy  cdbumen,  when  there  is  any,  or  else  condupli- 
cate,  or  spiral.  —  Calyx  persistent,  mosth-  enclosing  the  fruit.  Styles  or 
sti2;mas  2,  rarely  3-5.  (Mostly  inert  or  innocent,  weedy  plants  ;  several 
are  pot-herbs,  such  as  Spinach  and  Beet.) 

«  Enibrvo  coiled  into  a  ling  about  usually  copious  central  albumen.     Leaves  flat,  not  spiny. 

Stem  not  jointed. 

1- Flowers  perfect  (or  stamens  only  occasionally  wanting),  clustered  or  panicled  ;  calyx 

obvious,  persistent.    Seed-coa    crustaceous. 

1.  Cycloloma.    Calyx  5-cleft,  in  fruit  surrounded  by  a  horizontal  continuous  membraua- 

ceous  wing.     Seed  horizontal,  crustaceous.     Leaves  sinuate-toothed. 

2.  Kocliia.     Like  u.  1,  but  wing  5-lobed  and  seed-coat  membranaceous.    Leaves  entire. 

3.  Chenopodium.    Calyx  3-5-parted,  unchanged  or  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit. 

4.  Koubieva.     Calyx  3-5-toothed,  becoming  saccate.     Leaves  ])innatifid. 
1-  ^-  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  ;  the  staminate  in  clusters,  mostly  spiked  ;  the  pistil- 
late without  calyx,  enclosed  between  a  pair  of  appressed  axillary  bracts 

5.  A  triplex.     Fruiting  bracts  with  margins  often  dilated  and  sides  often  nuiricatb 
^  ^  ^-  Flowers  perfect,  naked  or  1-sepaled,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  reduced  upper  leavft<»: 

6.  Corispermum.     Pericarp  oval,  flattened,  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed.     Leaves  linear. 
*  *  Embryo  narrowly  horseshoe-shaped  or  conduplicate    no  albumen.    Stem  fleshy,  jointed ; 

leaves  reduced  to  opposite  fleshy  scales  or  teeth.     Flowers  densely  spiked,  perfect. 

7.  Salicornia.    Flowers  sunk  in  hollows  of  the  axis  of  the  fleshy  spike.     Calyx  utricle-like. 

*  ♦  *  Embryo  coiled  into  a  spiral ;  albumen  mostly  none.    Leaves  fleshy,  alternate. 

8.  Suieda.     Embryo  flat-spiral.     Calj-x  wingless.    Leaves  succulent. 

9.  Salsola.    Embryo  conical-spiral.    Cdyx  in  fruit  horizontally  winged.    Leaves  spineseent. 


CHENOPODIACE^.       (OOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.)  431 

1.      CYCLOLOMA,     Moquin.        Winokd  Pi(;\veed. 

Flowers  perfect  or  pistillate,  bractless.  Calyx  ri-clcft,  with  the  concave 
lobes  strongly  keeled,  enclosinf^  the  depressed  fruit,  at  len^^th  appendagcd 
with  a  broad  and  continuous  horizontal  scarious  wing.  Stamens  5.  Stvlcs  3 
(rarely  2).  Seed  horizontal,  flat;  coats  crustaceous.  Embryo  encircling  the 
mealy  albumen.  —  An  annual  and  nmch-branched  coarse  herb,  with  alternate 
sinuate-toothed  petioled  leaves,  and  very  small  scattered  .sessile  flowers  in  open 
panicles.  (Name  composed  of  kvkKo^,  a  circle,  and  Aw/jlu,  a  border,  from  the 
encircling  wing  of  the  calyx.) 

1.  C.  platyphyllum,  Moquin.  — Diffuse  (6-15'  high),  more  or  less 
arachnoid-pubescent  t)r  glabrate,  light  green  or  often  deep  purple.  —  Sandy 
soil,  Minn,  to  \V.  111.,  S.  Ind.,  Ark.,  and  westward  across  the  plains. 

2.    KbCHIA,    Koth. 

Characters  nearly  as  in  Cycloloma,  Imt  the  seod-coat  membranaceous  and 
the  all)umen  wanting.  —  Annuals  or  suffrntico.sc  perennials,  witii  flat  or  more 
usually  linear  and  terete  leaves.  (Named  for  IT.  D.  ./.  Koch,  a  (ierman 
botanist.) 

K.  scopXria,  Schrad.  Annual,  erect,  puberulent  or  glabrate,  branching; 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear;  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters,  ses- 
sile, each  sepal  developing  a  thick  wing.  —  Sparingly  introduc'ed  ;  Vt.,  Ont., 
and  111.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.     CHENOPODIUM,     Tourn.        Goosefoot.     Pigweed. 

Flowers  perfect,  all  bractless.  Calyx  5-  (rarely  4-)  parted  or  lobed,  un- 
changed in  fruit  or  becoming  succulent  and  berry-like,  more  or  less  enveloping 
the  depressed  fruit.  Stamens  mostly  5  ;  filaments  filiform.  Styles  2,  rarelv  3. 
Seed  horizontal  or  vertical,  lenticular ;  the  coat  crustaceous;  embryo  coiled 
partly  or  fully  round  the  mealy  all)umen.  —  Weeds,  usually  with  a  white 
mealiness,  or  glandular.  Flowers  sessile  in  small  clusters  collected  in  spiked 
panicles.  (Named  from  xV,  <'  goose,  and  irovs,foot,  in  allusion  to  the  shape 
of  the  leaves.) — Our  species  are  mostly  annuals,  flowering  through  late 
summer  and  autumn,  growing  around  dwellings,  in  manured  soil,  cultivated 
grounds,  and  waste  places. 
§  1.  Annual,  more  or  less  mealy,  not  glandular  nor  aromatic ;  fruiting  calyx 

dri)  ;  seed  horizontal ;  embri/o  a  con\pUte  ring. 
*  Pericarp  verg  easily  separated  from  the  seed ;  leaves  entire  or  rarely  sinuate- 
dentate. 

1.  C.  Bosci^num,  Moq.  Erect,  slender  (2°  high),  loosely  branched, 
often  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  oblong-  to  Hnear4anceolate  (I  -2'  long),  attenuate 
into  a  slender  ;;e^o/e,  acute,  the  lower  siuuate-dentate  or  often  all  entire; 
flowers  small,  solitary  or  in  small  clusters  upon  the  slender  branchlets;  calyx 
not  strongly  carinate.  (C  album,  var.  Hoscianum,  Gray,  Manual.)  —  N.  Y.  to 
Minn.,  south  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 

2.  C.  leptophyllum,  Nutt.  Densely  mealy  or  rarely  nearly  glabrous 
{^-\\°  high),  simple  or  branched,  often  strict;  leaves  linear  (^-T  long), 
entire,  rather  shortly  petioled  ;  flowers  closely  clustered,  in  dense  or  interrupted 
spikelets ;  calyx-lobes  sfmngly  carinate.  —  Sea-coast,  Conn,  to  N.  J.,  north 
shore  of  L.  Erie,  and  from  Dak.  to  Col.,  N.  Mex.,  and  westward. 


432  CHENOPODIACE^.        (gOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Pericarp  persistent  upqn  the  smooth  seed ;  leaves  more  or  less  sinuate-den- 
tate [except  in  C.  polyspermum). 

C.  POLYSPERMUM,  L.  Low,  often  spreading,  green  and  jvholli/  destitute 
of  mealiness  ;  leaves  all  entire,  oblong  or  ovate  and  on  slender  petioles  ;  flowers 
very  small,  in  slender  panicles  in  all  the  axils,  the  thin  lobes  of  the  calyx  very 
incompletely  enclosing  the  fruit;  seed  obtuse-edged.  —  Sparingly  naturalized 
in  the  Eastern  States.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

C.  Alhum,  L.  (Lamb's-Quarters.  Pigweed.)  Erect  (1-4°  high), 
inore  or  less  mealy ;  leaves  varying  from  rhombic-ovate  to  lanceolate  or  the 
uppermost  even  linear,  acute,  all  or  only  the  lower  more  or  less  angulate-toothed  ; 
clusters  spiked-panicled,  mostly  dense;  calyx  (f  wide  in  fruit)  with  strongly 
carinate  lobes,  nearly  or  quite  covering  the  seed.  —  Introduced  everywhere. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.)  —  V'ar.  viride,  Moq.,  more  common  eastward,  is  less  mealy 
and  with  less  dense  inflorescence. 

C.  URI5ICUM,  L.  Rather  pale  or  dull  green,  nearly  destitute  of  mealiness, 
Avith  erect  branches  (1-3°  high);  leaves  triangular,  acute,  coarsely  and 
sharphj  mani/-toothed :  spikes  erect,  crowded  in  a  long  and  narrow  racemose 
panicle;  calyx-lobes  not  keeled;  seed  icith  rounded  margins.  —  Apparently 
throughout  our  range.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

C.  MiniXLE,  L.  Kesembles  the  preceding,  but  less  erect,  loosely  branched 
(1-2°  high);  leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  sharply  unequally 
^oo/Aet/,  thin,  bright  green  ;  spikes  or  racemes  diverging,  someivhat  corymhed ; 
calyx-lobes  scarcely  keeled  ;  seed  sharp-edged.  —  From  N.  Eng.  to  Mich,  and 
Mo.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

3.  C.  h^bridum,  L.  (Maple-leaved  Goosefoot.)  Bright  greeu 
throughout;  stem  widely  much  branched  (2-4°  high);  leaves  thin  (2-6' 
long),  somewhat  triangular  and  heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  sinuate-angled, 
the  angles  extending  into  a/ei«  large  and  pointed  teeth  ;  racemes  diffusely  and 
loosely  panicled,  leafless  ;  calyx  not  fully  covering  the  fruit,  its  lobes  keeled. 
—  Indigenous  from  western  N.  Y.  and  Ky.,  westward  across  the  continent ; 
introduced  eastward. 

§2.    Annual   or  perennial   herbs,   somewhat    mealy,   not    glandular-pubescent: 
fruiting  cali/x  dry;   seed  large,  subglobose,  vertical,  exserted ;   embryo   a 
complete  ring. 
C.  GLAtcuM,  L.     (Oak-leaved  Goosefoot.)     Low  (5-12'  high),  spread- 
ing, glaucous-mealy  ;  leaves  sinuately  pinnatifid-toothed,  oblong,  obtuse,  pale 
green  above  ;  clusters  in  axillary  spikes,  small ;  seed  sharp-edged.  —  Through- 
out our  range  and  westward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

C.  Bonus-Henriclts,  L.  (Good-King-Hexry.)  Stout,  erect  (1-2°  high), 
mostly  simple;  leaves  broadly  triangular-hastate  (2-3'  long),  obtuse  or  acute, 
snbsiiinate  or  entire  ;  flowers  somewhat  densely  paniculately  spiked  ;  seed  with 
obtuse  edges.  (Blitum  Bonus-Henricus,  Reichenb.)  —  Sparingly  introduced. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  3.  Annual,  glabrous  ;  calyx  more  or  less  fleshy  in  fruit  and  often  colored,  en- 
closing the  utricle ;  seed  mostly  vertical ;  embryo  a  complete  ring  ;  flowers 
in  crowded  clusters,  axillary  or  in  spikes. 

4.  C.  rubrum,  L.  (Coast  Blite.)  Stem  angled,  much  branched; 
leaves  thickish,  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering  below  into  a  Avedge-shaped 
base  and  above  into  a  slender  point,  sparingly  and  coarsely  toothed,  the  upper 
linear-lanceolate;  clusteis  scattered  in  axillary  leafy  spikes ;  calyx-lobes  2-4, 
rather  fleshy  ;  stamens  1  -  2  ;  seed  shining,  the  margin  acute.  (Blitum  mariti- 
mum,  Nutt.)  —  Sea-coast  of  Northern  States,  and  in  saline  places  to  Minn.  (Eu.) 

5.  C.  capitatum,  Watson.  (Strawberry  Blite.)  Stem  ascending, 
branching ;  leaves  triangular  and  somewhat  halberd-shaped,  sinuate-toothed ; 


ciiENopoDiACEi*:.      (<;()osi:ko()t  family.)  433 

clusters  simple  {lanje),  interruptedl //  s})ikcd,  the  upper  leaHcss ;  stamens  1-5; 
calijx  berru-like  in  fruit ;  seed  ovoid,  tiattish,  siiiootli,  with  a  very  narrow 
marf^in.  (Blitum  capitatum,  L.)  —  Dry  rich  ground,  aloii^  the  (ireat  Lakes, 
northward  and  westward.  Tiie  calyx  becomes  pulpy  and  bright  red  in  fruit, 
when  the  large  clusters  look  like  strawberries.     (Ku.) 

§4.   Annual,  not  meal !j,  but  more  or  less  (jlandular-puhesrent,  aromnttr ;  cahjx 
2-3partcd,  dry  in  fruit ;  seed  often  vertical ;  embri/o  not  a  complete  rimj. 

C.  B6TUVS,  L.  (Jerl;salp:m  Oak.  Feather  Gekamim.)  (Jlandular- 
pul)csceiit  and  viscid;  leaves  slender-netioled,  oblong,  obtuse,  siuuate-piiniat- 
itid  ;  racemes  ci/mose-direnfinf/,  loose,  leafcss ;  fruit  not  perfectly  enclosed. — 
W'idely  introduced.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

C.  AMHKOsioiDKS,  L.  ( M KXicAN  Tea.)  Smootliish  ;  Icarcs  sli(jhdy  juli- 
olcd,  o])loug  or  lance(jlate,  rcpaiid-toothed  or  nearly  entire,  the  ujiper  tapering 
to  both  ends;  spikes  denseli/ foivered,  leaf /,  or  intermix«'(l  witli  leaves;  fruit 
perfectly  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  —  Waste  places,  common  throughout  our 
range,  especially  southward.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Amer.) 

Var.  ANTHELMfxTicuM,  (Jrav.  ( VVoi{.MSEi:i>.)  Leaves  more  strongly 
toothed,  the  lower  sometimes  almost  laciniate-pinnatifil ;  spikes  more  elon- 
gated, mostli/  leafess.  —  From  Long  Island  and  southward,  west  to  Wise,  and 
Tex.     (Nat.  from  Trop.  Anier.) 


ROUBIEVA,     Moquin. 


k 


Flowers  minute,  perfect  or  pistillate,  solitary  or  2-3  together  in  the  axils. 
Calyx  urceolate,  3-5-tootlie(l,  becoming  enlarged  and  saccate,  contracted  at 
the  apex  and  enclosing  the  fruit.  iStamens  5,  included;  styles  3,  exserted. 
Fruit  membranaceous,  compressed,  glandular-dotted.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo 
annular.  —  Perennial  glandular  herb,  with  alternate  pinnatifid  leaves. 

R.  :\rrLTfFiDA,  Moq.  Prostrate  or  ascending,  branching  and  leafy;  leaves 
lanceolate  to  linear  (|-  H'  long),  deeply  ]»innatilid  with  narrow  lobes  ;  fruiting 
calyx  obovate.  (Chenopodium  inultitidum,  A.) — Sparingly  introduced  in  the 
Atlantic  States.     (Adv.  from  S.  Amer.) 

5.     ATRIPLEX,     Tourn.         Orache. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  the  staminate  like  the  flowers  of  Cheno- 
podium, but  sterile  by  the  abortion  of  the  pistil;  the  fertile  consisting  simjdy 
of  a  naked  pistil  enclosed  between  a  pair  of  appressed  foliaceous  bracts,  which 
are  enlarged  in  fruit,  and  sometimes  united.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  coiled 
into  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  In  one  section,  including  the  Garden  Orache, 
there  are  some  fertile  flowers  with  a  calyx,  like  the  staminate,  but  without 
stamens,  and  with  horizontal  seeds.  —  Herbs  (ours  annuals)  usually  mealy  or 
scurfy  with  bran-like  scales,  with  spiked-clustered  flowers;  in  summer  and 
.'\utumn.     (The  ancient  Latin  name,  a  corruption  of  tlie  Greek,  aTpd<pa^is.) 

A.  r6sel:m,  L.  Hoary-mealy;  leaves  short-petioled  or  the  upper  sessile, 
rhombic-ovate  or  oblong  with  a  wedge-sha])ed  base,  coarsely  sinnate-tor>thed  ; 
fertile  flowers  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils;  fruiting  bracts  broad,  often  cut- 
toothed  and  warty. —  Sj)aringly  introduced  at  the  cjvst.     (.\dv.  from  Eu.) 

1.  A.  patulum,  L.  Erect  or  prostrate  (1-4°  high),  dark  green  and 
glabrous  or  s(»me\viiat  scurfy ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate-hastate  (1  -4'  h>ng), 
tiie  lower  sometimes  opjjosite,  entire  or  sparingly  sinuate-<U'ntatc.  petioled, 
the  upper  lanceolate  to  linear;  flowers  clustered  in  rather  slender  spikes,  the 
two  kinds  together  or  separate;  fruiting  bracts  ovate  triangular  or  rliombic- 
haatate,  entire  or  toothed,  often   muricate  on  the  back,  united  to  near  the 

28 


434  CHENOPODIACE.E.        (gOOSEFOOT    FAMILY.) 

middle.  —  Very  variable.  The  typical  form  scarcely  occurs  except  as  natu- 
ralized from  Europe.  —  Var.  hastAtlm,  Gray.  Erect  or  spreading,  stout, 
at  least  the  lower  leaves  broadly  triangular-hastate,  often  coarsely  and  irregu- 
larly toothed.  Salt  and  brackish  places,  on  the  coast  from  Can.  to  Va., 
along  the  Great  Lakes,  and  far  Avestward.  —  Var.  littorXle,  Gray.  Slender; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  linear,  rarely  subhastate  or  toothed.  Canada  to 
N.  J.,  and  westward  along  the  Great  Lakes.  —  Var.  subspicatum,  Watson. 
A  low  erect  and  often  simple  form  (3-12'  high),  usually  quite  scurfy;  leaves 
lanceolate-hastate  (^-1'  long).     Minn,  to  central  Kan.,  and  westward. 

2.  A.  arenarium,  Nutt.  Silver y-vieahi,  diffusely  spreading;  leaves  ob- 
long, narrowed  at  base,  nearly  sessile;  fruiting  bracts  broadly  wedge-shaped, 
united,  3-nerved,  2-5-toothed  at  the  summit,  and  usually  strongly  muricate 
and  reticulate  on  the  sides.  —  Sandy  beaches,  along  the  coast,  Mass.  to  Ela. 

3.  A.  argenteum,  Nutt.  Usually  low,  much  branched,  gray-scurfy, 
leafy;  leaves  deltoid  or  subrhombic,  often  subhastate;  staminate  flowers  in 
terminal  spikes;  fruiting  bracts  round-rhombic,  indurated,  united,  the  free 
margins  more  or  less  dilated  and  deeply  toothed,  the  sides  variously  appen- 
daged.  —  Red  Kiver  Valley,  Minn.,  south  and  westward. 

6.     CORISPERMUM,     A.  Juss.        Bug-seed. 

Flowers  perfect,  single  and  stssile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  reduced 
to  bracts,  usually  forming  a  spike.  Calyx  of  a  single  delicate  sepal  on  the 
inner  side.  Stamens  1  or  2,  rarely  5.  Styles  .2.  Fruit  oval,  flat,  with  the 
outer  face  i-ather  convex  and  the  inner  concave,  sharp-margined,  a  caryopsis, 
i.  e.  the  thin  pericarp  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed.  Embryo  slender,  coiled 
around  a  central  albumen.  —  Low  branching  annuals,  with  narrow  linear  al- 
ternate 1 -nerved  leaves.     (Name  formed  of  Kopis,  a  hu<i,  and  aTrep/ia,  seed.) 

1.  C.  hyssopifolium,  L.  Somewhat  hairy  when  young,  pale;  floral 
leaves  or  l)racts  awl-shaped  from  a  dilated  base  or  the  upper  ovate  and  pointed, 
scarious-margined ;  fruit  wing-margined.  —  Sandy  beaches  along  the  Great 
Lakes,  central  Neb.,  Tex.,  and  westward.  —  Leaves  usually  pungent. 

7.     SALICC5RNIA,     Tourn.         Glasswoht.     Samphire. 

Flowers  perfect,  3  together  immersed  in  each  hollow  of  the  thickened  upper 
joints,  forming  a  spike  ;  the  two  lateral  sometimes  sterile.  Calyx  small  and 
bladder-like,  with  a  toothed  or  torn  margin,  at  length  spongy  and  narrowly 
wing-bordered,  enclosing  the  flattened  thin  utricle.  Stamens  1  or  2.  Styles  2, 
united  at  base.  Seed  vertical,  without  albumen.  Embryo  thick,  the  cotyle- 
dons incumbent  upon  the  radicle.  —  Low  saline  plants,  with  succulent  leafless 
jointed  stems,  and  opposite  branches ;  the  flower-bearing  branchlets  forming 
the  spikes.  (Name  composed  of  sal,  salt,  and  cornu,  a  horn ;  saline  plants  with 
horn-like  branches.) 

1.  S.  mucron&ta,  Bigel.  Annual,  erect,  stout,  naked  below  (2-12' 
high),  i^/vjjn^  7-ec?  in  age  ;  spikes  thick,  closely  jointed ;  scales  mucronate-pointed 
and  co7is/>/c!<OHS,  especially  Avhen  dry  ;  middle  Jioiver  half  higher  than  the  lateral 
ones  or  less,  occupying  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  joint;  fruit  pubescent; 
seed  i-f"  long.  (S.  Virginica,  Croy,  Manual;  not  L.)  —  Sea-coast  from 
N,  Scotia  to  Va. 


THYTOLACCACE^.        (rOKKWF.KI)    FAMILY.)  435 

2.  S.  herb^cea,  L.  Annual,  erect  or  at  length  spreading  (6-18'  high), 
green;  scales  ohstuir  and  verij  blunt,  making  a  truncate  harelv  eniarginate 
termination  of  the  longer  joints  of  the  stem  or  elumjated  narrower  spikes; 
middle  flower  much  liigher  than  the  lateral  ones,  slightly  shorter  than  the 
joint;  fruit  pubescent;  seed  §-1"  long.  —  Salt  marshes  nf  the  coast  and  in- 
terior salt  springs,  and  alkaline  localities. 

.3.  S.  ambigua,  Michx.  Numerous  tufted  stems  (3-12'  long)  decum- 
bent or  ascending  from  a  hard  and  rather  woodij  creejiing  base  or  rmAstork, 
greenish,  turning  lead-colored;  spikes  slender,  short-Jointed,  the  scales  shoii, 
arutish  or  acute  ;  /loicers  nearly  crpud  in  height  and  equalling  the  joint;  seed 
pubescent,  -J"  long.  (8.  fruticosa,  var.  ambigua,  Graj,  Manual.)  —  Sea-coast, 
Mass.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

8.  SU^DA,  Forskal.  Sea  Elite. 
Flowers  perfect,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  leafy  bracts.  Calyx  5-parted,  fleshy, 
enclosing  the  fruit  (utricle)  and  often  carinate  or  crested.  Stamens  5.  Stig- 
mas 2  or  3.  Seed  vertical  or  horizontal,  witli  a  flat-s]>iral  embryo,  dividing 
the  scanty  albumen  (when  there  is  any)  into  two  portions.  —  Fleshy  saline 
plants,  with  alternate  nearly  terete  linear  leaves.     (An  Arabic  name.) 

1.  S.  linearis,  ^Nloq.  Annual,  prostrate  or  usually  erect,  1-2°  high, 
branched;  leaves  narrou-  at  base,  \-2'  long,  acute ;  floral  bracts  acuminate, 
on  slender  branchlets ;  sepals  very  thick ;  anthers  exserted ;  seed  horizontal, 
round-oval,  black,  ^"  broad.  (S.  maritima,  (jraij ;  not  Dumort.)  —  Sea-coast, 
N.  Scotia  to  Fla.  —  A  doubtful  form  of  E.  Mass.  has  the  bracts  and  shorter 
leaves  obtuse,  larger  flowers  on  less  slender  branchlets,  and  reddish  seeds 
nearly  1"  broad. 

2.  S.  depressa,  Watson.  Annual,  decumbent  or  erect,  branching  from 
the  base;  liares  broadest  at  base,  the  cauline3-  12"  long,  the  floral  lanceolate 
to  ovate ;  one  or  more  of  the  calyx-lobes  reri/  strongly  carinate  or  crested.  — 
Saline  soil.  Red  Kiver  Valley,  Minn.,  to  Col.,  and  westward. 

9.     SALS  OLA,     L.        Saltwout. 

Flowers  perfect,  with  2  bractlets.  Calyx  5-parted,  ))ersistent  and  enclosing 
the  de])resse(l  fruit  in  its  base;  its  divisions  at  lengtli  horizontally  winged  on 
the  back,  the  wings  forming  a  broad  and  circular  scarious  border.  Stamens 
mostly  5.  Styles  2.  Seed  horizontal,  without  all)umen,  filled  by  the  embryo, 
which  is  coiled  in  a  conical  spiral  (cochleate).  —  Herbs  or  slightly  shrubby 
branching  plants  of  the  sea-shore,  with  fleshy  and  rather  terete  or  awl  sliaped 
leaves,  and  sessile  axillary  flowers.     (Diminutive  of  salsus,  salty.) 

1.  S.  Kali,  L.  (Co.MMON  Saltwort.)  Annual,  diffusely  branching, 
bushy,  rough  or  smoothish  ;  leaves  all  alternate,  awl-shaj)ed,  pricky-pt)iiited  ; 
flowers  single ;  calyx  with  the  converging  lobes  forming  a  sort  of  beak  over 
the  fruit,  the  large  rose  or  flesh-colored  wings  nearly  orltiiular  aud  spreading. 
—  Sandy  sea-shore,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

Order  88.     PHYTOLACCACE^.     (Pokewekh  Fa.mily.) 

Plants  laith  alternate  entire  leaces  and  perfect  Jlowevs,  having  the  general 
characters  of  Chenopodiaceae,  hid  usuallg  a  several-celled  ovarg  coniposid 
of  as  77ianJ/  carpels  united  in  a  ring,  and  forming  a  berry  in  fruit. 


436  PHYTOLACCACEJi.        (POKEWEED    FAMILY.) 

1.     PHYTOLACCA,    Tourn.        Pokeweed. 

Calyx  of  5  rouuded  and  petal-like  sepals.  Stamens  5-30.  Ovary  of  5  - 12 
carpels,  united  in  a  ring,  with  as  many  short  separate  styles,  in  fruit  forming 
a  depressed-globose  5-12-celled  berry,  with  a  single  vertical  seed  in  each  cell. 
Embryo  curved  in  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  —  Tall  and  stout  perennial 
herbs,  with  large  petioled  leaves,  and  terminal  racemes  which  become  lateral 
and  opposite  the  leaves.  (Name  compounded  of  (pvrov,  plant,  and  the  French 
lac,  lake,  in  allusion  to  the  crimson  coloring  matter  which  the  berries  yield.) 

1.  P.  decandra,  L.  (Common  Poke  or  Scoke.  Garget.  Pigeon- 
Berk  v.)  Stamens  and  styles  10.  —  Low  grounds.  July -Sept.  —  A  smooth 
plant,  with  a  rather  unpleasant  odor,  and  a  very  large  poisonous  root,  often 
4-6'  in  diameter,  sending  up  stout  stalks  at  length  6-9°  high  ;  calyx  white; 
ovary  green;  berries  in  long  racemes,  dark-purple  and  filled  with  crimson  juice, 
ripe  in  autumn. 

Order  89.     POLYGONACE^E.     (Buckwheat  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  alternate  erdire  leaves,  and  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths 
(ocrese,  these  sometimes  obsolete)  above  the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem;  the 
flowers  mostly  perfect,  with  a  more  or  less  persistent  calyx,  a  1-celled  ovary 
bearing  2  or  S  styles  or  stiymas,  and  a  single  erect  orthoti^opous  seed. 
Fruit  usually  an  achene,  compressed  or  3 -4-angled  or -winged.  Km- 
br\o  curved  or  straightish,  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen,  or  rarely  in 
its  centre.  Stamens  4-12,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  3  -  6-cleft  calyx. 
(Juice  often  acrid,  sometimes  agreeably  acid,  as  in  Sorrel ;  the  roots,  as 
in  Rhubarb,  sometimes  cathartic.) 

*  Flowers  iuvolucrate ;  staineus  9  ;  stipules  none. 

1.  Kriogouuin.     luvohicre  several-flowered,  with  flowers  exserted.    Calyx  6-cleft. 

*  *  Flowers  witliout  involucre  ;  stamens  4  to  8. 

t-  Stipular  sheaths  manifest ;  ovule  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell. 

++  Sepals  4  or  6,  tlie  outer  row  reflexed,  the  inner  erect  and  enlarging  in  fruit. 

2.  Oxyria.     Sepals  4.     Stigmas  2.     Achene  orbicular-winged.     Leaves  reniforin. 

3.  Rumex.    Sepals  6.     Stigmas  3.     Achene  3-angled. 

**  *+  Sepals  5  (sometimes  4),  equal  and  erect  in  fruit.     Achene  triangular  or  lenticular. 

4.  Polygonum.    Embryo  slender,  curved  around  one  side  of  the  albumen.     Pedicels 

mostly  fascicled. 

.0.  Fasopynim.     Embryo  in  the  albumen,  its  very  broad  cotyledons  twisted-plaited. 

G.  Polygonella.    Embryo  slender,  nearly  straight.     Pedicels  solitaiy.     Leaves  jointed  at 
base. 

—  -t-  Stipules  obsolete;  ovule  hanging  from  the  apex  of  a  slender  stalk. 

7.  Brunnicliia.     Calyx  5-parted,  in  fruit  with  a  wing  decurrent  on  the  pedicel.     Tendril- 
climber. 

1.    ERIOGONUM,    iMichx. 

Flowers  perfect,  involucrate  ;  involucre  4  -  8-toothed  or  lobed,  usually  many- 
flowered  ;  the  more  or  less  exserted  pedicels  intermixed  with  narrow  scarious 
bracts.  Calyx  6-parted  or  -cleft,  colored,  persistent  about  the  achene.  Sta- 
mens 9,  upon  the  base  of  the  calyx.     Styles  3 ;  stigmas  capitate.     Achene 


I'OLVCONACKi*:.        (urtKWUKAT    lAMIl.V.)  437 

triaugular.  Embryo  straicflit  and  axilo,  witli  foliaieous  lotyleilons.  —  Anim- 
als or  pereunial.s,  with  radical  or  alteruate  or  whorleil  entire  leaves,  without 
stipules.     (Name  from  ^piov,  woul,  and  yivu,  kiui.) 

1.  E.  ^nnuum,  Nutt.  Annual,  erect,  leafy,  naked  ahove,  2*^  high,  white- 
floccose-tomentose  throughout;  leaves  ohlong-lanceolate,  acute  at  huth  ends, 
short-petiolate,  Hat ;  bracts  small,  triangular ;  involucres  numerous  in  terminal 
cymes,  turbinate,  shortly  pedicelled,  1  -  1 V'  long,  very  tomentoso ;  fiowcrs 
white,  the  outer  sepals  obloug-obovate,  1"  long  or  less.  —  Central  Kan.  to  ('..1.. 
and  southward. 

2.       OXYRIA,        Hill.  MAINTAIN    SORRKL. 

Calyx  herbaceous,  of  4  sepals;  the  outer  smaller  and  spreading,  the  inner 
broader  and  erect  (but  uncliaiiged)  in  fruit.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas  2,  sessile, 
tufted.  Acheue  lenticular,  thin,  Hat,  much  larger  tlian  the  calyx,  surrounded 
by  a  broad  veiny  wing.  Seed  flattened  contrary  to  the  wing.  Embryo  straight, 
in  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  slender.  —  Low  alpine  perennial,  witli  round- 
kidney-form  and  long-petioled  leaves  chiefly  from  the  root,  obliquely  truncate 
sheaths,  and  small  greenish  flowers  clustered  in  panicled  racemes  on  a  slender 
scape.     (Name  from  6^6$,  sour,  in  allusion  to  the  acid  leaves.) 

1.  O.  digyna,  Hill.  Leaves  all  round-kidney -form,  usually  notehed  at 
the  end;  fruit  orbicular.  —  Alj)iue  region  of  the  White  Mts.,  and  far  north 
and  westward.     (Eu.) 

3.     RUM  EX,     L.         Dock.     Sorrkt.. 

Calyx  of  6  sepals ;  the  3  outer  herbaceous,  .sometimes  united  at  ba.se,  spread- 
ing in  fruit;  the  3  inner  larger,  somewhat  colored,  enlarged  after  flowering 
(in  fruit  called  valves)  and  convergent  over  the  3-angled  achene,  veiny,  often 
bearing  a  grain-like  tubercle  on  the  back.     Stamens  6.     Styles  3 ;  stigmas 
tufted.     Embryo  slightly  curved,  lying  along  one  side  of  the  all^umen,  slender. 
—  Coarse  herbs,  with  small  and  homely   (mo.stly  green)  flowers,  which  are 
crowded  and  commonly  whorlcd  in  panicled  racemes;  the  petioles  somewhat 
sheathing  at  base.     (The  ancient  Latin  name;  of  unknown  etymology.) 
§  I.    LATATIIUM.     (Dock.)     Flotvers  perfect  or  motmciouslij  poli/f/amous ; 
herbage  not  sour  or  scarcely  so ;  none  of  the  leaves  halberd-shaped.     {Flower- 
ing through  the  summer.) 
*  Perennials,  \ -7°  high,  mostli/  with  fusiform  roots;  valves  not  hearing  bristles. 
-4-  Valves  {large,  3"  broad  or  more,  thin)  all  naked  or  one  with  a  small  grain. 

R.  rATiENTiA,  L.  (Patiknck  Dock.)  A  very  tall  species,  with  ovate- 
oblong  and  lanceolate  leaves  (broadest  above  the  base),  those  from  the  joot  2- 
S°  h^ng,  and  one  of  the  heart-shapo<l  nearly  or  (piite  entire  valves  (3"  br<»ad) 
bearini^  a  small  grain,  or  its  mi. Iril)  thickened  at  base.  — N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.)^ 

1.  R.  venbsus,  Fursli.  Stems  from  running  rootstocks,  erect  (l'^  high 
or  less),  with  consjticuous  dilated  .sti])ules;  leaves  on  short  but  rather  .slender 
petioles,  ovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate  (3-G'  long),  acute  or  acuminate,  only 
the  lowest  obtuse  at  base ;  panicle  nearly  .sessile,  short,  dense  in  fruit ;  valves 
entire,  glandlcss,  broadly  cordate  with  a  deep  sinus,  9-12"  in  diameter,  bright 
rose-color.  —  Sa.sk.  to  ceutral  Mo.  and  Kan.,  and  westward. 


438  roLYGONACE^.     (buckwheat  family.) 

1-  Valves  smaller,  one  or  more  of  them  conspicuously  grain-bearing. 
**  Indigenous ;  leaves  not  wavi/,  none  heart-shaped,  except  the  lowest  ofn.  5. 

2.  R.  Britannica,  L.  (Great  Water-Dock.)  Tall  and  stout  (5-6° 
high) ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute  at  both  ends,  transversely  veined, 
and  with  obscurely  erose-crenulate  margins  (the  lowest,  including  the  petiole, 
1-2°  long,  the  middle  rarely  truncate  or  obscurely  cordate  at  base) ;  racemes 
upright  in  a  large  compound  pa^Jcle,  nearly  leafless ;  whorls  crowded ;  pedicels 
capillar  ij,  nodding,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  fruiting  calyx ;  the  valves  orbicular 
or  round-ovate,  xG^vy  obtuse,  obscurely  heart-shaped  at  hiise,Jinely  reticulated, 
entire  or  repand-denticulate  (2  -  3"  broad),  all  grain-bearing.  (R.  orbiculatus, 
Qyay.)  —  Wet  places,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

3.  R.  altissimus,  Wood.  (Pale  Dock.)  Rather  tall  (2-6°  high); 
leaves  ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  pale,  thickish,  obscurely  veiny  (the  cau- 
line  3  -  6'  long,  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  petiole) ;  racemes  spike-like 
and  panicled,  nearly  leafless;  whorls  crowded;  pedicels  nodding,  shorter  than 
the  fruiting  calyx;  valves  broadly  ovate  or  obscurely  heart-shaped,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  entire,  loosely  reticulated  (about  2"  broad),  one  with  a  conspicuous 
grain,  the  others  with  a  thickened  midrib  or  naked.  (R.  Britannica,  Gray; 
not  L  )  — Moist  grounds,  N.  Y.  and  X.  J.  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

4.  R.  salicifolius,  Weinmann.  (White  Dock.)  Rather  low  (1-3° 
high):  root  white;  leaves  nari-owly  or  linear-lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  oblong; 
whorls  much  crowded  ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  valves 
deltoid-ovate,  obtusish  or  acutish  (about  1|"  long),  one,  two  or  sometimes  all 
M-ith  a  conspicuous  often  very  large  grain;  otherwise  nearly  as  u.  3.  —  Salt 
marshes,  from  Xewf.  to  N.  Eng.,  about  the  Great  Lakes,  and  far  Avestward. 

5  R.  verticillatUS,  L.  (Swamp  Dock.)  Rather  tall  (3-5°  high); 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  thickish,  pale-green,  the 
lowest  often  heart-shaped  at  base ;  racemes  nearly  leafless,  elongated,  loose,  the 
whorls  crowded  or  the  lower  ones  distant ;  fruit-bearing  pedicels  slender,  club- 
shaped,  abruptly  refexed,  3-4  times  longer  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  valves  dllaied- 
rhomboid,  obtusely  somewhat  pointed,  strongly  rugose-reticulated ,  each  bearing  a 
very  large  grain.  —  Wet  swamps,  common. 
■•-<•  ->-^  Naturalized  European  weeds  ;  lower  leaves  mostly  heart-shaped  at  base. 

R.  CRfspus,  L  (Curled  Dock.)  Smooth  (3-4°  high);  leaves  ivith 
slronrjly  wavy-curled  margins,  lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  truncate  or  scarcely 
heart-shaped  at  base;  ivhorls  crowded  in  prolonged  ivand-Uke  racemes,  leafless 
above  ;  valves  round-heart-shaped ,  obscurely  denticidate  or  entire,  mostly  all  grain- 
bearing. —  In  cultivated  and  waste  ground,  very  common.  A  hybrid  of  this 
with  the  next  is  reported  from  ]Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  ]\[d. 

R.  obtusif6lius,  L.  (Bitter  Dock.)  Stem  roughish ;  lowest  leaves 
ovate-heart-shaped ,  obtuse,  rather  downy  on  the  veins  beneath,  somewhat  wavy- 
margined,  the  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  whorls  loose  and  distant ;  valves 
ovate-halberd-shaped,  with  some  sharp  awl-shaped  teeth  at  base,  strongly  reticu- 
lated, one  of  them  principally  grain-bearing.  —  Fields,  etc.,  common. 

R.  SANGufxEUS,  L.  Leaves  oblong -lanceolate,  often  fiddle-shaped,  wavy- 
margined  ;  vhorls  distant,  in  long  slender  leafless  spikes ;  pedicels  very  sliort, 
jointed  at  base  ;  valves  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  one  at  least  grain-bearing ; 
veins  of  the  leaf  red,  or  green.  —  Waste  and  cultivated  ground. 

R.  co>rGLO:MERXTUs,  Murray.  (Smaller  Greex  Dock.)  Like  the  last, 
but  leaves  not  fiddle-shaped,  and  panicle  leafy;  pedicels  short,  jointed  below 
tlie  middle  ;  valves  acutish,  all  grain-bearing.  —  Moist  places. 


POLYGON ACE.1<:.        (BUCKWHEAT    KAMII,V.)  43i) 

*  *  Annuals,  low ;  valves  bearing  long  awns  or  bristles. 

6.  R.  maritimus,  L.  (Golden  Dock.)  Minutely  pubescent,  diffusely 
branched,  6-12'  hin^h ;  leaves  lauce-linear,  wavy-margined,  tlie  lower  auricled 
or  lieart-shaped  at  base ;  whorls  excessively  crowdetl  in  leafy  and  corni)a<t  or 
interrupted  spikes;  valves  rhonibic-obloug,  lance-pointed,  each  bearing  2-3 
long  awn-like  bristles  on  each  side,  and  a  large  grain  on  the  l)ack.  —  Sea-siiore, 
Mass.  to  N.  C. ;  also  from  111.  to  Minn.,  and  westward. 

§  2.  ACETOSA.  (Sourkl.)  Flowers  dioecious,  small,  in  a  terminal  naked 
panicle;  herbage  sour;  some  leaves  halberd -shaped ;  smooth  perennials, 
spreading  by  running  rootstocks,  Jlowering  in  spring. 

7.  R.  haSt^tulus,  Baldvv.  Stem  simple,  1  -2°  high  ;  leaves  nearly  as  in 
the  next;  pedicels  jointed  at  or  below  the  middle;  valves  of  the  fruiting  cali/x 
round-heart-shaped ,  thin,  finely  reticulated,  naked,  mam/  times  larger  than  the 
arliene.  (R.  Engelnianni, /.fif/e/j.)  —  !S.  W.  HI.  to  E,  Kan.,  Tex.,  and  P'la. ; 
Kiverhead,  Long  Island  (  Yotnig). 

R.  AcKTosEM.A,  li.  (FiKLi)  or  SifKKi'  SoHKKr,.)  Low  (r)-12'  high); 
leaves  narrow-lanceolate  or  linear,  halberd-form,  at  lc;i.st  those  of  the  root,  the 
narrow  lobes  entire;  pedicels  jointed  with  thejlowcr;  calces  scarcely  enlarging 
in  t'niit,  orate,  naked.  —  Abundant  evervwhere.     (Nat.  from  En.) 

R.  AcETosA,  L.  (SoitKEL  DocK.)'  Like  the  last,  l)ut  taller  (I  -.3°  high) ; 
leaves  oblong  or  broadly  lanceolate ;  r(dres  enlarging  In  fruit  and  urinrular, 
the  outer  rejiexed.  —  Charlotte,  Vt.,  and  Penn  Yan,  X.  Y.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

4.    POLYGONUM,    Tourn.        Kxotweed. 

Calyx  mostly  .5-parted  ;  the  divisions  often  petal-like,  all  erect  in  fruit,  with- 
ering or  persistent.     Stamens  4-9.     Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3  ;  achene  accord- 
ingly lenticular  or  3-angular.     Embryo  jdaced  in  a  groove  on  the  outside  of 
the  albumen  and  curved  half-way  around  it ;  the  radicle  and  usually  the  co- 
tvledons  slender.  —  Pedicels  jointed.     Ours  all  herbaceous,  with  fibrous  roots 
(except  n.  19),  flowering  tlirougli  late  summer  and  early  autumn.     (Name 
composed  of  ttoKvs,  many,  and  yovv,  knee,  from  the  numerous  joints.) 
§  1.   POLYGONUM  proper.      Flowers  in  axillary  fascicles  or  spicate   with 
foliaceous  bracts;  leaves  and  bracts  jointed  upon  a  very  short  petiole  adnate 
to  the  short  sheath  of  the  2-lobed  or  lacerate  scarious  stipules  :  stems  striate ; 
calyx  5  -  ^-parted,  usually  more  or  less  herbaceous ;  stamens  3-8,  the  3  inner 
Jilaments  broad  at  base;  styles  3;  cotyledons  incumbent;  albumen  horny; 
glabrous  annuals,  except  n.  1.     (§  Avicularia,  ^felsn.) 
*  Leafy  throughout. 

1.  P.  maritimum,  L.  Perennial,  nt  length  woody  at  base  (or  sometimes 
annual),  prostrate,  glaucous,  the  stout  stems  very  shortly  jointed  ;  leaves  thick, 
oval  to  linear-oblong  (3-10"  long),  exceeding  the  nodes;  stipules  very  con- 
spicuous; sepals  petaloid;  stamens  8;  achene  smooth  and  shining,  exserted. — 
Sea-coast  from  Mass.  to  Ga.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  avieul^re,  L.  Slender,  mostly  prostrate  or  ascending,  bluish-green  ; 
leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate  (3- 10"  long),  usually  acute  or  acutish ;  sepals 
hardly  1"  long,  green  with  pinkish  margins;  stamens  8  (rarely  5) ;  achene  dull 
and  minutely  granular,  mostly  imhuled.  —  Common  everywhere  in  yards, 
waste  places,  etc.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 


440  POLYGONACE^.        (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

3.  P.  erectum.,  L.  Stouter,  erect  or  ascending  (1 -2°  high), //c/Zotf/sA; 
leaves  oblong  or  oval  {-1^-2^' long),  usually  obtuse;  y?0M-ers  mostlii  \^"  lomj, 
often  yellowish,  on  more  or  less  exserted  pedicels ;  stamens  5  -  6  ;  achene  dull, 
included.     (P.  aviculare,  var.  erectum,  Roth.)  — Common,  by  -waysides,  etc. 

*  *  Leaves  much  reduced  above  and  bract-like. 

4.  P.  ramosissimum,  Michx.  Erect  or  ascending  (2-4°  high),  yel- 
lowish-green; leaves  lanceolate  to  linear  (1-2^'  \on^),  acute;  Jlowers  and 
achene  as  in  n.  3,  but  sepals  more  frequently  6,  the  stamens  3-6,  and  the 
achene  mostly  smooth  and  shining.  —  Sandy  shores  and  banks  of  streams,  E. 
Mass.  to  N.  Y.,  west  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  Tex.,  and  far  westward. 

5.  P.  tenue,  Michx.  Stem  angled,  erect  (i-H°  high),  glabrous,  or 
slightly  scabrous  at  the  nodes;  leaves  narrowly  linear  to  lanceolate  (1-2' 
long),  3-nerved,  acute  at  each  end  and  often  cuspidate,  the  margins  somewhat 
scabrous  and  at  lengtli  revolute;  Jloicers  often  solitary,  ?iea////  sessile;  stamens 
8;  achene  included,  dull  black.  —  Dry  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  S.  C,  west  to  Minn., 
Mo.,  and  Te.x. 

6.  P.  camp  or  um,  Meisn.  Stem  /ere/e,  erect  or  ascending  (2-3°  high), 
glabrous;  Uaves  deciduous,  Imeur  to  oblong,  usually  short ;  pedicels  slender, 
exserted  from  the  scarious  sheaths;  stamens  8.  —  E.  Kan.  to  Tex. 

§2.   PERSICAKIA.     Flowers   in   dense   spikes,  icith   small  scarious   bracts; 
leaves  not  jointed  on  the  petiole  ;  sheaths  ci/lindrical,  truncate,  entire,  naked 
or  ciliate-f ringed   or  margined ;  cali/x  colored,  h-parted,  appressed  to  the 
fruit;  stamens  i -S;  Jilaments  Jillform  ;  cotyledons  accumbent. 
*  Sheaths  and  bracts  not  ciltate  or  fringed  ;  sepals  not  punctate ;  style  2-cleJl. 

7.  P.  lapathifblium,  E.  Annual,  branching,  1-4°  high,  glabrous  or 
the  peduncles  often  minutely  glandular ;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  upward 
from  near  the  cuneate  base  and  acuminate,  someAvhat  scabrous  with  short  ap- 
pressed hairs  on  the  midrib  and  margin,  or  rarely  floccose-tomentose  beneath; 
sheaths  and  bracts  rarely  somewhat  ciliolate  •,  spikes  oblong  to  linear  (^-2' 
long),  dense,  erect  or  nearly  so;  flowers  white  or  pale  rose-color;  stamens  6; 
achene  ovate,  rarely  \"  broad.  (P.  nodosum,  Pers.  P.  incarnatum,  Man.,  in 
part.)  —  Wet  places ;  N.  Eng.  and  Can.  to  111.,  Wise,  and  far  westward.  Very 
variable.     (Eu.) 

Var.  incarnatum,  Watson.  Eeaves  often  large  (6-12'  long,  1  -  3'  wide) ; 
spikes  more  slender  and  elongated  (2-4'  long),  nodding.  (P.  incarnatum, 
Ell.)  —  Penn.  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  southward. 

Var.  incanum,  Koch.  Low  (6-12' high) ;  leaves  small,  obtusish,  more 
or  less  hoary  beneath  with  floccose  tomentum  ;  spikes  short.  —  Cayuga  Lake, 
N.  Y.,  Ont.,  shores  of  L.  Superior,  and  northwestward      (Eu.) 

8.  P.  Pennsylvanieum,  L.  A  similar  species,  but  the  branches  above 
and  especially  the  peduncles  beset  with  stipitate  glands ;  flowers  larger  and  often 
bright  rose-color,  in  short  erect  spikes,  often  on  exserted  pedicels;  stamens 
usually  8;  achene  nearly  orbicular,  over  1"  broad.  —  Moist  soil,  in  open  waste 
places,  common. 

9.  P.  amphibium,  L.  Perennial,  aquatic  or  rooting  in  the  mud,  stout 
and  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  not  branching  above  the  rooting  base;  leaves  usu- 
ally Jioaling,  thick,  smooth  and  shining  above,  mostly  loug-petioled,  elliptical 


rOLYGONACE^:.        (lU(  KWUKAT    FAMILY.)  4  11 

to  ohlong  or  sometimes  lanceolate,  f/rn^'.sA,  cuneato  or  cordate  at  ba.He  (2-5' 
long) ;  spike  terminal,  dense,  ovale  or  oblorni  (A-  l'  long)  ;  flowers  bright  rose- 
color  (H- 3"  long) ;  the  5  stamens  and  2-cleft  style  exserted. — Widely  disiril)- 
uted  and  rather  common.     (Ku.,  Asia.) 

10.  P.  Muhlenbergii,  Watson.  Perennial,  in  mnddy  or  dry  places, 
decumbent  or  sul)crect,  sea /)/ohs  icith  short  apprrssed  or  fjkindulnr  hdirs  ;  leaves 
thinner,  rather  broad/ ij  lanceolate,  narroxdy  acuminate  (4-7'  long)  ;  spikes  more 
c/on<jated  (1  -3'  long),  often  in  pairs;  flowers  and  fruit  nearly  as  in  the  last, 
(r.  aniphibium,  var.  terrcstrc,  6'm^,  Manual;  not  Leers.)  —  X.  Kng.  to  l-la., 
westward  across  the  continent. 

*  *  Sheaths  and  bracts  hristli/  ciliate  or  the  sheaths  Jhliareouslj  margined. 
-I-  Sepals  not  punctate  ;  stijle  2-cleft;  achene  somewhat  flattened . 

11.  P.  Hartwrightii,  Cray.  Perennial,  very  closely  allied  to  n.  9, 
growing  usually  in  nun  I,  the  ascending  stems  rooting  at  base  and  very  leafy, 
more  or  less  rough-hairij,  at  least  on  the  sheaths  and  bracts,  the  former  ciliate 
and  often  ivith  abruptlij  spreading  fuliaceons  borders;  leaves  rather  narrow  (2  -  7' 
long),  on  very  short  petioles  ;  flowers  and  fruit  as  in  n.  9.  —  X.  Eng.  and  X.  Y., 
to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  far  westward.  When  growing  in  water  the  floating  leaves 
are  thicker  and  glabr<Kis. 

12.  P.  Careyi,  Olney.  Annual,  erect,  the  stem  ('3-5°  high)  and  pedun- 
cles qlandular-bristlg  ;  leaves  narrowlg  lanceolate,  attenuate  to  both  ends,  rough- 
isb  ;  sheaths  ciliate  or  sometimes  margined;  spikes  slender,  loose  and  nodding; 
flowers  purplish;  stamens  mostlij  5.  —  Shady  swamps,  S.  Maine  and  X.  II.  to 
Peuu.  and  Ont. 

P.  oriextAle,  L.  (Prince's  Feather.)  Tall  branching  annual,  soft- 
hairg ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  pointed,  distinctly  peti<jled  ;  sheaths  ciliate  or 
itften  icith  an  abrupt  sj)reading  border;  flowers  large,  l)right  rose-color,  in  d  use 
ci/lindrical  nodding  spikes;  stamens  7.  —  Sparingly  escaped  from  ganlena  into 
waste  grounds.     (Adv.  from  India.) 

P.  PersrAri.v,  L.  (Lady's  Tutmh.)  Nearly  smooth  and  glahroKs  {\2- 
18'  high);  sheaths  more  or  less  bristly -ciliate ;  leaves  lanceolate,  i)ointe(l, 
roughish,  often  marked  with  a  (hirk  triangular  or  lunar  spot  near  the  miiblle  ; 
spikes  ovoid  or  nlilong,  dinse,  erect,  on  smooth  (or  at  li'ast  not  glandular)  jmliin- 
t/^.s  ;  stamens  mostly  6 ;  stgles  half  2-:W/rft ;  achene  gibbous-flattened  or 
sometimes  triangular,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Waste  and  damp  places,  very 
common.  (Xat.  from  Eu.) 
-4-  •*-  Sepals  conspicuousl !i  dotted  and  leaves  punctate  (except  n.  13),  with  acrid 

juice;  style  mostly  ^-parted,  and  achene  triangular ;  sheaths  bristle  fringed. 

13.  P.  hydropiperoldes,  Michx.  (Mild  "WATER-PEPrKK.)  Peren- 
nial, not  acrid;  stem  smooth  (1-3°  high),  branching;  the  narrow  sheaths 
hair  11 ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  sometimes  oblong ;  spikes  erect,  slender, 
sometimes  filiform,  often  interrupted  at  base  (1-2^'  long) ;  flowers  small,  flesh- 
color  or  nearly  white  ;  sepals  not  dotted ;  stamens  8  ;  achene  sharplg  triangular, 
smooth  and  shining.  —  Wet  places  and  in  shallow  water;  common,  espeiially 
sonthward. 

14.  P.  Hydropiper,  E.  (CoMAtoN  Smaktwekd  or  Water-Pepim  k.) 
Annual,  1  -2^  bigh,  smootli ;  leaves  narrowly  to  linear-lanceolate  ;  spikes  nod- 
dinq,  usually  short  or  interrujjted  ;  flowers  mostly  greenish;  .stamens  6;  style 
2-3-]iarted;  achene  dull,  minutely  striate.  —  Moist  or  wet  grounds;  ap])a- 
rently  introduced  ea.stward,  but  indigenous  north  and  westward.     (Eu.) 


442  POLYGONACE^.        (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

15.  P.  acre,  HBK.  (Water  Smartweed.)  Pere??n/a/,  nearly  smooth ; 
stems  rooting  at  the  decumbent  base,  2-5°  high ;  leaves  larger  and  longer 
than  in  the  last,  taper-pointed  ;  spikes  erect ;  flowers  whitish,  sometimes  flesh- 
color;  stamens  8;  style  mostly  ^-parted;  achene  smooth  and  shining.  —  Wet 
places ;  common,  especially  southward. 

§  3.  BIST6RTA.  Glabrous  alpine  perennials,  with  thick  creeping  rootstocks 
and  simple  stems ;  floicers  in  a  spike-like  raceme ;  calyx  colored,  deeply  5- 
cleft;  stamens  8;  styles  3,  long. 

16.  P.  viviparum,  L.  Smooth,  dwarf  (4-8'  high),  bearing  a  linear 
erect  spike  of  flesh-colored  flowers  (or  often  little  red  bulblets  in  their  place) ; 
leaves  lanceolate.  —  Alpine  summits  of  N.  Eng.,  shores  of  L.  Superior,  and 
northward.     (Eu.) 

§  4,  TOVARA.  Perennials ;  floicers  in  loose  naked  long  and  slender  spikes; 
calyx  rather  herbaceous  {greenish),  unequally  4-parted ;  stamens  5;  styles  2, 
distinct,  rigid  and  persistent  on  the  smooth  lenticular  achene. 

17.  P.  Virginian um,  L.  Almost  smooth ;  stem  terete,  upright  (2-4° 
high) ;  sheaths  cylindrical,  hairy  and  fringed ;  leaves  ovate,  or  tlie  upper  ovate- 
lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  rounded  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  rougli-ciliate  (3  - 
6'  long) ;  flowers  1-3  from  each  bract,  somewhat  curved,  the  styles  deflexed 
in  fruit,  minutely  hooked.  —  Thickets  in  rich  soil,  common.     (Asia.) 

§  5.  TINIARIA.  Annuals  or  perennials,  mostly  twining  or  climbing,  and  with 
petioled  cordate  or  sagittate  leaves  ;  flowers  in  loose  panicles  or  racemes  or  in 
terminal  or  axillary  clusters  ;  calyx  green  with  colored  margins,  5-  [rarely  4-) 
parted ;  stamens  mostly  S;  styles  or  stigmas  3  (2  in  u.  18). 

*  Annuals,  erect,  or  somewhat  climbing  by  reflexed  jirirkles  on  the  angles  of  the 
stem  and  petioles ;  sepals  (pale  rose<olor  or  ichite)  not  keeled ;  bracts  chafl'-like. 

18.  P.  arifolium,  L.  (Halberd-leaved  Tear-thi-mb.)  Stem  grooved- 
angled ;  leaves  halberd-shaped,  taper-pointed,  long-petioled ;  flowers  somewhat 
racemed  (few)  ;  peduncles  glandular-bristly ;  calyx  often  4-parted  ;  stamens  %\ 
styles  2,  very  short;  achene  lenticular  (large).  —  Low  grounds.     (Asia.) 

19.  P.  sagittatum,  L.  (Arrow-leaved  Tear-thumb.)  Stem  ^-angled ; 
leaves  arrow-shaped,  short-petioled ;  flowers  capitate  ;  peduncles  smooth;  stamens 
mosth/  8  ;  styles  3,  slender ;  achene  sharply  3-angled.  —  Low  grounds,  common. 
—  Slender,  smooth  except  the  angles  of  the  stem  and  midrib  beneath,  which 
are  armed  with  fine  and  very  sharp  saw-toothed  prickles.     (Asia.) 

*  *  Stems  not  prickly ;  calyx  with  the  3  outer  divisions  keeled,  at  least  in  fruit  ; 

floicers  in  loose  panicled  racemes;  bracts  short-sheathing. 

P.  Convolvulus,  L.  (Black  Bindweed.)  Annual,  twining  or  procum- 
bent, low,  roughish,  the  joints  naked;  leaves  halberd-heart-shaped,  pointed; 
floweis  in  small  interrupted  corymbose  racemes;  outer  calyx-lohes  keeled; 
achene  sniootliish.  —  Cult,  and  waste  grounds,  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

20.  P.  cilinode,  Michx.  Perennial,  minutely  downy ;  the  sheaths  fringed 
at  the  base  with  reflexed  bristles ;  leaves  heart-shaped  and  slightly  halberd- 
shaped,  taper-pointed ;  racemes  panicled  ;  calyx-lobes  obscurely  keeled ;  achene 
very  smooth  and  shining.  —  Copses  and  rocky  hills,  N.  Eng.  to  mountains  of 
N.  C,  west  to  Mich,  and  Minn.     Climbing  3-9°  high. 


rOLYiJONACE^:.        (lUTKWIlKAT    FAMILY.)  44:J 

21.  P.  dumet6rum,  L.,  var    sc^ndens,  Gray.    (Climbing    False 

BrcKWHKAT.)  Perennial,  smooth;  sheaths  naked;  leaves  heart-shaped  or 
slightly  halberd-sliapetl,  pointed  ;  racemes  interrupted,  leafy  ;  the  3  outer  calt/x- 
lobes  strong/ 1/  keeled  and  in  fruit  winged ;  achene  smooth  and  shining.  —  .Moist 
thickets,  common.     Twining  8-12°  high  over  bushes. 

P.  (MSPiDATi'M,  Sicl).  &  Zucc.  IVrennial,  erect,  stunt  and  tall,  glahrons 
except  the  loose  axillary  paniclcd  racemes;  leaves  ronml-ovate,  shortlv  acu- 
minate, truncate  or  cordate  at  l)ase  ;  outer  sepals  I)r():idly  winged  in  fruit. — 
Occasionally  escaped  from  gardens.     (rJapan.) 

5.    FAGOPYRUM,    Tourn.        Buckwukat. 

Calyx  petal-like,  eipially  '»  parteil,  withering  and  nearly  unchanged  in  fruit. 
Stamens  8.  Styles 3  ;  stigmas  lapitate.  Achene  3-sided,  longer  than  the  calvx. 
Eml)ryo  large,  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen,  which  it  divides  into  2  parts,  with 
very  broad  and  foliaceons  plaited  and  twisted  cotyledons.  —  Glabrous  annuals, 
with  triangular-heart-shaped  or  halberd-shaped  leaves,  semicyliudrical  sheaths, 
and  corymbose  racemes  or  panicles  of  wliite  flowers,  often  tinged  with  green  or 
rose-color.  (Name  irom  fagits,  the  beech,  and  -rrvpSs,  reheat,  from  the  resem- 
blance of  the  grain  to  the  beech-nut ;  .so  the  English  name  Buckwheat,  from 
the  German  biiche,  beech.) 

F.  EscuLENTLM,  Moeuch.  (BixKwnKAT.)  Smootliish ;  Hower  with  8 
houey -bearing  yellow-glands  interjiosed  between  the  stamens;  achene  acute 
and  entire,  smootli  and  sliining.  —  Old  fields,  remaining  as  a  weed  after  culti- 
vation, and  escajjing  into  co])ses.     June -Sept.     (Adv.  from  En.) 

F.  Tat.yrrtm,  (iaertn.  (  India-whkat.)  Flowers  very  small,  on  shorter 
pedicels;  achene  very  dull  and  roughish,  the  sides  sulcate.  —  Au  occasional 
escape  from  cultivation.     (Adv.  from  Asia.) 

6.    POLYGONELLA,    Michx. 

Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous-dia'cious.  Calyx  5-])arted,  petaloid,  loosely 
persistent  about  the  achene.  the  3  inner  divisions  often  enlarging  in  fruit,  in 
which  case  the  outer  are  usually  spreading.  Stamens  8.  Styles  3,  and  achene 
3-angular  Embryo  slender,  straight  or  nearly  so,  toward  one  side  of  the  albu- 
men.—  Slender  glabrous  annuals  or  perennials,  with  alternate  mostly  linear 
leaves  jointed  at  the  base,  and  rather  rigid  truncate  or  obli(|ue  naked  sheaths 
and  bracts.  Flowers  on  solitary  jointed  pedicels  (nodding  in  fruit)  in  slender 
panicled  racemes.     (Diminutive  of  Pcdygonum.) 

1.  P.  articulata,  Meisn.  Annual,  erect,  branching,  glaucous,  4-12' 
high;  leaves  linear  filiform,  deciduous;  flowers  rose-color,  nodding,  in  verr 
slender  racemes,  the  calyx  a  little  enlarged  in  fruit ;  3  inner  filaments  dilated 
at  base;  achene  exserted,  smooth.  (Polygonum  articulatum,  Grai/.)  —  Dry, 
sandy  soil ;  on  the  coa.st  from  Maine  to  N.  J.,  and  along  the  Great  Lakes. 

7.     BRUNNICHIA,     Banks. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  the  divisions  somewhat  petal-like,  oblong,  connivent  and 
coriaceous  in  fruit,  the  base  and  almost  the  whole  length  of  the  pedicel  winged 
on  one  side.  Stamens  8;  filaments  capillary.  Styles  3,  slender;  stignuie  de- 
pressed-capitate. Ovule  pendulous  on  a  slender  erect  funiculus;  seed  erect, 
6-grooved.  Achene  obtusely  triangular,  partly  3-celled,  enclo.sed  in  the  indu- 
rated calyx.  Embryo  in  one  of  the  angles  of  the  mealy  albnmeu,  somewhat 
curved.  —  Somewhat  slirubby  with  grooved  stems,  climldng  by  tendrils  f ri  m 
the  eiula  of  the  branches.     (Named  for  F.  Brunnich,  a  Danish  naturalist.) 


444  POLYGONACE^.        (BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.) 

1.  B.  cirrhosa,  Banks.  Glabrous;  leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  pointed, 
entire ;  petioles  dilated  at  base  and  partly  clasping,  but  vi^ith  no  distinct  sheath 
or  stipules ;  flowers  greenish,  2  -  5  in  a  fascicle  from  the  axil  of  an  awl-shaped 
bract,  these  crowded  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes ;  pedicel  jointed  near 
the  base;  fruiting  calyx  with  the  wing  V  long. —  S.  111.  to  S.  C.  and  Fla. 

Order  90.     PODOSTEMACE^E.     (River-weed  Family.) 

Aquatics,  growing  on  stones  in  running  water,  some  with  the  aspect  of 
Sea-weeds,  or  others  of  Mosses  or  Liverworts ;  the  minute  naked  flowers 
bursting  from  a  spathe-like  involucre  as  in  Liverworts,  producing  a  2-3- 
celled  many-seeded  ribbed  capsule;  —  represented  in  North  America  by 

1.     PODOSTEMON,     Michx.        River-weed. 

Flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile  in  a  tubular  sac-like  involucre,  destitute  of 
floral  envelopes.  Stamens  2,  borne  on  one  side  of  the  stalk  of  the  ovary,  with 
their  long  filaments  united  into  one  for  more  than  half  their  length,  and  2  short 
sterile  filaments,  one  on  each  side;  anthers  2-celled.  Stigmas  2,  awl-shaped. 
Capsule  pedicellate,  oval,  8-ribbed,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  minute,  very  nu- 
merous on  a  thick  persistent  central  placenta,  destitute  of  albumen.  —  Leaves 
2-rauked.  (Name  from  irovs,foot,  and  o-ttj/uwi/,  stamen  ;  the  two  stamens  being 
apparently  raised  on  a  stalk  by  the  side  of  the  ovary.) 

1.  P.  ceratoph;^llus,  Michx.  Leaves  rigid  or  horny,  dilated  into  a 
sheathing  base,  above  mostly  forked  into  thread-like  or  linear  lobes.  —  Not 
rare  in  shallow  streams,  E.  Mass.  to  Minn.,  and  southward.  July -Sept. — 
A  small  olive-green  plant,  of  firm  texture,  resembling  a  Seaweed,  tenaciously 
attached  to  loose  stones  l)y  fleshy  disks  or  processes  in  place  of  roots. 

Order  9L     ARISTOLOCHIACE^gE.      (Birthwort  Family.) 

Twining  shrubs,  or  low  herbs,  with  perfect  foicers,  the  conspicuous  lurid 
calyx  valcale  in  bud  and  coherent  {at  least  at  base)  with  the  6-celled  ovary, 
ivhich  forms  a  many-seeded  ^-celled  capsule  or  berry  in  fruit.  Stamens  6- 
12,  more  or  less  united  with  the  style;  anthers  adnale,  extrorse.  —  Leaves 
petioled,  mostly  heart-shaped  and  entire.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  large 
♦leshy  rliaplie,  and  a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  A  small  family 
of  bitter-tonic  or  stimulant,  sometimes  aromatic  plants. 

1.  Asaruiti.    Stemless  herbs.     Stamens  12,  with  more  or  less  distinct  filaments. 

2.  Aristolochia.    Caulescent  herbs  or  twining  shrubs.    Stamens  6,  the  sessile  antheio 

aduate  to  the  stigma. 

1.     AS  ARUM,     Tourn.        Asarabacca.     Wild  Ginger. 

Calyx  regular;  the  limb  3-cleft  or  parted.  Stamens  12,  with  more  or  less 
distinct  filaments,  their  tips  usually  continued  beyond  the  anther  into  a  point. 
Capsule  rather  fleshy,  globular,  bursting  irregularly  or  loculicidal.  Seeds 
large,  thick.  —  Stemless  perennial  herbs,  with  aromatic-pungent  creeping  root- 
stocks  bearing  2  or  3  scales,  tlien  one  or  two  kidney-shaped  or  heart-shaped 
leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  a  short-peduucled  flower  close  to  the  ground  in  the 
lower  axil ;  in  spring.     (An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  derivation.)    . 


ARISTOLOCIIIACKA',.       (  I'.IIM  11  WultT    lAMILV.)  445 

§  1.  Cali/x-tiibe  u-hol/i/  adnnte  to  the  orari/,  tfip  dps  inJJered  in  hud ;  jilaments 
slender,  much  longer  than  the  short  anthers;  stifle  barehf  ^-Infted  at  the  sum- 
mit, with  6  radiating  thick  stigmas ;  leaves  a  single  jxiir,  xmspittted. 

1.  A.  Canad^nse,  L.  Soft-puhesccnt ;  leaves  mciiiljraiiaeeous,  kidney- 
shaped,  mure  or  less  pointed  (4-5'  w  ide  wlien  full  grown) ;  calyx  hell-shaped, 
the  upper  part  of  the  short-pointed  lohes  \vi(kdy  and  ahniptly  spn-adinj;, 
brown-purple  inside.  —  Hillsides  in  rich  woods ;  common,  especially  northward. 
§  2.    Calyx-tube  inflated  hell-shaped,  someirhat  contracted  at  the  throat,  its  hisr 

adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovarii ;  limb  3-cleft,  short ;  anthers  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  oblong-linear ;  styles  6,  fleshy,  diverging,  2-cleft,  bearing  a  thick 
extrorse  stigma  below  the  clejl;  leaves  thickish,  persistent,  usually  only  one 
each  year,  often  ichitish-mottled ;  peduncle  very  short;  roolstocks  clustered, 
ascending. 

2.  A.  Virginicum,  L.  Nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  round-heart-shaped 
(about  2' witle) ;  calyx  short,  reticulated  within;  anthers  pointless.  —  Va.  to 
Ga.,  in  and  near  the  mountains. 

3.  A.  arifblium,  Michx.  Leaves  halberd-heart-shaped  {2 -4' long);  calyx 
oblong-tubular,  with  very  short  and  blunt  lobes ;  anthers  obtusely  short-pointed. 
—  Va.  to  Fla. 

2.  ARISTOLOCHIA,  Tourn.  Biuthwout. 
Calyx  tubular ;  the  tube  variously  inflated  above  the  ovary,  mostly  contracteil 
at  the  throat.  Stamens  6,  the  sessile  anthers  wholly  adnate  to  the  short  and 
fleshy  3  -  6-lobed  or  angled  style.  Capsule  naked,  septicidally  6-valved.  Seeds 
very  flat.  —  Twining,  climbing,  or  sometimes  upright  perennial  iierbs  or  slirubs, 
with  alternate  leaves  and  lateral  or  axillary  greenish  or  luri<l-purple  flowers. 
(Named  from  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

§  1.  Calyx-tube  bent  like  the  letter  S,  enlarged  at  the  two  ends,  the  small  limb  ob- 
tusely 3-lobed ;  anthers  contiguous  in  pairs  {)iiaking  4  cells  in  a  row  under 
each  of  the  three  truncate  lobes  of  the  stigma) ;  low  herbs. 

1.  A.  Serpentina,  L.  (Virginia  Snakeuoot.)  Stems  (8- 15' high) 
branched  at  base,  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  (or  narrower)  from  a  heart- 
shaped  base  or  halberd-form,  mostly  acute  or  pointed  ;  flowers  all  next  the 
root,  short-pedundod.  —  Rich  woods.  Conn,  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and 
La.  July.  —  The  fibrous,  aromatic-stimulant  root  is  well  known  in  medicine. 
§  2.    Calyx-tube  strongly  curved  like  a  Dutch  pipe,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  the 

short  limb  obscurely  3-lobed ;  anthers  contiguous  in  pairs  under  each  of  the  3 
short  and  thick  lobes  of  the  stigma  ;  very  tall  twining  shrubs ;  flowers  from 
one  or  two  of  the  superposed  accessory  axillary  buds. 

2.  A.  SiphO,  L'ller.  (PirK-VixK.  DtTCHMAx's  Pipk.)  A'^early  gla- 
brous ;  Unrrs  runnd-kldnc y-shaprd  (sometimes  8-12'  broad)  ;  peduncles  with  a 
clasping  bract ;  calyx  (H'  long)  with  a  brown-purj)le  abrupt  flat  Uirder.  —  Kich 
woods,  Penn.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan.     May. 

3.  A.  tomentbsa,  Sims.  Downy  or  soft-hairy  ;  leaves  round -hi'art-shn fyed , 
very  veiny  (.'3  -  5'  long) ;  calyx  yellowish,  with  an  oltlique  dark  purple  closed  ori- 
fice and  a  rugose  reflexed  limb.  —  Hich  woods,  mountains  of  N.  C.  to  Kla.,  west 
to  S.  111.  and  Mo.    June. 


446  ARISTOLOCHIACEyE.        (bIRTHWORT    FAMILY.) 

§  3.   Calyx-tube  straight,  open,  with  ample  6-lobed  limb,  the  lobes  appendaged ; 
anthers  equidistant ;  erect  herbs ;  Jiowers  in  axillary  cymose  fascicles. 

A.  clemAtitis,  L.,  with  long-petioled  cordate  leaves,  from  Europe,  is  said 
to  have  permanently  escaped  near  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  {Dudley). 

Order  92.     PIPERACE^E.     (Pepper  Family.) 

Herhs,  ivlth  jointed  steim,  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  perfect  Jloicers  in 
spikes,  entirely  destitute^  of  floral  envelopes,  and  with  3-5  more  or  less 
separate  or  united  ovaries.  —  Ovules  few,  orthotropous.  Embryo  heart- 
shaped,  minute,  contained  in  a  little  sac  at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  — 
The  characters  are  those  of  the  Tribe  SaurnrecE,  the  Piperacece  proper 
(wholly  tropical)  differing  in  having  a  1-celled  and  1-ovuled  ovary. 

1.     SAURIJRUS,     L.        Lizard's-tail. 

Stamens  mostly  6  or  7,  hypogynous,  with  distinct  filaments.  Fruit  some- 
what fleshy,  wrinkled,  of  3  -  4  indehiscent  carpels  united  at  base.  Stigmas 
recurved.  Seeds  usually  solitary,  ascending.  —  Perennial  marsh  herbs,  Avith 
heart-shaped  converging-ribbed  petioled  leaves,  without  distinct  stipules ;  flow- 
ers (each  with  a  small  bract  adnate  to  or  borne  on  the  pedicel)  crowded  in  a 
slender  wand-liice  and  naked  peduucled  terminal  spike  or  raceme  (its  appear- 
ance giving  rise  to  the  name,  from  a-avpos,  a  lizard,  and  ovpd,  tail). 

1.  S.  cernuus,  L.  Flowers  white,  fragrant;  spike  nodding  at  the  end ; 
bract  lanceolate ;  filaments  long  and  capillary.  —  Swamps,  Conn,  to  Ont.,  Minn., 
Mo.,  and  southward.     June- Aug. 

Order  9:3.     LAUKACE^].     (Laurel  Family.) 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  icith  alternate  simple  leaves  mostly  marked  with 
minute  pellucid  dots,  and  flowers  with  a  regular  calyx  of  4  or  6  colored 
sepals,  imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  free  from  the  1-celled  and  1-ovuled 
ovary,  and  mostly  fewer  than  the  stainens ;  anthers  opening  by  2  or  4  uplifted 
valves.  —  Flowers  clustered.  Style  single.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  berry  or 
drupe.  Seed  anatropous,  suspended,  with  no  albumen,  filled  by  the  large 
almond-like  embryo. 
*  Flowers  perfect,  panicled  ;  stamens  12,  three  of  them  sterile,  three  with  extrorse  anthers. 

1.  Persea.    Calyx  persistent.     Anthers  4-celled.     Evergreen. 

*  *  Flowers  dioecious,  or  nearly  so  ;  stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  9.     Leaves  deciduous. 

2.  Sassafras.    Flowers  in  corymb-  or  umbel-like  racemes.    Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved. 

3.  I>,itsea.     Flowers  few  in  involucrate  umbels.     Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved. 

4.  Liindera.     Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters.    Anthers  2-celled,  2-valved. 

1.     PERSEA,     Gaertn.        Allig.\tor  Pear. 

Flowers  perfect,  Avith  a  6-parted  calyx,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry-like 
fruit.  Stamens  12,  in  four  rows,  the  3  of  the  innermost  row  sterile  and  gland- 
like, the  rest  bearing  4-celled  anthers  (i.  e.  with  each  proper  cell  divided  trans 
versely  into  two),  opening  by  as  many  uplifted  valves;  the  anthers  of  3 
stamens  turned  outAvard,  the  others  introrse.  —  Trees,  Avith  ])ersistent  entire 
leaves,  and  small  panicled  flowers.     (An  ancient  name  of  some  Oriental  tree.) 


LALUACE.i:.        (LALKKI.    FAMILY.)  447 

1.    P.  Carolin^nsiS,  Nees.     (Ri:o  Bay.)     Iluury  with  a  fine  down,  at 

least  when  vouu^^ ;  Iciives  ublong,  pal»,',  soun  smooth  above;  peduncle  bearing 
few  flowers  iu  a  close  cluster;  sepals  downy,  the  outer  shorter;  berries  dark 
blue,  on  a  red  stalk.  —  Swamps.  S.  Del.  to  Kla.  and  Tex.     May.     A  small  tree. 

2.     SASSAFRAS,     Nccs. 

Flowers  dioecious,  witli  a  6-parted  spreading  calyx;  the  sterile  kind  witli  9 
stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  in  3  rows,  tlie  3  inner  with  a  pair  of 
stalked  glands  at  the  base  of  each;  anthers  4-celled,  4-valved ;  fertile  flowers 
with  G  short  rudiments  of  stamens  and  an  ovoid  ovary.  Drupe  ovoid  (blue), 
supported  on  a  clul)-shaped  and  rather  flesliy  reddish  })edicel.  —  Trees,  witli 
spicy -aromatic  bark,  and  very  mucilaginous  twigs  and  foliage  ;  leaves  decidu- 
ous, often  lobed.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  naked,  in  clustered  and  peduncled 
corymbed  racemes,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  involucrate  with  .><calv  bracts. 
Leaf-buds  scaly.  (The  popular  name,  applied  by  the  early  Frendi  settlers  in 
Florida.) 

1.  S.  oflS.cillile,  Nees.  Trees  15- 125°  higli, with  yellowish-green  twigs; 
leaves  ovate,  entire,  or  some  of  them  3-lobed,  soon  glabrous.  —  Rich  woods, 
E.  Mass.  to  S.  Out.,  Mich.,  E.  Iowa  and  Kan.,  and  south  to  the  Gulf.     April. 

3.     LIT  SEA,     Lam. 

Flowers  dioecious,  with  a  6-i)arted  deciduous  calyx ;  tlie  sterile  with  9  sta- 
mens iu  3  rows ;  their  anthers  all  introrse,  4-celled,  4-valved  ;  fertile  flowers 
with  12  or  more  rudiments  of  stamens  and  a  globular  ovary.    Drupe  globular. 

—  Shrubs  or  trees,  witli  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  clustered 
umbels.     (Name  of  Chinese  origin.) 

1.  L.  geniculata,  Benth.  &  Hook.  (Po\D  Spice.)  Flowers  (yellow) 
appearing  before  the  deciduous  oblong  leaves,  which  are  hairy  on  the  midrib 
beneath;  branches  forked  and  divaricate,  the  branchlets  zigzag;  involucres 
2-4-leaved,  2-4-flowered;  fruit  red.  (Tetranthera  geniculata,  Nees.)  — 
Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.     April. 

4.     LINDERA,     Thunb.         Wild  Allspice.     Fever-bi-sh. 

Flowers  polygamous-dioecious,  with  a  6-parted  open  calyx ;  the  sterile  with 
9  stamens  in  3  rows,  the  inner  fllaments  1  -2-lobed  and  gland-bearing  at  base  ; 
anthers  2-celled  and  2-valved  ;  fertile  flowers  with  15-18  rudiments  of  stamens 
in  2  forms,  and  a  glol)ular  ovary.    Drupe  obovoid,  red,  the  stalk  not  thickened. 

—  Shrubs,  with  deciduous  leaves,  and  honey -yellow  flowers  in  almost  se.ssile 
lateral  umbel-like  clusters,  appearing  before  the  leaves  (in  our  spoeies) ;  the 
clusters  composed  of  smaller  clusters  or  umbels,  each  of  4-6  flowers  and  sur- 
rounded by  an  involucre  of  4  deciduous  scales.  Leaf-buds  scaly.  (Named  for 
John  Linder,  a  Swedish  botanist  of  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  L.  Benzdin,  Blume.  (Spice-bush.  Benjamin-bush.)  Nearly 
smooth  (6-15°  high);  leaces  oblong-obovate,  pale  underneath.  —  Damp  woods, 
N.  Eng.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  E.  Kan.,  and  southward.     ^L1^ch,  April. 

2.  L.  melisssefolia,  Blume.  Young  branches  and  buds  pubescent ;  leaves 
oblong,  obtuse  or  heart-shaptd  at  base,  downy  beneath;  umbels  few.  —  Low 
grounds,  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  HI.  and  Mo.     April. 


448  THYMEL^ACE.E.       (mEZEREUM    FAMILY.) 

Order  94.     TUYMEI^JEACTIJB,     (Mezereum  Family.) 

Shrubs,  with  acrid  and  very  tough  (not  aromatic)  bark,  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  Jiowers  with  a  regular  and  simple  colored  calyx,  bearing  usually 
twice  as  many  stamens  as  its  lobes,  free  from  the  1-celled  and  1-ovuled  ovary, 
which  forms  a  berry-Hke  drupe  in  fruit,  with  a  single  suspended  anatro- 
pous  seed.     Embryo  large  ;  albumen  little  or  none. 

1.  Dirca.    Calyx  tubular,  without  spreading  lobes.     Stamens  and  style  exserted. 

2.  Daphne.     Calyx-lobes  (4)  spreading.     Stamens  included.     Style  very  short  or  none. 

1.     DIRCA,    L.        Leatherwood.    Moosewood. 

Calyx  petal-like,  tubular-funnel-shaped,  truncate,  the  border  .wavy  or  ob- 
scurely about  4-toothed.  Stamens  8,  long  and  slender,  inserted  on  the  calyx 
above  the  middle,  protruded,  the  alternate  ones  longer.  Style  thread-form ; 
stigma  capitate.  Drupe  oval  (reddish).  —  A  much-branched  bush,  with  jointed 
branchlets,  oval-obovate  alternate  leaves,  at  length  smooth,  deciduous,  on  very 
short  petioles,  the  bases  of  which  conceal  the  buds  of  the  next  season.  Flowers 
light  yellow,  preceding  the  leaves,  3  or  4  in  a  cluster  from  a  bud  of  as  many 
dark-hairy  scales,  forming  an  involucre,  from  which  soon  after  proceeds  a  leafy 
branch.     (Name  of  uncertain  derivation.) 

1.  D.  palustris,  L.  Shrub  2-5^  high;  the  wood  white,  soft,  and  very 
brittle ;  but  the  fibrous  bark  remarkably  tough  (used  by  the  Indians  for  thongs, 
whence  the  popular  names).  —  I)amp  rich  woods,  N.  Brunswick  to  Minn,  and 
Mo.,  south  to  the  Gulf.     April. 

2.     DAPHNE,     Linn.        Mezereum. 

Calyx  salver-shaped  or  somewhat  funnel-shaped,  the  border  spreading  and 
4-lobe'd.  Stamens  8,  included ;  the  anthers  nearly  sessile  on  the  calyx-tube. 
Style  very  short  or  none  ;  stigma  capitate.  Drupe  red.  —  Hardy  low  shrub. 
(Mythological  name  of  tlie  nymph  transformed  by  Apollo  into  a  Laurel.) 

D.  MEztuEUM,  L.  Shrub  1-3°  high,  with  purple-rose-colored  (rarely 
wlnte)  flowers,  in  lateral  clusters  on  shoots  of  the  preceding  year,  before  the 
lanceolate  very  smooth  green  leaves ;  berries  red.  —  Escaped  from  cultivation 
in  Canada,  Mass.,  and  N.  Y.     Early  spring.     (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

Order  95.     EL^JAGXACE^E.    (Oleaster  Family.) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  silvery-scurfy  leaves  and  perfect  or  dioecious 
flowers ;  further  distinguished  from  the  Mezereum  Family  by  the  erect 
or  ascending  albuminous  seed,  and  the  calyx-tube  becoming  pulpy  and 
berry-like  in  fruit,  strictly  enclosing  the  achene. 

1.  £laeagnus.     Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  4.    Leaves  alternate. 

2.  Shepherdia.     Flowers  dioecious.     Stamens  8.    Leaves  opposite. 

1.     EL-aiAGNUS,     Tourn. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  cylindric-campanulate  above  the  persistent  oblong 
or  globose  base,  the  limb  valvately  4-cleft,  deciduous.  Stamens  4,  in  the  throat. 
Style  linear,  stigmatic  on  one  side.  Fruit  drupe-like,  with  an  oblong,  8-striate 
stone.  —  Leaves  alternate,  entire  and  petioled,  and  flowers  axillary  and  pedi- 


I 


LOKANTIIACE.E.        (.MISTLi:T<  »IC    FAMILY.)  44'J 

cellate.     (From  ^Kaia,  the  olice,  and  Hyvos,  sdrrt'd,  the  Greek  name  of  the 
Chaste-tree,  Vitex  A;/nu.s-4-astus.) 

1.  E.  argentea,  I'ursh.  (Silvki{-Beruy.)  a  stohmiferoua  unarmed 
shrub  (6-12^  lii^'Ui  the  youuger  branches  covered  with  ferruginous  scales; 
leaves  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  undulate,  silvery-scurfy  and  more  or  less  ferrugi- 
nous; riowers  numerous,  deflexed,  silvery  without,  pale  yellow  within,  fra- 
grant; frnit  scurfy,  round-ovoid,  dry  and  mealy,  edible,  4-5"  long.  —  N.  W. 
Minn,  to  Utah  and  Montana. 

2.    SHEPHERDIA,    Nutt. 

Flowers  ditecious;  the  sterile  with  a  4-i)arted  calyx  (valvate  in  the  bud)  ami 
8  stanu'iis,  alternating  with  ;is  many  processes  of  the  thick  disk  ;  the  fertile 
with  an  urn-shaped  4-cleft  calyx,  enclosing  the  ovary  (the  orifice  closed  by  the 
teeth  of  the  disk),  and  becoming  l>erry-like  in  fruit.  Style  slender ;  stigma 
1 -sided.  —  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  deciduous;  the  small  flowers  nearly  sessile 
in  their  axils  on  the  branches,  clustered,  or  the  fertile  solitary.  (Named  for 
Joh?i  Shepherd,  formerly  curator  of  the  Liverpool  Botanic  Garden.) 

1.  S.  Canadensis,  Nutt.  Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate,  nearly  naked  and 
green  above,  silvery -downy  and  scurfy  with  rusty  scales  beneath ;  fruit  yel- 
lowish-red, insipid.  —  Rocky  or  gravelly  banks,  Vt.  and  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Minn., 
and  north  and  westward.  May.  —  Shrub  3-6^  high,  the  branchlets,  young 
leaves,  yellowisli  flowers,  etc.,  covereil  with  rusty  scales. 

2.  S.  argentea,  Nutt.  (Blffalo-Beuuv.)  Somewhat  thorny,  .'3  -  18^ 
high;  leaves  cuneate-oblong,  silvery  on  both  sides;  fruit  ovoid,  scarlet,  acid 
and  edible.  —  N.  Minn,  to  Col.,  and  westward. 

Order  96.     LORANTHACE^.    (Mistletoe  Family.) 

Shrubby  plnrHs  with  coriaceous  greenish  foliaffc,  parasitic  on  trees,  repre- 
sented in  the  northern  teini)erate  zone  chiefly  by  the  Mistletoe  and  its 
near  allies;  distinguished  from  the  next  family  more  by  the  parasitic 
growth  and  habit,  and  by  the  more  reduced  llowers,  than  by  essential 
characters. 

1.  Phoradendron.     Anthers  2-celled.     Ben  y  globose,  pulpy.     Leaves  foliaceous. 

2.  Arceuthobium.     Anthers  a  single  orbicular  cell.     Berry  compressed,  fleshy.     Leaves 

scale-like,  connate. 

1.     PHORADENDRON,     Nutt.        F.vlsk  Mistletoe. 

Flowers  dio?cious,  in  short  catkin  like  jointed  spikes,  usually  several  to  each 
short  fleshy  bract  or  scale,  and  sunk  in  the  joint.  Calyx  globular,  3-  (rarely 
2-4-)  lobed;  in  the  .staminate  flowers  a  sessile  anther  is  borne  on  the  base  of 
each  lobe,  transversely  2-celled,  each  cell  opening  by  a  pore  or  slit;  in  the 
fertile  flowers  the  calyx-tube  adheres  to  the  ovary;  stigma  sessile,  obtuse. 
Berry  1-seeded,  pulpy.  Embryo  small,  half  imbedded  in  the  summit  of  muci- 
laginous albumen.  —  Yellowish-green  woody  parasites  on  the  branches  of  trees, 
with  jointed  much-branched  items,  thick  and  firm  persistent  leaves  (or  only 
scales  in  their  place),  and  axillary  small  spikes  of  flowers.  (Name  composed 
of  'pup,  a  thief,  and  SiySpoy,  tree  ;  from  tlie  parasitic  habit.) 

29 


450  LOKANTHACE.E.        (MISTLETOE    FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  flavescens,  Nutt.  (American  Mistletoe.)  Leaves  ol)Ovate  or 
oval,  somewhat  petioled,  longer  than  the  spikes,  yellowish ;  berries  white.  — 
On  various  deciduous  trees,  N.  J.  to  S.  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  southward. 

2.    ARCEUTHOBIUM,    Bieb. 

Flowers  axillary  or  teriuiual,  solitary  or  several  from  tlie  same  axil.  Calyx 
mostly  compressed ;  the  staminate  usually  3-parted,  the  pistillate  2-toothed. 
Anthers  a  single  orbicular  cell,  opening  by  a  circular  slit.  Berry  compressed, 
fleshy,  on  a  short  recurved  pedicel.  —  Parasitic  on  Conifers,  glabrous,  with 
rectangular  branches  and  connate  scale-like  leaves ;  flowers  often  crowded  in 
apparent  spikes  or  panicles,  opening  in  summer  or  autumn  and  maturing  fruit 
the  next  autumn      (From  apK€u6os,  the  Juniper,  and  j8ioj,  lije.) 

1.  A.  pusillum,  Peck.  Very  dwarf,  the  slender  scattered  or  clustered 
stems  3-10"  high,  usually  simple,  olive-green  to  chestnut;  scales  obtuse; 
flowers  solitary  in  most  of  the  axils;  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  l"  long.  —  On 
Abies  7H(jra ;  N.  New  York;  Hanover,  N.  H.  {Jesup).;  Pocono  Mt.,  Penn. 

Order  97.  SANTALACE^S:.  (Saxdalwood  Family.) 
Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  entire  leaves ;  the  4  -  5-cleft  calyx  valvale  in 
the  bud,  its  tube  coherent  icllh  the  1-celled  ovary,  ichich  contains  2-4  ovules 
suspended  from  the  apex  of  a  stalk-like  free  central  placenta  ivhich  rises 
from  the  base  of  the  cell,  but  the  {indehiscent)  fruit  altcays  1-seeded.  — 
Seed  destitute  cf  any  projjer  seed-coat.  Embryo  small,  at  the  apex  of 
copious  albumen  ;  radicle  directed  upward  ;  cotyledons  cylindrical.  Sta- 
mens equal  in  number  to  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  inserted  opposite 
them  into  the  edge  of  the  fleshy  disk  at  their  base.  Style  1.  A  small 
order,  the  greater  part  belonging  to  warm  regions. 

1.  Comandra.     Flowers  perfect,  in  umbel-like  clusters.    Low  lierbacenus  perennials. 

2.  Pyrularia.    Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  short  spikes  or  racejues.    Shrub. 

1.     COMANDRA,     Nutt.        Bastard  Toad-flax.* 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  bell-shaped  or  soon  urn-shaped,  lined  above  the 
ovary  with  an  adherent  disk  Avhich  has  a  5-lobed  free  border.  Stamens  in- 
serted on  the  edge  of  the  disk  between  its  lobes,  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx, 
to  the  middle  of  which  the  anthers  are  connected  by  a  tuft  of  thread-like  hairs. 
Fruit  drupe-like  or  nut-like,  crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  the  cavity 
filled  by  the  globular  seed.  —  Low  and  smooth  (sometimes  parasitic)  perenni- 
als, with  herbaceous  stems  from  a  rather  woody  base  or  root,  alternate  and 
almost  sessile  leaves,  and  greenish-white  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  small 
umbel-like  clusters.  (Name  from  kojxi),  hair,  and  duSpes,  for  stamens,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  hairs  on  the  calyx-lobes  which  are  attached  to  the  anthers.) 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Nutt.  Stem  8-10'  high,  branched,  very  leafy;  leaves 
oblong,  pale  (T  long) ;  peduncles  several  and  cory mhose-clustered  ot  the  summit, 
se veral flowered ;  calyx-tube  conspicuously  continued  as  a  neck  to  the  dry 
globular-urn-shaped  fruit ;  the  lobes  oblong  ;  style  slender. — Dry  ground,  com- 
mon.   May,  June.    Root  forming  parasitic  attachments  to  the  roots  of  trees. 

2.  C.  pallida,  A.  DC.  Leaves  narrower,  more  glaucous  and  aeuter,  linear 
to  narrowly  lanceolate  (or  those  upon  the  main  stem  oblong),  all  acute  or  some- 


EUPHORBIACEiE.        (SPUUCK    FAMILY.)  451 

wliat  cuspidate ;  /rH/7  ovoid,  larger  (3-4"  lon^),  scflsilo  or  on  short  stout  [K'tli- 
cols. —  W.  Minn,  to  S.  W.  Kan.,  and  westward. 

.3.  C.  livida,  Rii-hardson.  i^cdnndes  sleiidor.  nrillnrii,  .1  -  ^^fhrn-trrd, 
shorter  tliaii  the  oval  leaves;  calyx-tul)e  not  continuod  l)ovoiid  the  ovarv,  the 
lohrs  orate;  style  short;  fruit  pulpy  when  ripe,  red.  —  Ncwf.,  N.  V't.,  saudy 
shores  of  L.  Superior,  and  northward. 

2.     PYRULARIA,     Michx.         Oil-nit.     Hi  fi  am>-nit. 

Flowers  dicccious  or  polyi^aiiioiis.  Calyx  4-r)-cleft,  the  lohes  recurved, 
hairy-tufted  at  base  in  the  male  Howers.  Stamens  4  or  .'),  on  very  short  fila- 
ments, alternate  with  as  many  rounded  glands.  Fertile  flowers  with  a  pear- 
shaped  ovary  invested  hy  the  adherent  tuhe  of  the  calyx,  naked  at  tlie  Hat 
summit;  disk  with  5  glands;  style  short  and  thick;  stigma  capitate-flattened. 
Fruit  Heshy  and  drupe-like,  pear  shaped  ;  the  globose  endocarj)  thin.  Embryo 
small ;  albumen  very  oily.  —  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  siiort-petioled  and 
deciduous  leaves;  the  small  greenish  flowers  in  short  and  sinijjle  spikes  or 
racemes.     (Name  a  diminutive  of  Pi/rus,  from  the  shape  of  the  fruit.) 

1.  P.  pubera,  Michx.  Shrub  straggling  (.3-12°  high),  minutely  downy 
when  young,  at  length  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  acute  or 
pointed  at  both  ends,  soft,  very  veiny,  minutely  pellucid-punctate;  spike  small 
and  few-flowered,  terminal;  calyx  5-cleft;  fruit  1'  long.  (P.  oleifera,  (nai/.) 
—  Rich  woods,  mountains  of  Feun.  to  Ga.  Whole  plant,  especially  the  fruit, 
imbued  with  an  acrid  oil. 

Order  98.     EUPHORBIACE.li:.     (Spurge  Family.) 

Plants  usually  tcith  a  milkij  acrid  juice^  and  moncecious  or  dlijccious  Jloir- 
ers,  mostly  apetaloxis,  sometimes  achlamydeous  (occasionally  pal ypetalowt  or 
monopetalous) ;  the  ovary  free  and  usually  3-celled,  with  a  single  or  some- 
times a  pair  of  ovules  hanr/ing  froin  the  summit  of  each  cell;  stigmas  or 
branches  of  the  style  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  cells :  fruit  commonly  a 
3-lobed  capsule,  the  lohes  or  carpels  separating  elastically  from  a  persistent 
axis  and  elastically  2-valced ;  seed  anatropous ;  embryo  straight^  almost  as 
long  as  and  the  fat  cotyledons  mostly  as  wide  as  the  fleshy  or  oily  albumen. 
Stipules  often  present.  —  A  vast  family  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world  ; 
most  numerously  represented  in  northern  countries  hy  the  jrenus  Ku- 
phorbia,  which  has  very  reduced  flowers  within  a  calyx-like  involucre. 

•  Flowers  all  without  culyx,  included  in  a  cup-sliaped  calyx-like  involucre,  —  the  wiiole  liable 
to  be  mistaken  for  a  single  flower. 

1.  Euphorbia.    Involucre  surrounding  many  staniinate  flowers  (each  of  a  single  naked 

stamen)  and  one  pistillate  flower  (a  3-lol)ed  pistil). 

•  •  Flowers  with  a  calyx,  without  inv(»liicre. 
■»-  Seeds  and  ovules  2  in  each  cell  ;  (lowers  nionaH-ious. 

2.  Pachysandra.     Flowers  in  basal  spikes.     Calyx  4-partfl<L    SStainens  4,  distinct. 

3.  Phyllantlius.     Flowers  axillarj'.     Stamens  3,  united. 

■^  -^  Seeds  and  ovules  1  in  each  cell. 
a.  Flowers  ai>etalous,  in  cymosc  panicles  (•2-3-chotomous) ,  stamens  10,  erect  in  the  bud. 

4.  Jatropha.    Calyx  corolla-like,  the  staminate  salver-form  ;  armed  with  stinging  hairs. 


452  EUPHORBIACE^.       (sPURGE    FAMILY.) 

i.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes.    Stamens  inflexed  in  the  hud.     Stellate-downy  or 

scurfy,  or  hairy  and  glandular ;  leaves  mostly  entire. 
5.  Croton.     Flowers  spiked  or  glomerate.    Ovary  and  fruit  3-  (rarely  2  -  4-)  celled. 
G.  Crotonopsis.     Flowers  scattered  on  the  branchlets.    Ovary  and  fruit  1-celled. 

c.  Flowers  in  axillary  spikes  or  racemes  {except  n.  0),  apetalous  (except  n.  7).     Stamens  S  or 

more  ;  anthers  erect  in  the  bud. 

7.  Argythamnia.    Petals  and  sepals  5.    Stamens  10-15,  united.    Styles  bifid,  linear. 

8.  Acalypha.    Calyx  4- (3-5-)  parted.     Stamens  mostly  8.     Fertile  flowers  in  the  axils 

of  leafy  bracts.     Stigmas  finely  dissected. 

9.  Bicinus.     Racemes  terminal,  subpanicled.     Calyx  3-5-parted,     Stamens  very  numer- 

ous ;  the  filaments  repeatedly  branched.    Styles  2-parted. 

d.  Flowers  apetalous,  in  racemes  or  spikes  pistillate  at  base.    Stamens  2  or  3.    Styles  siniple- 

10.  Tragia.    Flowers  racemose.     Calyx-lobes  valvate  in  bud.    Hirsute  or  pubescent. 

11.  Stillingia.     Flowers  spicate.    Calyx-lobes  imbricate  in  bud.    Fertile  bracts  glandu- 

liferous.     Glabrous. 

1.    EUPHORBIA,    L.        Spurge. 

riowers  monoecious,  included  in  a  cup-shaped  4-5-lobed  involucre  [flower 
of  older  authors)  resembling  a  calyx  or  corolla,  and  usually  bearing  large 
thick  glands  (with  or  without  petal-like  margins)  at  its  sinuses.  Sterile  flow- 
ers numerous  and  lining  the  base  of  the  involuci-e,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  little 
bract,  and  consisting  merely  of  a  single  stamen  jointed  on  a  pedicel  like  the 
filament;  anther-cells  globular,  separate.  Fertile  flower  solitary  in  the  middle 
of  the  involucre,  soon  protruded  on  a  long  pedicel,  consisting  of  a  3-lobed  and 
S-celled  ovary  with  no  calyx,  or  a  mere  vestige.  Styles  3,  each  2-cleft ;  the 
stigmas  therefore  6.  Pod  separating  into  3  1 -seeded  carpels,  which  split  elas- 
tically  into  2  valves.  Seed  often  caruncled  (ours  only  in  §§  5  and  6).  —  Plants 
(herbs  in  the  United  States),  with  a  milky  acrid  juice.  Peduncles  terminal, 
often  umbellate-clustered ;  in  the  first  section  mostly  appearing  lateral,  but 
not  really  axillary.     (Named  after  Eupliorbus,  physician  to  King  Juba.) 

A.     Glands  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like,  usualli/  white  or  rose-colored,  margins 
or  appendages ;  these  almost  obsolete  in  n.  1. 

§  1.  AXISOPHYLLUM.  Leaves  all  opposite,  short-petioled ,  small,  oblique  at 
base  ;  stipules  awl-shaped  or  scali/  and  often  fringed,  persistent ;  stems  much 
branched,  spreading  or  usually  procumbent ;  involucres  solitary  in  the  forks 
or  in  terminal  or  pseudo-lateral  clusters,  small,  with  4  glands;  seeds  ash- 
colored  {except  in  n.  10) ;  annuals. 

*  Seeds  smooth  and  even;  leaves  entire ;  whole  plant  glabrous. 

1.  E.  polygonifolia,  L.  Prostrate-spreading;  leaves  oblong -linear,  ob- 
tuse, mucronate,  slightly  cordate  or  obtuse  at  base  (4  -  8''  long) ;  stipules  seta- 
ceously  divided ;  peduncles  in  the  forks,  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  lobes  of  the 
involucre  longer  than  the  minute  not  appendaged  glands ;  pods  obtusely  angled ; 
seeds  ovate  (over  1"  long,  the  largest  of  this  section).  —  Sandy  shores  of  the 
Atlantic  and  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

2.  E.  Geyeri,  Engelm.  Procumbent;  /ea i-es  oWo»^-ofa^e,  obtuse, slightly 
mucronate,  mostly  acutish  at  base,  lowermost  cordate  (3 -6'' long);  stipules 
setaceously  divided;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  at  length  in  loose  foli- 
aceous  lateral  clusters;  glands  with  narrow  white  or  red  appendages ;  pods 


LI  I'HUKBlACK.t:.        (?SPLK«;K    FAMILY.)  i'i'.^ 

atutely  angled;  seeds  ovate,  acute  at  oue  end  (4"  lung).  —  .^andv  .s.»il,  111.  i.i 
Wise,  Minn.,  and  Kan. 

3.  E.  petaloidea,  Kngelm.  Hesemlding  the  last,  but  half-^rect  and 
spreading  ;  lt(ict:i  luu</t  r,  udnotver,  retusc  or  einan/iiuite  ;  peduncles  longer  thau 
the  petioles ;  involucres  larger,  the  broadly  cmnpamilate  aj)pcn(la</es  mnch  litnjtr 
and  conspicuous;  pod  obtusely  angled;  seeds  nearly  1"  long.  —  l*'roni  l«»wa 
and  Mo.,  westward. 

4.  E.  Serpens,  IIBK.  Stems  filiform,  ]»rostrate, and  often  rooting ;  Itaits 
round-ocitlc,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  biu-e  (only  ^-  l^"  long) ;  stipules  mtmhruua- 
ceous,  triauf/uldr ;  jjcdundes  much  longer  than  the  petioles,  at  length  in  lt)o.'*e 
foliaceous  lateral  clusters ;  glands  of  the  very  small  involucre  with  minute 
crenulate  (ippenda;/es ;  pods  acutely  angled  ;  seo(]s  ol)tusely  angled  (i"  long  or 
less).  —  Kich  soil,  111.  and  Iowa  to  Kan.,  and  souihwanl.  Karely  adv.  eastward. 
*  *  Seeds  minute!  1/  rou;/hened  or  transverse! i/  urinkled  or  pitted ;  leaves  mure 

iir  !ess  serruiute,  smooth  or  often  hairy. 

5.  E.  serpyllifolia,  Ters.  (ilabrou.s,  prostrate-spreading; /^arcs  o6ora/e- 
ohlon<i,  narrowed  at  the  very  oblique  base,  sharj)ly  serrulate  toward  the  obtuse 
apex  (3-6"  long,  often  with  a  red  spot);  stipules  lanceolate,  fiml)riate;  |)e- 
duncles  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  petioles,  at  length  in  loose  foliaceijus 
lateral  clusters ;  glands  of  the  small  involucre  with  narrow  somewhat  toothed 
appendages ;  pods  sharply  angled  ;  seeds  acutely  quadrangular,  slightly  cross- 
wrinkled,  often  pitted  (nearly  |"  long).  —  Wise,  to  Mo.,  and  westward. 

6.  E.  glyptosp^rma,  Eugelm.  Glabrous  (or  very  rarely  puberulent), 
erect-spreading;  leaves  linear-oblong,  mostly  falcate,  very  uneijual  at  base, 
sliglitly  serrulate  toward  the  obtuse  apex  (2  -  5"  long) ;  stipules  lanceolate, 
setaceously  divided ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  in  dense  foliaceous  lat- 
eral clusters ;  glands  of  the  very  small  involucre  with  narrow  crenulate  ap- 
pendages ;  pods  sharply  angled ;  seeds  sharply  4-angled  and  with  5  or  6  sharp 
tratisverse  ivrinkles  (^"  long).  —  Ont.  to  Wise.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  westward. 

7.  E.  macul^ta,  L.  Prostrate;  stems  puberulent  or  hairy ;  leaves  oblong- 
linear,  very  obli(iue  at  base,  serrulate  upward,  more  <jr  less  pubescent  or  some- 
times smoothisli  (4 -G"  long),  usually  with  a  brown-red  spcjt  in  the  centre; 
stipules  lanceolate,  fimbriate ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles,  in  dense  foli- 
aceous lateral  clusters;  glands  of  the  small  involucre  minute,  with  narrow 
slightly  crenate  (usually  red)  ap])endages;  pods  acutely  angled,  j)uberulent ; 
seeds  ovate  (|"  long),  sitarply  4-(inglcd  and  ivith  about  4  shallow  grooves  across 
the  concave  sides.  —  Open  places,  roadsides,  etc.,  common. 

8.  E.  humistr^ta,  Engelm.  l*rocumbent.  puberulent  or  hairy ;  leaves 
ellij)tical  ur  obovate,  very  oblicpie  at  base,  serrulate  toward  the  apex,  sparsely 
hairy  underneath  (4-9"  long,  sometimes  with  a  brown  spot  alnive) ;  stipules 
lanceolate,  fimbriate;  peduncles  rather  shorter  than  the  petioles,  in  dense 
scarcely  foliaceous  lateral  du.sters ;  involucre  clrf}  on  the  had-,  its  (red  or  while) 
a])])endagos  truncate  or  crenate;  pods  sharply  angled,  puberulent ;  seeds  ovate, 
obtusely  angled,  minutely  roughened  (i"  long).  —  Kich  soil,  Ind.  and  W.  Tenn. 
to  Minn,  and  K.in. 

9.  E.  Prdslii,  Guss.  Smooth  or  with  scattered  hairs,  ascending  or  erect 
(1-2°  higli)  ;  leaves  oldique  at  the  obtu.sc  or  slightly  cordate  ba.'Je,  uvate-ob- 
loug  or  oblong-linear,  sometimes  falcate,  serrate  (i-l^'  long),  often  with  a 


4')4  EUPHORBIACE^.        (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

red  spot  or  red  margins ;  stipules  triangular ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  peti- 
oles, collected  in  loose  leafy  terminal  cymes;  appendages  entire,  Isirger  and 
white,  or  smaller  and  sometimes  red  ;  pod  ylabrous,  obtusely  angled ;  seeds  ovate, 
obtusely  angled,  wrinkled  and  tubercled  (^"  long),  blackish.  (E.  hypericifolia 
of  Man.,  not  L.)  —  Common  throughout  the  U.  S.  east  of  the  plains. 

§  2.  ZYGOPHYLLfDIUM.  Leaves  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  not  oblique, 
with  stipular  glands ;  stems  dichotomously  branched,  erect;  cymes  terminal; 
involucres  with  h  glands  ;  seeds  tuberculate. 

10.  E.  hexagona,  Nutt.  Somewhat  hairy  (1°  high  or  more);  branches 
striate-angled ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire ;  involucre  hairy  without  and 
within ;  glands  with  green  ovate-triangular  appendages  twice  their  length ; 
capsule  smooth ;  seeds  ovate.  —  Iowa  to  Tex.,  west  to  Col.  and  Montana. 

§  3.  PETALOMA.  Uppermost  leaves  with  conspicuous  white  petal-like  mar- 
gins, whorled  or  opposite,  the  others  scattered ;  erect  annuals,  with  leaves  equal 
at  base  and  entire,  and  with  lanceolate  deciduous  stipules  ;  involucres  5-lobed, 
in  an  umbel-like  inflorescence. 

11.  E.  marginata,  Pursh.  Stem  stout  (2 -3°  high),  erect,  hairy;  leaves 
sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute ;  umbel  with  3  dichotomous  rays ;  glands  of  the 
involucre  with  broad  white  appendages.  —  Minn,  to  Mo.,  west  to  Col.,  also 
spreading  eastward  to  Ohio,  and  frequently  escaped  from  gardens,  where  it  is 
often  cultivated  for  its  showy  broadly  white-margined  floral  leaves. 

§  4.  TITH  YMAL6PSIS.  Only  the  uppermost  leaves  whorled  or  opposite ;  erect 
perennials,  with  entire  leaves  equal  at  base  ;  stipules  none ;  involucres  mostly  .5- 
lobed,  in  the  forks  of  the  branches  and  terminal ;  inflorescence  umbeUiform. 

12.  E.  COroUata,  L,  Glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  hairy  (2-3° 
high);  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  entire,  obtuse;  umbel  5-  {3-7-} 
forked,  and  the  forks  again  2-3-  (or  rarely  5-)  forked;  involucres  long-pe- 
duncled,  with  showy  white  appendages  (appearing  like  petals),  the  lobes  mi- 
nute and  incurved;  pod  slender-pedicelled,  smooth ;  seeds  thick  (1"  long  or 
more),  avsh-colored,  slightly  uneven.  —  Rich  or  sandy  soil,  N.  Y.  and  N.J.  to 
Pla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  La.,  also  adventive  in  Mass.     July -Oct. 

B.    Glands  of  the  involucre  without  petaloid  appendages. 

§5.  POIXSETTIA.  Involucres  in  terminal  clusters,  4 -5-lobed,  with  few  {or 
often  solitary)  cup-shaped  glands  ;  erect  annuals,  with  variable,  entire,  den- 
tate, or  sinuate  leaves,  all  or  only  the  upper  ones  opposite;  the  uppermost 
often  colored,  especially  at  base  ;  stipules  small  and  glandular. 

13.  E.  dentata,  Michx.  Erect  or  ascending,  hairy  (1°  high);  leaves 
ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  petioled,  coarsely  toothed  (1 -2' long),  o?«///  the 
loicest  alternate,  the  upper  often  paler  at  base ;  involucres  almost  sessile,  with 
5  oblong  dentate  lobes,  and  one  or  sometimes  more  short-stalked  glands; 
seeds  ovate-globular,  slightly  tubercled.  —  Rich  soil,  Penn.  to  Tenn.,  Iowa, 
E.  Kan.,  and  southward.     July -Sept. 

14.  E.  heteroph^Ua,  L.  Erect  (l-3°  high),  glabrous;  leaves  alter- 
nate, petioled,  ovate-fiddle-shaped  and  sinuate-toothed,  or  lanceolate  or  linear 
and  entire,  often  onlv  those  of  the  branches  linear ;  the  upper  usually  with  a 


Krrn()RHiArK.«.      (sruR<;K  family.)  4'j5 

red  base;  involucres  about  the  length  of  the  jie.lunilc,  with  5  ovate  incised 
lohc's  and  a  single  or  few  and  (ihnnst  srssi/r  <//(ni(ls ;  seeds  nearly  globular, 
tubercled.  —  Slopes  and  rocky  soil,  Miuu.  to  W.  111.,  Iowa  and  Mo. 

§  <).  TITHYMALUS.  Involucres  in  a  terminal  dlchotumous  or  cnmmonli/  mot- 
Ullijiinii  ivjiorcscence,  b-  or  usnatlii  A-luhed,  with  as  iiKim/  ftut  or  convex 
entire  or  crescent-shaped  fihtnds ;  seeds  rarunrulate  [i-xrept  n.  If));  uurs  as- 
vending  or  erect,  and  mostlj  glabrous,  without  stipules. 

*  Perennials  with  entire  leaves,  all  or  onli/  the  upper  opposite  ;  involucres  long- 

peduncled  in  a  dichotunious  injlorescence ,  mostly  ivith  5  transversely  ohlong 
glands  ;  seeds  tvithout  caruncle. 

15.  E.  Ipecacu^nhSB,  L.  stems  many  from  a  very  long  jjerpendicular 
root,  erect  or  diffusely  sjireading  (.'>-  10'  long),  forking  from  near  the  base; 
leaves  varying  from  obovate  or  oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  almost  sessile, 
glabrous;  peduncles  elongated  (^-V  long);  pod  loug-pedicelled,  obtu.sely 
angled,  nearly  smcxjth ;  seed  ovate,  white,  sparsely  marked  with  impressed 
dots.  —  Sandy  soil,  near  the  coast;  Conn,  to  Fla. ;  also  barrens  of  S.  Ind. 

*  *  Leaves  scattered,  only  the  Jioral  in  the  umbelliform  injlorescence  whorled  or 

opposite  and  of  a  different  shape  ;  glands  mostly  4. 

+-  Leaves  serrulate  or  rarely  entire ;  glands  transversely  oval,  obtuse. 

■w-  Seeds  smooth  and  even;  pod  warty  or  roiit/h. 

16.  E,  Darlingtdnii,  Gray.  Tall  /xr^MH/a/ (2-4°  high);  leaves  entire, 
minutely  downy  beneath  ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate-oblong  from  a  narrow 
base  ;  the  floral  oval,  very  obtuse  ;  the  upper  roundish-dilated  with  a  truncate 
base  ;  umbel  5  -  8-rayed,  then  simply  forked  ;  pod  minutely  warty  ;  large  glob- 
ular seed  with  a  small  caruncle.  —  Copses,  N.  Y.  and  Tenn.,  to  the  mountains 
of  N.  C.     July -Sept. 

17.  E.  ObtUSata,  Pnrsh.  Erect  annual  (1-2°  high);  leaves  oblong-spat- 
ulate,  minutely  serrulate,  smooth,  all  obtuse  ;  upper  ones  cordate  at  base ;  Moral 
ones  ovate,  dilated,  barely  mucronate;  umbel  once  or  twice  divided  into  3  rays, 
then  into  2;  involucre  ivith  naked  lobes  and  small  stipitate  glands;  styles  dis- 
tinct,  longer  than  the  ovary,  erect,  2-cleft  to  the  middle ;  pod  beset  with  l«>ng 
warts. —  Damp  woods,  Va.  to  S.  C,  west  to  Iowa  and  Kan.     May -July. 

E.  rr.ATVntvi.LA,  L.  Erect  annual  (8-18'  high)  ;  upper  stem-leaves  lance- 
olate-oblong, acute,  cordate  at  base,  minutely  serrulate,  mostly  with  scattered 
hairs  beneath  ;  floral  ones  triangular-ovate,  sulicordate  ;  umbel  .'■)-ray«'(l  ;  invo- 
lucre icith  ciliate  lobes  auiWiw^^e  sc^nWo  ^hiwU:  sti/les  longer  than  the  ovary, 
united  at  base,  slighthf  2-^/^/'/  ,•  pod  covered  with  depressed  warts.  —  Along  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  Great  Lakes  to  Mich.     June-  Aug.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

**  -fH-  Seeds  rugose  or  reticulated ;  leaves  serrulate;  annuals. 

18.  E.  dictyosperma,  Fischer  &  Meyer.  Stem  erect  (8-18'  high); 
leaves  oblong-  or  olinvatc-spatulate,  smooth,  all  obtuse  and  obtusely  serrate; 
upper  ones  cordate  at  b;ise ;  floral  ones  rounilish-ovate  or  obscurely  heart- 
shajicd,  slightly  mucronate  ;  umbels  once  or  twice  3-forked,  then  2-forkeil ; 
involucre  with  nearlv  naked  lobes  and  small  almost  sessile  glands;  styles 
shorter  than  the  ovarv.  spreading  or  recurved;  pod  tvarty ;  seeds  delicately 
reticulated.  —  Prairies  and  roadsiiles,  Md.  to  Minn.,  Ala.,  and  westward 
May- July. 


456  ?:uPHORBiACE^.      (spurge  family.) 

E.  Heliosc6pia,  L.  Stems  ascending  (6-12'  high),  stout;  leaves  all  oho- 
vate  and  very  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  end,^ne/y  serrate,  smooth  or  a  little 
hairy,  those  of  the  stem  wedge-shaped ;  umbel  divided  into  5  rays,  then  into  3, 
or  at  length  simply  forked  ;  glands  orbicular,  stalked ;  pods  smooth  and  even; 
seeds  with  coarse  honeijcoiiih-like  reticulations.  —  Waste  places,  eastward  and 
along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Mich.     July -Sept.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

-1-  H-  Leaves  entire;  glands  crescent-shaped  or  2-horned. 

•t-t-  Seeds  smooth  and  dark-colored ;  perennials,  with  running  rootstocks. 

E.  EsuLA,  L.  Stems  clustered  (1°  high) ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  the 
floral  (vellowish)  broadly  heart-shaped,  mucronate ;  umbel  divided  into  many 
"rays,  then  fo/king ;  glands  short-horned  (brown) ;  pods  smoothish  and  gran- 
ular. —  Mass.,  western  N.  Y.,  and  Mich.;  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

E.  Cypakissias,  L.  Stems  densely  clustered  (6-10'  high);  stem-leaves 
linear,  crowded,  the  floral  heart-shaped;  umbel  many-rayed;  glands  crescent- 
shaped;  pods  granular.  —  Escaped  from  gardens,  common.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

E.  Nic.^^ENSis,  All.  Stout  and  tall  glabrous  perennial ;  leaves  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  floral  broadly  heart-shaped,  mucronate ;  terminal  umbel 
many-rayed,  the  rays  forking;  glands  short-horned;  pods  Jinely  wrinkled. — 
A  rare  escape ;  Binghampton,  N.  Y.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

+-f  ++  Seeds  sculptured,  ash-colored ;  pod  smooth;  annucds  or  biennials. 

E.  Peplus,  L.  Erect  or  ascending  (5-10'  high);  leaves  petioled,  thin, 
round-obovate,  the  upper  floral  ones  ovate  ;  umbel  3-rayed,  then  forking ; 
glands  long-horned ;  lobes  of  the  pod  2-wing-crested  on  the  back ;  seeds 
2-grooved  on  the  inner  face,  pitted  on  the  back  (scarcely  over  |"  long).  — "Waste 
places,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  western  N.  Y.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

19.  E.  COmmutata,  Engelm.  Stems  branched  from  a  commonly  de- 
cumbent base  (6-12'  high) ;  leaves  obovate,  obtuse;  the  upper  all  sessile,  the 
upper  floral  ones  roundish-dilated,  broader  than  long ;  umbel  3-forked ;  glands 
Avith  slender  horns;  capsule  obtusely  angled ;  seeds  ovate,  pitted  all  over  (V'' 
long).  — Along  streams  and  shady  slopes,  Md.  to  Fla.,  Minn.,  and  Mo. 
*  *  *  Glabrous  annual  or  biennial  with  entire  opposite  and  decussate  leaves,  an 
umbelliform  inflorescence,  and  short-horned  glands. 

E.  LAthyris,  L.  Stem  stout  (2-3°  high) ;  leaves  thick,  linear  or  oblong, 
the  floral  oblong-ovate  and  heart-shaped;  umbel  4-rayed,  then  forking. — 
Sparingly  escaped  from  gardens,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  C.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

2.    PACHYSANDRA,    Michx. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  naked  spikes.  Calyx  4-5-parted.  Petals  none. 
Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  4,  separate ;  filaments  loug-exserted,  thick  and  flat ;  an- 
thers oblong-linear.  Fert.  Fl.  Ovary  3-celled ;  styles  3,  thick,  awl-shaped, 
recurved,  stigmatic  down  their  whole  length  inside.  Ovules  a  pair  in  each 
cell,  suspended,  with  the  rhaphe  dorsal  (turned  away  from  the  placenta). 
Capsule  deeply  3-horned,  3-celled,  splitting  into  3  at  length  2-valved  2-seeded 
carpels.  —  Nearly  glabrous,  low  and  procumbent  perennial  herbs,  with  matted 
creeping  rootstocks,  and  alternate,  ovate  or  obovate,  coarsely  toothed  leaves, 
narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole.  Flowers  each  1  -  3-bracted,  the  upper  stam- 
inate,  a  few  fertile  ones  at  base,  unpleasantly  scented ;  sepals  greenish  or 
purplish  ;  filaments  white  (their  size  and  thickness  giving  the  name,  from 
TTixx^s,  thick,  and  avT)p,  used  for  stamen). 

1.  P.  procumbens,  Michx.  Stems  (6-9'  long)  bearing  several  ap- 
proximate leaves  at  the  summit  on  slender  petioles,  and  a  few  many-flowered 


EUPlIORBIACEiE.        (SPUUGE    FAMILY.)  457 

spikes  along  the  base  ;  the  intervening  portion  naked,  or  with  a  few  small 
scales. —  Woods,  mountains  of  Ky.,  W.  Va.,  and  southward.     Marcli-  May. 

3.  PHYLLANTHUS,  I.. 

Flowers  monaM-ious,  axillary.  Calyx  usually  5-6-parted,  iniI)ri(atod  in  the 
bud.  Petals  none.  Stamens  mostly  . 'J,  erect  in  the  bud,  often  united.  Ovules 
2  in  eaciicell  of  the  ovary.  C'apsulc  depressed  ;  each  carpel  2-valved,  2-8eoded. 
Seeds  not  carunculate.  —  Leaves  alternate,  2-ranked,  with  small  stipules. 
(Name  composed  of  <pi'\\ou,  lea/',  and  &vdos,  h.'ossom,  because  the  Howers  iu  a 
few  species  are  borne  upon  leaf-like  dilated  branches.) 

1.  P.  Carolinensis,  VV'alt.  Annual,  low  and  slender,  branched  ;  leaves 
obovate  or  oval,  short-petioled  ;  flowers  commonly  2  iu  each  axil,  almost  ses- 
sile, one  staminate,  the  other  fertile ;  calyx  6-parted ;  stamens  3 ;  styles  3, 
each  2-cleft;  glands  of  the  disk  in  tiie  fertile  flowers  united  iuacup.  —  Grav- 
elly banks,  E.  Tenn.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Ind.  and  111.     July -Sept. 

4.    JATROPHA,    L. 

Flowers  monoecious,  rarely  dia'cious,  in  a  terminal  open  forking  cyme  ;  the 
fertile  ones  usually  in  the  lower  forks.  Calyx  corolla-like,  in  the  staminate 
flowers  often  salver  shaped,  5-lobed  ;  in  the  pistillate,  5-parted,  imbricated  or 
convolute  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  or  apparently  united  petals,  or 
none.  Glands  of  the  disk  opposite  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens  10-30,  in  2  or 
more  whorls  ;  filaments  monadelphous  at  base.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled ;  styles 
3,  united  below,  their  summits  once  or  twice  forked.  Capsule  3-celled, 
3-seeded,  separating  into  3  two-valved  carpels.  Seed  carunculate.  —  Peren- 
nial herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  chiefly  tropical,  with  alternate  mostly 
long-petioled  palmately-veined  leaves,  and  stipules.  —  Our  species  is  of  the 
section  Cnidoscolus,  with  apetalous  flowers,  the  staminate  corolla  salver- 
form,  and  the  plants  mostly  armed  witli  stinging  bristles.  (Name  said  by 
Linna'us  to  l)e  formed  of  larphu,  a  ranedij,  and  cpdyoj,  to  eat.) 

I.  J.  Stimulosa,  Michx.  (Tread-softly.  Spurge-Nettlk.)  Herba- 
ceous, from  a  long  pereuuial  root,  branching  (6' -2°  high)  ;  leaves  roundish- 
heart-shaped,  3- 5-lobed  nearly  to  the  base,  on  long  petioles;  the  divisions 
entire  or  acutely  tootiied,  cut,  or  even  pinnatifid,  often  discolored ;  flowers 
white,  fragrant,  9"  long  or  more;  filaments  10,  monadelphous  only  at  the 
woolly  base,  or  the  outer  set  almost  distinct.  (J.  urens,  var.  stimulosa, 
J.  MiielL)  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.    June -Sept. 

5.    CROTON,     L. 

Flowers  mona-cious,  rarely  di(i!cious,  mostly  in  terminal  spike-like  racemes 
or  spikes.  Skr.  Fl.  Calyx  5- (rarely  4-6-)  parted;  the  divisions  lightly 
imbricated  or  nearly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Petals  usually  present,  as  many, 
but  mostly  small  or  rudimentary,  hypogynous.  Glands  or  lobes  of  the  disk 
as  many  as  and  alternate  with  the  petals.  Keceptadc  usually  hairy.  Sta- 
mens 5  or  more  ;  filaments  with  the  anthers  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Fcrt.  Ff. 
Calyx  5- 10-cleft  or  parted,  nearly  as  in  the  staminate  flowers;  but  petals 
none  or  minute  rudiments.  Ovary  3-  (rarely  2-4-)  celled,  with  a  single  ovule 
in  each  cell ;  styles  dn  many,  from  once  to  thrice  2-cleft.     Capsule  separating 


458  EUPHORBIACE^.       (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

into  as  many  2-valved  1-seeded  carpels.  Seeds  carunculate.  —  Stellate-doAvny, 
or  scurfy,  or  hairy  and  glandular  plants,  mostly  strong-scented ;  the  fertile 
flowers  usually  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike  or  cluster.  LeaA^es  alternate, 
or  sometimes  imperfectly  opposite,  with  or  without  obvious  stipules.  {Kporcov, 
the  Greek  name  of  the  Castor-oil  Plant,  of  this  family.) 

*  Sterile  Jlowers  with  ^-parted  calijx,  as  many  petals,  a  A-rayed  disk,  and  8 

stamens  ;  fertile  flowers  with  b-parted  calyx,  very  minute  rudimentary  pet- 
als, and  the  3  styles  2-cleft. 

1.  C.  glandulosus,  L.  Annual,  rough-hairy  and  glandular  (1-2° 
high),  somewhat  umhellately  branched ;  leaA'es  oblong  or  linear-oblong, 
obtusely  toothed,  the  base  with  a  saucer-shaped  gland  on  each  side ;  fertile 
floAvers  capitate-clustered  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike,  sessile  in  the  forks 
and  terminal.  —  Open  waste  places,  Va.  to  Iowa,  E.  Kan.  and  southward. 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  with  b-parted  calyx,  as  many  glands  alternating  with  the 

petals,  and  \0-\4r  stamens;  fertile  flowers  with  7-l2-parted  calyx,  no 
petals,  and  the  3  styles  twice  or  thrice  2-parted. 

2.  C.  capitatUS,  Michx.  Annual,  densely  soft-woolly  and  somewhat 
glandular  (1  -2°  high),  branched;  leaves  long-petioled,  lance-oblong  or  elon- 
gated-oblong, rounded  at  base,  entire ;  petals  obovate-lanceolate,  densely  fim- 
l)riate;  fertile  flowers  several,  capitate-croAvded  at  the  base  of  the  short 
terminal  sterile  spike.  —  Barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ga.,  west  to  S.  Ind.,  Iowa,  and 
K.  Kan.     July  -Sept. 

*  *  *  Sterile  flowers  icith  ttnegually  3-5-paiied  calyx,  as  many  petals  and 

scale-like  glands,  and  3-8  stamens ;  fertile  flowers  with  equally  b-parted 
calyx,  no  petals,  b  glands,  and  2  sessile  2-parted  stigmas. 

3.  C.  monanthogynus,  Michx.  Annual,  whitish-stellate-pubescent 
and  rusty-glandular;  stems  (1-2°  high)  slender,  erect,  beloAv  often  umhel- 
lately 3  -  4-forked,  then  repeatedly  2  -  3-forked  or  alternately  branched ;  leaves 
oblong-ovate  or  narrowly  oblong,  entire,  often  acutish  (6- 12"  long,  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  petioles) ;  flowers  in  tlie  forks,  the  sterile  few  on  the 
summit  of  a  short  and  erect  peduncle,  the  fertile  few  and  clustered  or  mostly 
solitary  on  short  recurved  peduncles ;  ovary  2-celled ;  fruit  often  by  abortion 
1-celled  and  1-seeded;  the  seed  broadly  OA'al.  —  Barrens  and  dry  prairies, 
S.  Ind.  to  N.  C.  and  Fla.,  west  to  E.  Kan.    June  -  Sept. 

*  *  *  *  Dioecious;  calyx  equally  b-parted ;  petals  none ;  stamens  10  or  more  ,■ 

st'jles  ticice  or  thrice  dichotomously  2-parted. 

4.  C.  Texensis,  Muell.  Annual,  covered  with  a  close  canescent  stellate 
pubescence,  dichotomously  branched  or  spreading  (1-2°  high);  leaves  nar- 
roAvly  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear;  staminate  spikes  or  racemes  very  short, 
often  sessile ;  capsule  stellate-tomentose  and  somewhat  muricate.  —  Mo.  and 
Kan.  to  Ala.,  Tex.,  and  Avestward. 

6.    CROTONdPSIS,    Michx. 

FloAvers  monoecious,  in  very  small  terminal  or  lateral  spikes  or  clusters,  the 
loAver  fertile.  Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  equally  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spatulate.  Sta- 
mens 5,  opposite  the  petals ;  filaments  distinct,  inflexed  in  the  bud,  enlarged 


EUPHOKr.IACK.E.        (srURlJi:    FAMILY.)  -159 

at  the  apex.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  unequally  3  -  S-parted.  Petals  none.  Glands 
(petal-like  scales)  5,  opposite  the  sepals.  Ovary  1-cellcd,  simple,  1-ovuled,  bear- 
ing a  twice  or  thrice  forked  style.  Fruit  dry  and  indehiscent,  small,  1-seeded. 
Seed  without  caruncle.  —  A  slender  low  annual,  with  alternate  or  opposite 
short-jtetioled  linear  or  ellipticallanceolate  leaves,  wiiich  are  green  and  smooth- 
ish  above,  but  silvery  hoary  with  starry  hairs  and  scurfy  with  brownisli  scales 
underneath,  as  well  as  the  brandies,  etc.  {Crolon  and  u\pis,  ajipearance,  for  a 
plant  with  the  aspect  and  general  character  of  Crotou.) 

1.  C.  linearis,  Michx.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  111.  and 
Kan.     July  -  JSept.  —  Fruit  about  T'  long. 

7.    ARGYTHAMNIA,     P.Browne. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx  5-parted,  valvate  in  the  staminate  flowers,  im- 
bricate in  the  pistillate.  Petals  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes  and  with  the 
prominent  lobes  of  the  glandular  disk.  Stamens  .5-15,  united  into  a  central 
column  in  1-3  whorls.  Styles  1-3-cleft.  Capsule  depressed,  3-lobed.  Seeds 
subglobose,  roughened  or  reticulated,  not  carunculate.  —  Erect  herbs  or  under- 
shrubs,  with  purplish  juice,  and  alternate  usually  stipulate  leaves.  (Name  from 
&pyvpos,  silver,  and  ddfx.vos,  bush,  from  the  hoariness  of  the  original  species.) 

1 .  A.  mercurialina,  ^Nluell.  Stem  erect,  nearly  simple  (1-2°  high),  seri- 
ceous ;  leaves  sessile,  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire,  pubescent  with  ap- 
pressed  hairs  or  glabrate,  somewhat  rigid  ;  raceme  many-flowered,  exceeding 
the  leaves;  ovary  sericeous;  capsule  appressed-pubesceut.  —  Kan.  to  Ark.  aud 
Tex. 

8.     ACALYPHA,     L.        Three-seeded  Mercury. 

Flowers  monoecious ;  the  sterile  very  small,  clustered  in  spikes,  with  the  few 
or  solitary  fertile  flowers  at  their  base,  or  sometimes  in  separate  spikes.  Calyx 
of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted  and  valvate  in  bud ;  of  the  fertile,  3  -  5-parted. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  8  -  16  ;  filaments  short,  monadelphous  at  base ;  anther- 
cells  separate,  long,  often  worm-shaped,  hanging  from  the  apex  of  the  filament. 
Styles  .3,  the  upper  face  or  stigmas  cut-fringed  (usually  red).  Capsule  separ- 
ating into  3  globular  2-valved  carpels,  rarely  of  only  one  carpel.  —  Herbs  (ours 
annuals),  or  in  the  tropics  often  shrubs,  resembling  Nettles  or  Amaranths ;  the 
leaves  alternate,  petioled,  witli  stipules.  Clusters  of  sterile  flowers  with  a  mi- 
nute bract ;  tlie  fertile  surrounded  by  a  large  aud  leaf-like  cut-lobed  persistent 
bract.     ('A/coAtj<^t?,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Nettle.) 

*  Fruit  smooth  or  mereli/  pubescent ;  seeds  nearly  smooth. 

1.  A.  Virginica,  L.  Smoothish  or  hairy  (1-2°  high),  often  turning 
purple ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  obtusely  and  sparsely  serrate,  long-peti- 
oled  ;  sterile  spike  rather  few-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the  large  leaf-like 
palmately  5-9-cleft  fruiting  bracts;  fertile  flowers  1  -3  in  each  axil.  —  Fields 
and  open  places,  N.  Eng.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  south  to  the  Gulf.     July  -  Sept. 

Var.  gracilens,  Muoll.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  even  linear,  less  toothed  and 
shorter-petiolcd  ;  tlie  slender  sterile  spike  often  1'  long,  and  much  surpassing 
the  less  cleft  or  few-toothed  fruiting  bracts.  —  Sandy  dry  soil,  K.  I.  aud  Conn, 
to  Fla.,  west  to  111.,  E.  Kan.  and  Tex. 


4G0  EUPHORBIACE^.        (SPURGE    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Fruit  echinate  with  soft  bristly  greeyi  projections ;  seeds  rough-wrinkled. 

2.  A.  Caroliniana,  Ell.  Leaves  thin,  ovate-cordate,  sharply  and  closely 
serrate-toothed,  abruptly  acuminate,  long-petioled ;  sterile  spikes  short,  axil- 
lary ;  the  fertile  ones  mostly  terminal  and  elongated,  their  bracts  deeply  cut 
into  many  linear  lobes.  —  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ohio,  Kan.,  and  Tex 

9.     RICINUS,     Linn.         Castor-oil  Plant. 

Flowers  in  racemose  or  panicled  clusters,  the  fertile  above,  the  staminate 
below.  Calyx  5-parted.  Stamens  very  numerous,  with  repeatedly  branching 
filaments.  Styles  3,  united  at  base,  each  bifid,  red.  Capsule  large,  3-lobed, 
with  3  large  seeds.  —  A  tall  stately  annual,  with  very  large  alternate  peltate 
and  palraately  7  -  11-cleft  leaves  (often  1-2°  broad).  (The  ancient  Komau 
name  of  the  plant.) 

R.  coMMtxis,  L.  —  Cultivated  extensively  for  ornament,  and  sparingly  es- 
caped in  Md.,  Mo.,  and  southward.     Very  variable. 

10.     TRAGI  A,     Plumier. 

FloAvers  monoecious,  in  racemes,  apetalous.  Ster.  Fl.  Calyx  3-5-  (chiefly 
3-)  parted,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2  or  3 ;  filaments  short ;  anther-cells 
united.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  3 -8-parted,  persistent.  Style  3-cleft  or  3-parted; 
the  branches  3,  simple.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-lobed,  bristly,  separating  into  three 
2-valved  1-seeded  carpels.  Seeds  not  carunculate.  —  Erect  or  climbing  plants 
(perennial  herbs  in  U.  S.),  pubescent  or  hispid,  sometimes  stinging,  with  mostly 
alternate  stipulate  leaves;  the  small-flowered  racemes  terminal  or  opposite 
the  leaves ;  the  sterile  flowers  above,  the  few  fertile  at  the  base,  all  with  small 
bracts.     (Named  for  the  early  herbalist  Bock,  latinized  Tragus.) 

1.  T.  innocua,  Walt,  ^rec^,  paniculate-branched,  so//:/// /(ai>?y-p?<6escen^ 
(6-  12'  high) ;  leaves  varying  from  obovate-oblong  to  narrowly  linear,  acute  at 
base,  obtusely  or  sinuately  few-toothed  or  lobed,  sometimes  entire,  short-petioled 
or  sessile,  paler  beneath ;  sterile  calyx  usually  4-parted ;  stamens  2.  (T.  urens,  L.) 
—  Dry  sandy  soil,  E.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     May -Aug.  —  Not  stinging. 

2.  T.  nepetsefolia,  Cav.  Ei-ect  or  reclining  or  slightly  twining,  hirsute 
with  stinging  hairs ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  or  the  lower 
ovate,  all  somewhat  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  coarsely  cut-toothed,  short-peti- 
oled;  sterile  calyx  usually  3-parted  and  stamens  3.  (T.  urticsefolia,  Michx.) 
— Virginia  [Pursh),  and  common  southward  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and 
westward.  —  T.  stylIris,  Muell.,  of  the  southwest,  which  is  reported  from 
Kan.,  may  be  distinguished  by  its  4  -  5-parted  sterile  calyx,  4-5  stamens,  and 
elongated  styles. 

3.  T.  macrocarpa,  Willd.  Ticining,  somewhat  hirsute;  leaves  deeply 
cordate,  ovate,  mostly  narrowly  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  (3-5'  long),  all  but 
the  uppermost  long-petioled;  pod  |'  broad.  (T.  cordata,  Michx.)  —  Ky.  to 
Ga.,  Fla..  and  La. 

11.     STILLINGIA,     Garden. 

Flowers  monoecious,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  spike.  Petals  and  glands  of 
the  disk  none.  Calyx  2  -  3-cleft  or  parted ;  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  2  or  3 ;  anthers  adnate,  turned  outward.     Style  thick ;  stigmas  3, 


UKTICACK/E.        (nKTTLK    FAMILY.)  461 

diverging,  simple.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-lobefl,  3-seeded.  Seed  carunculate. — 
Siiiootli  upright  plants,  witli  the  alternate  leaves  mostly  2-glaudular  at  base; 
the  fertile  flowers  few  at  the  base  of  the  dense  sterile  spike  (rarelv  separate)  ; 
the  bract  for  each  cluster  with  a  large  gland  on  each  side.  (Named  for  Dr. 
B.  Stillimijleet.) 

1.  S.  sylvatica,  L.  Herbaceous  (l -3°  high) ;  leaves  almost  sessile,  ob- 
long-lan(  eohite,  serrulate ;  glands  of  the  spike  saucer-shaped.  —  Sandy  and  dry 
soil,  \'a.  to  Flu.,  west  to  Kan.  and  Tex.     June -Sept. 

Ordek  99.     UKTICACEiE.     (Xkttlk  Family.) 

Plants  with  stipules,  and  moncEcious  or  dioscious  or  rarely  (in  the  Elm 
Family)  perfect  flowers,  furnished  with  a  regular  calf/x,  free  from  the  1- 
celled  (rarely  2-celled)  ovary  which  forms  a  1-seeded  fruit ;  the  embryo  in 
the  albumen  when  there  is  any,  its  radicle  pointing  upward ;  stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  them,  or  sometimes  fewer.  Co- 
tyledons usually  broad.  Stipules  often  deciduous.  —  A  large  order  (far 
the  greater  part  tropical). 

Tribe  I.  ULME^.  Flowers  mostly  polygamous,  upon  the  last  year's  branches.  An- 
thers erect  ia  the  hud,  extrnrie.  Styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  winged  samara  or  nut- 
like. Seed  suspended.  Embryo  straight.  —  Trees,  with  alternate  serrate  pinnately 
veined  leaves  and  fugacious  stipules. 

1.  Ulinus.     Flowers  preceding  the  leaves     Ovary  1  -  2-ovuled.     Fruit  winged  all  around. 

2.  Planera.    Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.    Ovule  one.     Fruit  wingless,  nut-lil<e. 
Tribe  II.    CEtTIDE^.    As  in  Tribe  I.,  but  the  dicEcious-polygamous  flowers  upon 

branches  ol  tlie  same  year;  anthers  introrse  ;  fruit  a  drupe  ;  embryo  curved. 
3    Celtis.    Ovary  1-ovuled.    Flowers  appearing  witli  the  leaves.    Leaves  3-nerved  at  base. 

Tribe  III.  CANNABINE.E.  Flowers  dioecious:  the  sterile  racemed  or  panieled:  the 
fertile  in  clusters  or  catlvins,  the  caly.K  of  one  sepal  embracing  the  ovary.  Filaments 
short,  erect  in  the  bud.  Stigmas  2,  elongated.  Ovary  l-celled,  with  a  pendulous  ovule, 
forming  a  small  glandular  achene  in  fruit.  Embryo  curved  or  coiled.  —  Erect  or  climb- 
ing herbs,  with  watery  juice,  mostly  opposite  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  persistent  stipules, 
and  a  fibrous  inner  bark. 

4.  Cannabis.     Fertile  flowers  spiked-rlustcred.     Leaves  5- 7-divided.     Erect. 

5.  Huiuulus.     Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  spike  forming  a  membranaceous  catkin  in  fruit. 

Leaves  3- 5-lobed.     Climbing. 
Tribe  IV.    MORE.E.     Flowers  unisexual,  racemose,  spicate  or  capitate;  calyx  becom- 
ing fleshy  or  juicy  in  fruit.     Anthers  inflexed  in  the  bud.     Style  undivided  or  2-parted, 
filiform;  ovule  pendulous;  fruit  an  achene,  embryo  curved.  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  with 
milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  fugacious  stipules. 

6.  Madura.    Sterile  flowers  in  loose  racemes  ;  fertile  in  globose  heads.     Leaves  entire. 

7.  Morns.     Fertile  and  sterile  flowers  in  separate  spikes.    Leaves  dentate,  3-nervecL 
Tribe  V.     URTICE^E.     Flowers  unisexual.     Filaments  inflexed  in  the  bud.    Style  or 

stigma  simiile.  Ovary  l-celled,  with  an  erect  ovule,  forming  an  achene  in  fniit.  Em- 
bryo straight.  —  Herbs  with  watery  juice,  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  opposite  or  alternate 
leaves;  often  armed  with  stinging  hairs. 

•  Calyx  in  the  fertile  flowers  of  2  -5  separate  or  nearly  separate  sepals. 
■*-  riant  beset  with  stinging  bristles. 

8.  Urtica.    Sepals  4  in  both  fertile  and  sterile  flowers.    Achene  straight  and  erect,  en- 

closed by  the  2  inner  and  larger  sepals.    Stigma  capitate-tufted.    Leaves  opposite. 


462  URTiCACE^.     (nettle  family.) 

9.  liaportea.    Sepals  5  in  the  sterile  flowers,  4  in  the  fertile,  or  apparently  only  2.    Stigma 

long-subulate.    Acheiie  very  oblique,  deflexed,  nearly  naked.     Leaves  alternate. 

•(-  -1-  Plant  wholly  destitute  of  stinging  bristles.     Leaves  opposite. 

10.  Pilea.     Sepals  3  or  4,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  unequal,  all  or  all  but  one  small. 

Achene  partly  naked,  straight  and  erect.    Stigma  pencil-tufted.    Smooth  and  shining. 

*  *  Fertile  calyx  tubular  or  cup-shaped,  enclosing  the  achene.     Unarmed. 

IL  Boehmeria.     Flower-clusters  spiked,  not  involucrate.    Style  long  and  thread-shaped, 

stigmatic  down  one  side.    Leaves  opposite,  serrate. 
12.  Parietaria.    Flowers  in  involucrate-bracted  clusters.     Stigma  tufted.     Leaves  alter- 
nate, entire. 

1.     ULMUS,     L.        Elm. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  4  -  9-cleft.  Stamens  4-9,  Avith  long  and  slender  fila- 
ments. Ovary  1  -  2-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  suspended  from  the 
summit  of  each  cell ;  styles  2,  short,  diverging,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  edge. 
Fruit  a  1 -celled  and  1 -seeded  membranaceous  samara,  winged  all  around. 
Albumen  none ;  embryo  straight ;  the  cotyledons  large.  —  Flowers  polyga- 
mous, purplish  or  yellowish,  in  lateral  clusters,  in  our  species  preceding  the 
leaves,  which  are  strongly  straight-veined,  short-petioled,  and  oblique  or  un- 
equally somewhat  heart-shaped  at  base.  Stipules  small,  caducous.  (The 
classical  Latin  name.) 

*  Flowers  nearli/  sessile  ;  fruit  orbicular,  not  ciliate ;  leaves  very  rough  above. 

1.  U.  flilva,  Michx.  (Slippery  or  Red  Elm.)  Buds  before  expansion 
soft-downy  with  rusty  hairs  (large) ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  taper-pointed,  doubly 
serrate  (4-8'  long,  sweet-scented  in  drying),  soft-downy  beneath  or  slightly 
rough  downward ;  branchlets  downy ;  calyx-lobes  and  stamens  5  -  9 ;  fruit 
(8-9"  wide)  with  the  cell  pubescent.  —  Rich  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  Dak.,  and  south- 
ward. March,  April.  —  A  small  or  middle-sized  tree  (45-60°  high),  with 
tough  reddish  wood,  and  a  very  mucilaginous  inner  bark. 

*  *  Floivers  on  slender  drooping  pedicels,  which  are  jointed  above  the  middle; 
fruit  ovate  or  oval,frinqed-ciUate;  leaves  smooth  above,  or  nearly  so. 

2.  U.  Americana,  L.  (American  or  White  Elm.)  Buds  and  branch- 
lets  glabrous;  branches  not  corky;  leaves  obovate-oblong  or  oval,  abruptly 
pointed,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  (2  -  4'  long),  soft-pubescent  beneath, 
or  soon  glabrous ;  flowers  in  close  fascicles ;  calyx  with  7-9  roundish  lobes ; 

fruit  glabrous  except  the  margins  {h'  long),  its  sharp  points  incurved  and  clos- 
ing the  notch.  —  Moist  woods,  especially  along  rivers,  in  rich  soil.  April.  —  A 
large  and  well-known  ornamental  tree,  variable  in  habit,  usually  with  spread- 
ing branches  and  drooping  branchlets. 

3.  U.  racemosa,  Thomas.  (Cork  or  Rock  Elm.)  Bud-scales  downy- 
ciliate  and  somewhat  pubescent,  as  are  the  young  branchlets ;  branches  often 
with  corky  ridges ;  leaves  nearly  as  in  the  last,  but  witli  veins  more  simple  and 
straight ;  flowers  racemed ;  fruit  much  as  in  the  last,  but  rather  larger.  —  River- 
banks,  S.  W.  Vt.  to  Ont.  and  central  Minn.,  south  to  Mo.  and  Ky.  A  large 
and  very  valuable  tree. 

4.  U.  alata,  Michx.  (Wahoo  or  Winged  Elm.)  Bud-scales  and  branch- 
lets  nearly  glabrous ;  branches  corky-winged,  at  least  some  of  them ;  leaves 
downy  beneath,  ovate-oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  thickish,  small 


URTICACK.i:.       (NKTTLE    FAMILY.)  463 

(1-2^' long);  calyx-lobes  obovate;  fruit  downy  on  the  face    at  least  when 
young.  —  Va.  to  S.  Ind.,  S.  Mo.,  and  scnitlnvard.     Marcli.     A  small  tree. 

2.       PLANER  A,       (imelin.  rLANKU-TUEE. 

P'lowers  moncEciously  polygamous.  Calyx  4  -  5-cleft.  Stamons  4-5.  Ovary 
ovoid,  l-t'clled,  1-ovuled,  crowned  with  2  spreading  styles  wliiili  are  stigma- 
tose  down  the  inner  side,  in  fruit  becoming  coriaceous  and  nut-like,  not  winged. 
Albumen  none;  embryo  straight.  —  Trees  with  small  leaves,  like  those  of 
Elms,  the  flowers  appearing  with  them,  in  small  axillary  clusters.  (Named 
for  ./.  ./.  Planer,  a  (lerman  botanist.) 

1.  P.  aquatica,  Gmel.  Nearly  glabrous;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  small; 
fruit  stalked  in  the  calyx,  besot  with  irregular  rough  projections. —  Wet 
banks,  N.  C.  to  Ky.,  S.  111.,  and  southward.     Ai)ril.     A  rather  small  tree. 

3.     CELTIS,     Tourn.        Nettle-trek.     Hackbekry. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  Calyx  5  -  6-parted,  pcrsi.steut.  Stamens 
5-6.  Ovary  1-celled,  witli  a  single  suspended  ovule;  stigmas  2,  long  and 
pointed,  recurved.  Fruit  a  globular  drupe.  Embryo  curved,  nearly  enclosing 
a  little  gelatinous  albumen  ;  cotyledons  folded  and  crumpled.  —  Leaves  pointed, 
petioled,  inequilateral.  JStipules  caducous.  Flowers  greenish,  axillary,  the 
fertile  solitary  or  in  pairs,  peduncled,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  the  lower 
usually  staminate  only,  fascicled  or  racemose  along  the  base  of  the  branches 
of  the  season.     (A  name  of  Pliny's  for  an  African  species  of  Lotus.) 

1.  C.  OCCideil,talis,  L.  (Sugarberry.  Hackberry.)  Leaves  reticu- 
lated, ovate,  cordate-ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  usually  conspic- 
uously and  sharply  so,  more  or  less  oblicpie  at  base,  sharply  serrate,  sometimes 
sparingly  so  or  only  toward  the  apex,  scabrous  but  mostly  glabrous  above, 
usually  soft-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young ;  fruit  reddish  or  yellow- 
ish, turning  dark  purple  at  maturity,  its  peduncle  once  or  twice  the  length  of 
tlie  petiole.  —  Woods  and  river-banks,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  southward. 
April,  May.  —  A  small  or  sometimes  large  tree,  with  the  aspect  of  an  Elm, 
bearing  sweet  and  edible  fruits  a«  large  as  bird-cherries,  at  first  obovate,  ripe 
in  autumn ;  the  flesh  thin.  Very  variable  in  the  form,  texture,  etc.,  of  the 
leaves.  —  Var.  p6mila,  Gray.  Low  and  straggling  (4-10°  high) ;  leaves  thin 
when  mature,  and  smooth,  slightli/  acuminate.  River-banks,  on  rocks,  from 
Maryland  south-ward. 

2.  C.  MiSSissippi^nsis,  Bosc.  Leaves  entire  (rarely  few-toothed),  vert/ 
lonr/ tape7--point(d,  Tonnded  at  l»ase,  mostly  oblique,  tliin,  and  smooth;  fruit 
small.  —  111.  to  Tenn.,  and  southward.     A  sniall  tree  with  warty  bark. 

4.     CANNABIS,     T<.uin.         Hemp. 

Flowers  dirccious  ;  tlie  sterile  in  axillnry  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  with 
5  sepals  and  5  droo])ing  stamens.  Fei'tile  flowers  sjiiked-clustered.  1-bracted; 
the  calyx  of  a  single  sepal  enlarging  at  tlie  l)ase  and  ft)lded  round  the  ovary. 
Achene  crustaceous.  Embryo  simply  curvoil.  —  A  tall  roughish  annual,  with 
digitate  leaves  of  5-7  linear-lanceolate  coarsely  tootjieil  leaflets,  the  upper 
alternate ;  the  inner  bark  of  very  tough  fibres.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  of 
obscure  etymology.) 

C.  satIva,  L.  (IIemi'.)  Stem  4-8°  high;  leaves  4-8'  broad;  flowers 
green.  —  Waste  and  cultivated  ground.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


464  URTiCACE^.     (nettle  family.) 

5.     HtlMULUS,     L.        Hop. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  the  sterile  in  loose  axillary  panicles,  with  5  sepals  and  5 
erect  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  axillary  and  solitary  spikes  or  catkins ; 
bracts  foliaceous,  imbricated,  each  2-flowered,  in  fruit  forming  a  sort  of  mem- 
branaceous strobile.  Calyx  of  a  single  sepal,  embracing  the  ovary.  Acheue 
invested  with  the  enlarged  scale-like  calyx.  Embryo  coiled  in  a  flat  spiral.  — 
Twining  rough  perennials,  with  stems  almost  prickly  downward,  and  mostly 
opposite  heart-shaped  and  palmately  3-7-lobed  leaves,  with  persistent  ovate 
stipules  between  the  petioles.     (A  late  Latin  name,  of  Teutonic  origin.) 

1.  H.  Llipulus,  L.  (Common  Hop.)  Leaves  mostly  3  -  5  lobed,  com- 
monlv  longer  than  the  petioles ;  bracts,  etc.,  smoothish ;  the  fruiting  calyx, 
achene,  etc.,  sprinkled  Avith  yellow  resinous  grains,  which  give  the  bitterness 
and  aroma  to  the  hop.  —  Alluvial  banks,  N.  Eng.  to  western  N.  Y.,  the  Great 
Lakes  and  westward,  and  south  in  the  mountains  to  Ga.    July.    (Eu.,  Asia.) 

6.     MACLURA,     Nutt.        Osage  Orange.    Bois  d'Arc. 

Flowers  dioecious;  the  staminate  in  loose  short  racemes,  with  4-parted  calyx, 
and  4  stamens  inflexed  in  the  bud ;  the  pistillate  in  a  dense  globose  head,  with 
a  4-cleft  calyx  enclosing  the  ovary.  Style  filiform,  loug-exserted  ;  ovule  pen^ 
dulous.  Fruit  an  achene,  buried  in  the  greatly  enlarged  fleshy  calyx.  Albu- 
men none.  Embryo  recurved.  —  Trees  with  milky  juice,  alternate  entire 
pinnately  veined  leaves,  caducous  stipules,  axillary  peduncles,  and  stout  axil- 
lary spines.     (Named  for  the  early  American  geologist,  William  Maclure.) 

1.  M.  aurantiaca,  Nutt.  A  tree  30-50°  high;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  green  and  shining;  syucarp  glo- 
bose, yellowish  green,  2-3'  in  diameter.  —  E.  Kan.  and  Mo.  to  N.  Tex.: 
extensively  used  for  hedges.     Wood  bright  orange. 

7.     MORUS,     Tourn.         Mllberry. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  the  two  kinds  in  separate  axillary  and 
catkin-like  spikes.  Calyx  4-parted ;  lobes  ovate.  Stamens  4  ;  filaments  elas- 
tic-ally expanding.  Ovary  2-celled,  one  of  the  cells  smaller  and  disappearing  ; 
styles  2,  thread-form,  stigmatic  down  the  inside.  Achene  ovate,  compressed, 
covered  by  the  succulent  berry -like  calyx,  the  whole  spike  thus  becoming  a 
thickened  oblong  and  juicy  (edible)  aggregate  fruit.  —  Trees  with  milky  juice 
and  broad  leaves ;  sterile  spikes  rather  slender.    (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

1.  M.  rilbra,  L.  (Red  Mulberry.)  Leaves  heart-ovate,  serrate,  rough 
above,  down//  beneath,  pointed  (on  young  shoots  often  lobed) ;  flowers  frequently 
dioecious ; /rujY  dark  purple,  long.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New  Eng.  to  S.  Ont., 
Dak.,  E.  Kan.,  and  southward.  May.  —  Large  tree,  ripening  its  blackberry- 
like fruit  in  July. 

M.  Alba,  L.  (White  Mulberry.)  Leaves  obliquely  heart-ovate,  acute, 
serrate,  sometimes  lobed,  smooth  and  shining ;  fruit  ivhitish.  —  Spontaneous 
near  houses.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

8.     TJHTiCA,     Tourn.        Nettle. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  rarely  dioecious,  clustered,  the  clusters  mostly  in  ra- 
cemes, spikes,  or  loose  heads.    S.'er.  Fl.    Sepals  4.    Stamens  4,  inserted  around 


IRTICACE.IC.        (NKTTLK    FAMILY.)  405 

the  cu])-8hapeLl  rudiment  of  a  pistil.  Fert.  Fl.  Sepals  4,  in  pairs;  the  2  outer 
smaller  autl  spreading ;  the  2  inner  flat  or  coucave,  in  fruit  niemhranaceous 
and  enclosing  the  straight  and  erect  ovate  flattened  achene.  Stigma  sessile, 
capitate  and  pencil-tufted.  —  Herbs,  armed  with  stinging  hairs.  Leaves  oppo- 
site ;  stipules  in  our  speties  distinct.  Flowers  greenish;  in  summer.  (The 
classical  Latin  name;  from  uru,  to  burn.) 

*  Perennidls  ;  Jloiccr-clnsters  ui  branckiufj  panirled  sjilkes,  often  dutrinns. 

\.  U.  gracilis,  Ait.  Sparinr/li/  bristhj,  slender  (2  -  6°  high)  ;  leaves  ovdtr- 
lanrcolale.,  pointed,  serrate,  3  -  5-nerved  from  the  rounded  or  scarcely  heart- 
shaped  base,  almost  glabrous,  the  elongated  slender  petioles  sparinglfi  bristly ; 
spikes  slender  and  loosely  panided.  —  Feuce-rows  and  moist  ground,  common. 
Stings  few. 

U.  DloiCA,  L.  Verif  bristl//  and  stinging  (2-3°  high);  leaves  ovate,  heart- 
shaped,  pointed,  veri/  deeplg  serrate,  doivni/  beneath  as  well  as  the  upper  jjart 
of  the  stem  ;  spikes'mnrh  branched.  —  Waste  places  and  roadsides,  ratlier  rare. 
Canada  and  N.  Eug.  to  S.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Atinuals ;  Jioicer-clusters  chiejlj  axillary  and  shorter  than  the  petiole,  andro- 

gi/nous. 

U.  tiRExs,  L.  Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate,  very  coarsely  and  deeply  serrate 
with  long  spreading  teeth,  the  terminal  teeth  not  longer  than  the  lateral  ones ; 
f.ower-clusters  2  in  each  axil,  small  and  loose. —  Waste  grounds,  near  dwellings, 
eastward  ;  scarco.     Plant  8-12'  high,  with  sparse  stings.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

2.  U.  Chamsedryoides,  Pursh.  Leaves  ovate  and  mostly  heart-shaped, 
the  u])per  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate-toothed ;  Jloiver-chisters  globular, 
1  -  2  in  each  axil,  and  spiked  at  the  summit.  —  Alluvial  shaded  soil,  from  Ky. 
to  the  Gulf  States.     Slender,  6-30'  high,  sparsely  beset  with  stings. 

9.    LAPORTEA,     Gaudichaud.        Wood-Nettle. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dicjccious,  clustered,  in  loose  cymes;  the  upper  widely 
spreading  and  chiefly  or  entirely  fertile  ;  the  lower  mostly  sterile.  Ster.  Fl. 
Sepals  and  stamens  5,  with  a  rudiment  of  an  ovary.  Fert.  Fl.  Calyx  of  4 
sepals,  the  two  outer  or  one  of  them  usually  minute,  and  the  two  inner  much 
larger.  Stigma  elongated  awl-shajied,  hairy  down  one  side,  persistent.  Achene 
ovate,  flat,  extremely  oblique,  reflexed  on  the  winged  or  margined  pedicel, 
nearly  naked.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  stinging  hairs,  large  alternate  serrate 
leaves,  and  axillary  stipules.     (Named  for  M.  L.aporte.) 

1.  L.  Canadensis,  Gaudichaud.  Stem  2-3°  high  ;  leaves  ovate,  pointed, 
strongly  feather-veined  (3  -  7' long),  long-petioled  ;  fertile  cymes  divergent; 
stipule  single,  2-cleft.  —  Moist  rich  woods.     .July  -  vSept. 

10.     PI  LEA,     Lindl.         Richweed.     Clearweed. 

Flowers  monwcious  or  dirvcious.  Ster.  Fl.  Sepals  and  stamens  3-4.  Fert. 
Fl.  Sepals  3,  oblong,  more  or  less  unequal ;  a  rudiment  of  a  stamen  com- 
monly before  each  in  the  form  of  a  hooded  scale.  Stigma  sessile,  pencil-tufted. 
Achene  ovate,  compressed,  erect,  partly  or  nearly  naked.  —  Stingless,  mostly 
glabrous  and  low  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  united  stipules ;  the  stami- 
uate  flowers  often  mixed  with  the  fertile.  (Named  from  the  shape  of  the 
larger  sepal  of  the  fertile  flower  in  the  original  sj>ecies.  which  |)artly  covers 
the  achene,  like  the  pileus,  or  felt  cap,  of  the  Romans.) 

30 


466  URTICACE.'E.       (nettle    FAMILY.) 

1.  P.  pumila,  Gray.  (Richweed.  Cleakweed.)  Low  (3-18' high); 
stems  smooth  and  shining,  pellucid  ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  pointed, 
3-ribbed  and  veiny ;  flower-clustei-s  much  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  sepals  of 
the  fertile  flowers  lanceolate,  scarcely  unequal.  —  Cool  and  moist  shaded 
places.     July  -  Sept. 

11.  BCEHMERIA,     Jacq.        False  Nettle. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  clustered ;  the  sterile  much  as  in  Urtica ; 
the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  urn-shaped  entire  or  2-4-toothed  calyx  enclosing 
the  ovary.  Style  elongated  awl-shaped,  stigmatic  and  papillose  down  one 
side.  Achene  elliptical,  closely  invested  by  the  dry  and  persistent  compressed 
calyx.  —  No  stings.  (Named  after  G.  R.  Boehmer,  Professor  at  Wittenberg 
in  the  last  century.) 

1.  B.  cylindrica,  Willd.  Perennial,  smoothish  or  pubescent  and  more 
or  less  scabrous ;  stem  (1  -  3°  high)  simple ;  leaves  chiefly  opposite  (rarely  all 
alternate),  ovate  to  ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  3-nerved ;  stip- 
ules distinct;  petioles  short  or  elongated;  flowers  dioecious,  or  the  two  kinds 
intermixed,  the  small  clusters  densely  aggregated  in  simple  and  elongated 
axillary  spikes,  the  sterile  interrupted,  the  fertile  often  continuous,  frequently 
leaf-bearing  at  the  apex.  —  Moist  or  shady  ground,  common.    Very  variable. 

12.  PARIETARIA,    Touru.        PELLiTORr. 

Flowers  monoeciously  polygamous ;  the  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  in- 
termixed in  the  same  involucrate-bracted  cymose  axillary  clusters ;  the  sterile 
much  as  in  the  last;  the  fertile  with  a  tubular  or  bell-shaped  4-lobed  and 
nerved  calyx,  enclosing  the  ovary  and  the  ovoid  achene.  Style  slender  or 
none ;  stigma  pencil-tufted.  —  Homely,  diffuse  or  tufted  .herbs,  not  stinging, 
with  alternate  entire  3-ribbed  leaves,  and  no  stipules.  (The  ancient  Latin 
name,  because  growing  on  old  walls.) 

1.  P.  Pennsylvanica,  Muhl.  Low,  annual,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  minutely  downy;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  veiny,  roughish 
with  opaque  dots ;  flowers  shorter  than  the  involucre  ;  stigma  sessile.  —  Shaded 
rocky  banks,  E.  Mass.  and  Vt.  to  Minn.,  and  southward.     June  -  Aug. 

Order  100.    PLATAXACE^,     (Plaxe-tree  Family.) 

Trees,  icith  imterTj  juice,  alternafe  palmately-lohed  leaves,  sheathing  slip- 
ules,  and  monoecious  flowers  in  separate  and  naked  spherical  heads,  des- 
titute of  calyx  or  corolla;  the  fruit  merely  club-shaped  1 -seeded  nutlets, 
furnished  ivith  a  ring  of  bristly  hai)'s  about  the  base  ;  consists  only  of  the 
following  genus  (of  uncertain  relationship). 

1.     PL  AT  ANUS,     L.         Sycamore.     Buttoxwood. 

Sterile  flowers  of  numerous  stamens,  with  club-shaped  little  scales  inter- 
mixed ;  filaments  very  short.  Fertile  flowers  in  separate  catkins,  consisting 
of  inversely  pyramidal  ovaries  mixed  with  little  scales.  Style  rather  lateral, 
awl-shaped  or  thread-like,  simple.  Nutlets  coriaceous,  small,  tawny-hairy  be- 
low, containing  a  single  orthotropous  pendulous  seed.    Embryo  in  the  axis  of 


JUCiLANDACK-l-:.        (WALNUT    FAMILY.)  467 

thin  albumen.  —  Large  trees,  with  the  hark  deciduous  in  broad  thin  brittle 
])late8;  dilated  base  o[  the  petiole  enclosing;  the  l)ud  of  the  next  season.  (The 
ancient  name,  from  irAarvs,  hnuid.) 

1.  P.  OCCidentillis,  L.  Leaves  mostly  truncate  at  base,  anp;ularly  sinu- 
ate lobcd  or  toi»th((l,  the  sliort  lobos  sharp-pointed  ;  fertile  heads  solitary, 
hanginf;  on  a  long  ])ednncle.  —  Alluvial  banks,  S.  Maine  to  N.  ^'t.,  Ont.,  S.  E. 
Minn.,  K.  Kan.,  and  southward.  Our  largest  tree,  often  90-1.30°  liig^b  ^'th 
a  trunk  G-14°  in  diameter. 

Order  lOL     JUGLANDACEiE.     (Walnut  Family.) 

Trees,  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  and  no  stipules ;  Jlowers  monoecious, 
the  sterile  t/i  catkins  {aments)  icith  an  irregular  calyx  adnate  to  the  hract  ; 
the  fertile  solitary  or  in  a  small  cluster  or  spike,  with  a  regular  3  -  b-lohed 
calyx  adherent  to  the  incompletely  2-4-celled  hut  only  l-ovuled  ovary. 
Fruit  a  kind  of  dry  drupe,  with  a  crustaceous  or  hony  nut-shell,  containing 
a  large  4-lobed  ortholropous  seed.  Albumen  none.  Cotyledons  fleshy  and 
oily,  sinuous  or  corrugated,  2-lobed  ;  radicle  short,  superior.  Petals  some- 
times present  in  the  fertile  flowers.  —  A  small  family  of  important  trees, 
consisting  chiefly  of  the  two  following  genera. 

1.    JUGLANS,     L.        Walnut. 

Sterile  flowers  in  long  and  simple  lateral  catkins  from  the  wood  of  the  pre- 
ceding year;  the  calyx  adherent  to  the  entire  bracts  or  scales, unequally  3-6- 
cleft.  Stamens  12-40;  filaments  free,  very  short.  Fertile  flowers  .solitary 
or  several  together  on  a  peduncle  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  with  a  4-toothed 
calyx,  bearing  4  small  petals  at  the  sinuses.  Styles  2,  very  short ;  stigmas  2, 
somewhat  club-sliajjcd  and  fringed.  Fruit  with  a  fibrous-fleshy  iudehi.scent 
epicarp,  and  a  mostly  rough  irregularly  furrowed  endocarp  or  nut-shell. — 
Trees,  with  strong-scented  or  resinous  aromatic  bark,  few-scaled  or  almost 
naked  l)uds  (3  or  4  superposed,  and  the  uppermost  far  above  the  axil),  odd-pin- 
nate leaves  of  many  serrate  leaflets,  and  tlie  embryo  sweet  and  edible.  I'ith 
in  plates.     (Name  contracted  from  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.) 

1.  J.  Cin^rea,  L.  (Butternut.  White  Walnut.)  Leaflets  5-8  pairs, 
oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  rounded  at  base,  downy,  especially  beneath,  the 
petioles  and  hranchlets  down>/  with  rlamyny  hairs;  fniit  oblong,  clammy,  pointed, 
the  nut  deeply  sculptured  and  rougli  with  ragged  ridges,  2-celled  at  the  base. 
—  Rich  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  the  mountains  of  Ga.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and 
Ark.  Tree  .50-75°  high,  with  gray  bark,  widely  spreading  branches,  and 
lighter  brown  wood  than  in  the  next. 

2.  J.  nigra,  L.  (Black  Walnut.)  Leaflets  7-11  jiairs,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, taper-pointed,  somewhat  lieart-shaped  or  une()ual  at  l>a.se,  smooth  above, 
the  lower  surface  and  the  petioles  minutely  downy  :  fruit  spherind,  rongiily 
dotted,  the  nut  corrugated,  4-celled  at  top  and  bottom. —  Rich  woods,  W.  Mass. 
and  Conn,  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Neb.,  E.  Kan.,  and  southward.  A  large 
and  handsome  tree  (often  90-150°  high),  with  rougli  brown  bark,  and  valu- 
able purplish-brown  wood  turning  bhickish  with  age. 


468  JUGLANDACE.E.        (WALNUT    FAMILY.) 

2.    GARY  A,    Jsutt.        Hickory. 

Sterile  flowers  in  slender  lateral  and  clustered  catkins  ;  calyx  naked,  adhe- 
rent to  the  bract,  unequally  2-3-parted.  Stamens  3-10;  filaments  short  or 
none,  free.  Fertile  flowers  2  -  .5  in  a  cluster  or  short  spike,  on  a  peduncle  ter- 
minating the  shoot  of  the  season ;  calyx  4-toothed ;  petals  none.  Stigmas 
sessile,  2  or  4,  large,  papillose,  persistent.  Fruit  with  a  4-valved,  firm  and  at 
length  dry  exocarp  (involucre),  falling  away  from  the  smooth  and  crusta- 
ceous  or  bony  endocarp  or  nut-shell,  which  is  incompletely  2-celled,  and  at 
the  base  mostly  4-celled.  —  Fine  timber-trees,  with  hard  and  very  tough  wood, 
and  scaly  buds,  from  which  in  spring  are  put  forth  usually  both  kinds  of 
flowers,  the  sterile  below  and  the  fertile  above  the  leaves.  Nuts  ripen  and 
fall  in  October.     {Kapva,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Walnut.) 

§  1.  Sterile  catkins  fascicled  (no  common  peduncle  or  sometimes  a  very  short  one) 
from  separate  lateral  scaly  buds  near  the  summit  of  shoots  of  the  preceding 
year;  bud-scales  few ;  fruit  elongated-oblong ;  the  thin-shelled  nut  2-celled 
below;  seed  siceet ;  leaflets  short-stalked,  numerous. 

1.  C.  Olivselormis,  Nutt.  (Pecan-xut.)  Minutely  downy,  becoming 
nearly  smooth  ;  leaflets  13-15,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  gradually  to  a  slen- 
der point,  falcate,  serrate ;  nut  olive-shaped.  —  Kiver  Ixtttoms,  S.  Ind.,  S.  111., 
and  Iowa,  to  La.  and  Tex.     A  large  tree  (90-160°  high),  with  delicious  nuts. 

§  2.  Sterile  catkins  in  threes  {rarely  more)  on  a  common  peduncle  from  the  axil 
of  the  inner  scales  of  the  common  bud,  therefore  at  the  base  of  the  shoot  of  the 
season, which,  then  bearing  3  or  4  leaves,  is  terminated  by  the  fertile  flowers ; 
fruit  globular  or  oval ;  nut  4-celled  at  base  ;  leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

*  Bud-scales  numerous,  about  10,  successively  enwrapping,  the  inner  ones  accres- 
cent, becoming  thin  and  membranaceous  and  rather  tardily  deciduous ;  husk 
of  the  fruit  splitting  promptly  into  4  mve  or  less  thick  and  when  dry  hard 
or  woody  valves  ;  seed  sweet  and  deliciou  >.  (The  hickory  tints  of  the  market.) 

2.  C.  alba,  Nutt.  (Shell-bark  or  Shag-bark  Hickory.)  Bark  of 
trunk  shaggy,  exfoliating  in  rough  strips  or  plates  ;  inner  bud-scales  becoming 
large  and  conspicuous,  persistent  till  the  flowers  are  fully  devefoped ;  leaflets 
5-7,  when  young  minutely  downy  beneath,  finely  serrate,  the  three  upper 
obovate-lanceolate,  the  lower  pair  much  smaller  and  oblong-lanceolate,  all  taper- 
pointed  ;  fruit  globular  or  depressed ;  nut  white,  flattish-globular,  barely  mu- 
crouate,  the  shell  thinnish.  —  N.  Eng.  to  N.  shore  of  L.  Erie  an^  S.  E.  Minn., 
south  to  Fla.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Tex.  Large  and  handsome  tree  (70-90°  high,  or 
more),  of  great  economic  value.     The  principal  hickory-nut  of  the  markets. 

3.  C.  sulcata,  Nutt.  (Big  Shell-bark.  Kixg-nut.)  Bark,  etc.,  as 
in  n.  1 ;  leaflets  7-9,  more  downy  beneath ;  fruit  oval  or  ovate,  4-ribbed  above 
the  middle,  the  husk  very  thick;  nut  large  (lj-2'  long)  and  usually  angular, 
dull  white  or  yellowish,  thick-walled,  usually  strongly  pointed  at  both  ends.  — 
Central  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  S.  Ind.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Ind.  Terr.  Tree  70-90° 
high,  or  more,  in  rich  soil  of  bottom  lands. 

4.  C.  tomentosa,  Nutt.  (Mocker-nlt.  White-heart  Hickory.) 
Bark  c/ose,  rough,  but  not  shaggy  and  exfoliating  on  old  trunks;  catkins, 
shoots,  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  tomentose  when  young,  resinous-scented ; 


!kiYHiCAri:.i:.      (s\vkkt-(;alk  family.)  46'J 

leaflets  7-9,  lance-obovate  or  the  lower  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  ;  fruit  glob- 
ular or  ovoid,  with  a  very  thick  and  hard  husk ;  nut  (jluhulur,  not  romj/ressi^d, 
4-ridged  toward  the  slig/itl//  pointed  smnmit,  hroicnish,  very  thick-shelled,  I'  in 
diameter  or  sr;:i.ller.  —  N.  Eng.  to  N.  shore  of  L.  Erie,  E.  Nel).,  and  south  to 
the  Gulf.     Tree  70-100°  high,  u.sually  on  rich  upland  hillsides. 

5.  C.  microcarpa,  Nutt.  With  rough  clo.se  hark,  small  ovate  huds,  and 
the  glaltrous  lolianc,  etc.,  of  n.  6 ;  fruit  small,  subglohose,  with  rather  thin 
husk;  nut  thin-shelled,  not  angled.  —  N.  Y.  to  Del.,  west  to  Mich,  and  111. 

»  *  Bud-scales  numerous  or  feiv ;  husk  of  the  fruit  thin  and  rather  friable  at  ma- 
turitijy  A-valved  only  to  the  middle  or  tardilij  to  near  the  base ;  seed  more  or 
less  bitter;  bark  of  old  trunk  not  exfoliating. 

6.  C.  porcina,  Nutt.  (Pig-nut  or  Buoom  II.)  Bud-scales  nearly  as  in 
n,  4,  but  smaller,  caducous ;  shoots,  catkins,  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so ; 
leaflets  5-7,  oblong-  or  obovate-lanceolate  and  taj)er-pointed,  serrate ;  fruit 
pear-shaped,  oblong,  or  oval ;  nut  oblong  or  oval  (1^-2'  long),  with  a  thick  bony 
shell ;  the  oily  seed  at  first  sweet  in  taste,  then  bitterish.  —  8.  Maine  to  Fla., 
west  to  Minn.,  E.  Neb.,  and  Tex.  Tree  70-90°  high  (rarely  120^),  on  dry 
hills  and  uplands. 

7.  C.  am^ra,  Nutt.  (Bitter-nut  or  Swamp  H.)  Scales  of  the  small 
yellowish  buds  about  6,  valvate  in  pairs,  caducous  in  leafing;  catkins  and 
young  herbage  more  or  less  pubescent,  soon  becoming  almost  glabrous ;  leaflets 
7-11,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate;  fruit  globular,  narrowly  6-ridged;  nut 
globular,  short-pointed,  white  (barely  I'  long),  thin-walled ;  seed  at  first  sweet- 
tasted,  soon  extremely  bitter.  —  Moist  soil,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  E. 
Neb., and  Tex.  Tree  50-75°  high;  husk  and  nut-shell  thinner  and  less  hard 
than  in  other  species. 

Order  102.     MYRICXCE^.     (S\vket-(;ale  Family.) 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  shrubs,  with  both  kititls  of  flowers  in  short  scalg 
catkiyis,  and  resinous-dotted  often  fragrant  leaves,  —  differing  from  the 
Birches  chiefly  in  the  l-celled  ovary  with  a  single  erect  orthotropous 
ovule,  and  the  drupe-like  nut.     Involucre  and  j)erianth  none. 

1.    MY  RICA,     L.        Bavbekkv.    Wa.\-Myrtle. 

The  only  genus.  —  Flowers  solitary  under  a  scale-like  bract  and  with  a  pair 
of  bractlcts,  tlie  sterile  in  oblong  or  cyliiulrical,  the  fertile  in  ovoid  or  globular 
catkins,  from  axillary  scaly  buds ;  stamens  2-S;  filaments  somewhat  united 
below;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  with  2-8  scales  at  its  base,  and  2  thread-like 
stigmas.  Fruit  a  small  globular  or  oblong  nut,  or  dry  drupe,  coated  with 
resinous  grains  or  wax.  {MvpiKrj,  the  ancient  name  of  the  Tamarisk  or  some 
other  shrub;  perhaps  from  fivpiCo),  to  perfume.) 

«  Mostly  dioecious ;  fertile  catkins  ovoid;  ovary  with   2-4  scales  at  base;  nut 
globxdar ;  leaves  entire  or  somewhat  serrate. 

1.  M.  Gale,  L.  (Sweet  Gale.)  Shrub  3-5°  high;  leaves  wedge-lan- 
ceolate, serrate  toward  the  apex,  pale,  later  than  the  flowers ;  sterile  catkins 
closely  clustered ;  nuts  in  imbricated  heads,  2-winged   by  the  two  thick  ovate 


470  MYRICACE^.        (sweet-gale    FAMILY.) 

scales  which  coalesce  with  its  base.  —  Wet  borders  of  ponds,  Newf.  to  N.  Eng. 
and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn.,  south  in  the  mountains  to  Va. 

2.  M.  cerifera,  L.  (Eayberry.  Wax-Myrtle.)  Leaves  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, narrowed  at  the  base,  entire  or  wavy-toothed  toward  the  apex,  shining 
and  resinous-clotted  both  sides,  somewhat  preceding  the  flowers,  fragrant ;  sterile 
catkins  scattered,  oblong ;  scales  wedge-shaped  at  the  base ;  nuts  scattered  and 
naked,  bony,  and  incrusted  with  white  wax.  —  Sandy  soil  near  the  coast,  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  Fla.  and  Ala. ;  also  oq  L.  Erie.  Shrub  3-8°  high,  but  some- 
times a  tree  35°  high ;  fruit  sometimes  persistent  for  2  or  3  years. 

*  *  Frequentlg  monoecious;  fertile  catkins  globular ;  ovari/  surrounded  by  8  long 
linear-aivl-shoped  persistent  scales  ;  nut  ovoid-oblong  ;  leaves  pinnatifld  with 
many  rounded  lobes. 

3.  M.  asplenif61ia,  Endl.  Shrub  1-2°  high,  with  sweet  scented  fern- 
like linear-lanceolate  leaves ;  stipules  half  heart-shaped ;  scales  of  the  sterile 
catkins  kidney-heart-shaped,  pointed.  ( Comptonia  asplenifolia,  AH.)  —  Sterile 
hills,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ind.      Known  as  Sweet  Fern. 

Order  103.     CUPULIFER^E.     (Oak  Family.) 

Moncecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  straight-veined  leaves, 
deciduous  stipules,  the  sterile  flowers  in  catkins  {or  capitate-clustered  in 
the  Beech),  the  fertile  solitary,  clustered,  spiked,  or  in  scaly  catkins,  the 
l-celled  and  1-seeded  nut  icith  or  without  an  involucre.  Ovary  more  or 
less  2  -  7-celle(l,  with  1  or  2  pendulous  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell  ; 
but  all  the  cells  and  ovules  except  one  disappearing  in  the  fruit.  Seed 
.  with  no  albumen,  filled  with  the  embryo. 

Tribe  I.  BETlTl.E.iE.  Flowers  in  scaly  catkins,  2  or  3  to  each  bract.  Sterile  catkins 
pendulous.  Stamens  2-4,  and  calyx  usually  2  -  4-parted.  Fertile  flowers  with  no  calj-x, 
and  no  involucre  to  the  compressed  and  often  winged  small  nut.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled, 

1.  Betula.    Stamens  2,  bifid.     Fertile  scales  thin,  3-lobed,  deciduous  with  the  nuts. 

2.  Alnus.    Stamens  4.     Fertile  scales  thick,  entire,  persisting  after  the  nuts  have  fallen. 
Tribe  II.    COKYLE^.    Sterile  catkins  pendulous,  with  no  calyx  ;  stamens  3  or  more 

to  each  bract  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  it,  the  filaments  often  forked  (anthers  l-celled). 
Fertile  flowers  in  a  short  anient  or  head,  2  to  each  bract,  and  each  witli  one  or  more 
bractlets  which  form  a  foliaceous  involucre  to  the  nut.     Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled. 
♦  Bract  of  staminate  flower  furnished  with  a  pair  of  bractlets  inside  ;  fertile  flowers  few, 

?.  Corylus.    Involucre  leafy-coriaceous,  enclosing  the  large  bony  nut. 

*  *  Bract  of  staminate  flower^imple  ;  fertile  flowers  in  short  catkins  ;  nut  small,  achene-like. 

4.  Ostrya.    Each  ovary  »nd  nut  included  in  a  bladdery  and  closed  bag, 

5.  Carpinus.    Each  nut  Subtended  by  an  enlarged  leafy  bractlet. 

Tribe  III.  QUEKCINE^.  Sterile  flowers  with  4-7-lobed  calyx  and  stamens  indefi- 
nite (3-20).  Fertile  flowers  1  or  few,  enclosed  in  a  cupule  consisting  of  consolidated 
bracts,  which  becomes  indurated  (scaly  or  prickly)  and  surrounds  or  encloses  the  nut. 

*  Sterile  flowers  in  slender  catkins. 

6.  Quercus.    Cupule  1-flowered,  scaly  and  entire ;  nut  hard  and  terete. 

7.  Castanea.    Cupule  2  -4-flowered,  forming  a  prickly  hard  bur,  2-4-valved  when  ripe. 

*  *  Sterile  flowers  in  a  small  head. 

8.  Fagrus.    Cupule  2-flowered,  4-valved,  containing  2  sharply  triangular  nuts. 


CUrULIFKU/E.        (oak    lAMILY.)  471 

1.     BE  TULA,     Tourn.         Bikch. 

Sterile  flowers  3,  and  liractlots  2,  to  each  shield-sliapod  scale  or  bract  of  the 
catkins,  consisting  each  of  a  calyx  of  one  scale  hearing  4  short  filaments  with 
1-celled  anthers  (or  strictly  of  two  2-i>arte(l  filaments^  each  division  hearing  au 
anther-cell).  Fertile  Howers  2  or  3  to  each  3-l()hed  hract,  without  hractlets  oi 
calyx,  each  of  a  naked  ovary,  becoming  a  broadly  winged  and  scale-like  nutlet 
(or  small  samara)  crowned  with  the  two  spreading  stigmas.  —  Outer  bark 
usually  separable  in  sheets,  that  of  the  branchlets  dotted.  Twigs  and  leaves 
often  spicy-aromatic.  Foliage  mostly  thin  and  light.  Buds  sessile,  scaly. 
Sterile  catkins  long  and  drooj>ing,  terminal  and  lateral,  sessile,  formed  in  sum- 
mer, remaining  naked  through  the  succeeding  winter,  and  expanding  their 
golden  flowers  in  early  spring,  with  or  jjreceding  the  leaves;  fertile  catkins 
oblong  or  cylindrical,  pedunded,  usually  terminating  very  short  2-leaved  early 
lateral  branches  of  the  season.     (The  ancient  Latin  name,  of  Celtic  origin.) 

*  Trees,  with  brown  or  yellow-gray  hark,  sweet-aromatic  as  well  as  the  twigs, 

viembranaceous  and  straight-veined  Hornbeam-like  leaves  heart-shaped  or 
rounded  at  base,  on  short  petioles,  and  sessile  very  thick  fruiting  catkins ; 
their  scales  about  equally  3-cleft,  rather  persistent ;  wing  of  fruit  not  broader 
than  the  seed-bearing  body. 

1.  B.  lenta,  L.  (Chkrry  B.  Sweet  or  Black  Birch.)  ^ar^- of  trunk 
dark  hroirn,  clone  (oucer  layers  scarcely  laminate),  very  sweet-aromatic;  leaves 
ovateor  oblong-ovate  from  a  more  or  less  heart-shaped  base,  acuminate,  sharply 
and  finely  doubly  serrate  all  round,  when  mature  shining  or  bright  green  above 
and  glabrous  except  on  the  veins  beneath ;  fruiting  catkins  oblong-cylindrical 
(1-1^'  long),  the  scales  with  short  and  divergent  lobes.  —  Rich  woodlands, 
Newf.  to  N.  Del.,  «nd  south  in  the  mountains,  west  to  Minn.,  and  S.  lud. 
Tree  .50-75°  high,  with  reddish  bronze-colored  spray;  wood  rose-colored,  fine- 
grained, valuable  for  cabinet-work. 

2.  B.  lutea,  Michx.  f.  (Yellow  or  Gray  Birch.)  Bark  of  trunk  yel- 
lowish- or  silvery-gray,  detaching  in  very  thin  Jilmy  /a //ens,  within  and  the  twigs 
much  less  aromatic  ;  leaves  (3  -  .5'  long)  slightly  or  not  at  all  heart-shaped  and 
often  uarrowisli  toward  the  base,  duller-green  above  and  usually  more  downy 
on  the  veins  beneath  ;  fruiting  catkins  oblong-ovoid  {V  or  less  in  length,  6-9" 
thick),  the  thinner  scales  (5-6"  long)  twice  as  large  as  in  d.  1,  and  with  nar- 
rower barely  spreading  lobes.  —  Rich  moist  Avoodlands,  Canada  and  N.  Eng.  to 
Del.,  west  to  Minn. ;  also  along  high  peaks  to  Teim.  and  X.  C.  Often  60-90° 
high  at  the  north;  wood  whiter  and  less  valuable. 

*  *  Trees,  with  chalky-ivhite  bark  separable  in  thin  sheets,  ovate  or  triangular 

leaves  of  firmer  texture,  on  long  slender  petioles ;  fruiting  catkins  cylindrical, 
usually  hanging  on  rather  slender  peduncles ;  their  scales  glabrous,  icith 
short  diverging  lobes,  freely  deciduous ;  wing  of  the  fruit  much  broader  than 
its  body. 

3.  B.  populifdlia,  Ait.     (American  White   Birch.     Gray  Birch.) 

Trunk  usually  ascending  (15-30°  high) ;  leaves  triangular  (deltoid),  very  taper- 
pointed  (usually  abruptly),  truncate  or  nearly  so  at  the  broad  base,  srnooth  and 
shining   both  sides,  exce])t   the  resinous  glands  when  young.     (B.  alba,  var. 


472  cupuLiFER^.      (oak  family.) 

populifolia,  Spach.)  —  Poor  sandy  soils,  N.  Bruuswick  to  Del.,  west  to  L. 
Ontario.  Bark  much  less  separable  than  the  next;  leaves  on  slender  peti- 
oles, tremulous  as  those  of  the  aspen. 

4.  B.  papyrifera,  ^[arshall.  (Paper  or  Canoe  Birch.  White 
Birch.)  Leaves  ovate,  taper-pointed,  heart-shaped  or  abrupt  (or  rarely  wedge- 
shaped)  at  base,  smooth  and  green  above,  pale,  glandular-dotted,  and  a  little 
hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  sharply  and  unequally  doubly  serrate,  3-4  times 
the  length  of  the  petiole.  (B.  papyracea.  Ait.)  —  Rich  woodlands  and  stream- 
banks,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Penn.,  N.  111.,  and  Minn.,  and  far  north  and  westward. 
Tree  50-75°  high,  with  bark  freely  splitting  into  paper-like  layers.  —  Var. 
MiKOR,  Tuckerman,  is  a  dwarf  form  of  the  alpine  region  of  the  White  Mts. 

*  *  *  Ti-ee,  ivith  greenish-brown  bark,  somewhat  laminate,  and  reddish  twigs, 

ovate  leaves  whitish  beneath,  and  soft-downy  pedunded  fruiting  catkins. 

5.  B.  nigra,  L.  (River  or  Red  Birch.)  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acutish 
at  both  ends,  irregularly  doubly  serrate,  whitish  and  (until  old)  downy  under- 
neath; petioles  and  peduncle  of  nearly  the  same  length  (.3-7")  and  with  the 
oblong  catkin  tomentose ;  the  bracts  with  oblong-linear  nearly  equal  lobes ; 
fruit  broadly  winged.  —  Banks  of  streams,  Mass.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  E. 
Kan.,  and  Tex.  Tree  50-75^  high,  with  light-colored  wood  and  somewhat 
Alder-like  leaves. 

*  *  *  *  Shrubs,icith  brownish  bark,  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  crenate  and  mostly 

small  leaves  ofthickish  or  coriaceous  texture,  and  oblong  or  cylindrical  gla- 
brous and  mostly  erect  catkins,  on  short  peduncles. 

6.  B.  piiniila,  L.  (Low  Birch.)  Stems  (2-8°  high)  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, not  glandular ;  young  branches  and  lower  face  of  young  leaves  mostly 
soft-downy  ;  leaves  obovate,  roundish,  or  orbicular  (6-16'''  long), /xt/e  beneath, 
veinlets  on  both  faces  finely  reticulated ;  wing  of  the  fruit  mostly  narrower  than 
the  body. — Bogs,W.  Conn,  and  N.  J.  to  Ind.  and  Minn.,  and  northward  through- 
out Canada.     Leaves  usually  not  at  all  resiniferous  or  glandular-dotted. 

7.  B.  glandulosa,  iNIichx.  (Dwarf  Birch.)  Stems  erect  or  mostly 
spreading  (1  -4°  high),  or  when  alpine  procumbent;  branchlets  glabrous,  con- 
spicuously dotted  with  resinous  icart-like  glands  ;  leaves  roundish  wedge-cbovate 
or  sometimes  orbicular  (6  -  9"  long),  green  and  glabrous  both  sides,  less  reticu- 
lated ;  fruiting  catkins  mostly  shorter  and  oblong  or  oval ;  wing  of  the  fruit 
narrower  than  or  sometimes  equalling  the  body.  —  High  mountains  of  N.  Eng. 
and  N.  Y.,  to  L.  Superior,  and  far  northward. 

2.     ALNUS,     Tourn.        Alder. 

Sterile  catkins  elongated  and  drooping,  with  4  or  5  bractlets  and  3  (rarely 
6)  flowers  upon  each  short-stalked  shield-shaped  scale ;  each  flower  usually 
with  a  3  -  5-parted  calyx  and  as  many  stamens ;  filaments  short  and  simple ; 
anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  catkins  ovoid  or  oblong;  the  fleshy  scales  each  2-3- 
flowered,  with  a  calyx  of  4  little  scales  adherent  to  the  scales  or  bracts  of  the 
catkin,  which  are  thick  and  woody  in  fruit,  wedge-obovate,  truncate,  or  3-5- 
lobed,  and  persistent.  —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  few-scaled  leaf-buds,  and 
solitary  or  often  racemose-clustered  catkins,  terminating  leafless  branchlets  or 
peduncles.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 


CLTILIKKK/H,        (oak    FAMILY.)  4  To 

§  1.  Flowers  developed  in  spr'nirj  with  the  leaves;  the  sterile  from  catkins  which 
have  remained  naked  over  winter ;  while  the  fertile  hare  Iwcn  enclosed  in  a 
scaly  bud :  fruit  with  a  conspicuous  thin  wiwf,  as  in  Birch. 

1-  A.  viridis,  DC.  (Giuckn-  or  M()i:xtain  Aldku.)  Shrul)  .'J -8°  liii'h  ; 
Icavi's  rouiul-dval,  ovate,  or  slightly  heart  .shajjcd,  glutinous  and  smooth  or 
softly  downy  beneath,  irregularly  serrulate  «.)r  biserrulate  with  very  sharp  and 
closely  set  teeth,  sometimes  sinuate-toothed  and  serrulate  (var.  siniXta, 
Kegel),  on  young  shoots  often  cut-toothed;  fertile  catkins  slender-stalked, 
clustered,  ovoid  (6-8"  long).  —  On  mountains  and  mountain  streams,  Newf. 
to  W.  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  L.  Superior,  and  far  north  and  west ;  also  in  the  Alle- 
ghauies  to  N.  C.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

§  2.  Flowers  developed  in  earliest  sprin;/,  before  the  leaves,  from  moslli/  clustered 
catkins  which  {of  both  sorts)  were  formed  the  foregoing  summer  and  have  re- 
mained naked  over  winter  ;  fruit  wingless  or  with  a  narrow  coriaceous  margin. 

2.  A.  incaDa,  Willd.  (Speckled  or  Hoary  A.)  Leaves  broadly  oval 
or  ovate,  rounded  at  base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate,  whitened  and  mosth/ 
down//  beneath;  stipules  oblong-lanceolate;  fruit  orbicular.  —  Borders  of 
streams  and  sv/ainps,  Newf.  to  Mass.,  E.  Neb.,  Minn.,  and  westward.  Shrub 
or  tree  8-20°  high  ;  the  common  Alder  northward.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

3.  A.  serrulata,  Willd.  (Smooth  A.)  Leaves  obovate,  acute  at  base, 
sharply  serrate  with  minute  teeth,  thickish,  green  both  sides,  smooth  or  often 
downy  beneath ;  stipules  oval ;  fruit  ovate.  — Borders  of  streams  and  swamps, 
Mass.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  E.  Minn,  and  Tex. ;  common.  Shrub  forming  dense 
thickets,  or  sometimes  at  the  south  a  small  tree  G-35°  high. 

§  3.   Flowers  in  autumn  (Sept.)  from  catkins  of  the  season  ;  the  fertile  mostly  soli- 
tar  ij  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  ripening  the  fruit  a  year  later;  fruit  ivingless. 

4.  A.  maritima,  Muhl.    (Sea-side  A.)    Glabrous;  leaves  oblong,  ovate, 
or  obovate  -with  a  wedge-shaped  ba.se,  slender-petioled,  sharply  .serrulate,  bright 
green,  or  rather  rusty  beneath  ;  fruiting  catkins  large,  ovoid  or  oblong  (9-12 
long,  6"  thick).  —  Borders  of  .streams  and  swamps.  S.  Del.  and  E.  Md.,  near 
the  coast.     Small  tree  15-25°  high.     (E.  Asia.) 

3.     CORYLUS,     Touni.         IIazel-nct.     Filbert. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins,  consisting  of  8  (half-)  stamens 
with  1 -celled  anthers,  their  short  filaments  and  pair  of  scaly  bractlets  cohering 
viore  or  less  with  the  inner  face  of  the  scale  of  the  catkin.  Fertile  liowers  sev- 
eral in  a  scaly  bud,  each  a  single  ovary  in  the  axil  of  a  scale  or  bract,  and  ac- 
companied by  a  pair  of  lateral  bractlets ;  ovary  tipped  with  a  short  limb  of  the 
adherent  calyx,  incompletely  2-celled,  with  2  pendulous  ovules,  one  of  them 
sterile;  style  .short;  stigmas  2,  elongated  and  slender.  Nut  ovoid  or  oblong,' 
bony,  enckxsed  in  a  leafy  or  partly  coriaceous  cup  or  involucre,  consisting  of 
the  two  bractlets  enlarged  and  often  grown  together,  lacerated  at  the  border. 
Cotyledons  very  thick  (raised  to  the  surface  in  germination),  edilile  ;  the  short 
radicle  included. —  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  thinnish  doubly-toothed  leaves, 
folded  lengthwise  in  tiie  bud,  flowering  in  early  sjmng;  sterile  catkins  single 
or  fascicled  from  scaly  buds  of  the  axils  of  the  preceding  year,  the  fertile  ter- 


474  cuPULiFER^.      (oak  family.) 

miuating  early  leafj  shoots.      (The  classical  name,  probably  from  KSpvt,  a 
helmet,  from  the  iuvolucre.) 

1.  C.  AmeriCctna,  AValt.  (Wild  Hazel-nut.)  Leaves  roundish-heart- 
shaped,  pointed;  involucre  open  above  down  to  the  globose  nut,  of  2  broad  foil - 
aceous  cut-toothed  almost  distinct  bracts,  their  base  coriaceous  and  downy,  or 
with  glandular  bristles  intermixed.  —  Thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  Ont.  and  Dak.,  and 
southward.     Twigs  and  petioles  often  glandular-bristly. 

2.  C.  rostrata,  Ait.  (Beaked  Hazel-xut.)  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  someivhat  heart-shaped,  pointed ;  involucre  of  united  bracts,  much  pro- 
longed above  the  ovoid  nut  into  a  narrow  tubular  beak,  densely  bristly.  —  N. 
Scotia  to  northern  N.  J.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  westward,  and  south  iu  the  moun- 
tains to  Ga.     Shrub  2-6°  high. 

4.     OS  TRY  A,    Micheli.        Hop-Hornbeam.     Iron-wood. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins,  consisting  of  several  stamens 
in  the  axil  of  each  bract ;  filaments  short,  often  forked,  bearing  1 -celled  (half) 
anthers ;  their  tips  hairy.  Fertile  flowers  in  short  catkins ;  a  pair  to  each  de- 
ciduous bract,  each  of  an  incompletely  2-celled  2-ovuled  ovary,  crowned  with 
the  short  bearded  border  of  the  adherent  calyx,  tipped  with  2  longdinear  stig- 
mas, and  enclosed  in  a  tubular  bractlet,  which  in  fruit  becomes  a  closed  blad- 
dery oblong  Ijag,  very  much  larger  than  the  small  and  smooth  nut;  tliese 
inflated  involucres  loosely  imbricated  to  form  a  sort  of  strobile,  in  appearance 
like  that  of  the  Hop.  —  Slender  trees,  with  very  hard  wood,  brownish  furrowed 
bark,  and  foliage  resembling  that  of  Birch  ;  leaves  open  and  concave  in  the  bud, 
more  or  less  plaited  on  the  straight  veins.  Flowers  in  spring,  appearing  with 
the  leaves;  the  sterile  catkins  1  -3  together  from  scaly  buds  at  the  tip  of  the 
branches  of  the  preceding  year;  the  fertile  single,  terminating  short  leafy 
shoots  of  the  season.     (The  classical  name.) 

1.  O.  Virginica,  Willd.  (American  Hop-Hornbeam.  Lever-wood.) 
Leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  very  sharply  doubl}'  serrate,  downy  beneath, 
with  11-15  principal  veins ;  buds  acute;  involucral  sacs  bristly-hairy  at  the 
base.  —  Rich  woods,  common,  from  the  Atlantic  to  N.  Minn.,  Neb.,  E.  Kan., 
and  southward.     Tree  25  -  45°  high ;  hop4ike  strobiles  full-grown  in  Aug. 

5.     CARPINUS,    L.        Hornbeam.    Iron-wood. 

Sterile  flowers  in  drooping  cylindrical  catkins,  consisting  of  several  stamens 
in  the  axil  of  a  simple  and  entire  scale4ike  bract ;  filaments  very  short,  mostly 
2-forked,  the  forks  bearing  1 -celled  (half-)  anthers  with  hairy  tips.  Fertile 
flowers  several,  spiked  in  a  sort  of  loose  terminal  catkin,  with  small  deciduous 
bracts,  each  subtending  a  pair  of  flowers,  as  in  Ostrya ;  but  the  single  involucre- 
like bractlet  is  open,  enlarged  in  fruit  and  foliaceous,  merely  subtending  the 
small  ovate  several-nerved  nut.  —  Trees  or  tall  shrubs,  with  smooth  close  gray 
bark,  in  this  and  in  the  slender  buds  and  straight-veined  leaves  resembling  the 
Beech ;  leaf -buds  and  inflorescence  as  in  Ostrya.     (The  early  Latin  name.) 

1.  C.  Caroliniana,  Walter.  (American  Hornbeam.  Blue  or  Water 
Beech.)  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  sharply  doubly  serrate,  soon  nearly 
smooth ;  bractlets  34obed,  halberd-shaped,  sparingly  cut-toothed  on  one  side, 
acute.     (C.  Americana,  Michx.)  —  Along  streams,  N.  Scotia  to  Fla.,  west  to 


CrrLLlKEK.K.         (oak   FAMILY.)  47') 

Minn.,  Iowa,  K.  Kan.,  and  lex.     Troc  «r  shrub,   10-4')°  higli,  with  ridged 
trunk,  and  very  hard  wood. 

6.     QUE  Reus,     L.         Oak. 

Sterile  flowers  in  slender  naked  catkins ;  bracts  caducous ;  calyx  2  -  8-parted 
or  lohed  ;  stamens  3-  12  ;  anthers  2-celled.     Fertile  flowers  scattered  or  some- 
what clustered,  consisting  of  a  nearly  3-celled  and  G-ovuled  ovary,  with  a  ."i-lol^ed 
stigma,  enclosed  by  a  scaly  bud-like  involucre  whicli  becomes  an  indurated  cup 
(ciipule)  around  the  base  of  the  rounded  nut  or  acorn.     Cotyledons  remaining 
underground  in  germination  ;  radicle  very  short,  included.  —  Flowers  greenish 
or  yellowish.     Sterile  catkins  single  or  often  several  from  the  same  lateral  scaly 
bud,  filiform  and  lianging  in  all  our  species.     (The  cla.ssical  Latin  name.)     All 
flower  in  spring,  and  shed  their  nuts  in  Oct.  of  the  same  or  the  next  year, 
§  1.    LEUCOBALANUS.     Bark  pale,  often  scalij ;  leaves  and  their  lobes  or 
teeth  obtuse,  never  bristle-pointed ;  stamens  6-8;  scales  of  the  cup  more  or 
less  knobby  at  base  ;  stigmas  sessile  or  nearlij  so  ;  abortive  ovules  at  the  base 
of  the  perfect  seed ;  inner  surface  of  nut  glabrous ;  fruit  maturing  the  first 
year,  often  peduncled ;  kernel  commonly  sweetish;  wood  tough  and  dense. 
*  Leaves  deciduous,  ly trite  or  sinuate-pinnafijid,  pale  beneath.  —  White  Oaks. 

1.  Q.  alba,  L.  (White  Oak.)  ]\Iature  leaves  smooth,  pale  or  glaucous 
underneath,  bright  green  above,  obovate-oblong,  obliquely  cut  into  3-9  oblong 
or  linear  and  obtuse  mostly  entire  lobes  ;  cup  hemispherical-saucer-shaped,  rough 
or  tubercled  at  maturity,  naked,  much  shorter  than  the  ovoid  or  oblong  acorn 
(r  long).  —  All  soils,  Maine  to  S.  E.  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  south  to  the  Gulf.  A 
large  and  valuable  tree;  lobes  of  the  leaves  short  and  broad  (3-5),  or  deep 
and  narrow  (5-9). 

2.  Q.  Stellata,  Wang.  (Post  Oak.  Iron  Oak.)  Leaves  grayish  or 
yelloivish-downy  underneath,  pale  and  rough  above,  thickish,  sinuately  cut  into 
5-7  rounded  divergent  lobes,  the  upper  ones  much  larger  and  often  1-3- 
notched  ;  cup  deep  saucer-shaped,  naked,  one  third  or  half  the  length  of  the  ovoid 
acorn  (6-9"  long).  (Q.  obtusiloba,  Michx.)  —  Sandy  or  sterile  soil,  Martha's 
Vineyard  to  Mich,  and  E.  Neb.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  common,  especially 
southward.     A  small  tree  with  very  durable  wood. 

3.  Q,  macrocarpa,  Michx.  (Bur  Oak.  Over-cup  or  Mossy-cup  Oak.) 
Leaves  ol)ovate  or  oblong,  lyratel y-pinnntifid  or  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  or  nearhf 
parted,  sometimes  nearly  entire,  irregular,  downy  or  pale  beneath ;  the  lobes 
sparingly  and  obtusely  toothed,  or  tlie  smaller  ones  entire  ;  cup  deep,  thick  and 
woody  (9"- 2'  across),  conspicuously  imbricated  with  hard  and  thick  pointed 
sccdes,  the  upper  ones  auned,  so  as  usually  to  make  a  mossy-fringed  border ;  acorn 
broadly  ovoid  {\-\V  long),  half  immersed  in  or  entirely  enclosed  by  the  cup. — 
Rich  soil,  N.  Scotia  to  W.  Mass.  and  Penn.,  west  to  Minn.,  central  Neb.,  and 
Kan.  A  large  and  valuable  tree;  extremely  variable  in  the  size  and  fringe  of 
the  acorns.  —  Var.  oi,iv/Kf6umis,  Gray,  is  only  a  narrower-leave*!  form  with 
unusually  small  oblong  acorns. 

4.  Q.  lyr^ta,  Walt.  (Over-cup  Oak.  Swamp  Post  Oak.)  Leaves 
crowded  at  the  end  of  tlie  branchlets,  obovate-oblong,  acute  at  base,  more  or  less 
deeply  7  -9-lobed,  white-tomentose  beneath  or  at  length  smoothish. //(c  lobes  trian- 
gular to  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed  ;  fruit  short-peduncled 


47G  CTPULIFEK^.        (oak    FAMILY.) 

or  sessile ;  cup  round-ovate,  thin,  icith  rugged  scales,  almost  covering  the  depressed- 
globose  acorn  (8  -  10"  long).  —  River  swamps,  S.  E.  Mo.  to  S.  Ind.,  Tenn.,  N.  C, 
and  southward.  —  A  large  tree,  with  flaky  bark;  intermediate  between  n.  3 
and  n.  5. 

*  *  Leaves  coarselij  sinuate-toothed,  hut  not  lobed  (except  slightly  in  n.  5),  whitish 
and  more  or  less  downg  beneath ;  cup  hoarg,  hemisphericcd  or  a  little  depressed, 
about  half  as  long  as  the  oblotig-ovoid  edible  acorn.  —  Chestnut-Oaks. 

5.  Q.  bicolor,  Willd.  (Swamp  White  Oak.)  Zeares .  obovate  or 
oblong-obovate,  icedge-shaped  at  base,  coarsely  sinuate-crenate  and  often  rather 
jiinnatijid  than  toothed,  usually  soft-dou-nj  and  white-hoar:/  beneath,  the  mr>in 
primary  veins  6-8  pairs,  lax  and  little  prominent ;  fruiting  peduncle  much 
longer  than  the  petiole ;  upper  scales  of  the  cup  awn-pointed,  sometimes  form- 
ing a  mossy -fringed  margin;  acorn  scarcely  1' long.  —  Borders  of  streams 
and  swamps,  S.  Maine  to  Ont.,  Minn.,  and  E.  Kan.,  and  south  in  the  moun- 
tains to  N.  Ga.  —  A  large  tree,  Avith  flaky  bark. 

6.  Q.  Michauxii,  Nutt.  (Basket-Oak.  Cow-Oak.)  Leaves  (5-6' 
long)  oval  or  obovate,  acute,  obtuse  or  even  cordate  at  base,  regularly  dentate 
(commonly  not  deeply),  I'ather  rigid,  usually  very  tomentose  beneath;  stamens 
usually  10 ;  fruit  short-peduncled  ;  cup  shallow,  tuberculate  with  hard  and 
stout  acute  scales,  without  fringe ;  acorn  1^'  long.  (Q.  Prinus,  var  Micl:- 
auxii,  Chapm.) — Borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  Del.  to  Ela.,  and  in  the 
west  from  S.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  and  south  to  the  Gulf.  —  A  large  and  valuable  tree, 
with  gray  flaky  bark  and  large  sweet  edible  acorns.  Intermediate  forms  ap- 
pear to  connect  with  n.  5,  of  which  Dr.  Engelmann  considered  it  a  sub- 
species. 

7.  Q.  Prinus,  L.  (Chestnut-Oak.)  Leaves  thick,  varying,  obovate  or 
oblong  to  lanceolate,  sometimes  acuminate,  ivith  an  obtuse  or  acute  base,  undu- 
lately  crenate-toothed,  pale  and  m'inutely  downy  beneath,  the  main  primary  ribs 
10-16  pairs,  straight,  prominent  beneath;  irmting  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
petioles,  often  very  short ;  cup  thick  (6-12"  wide),  mostly  tuberculate  with  hard 
and  stout  scales ;  acorn  large  (sometimes  1-1$'  long).  (Incl.  var.  monticola, 
Michx.)  —  Rocky  banks  and  hillsides,  E.  Mass.  to  N.  Y.  and  Out.,  and  south  in 
the  mountains  to  N.  Ala.  A  large  tree,  with  thick  and  deeply  furrowed  bark, 
rich  in  tannin. 

8.  Q.  Muhlenbergii,  Engelm.  (Yellow  Oak.  Chestnut-Oak.) 
Leaves  (5-7'  long)  slender-pefioled,  often  oblong  or  even  lanceolate,  usually 
acute  or  pointed,  mostly  obtuse  or  roundish  at  base,  almost  equably  and  rather 
sharply  toothed ;  cup  subsessile,  shallow,  thin,  of  small  appressed  scales,  5-7" 
broad ;  acorn  globose  or  obovate,  7  -  9"  long.  (Q.  Prinus,  var.  acuminata, 
Michx.)  — Dry  hillsides  and  rich  bottoms,  Mass.  to  Del.,  along  the  mountains 
to  N.  Ala.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Neb.,  and  Tex.  —  Leaves  more  like  those  of  the 
Chestnut  than  any  other ;  the  primary  veins  very  straight,  impressed  above, 
prominent  beneath.     A  tall  tree,  with  thin  flaky  bark. 

9.  Q.  prinoides,  Willd.  Like  ohe  last,  but  of /ow  sto^wre  (usually  2 -4^ 
high),  icith  smaller  more  undulate  leaves  on  shorter  petioles  (.3-6"  long),  and 
deeper  cups  with  more  tumid  scales.  (Q.  Prinus,  var.  humilis,  Marsh.)  —  Same 
range  as  last.  Apparently  quite  distinct  at  the  east^  where  it  is  very  low,  but 
running  into  Q.  Muhlenbergii  at  the  far  west. 


crprLirF.!t>t.     (<>ak   iamilv.)  477 

♦  *  Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  entire  or  rureli/  s])iiii/-tuot/teil.  —  LiVK  Oaks. 

10.  Q.  virens,  Ait.  (Live  Oak.)  Leaves  small,  oblong  or  elliptical, 
lioarv  beneath  as  well  as  the  hranchlets;  peduncle  usually  conspicuous,  1  -3- 
fruitcil;  cup  toi)-shape(l ;  acorn  oblon^;  ;  cotyledons  c'onijjletcly  united  into  one 
mass.  —  Along  the  cojist  from  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  liec-oming  a  large  tree 
at  the  soutli,  and  formerly  extensively  used  in  ship-building. 

§2.  MELANOBALANI'S.  Bark  dark;  furrowed ;  leaves  deridmns,  their 
lobes  and  teeth  acute  a)td  bristle-pointed  (at  least  in  youth)  ;  stamens  mostly 
4  -  6  ;  cup-scales  membranaceous  ;  styles  long  and  spreading  ;  abortive  ovules 
near  the  top  of  the  perfect  seed  ;  inner  surface  of  nut  tomentose ;  fruit  ma- 
turing the  second  year,  sessile  or  on  short  thick  jjeduncles ;  wood  porous  and 
brittle.  —  Black  Oaks. 

*  Leaves  pinnatijid  or  lobed,  slend€r-])€tioled,  not  coriaceous,  the  lobes  or  teeth 

conspicuously  bristle-pointed. 
H-  Mature  leaves  qlabrous  on  both  sides  or  nearly  so,  oval,  oblong  or  somewhat 
obovate  in  outline,  from  moderately  sinuate-pinnatijid  to  deeply  pinnatijid, 
turning  various  shades  of  red  or  crimson  in  late  autumn;  large  trees,  with 
reddish  coarse-grained  wood  ;  species  closely  related  and  apparently  readily 
hybridizing. 

11.  Q.  rubra,  L.  (Red  Oak.)  Cup  saucer-shaped  or  flat,  with  a  narrow 
raised  border  (9- 12"  in  diameter),  of  rather  fine  closely  ajjpressed  scales, 
se.ssile  or  ou  a  very  short  and  abrupt  narrow  stalk  or  neck,  very  much  shorter 
than  the  oblong-ovoid  or  ellipsoidal  acorn,  which  is  V  or  less  iu  length;  leaves 
rather  thin,  turning  dark  red  after  frost,  moderately  (rarely  very  deeply) 
pinnatifid,  the  lobes  acuminate  from  a  broad  base,  with  a  few  coarse  teeth; 
bark  of  trunk  dark  gray,  smoothish.  —  Common  both  in  rich  and  poor  soil, 
westward  to  E.  Minn,  and  E.  Kan.  Timl)er 'coarse  and  poor. —  Var.  rinci- 
n\ta,  a.  DC,  is  a  form  with  regular  nearly  entire  lobes  and  the  fi.'.it  nearly 
a  half  smaller;  found  near  St.  Louis. 

12.  Q.  COCCinea,  Wang.  (Scaulet  Oak.)  Cup  top-shajted,  or  hemi- 
spherical with  a  conical  base  (7-9"  broad),  coarsely  scaly,  covering  half  or 
more  of  the  broadly  or  globular-ovoid  acorn,  the  scales  somewhat  appressed  and 
glabrate,  or  in  western  localities  yellowish-canescent  and  squarrose  as  in  var. 
tinctoria;  leaves  in  the  ordinary  forms,  at  least  on  full-grown  trees,  bright 
green,  shining  above,  turning  red  in  autumn,  deeply  pinnatitid,  the  slender 
lobes  divergent  and  sparingly  cut-toothed;  buds  small;  acorns  6-9"  long; 
bark  of  the  trunk  gray,  the  interior  reddish.  —  Moist  or  dry  soil;  comnum, 
from  S.  Maine  to  Del.,  Minn.,  N.  Mo.,  and  south  in  the  mountains. 

Var.  tinct6ria,  Gray.  (Quercitron,  Yellow-harked,  or  Black  Oak.) 
Leaves  with  broader  undivided  lobes,  commonly  paler  and  somewhat  pubes- 
cent beneath,  turning  brownish,  orange,  or  dull  red  in  autumn  ;  cup-scales 
large  and  loosely  imbricated  or  scjuarrose  when  dry,  yellowish  gray,  pubescent ; 
bark  of  trunk  darker-colored  and  rougher  ou  the  surface,  thicker,  and  inter- 
nally orange,  much  more  valuable  f()r  the  tanner  and  dyer;  buds  longer  and 
more  pointed  ;  cup  sometimes  less  top  sliaped.  (Q.  tinctoria,  Bartram.)  —  Dry 
or  gravelly  uplands,  8.  Maine  to  S.  Minn.,  E.  Neb.  and  Tex.  Intermediate 
forms  connect  this  with  the  type.     The  bark  is  largely  used  iu  tanniug. 


478  CLPULiFEii.i:.      (oak  family.) 

Var.  ambigua.  Gray.  (Gray  Oak.)  Found  along  our  uortheasteru  bor- 
ders to  Lake  Chainplaiii  and  north-ward,  figured  and  briefly  characterized  by 
Michaux  as  with  the  foliage  of  Q.  rubra  and  the  fruit  of  Q.  coccinea.  It  was 
considered  by  Dr.  Engelmann  as  a  form  of  Q.  rubra  with  cups  hemispherical 
or  even  turbinate. 

13.  Q.  palustris,  Du  Roi.  (Swamp  Spanish  or  Pin  Oak.)  Cup  Jiat- 
saucer-sluiped,  sometimes  contracted  into  a  short  scaly  base  or  stalk,  fine  scaled 
(5  -  7"  broad),  verij  much  shorter  than  the  usually  globose  or  depressed  acorn,  which 
is  5  -  7"  long  ;  leaves  deeply  pianatifid  with  divergent  lobes  and  broad  rounded 
sinuses.  —  Low  grounds;  rather  common,  from  Mass.  to  Del.  and  Md.,  west 
to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Ark. 

■*~-i-2Iature   leaves  soft-downy   beneath;  cup  saucer-shaped,  ivith  a  somewhat 
top-shaped  base,  about  half  the  length  of  the  fully  developed  small  acorn. 

14.  Q.  falcata,  Michx.  (Spanish  Oak.)  Leaves  grayish-downy  or  ful- 
vous underneath,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  base,  3  -  5-lobed  above  (sometimes  entire) ; 

Ihe  lobes  prolonged,  mostly  narrow  and  more  or  less  scythe-shaped,  especially  the 
terminal  one,  entire  or  sparingly  cut-toothed ;  acorn  globose,  4  -  5"  long.  — 
Dry  or  sandy  soil.  Long  Island  to  Fla.,  and  from  S.  Ind.  to  Mo.  and  Tex.  A 
\arge  or  small  tree,  extremely  variable  in  foliage ;  bark  excellent  for  tanning. 

15.  Q.  ilicifolia,  Wang.  (Bear  or  Black  Scrub-Oak.)  Dwarf  (3 - 
8°  high),  straggling;  leaves  (2-4'  long)  thickish,  obovate,  wedge-shaped  at 
lase,  angularly  about  5-  (3  -  7-)  lobed,  ivhite-downy  beneath  ;  lobes  short  and  tri- 
angular, spreading ;  acorn  ovoid,  globular,  5  -  6"  long.  —  Sandy  barrens  and 
rocky  hills,  N.  Eug.  to  Ohio  and  Ky. 

*t  *  Leaves  entire  or  with  afeiv  teeth  [or  somewhat  3  -  5-lobed  at  the  summit),  coria- 
ceous, commonly  bristle-pointed ;  acorns  globular,  small  {not  over  6'''  long). 
-r-  Leaves  thick,  widening  or  often-much  dilated  upward  and  more  or  less  sinuate 
or  some u-hat  3 -5-lobed ;  acorns  globular-ovoid. 

16.  Q.  aquatica,  Walter.  (Water-Oak.)  Leaves  glabrous  and  shining, 
obovate-sputulate  or  narrowly  wedgeform,  with  a  long  tapering  base  and  an  often 
obscurely  3-lobed  summit,  varying  to  oblanceolate ;  cup  saucer-shaped  or  hemi- 
spherical. —  Wet  grounds,  around  ponds,  etc.,  Del.  to  the  Gulf,  and  from  Ky. 
and  Mo.  to  Tex.  —  Tree  30  -  40°  high ;  running  into  many  varieties,  especially 
southward ;  the  leaves  on  seedlings  and  strong  shoots  often  incised  or  sinuate- 
pinnatifid  ;  then  mostly  bristle-pointed. 

17.  Q.  nigra,  L.  (Black-Jack  or  Barren  Oak.)  T^eaves  broadly  wedge- 
shaped,  but  sometimes  rounded  or  obscurely  cordate  at  the  base,  widely  dilated 
and  somewhat  3-lobed  (rarely  5-lobed)  at  the  summit,  occasionally  with  one  or 
two  lateral  conspicuously  bristle-tipped  lobes  or  teeth,  rusty-pubescent  beneath, 
shining  above,  large  (4  -  9'  long) ;  cup  top-shaped,  coarse-scaly ;  ac<jrn  short- 
ovoid. —  Dry  sandy  barrens,  or  heavy  clay  soil,  Long  Island  to  S.  Minn.,  E. 
Neb.,  and  southward.     A  small  tree  (sometimes  30-40°  high),  of  little  value. 

•i-  -«-  Leaves  not  dilated  upward,  generally  entire;  acorn  globose. 

18.  Q.  imbricaria,  Michx.  (Laurel  or  Shingle  Oak.)  Leaves  Ian 
ceolate-oblong ,  thickish,  smooth,  and  shining  above,  downy  underneath,  the  down 
commonly  persistent ;  cup  between  saucer-shaped  and  top-shaped.  —  Rich 
woodlands,  Penn.  to  Ga.,  west  to   S.  Wise,  Iowa,  E.  Neb.,  and  N.  Ark.  — 


CUPULIFER^.      (oak  family.)  479 

Tree  30-90°   high.     The  specific  name  is  in  allusion  to  its  early  use  for 
shingles. 

ly.  Q.  Ph61l0S,  L.  (\Villc)W-()ak.)  Leaves  !inear-Ianccol(iff',tiarroired 
to  both  ends,  soun  (/lahroits,  light  green  ('3-4'  long);  cup  saucer-sliape<l. — 
Bottom  lands  or  rich  sandy  uplands,  Staten  Islaml  to  N.  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Ky., 
Mo.,  and  Tex. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  following  hybrids  have  been  recognized  :  — 

Q.  ALBA  X  MACROCARPA  ;  N.  111.  (Debh) ;  central  111.  {Hull). 

Q.  ALBA  X  STELLATA  ;  N.  111.  {Behh) ;  ]).  C.  (  Vase;i)  ;  S.  C.  [MeUichamp). 

Q.  ALBA  X  Prinus;  near  Washington,  D.  C.     (  Vasen.) 

Q.  IMBHH'ARIA  X  NIGRA  (Q.  tridoutata,  K II rjr 1 711(1)1  It)  ;  8.  111.  (Enrjelmann). 

Q.  LMBKiCAKLV  X  PALlSTRLs;  Mo.  {Kuycliiianv). 

Q.  iMHHK  ARLv  X  cocciNEA  (Q.  Lcaua,  JS'h//.)  ;  Ohio  to  Mo.,  and  near  Wash- 
ington, 1).  C. 

Q.  Phellos  X  RiKRA  {^■)  OY  ("occiNEA  ( ')  (Q.  hetero])]iylla,  ^f^chx.) ;  Stateu 
Island  and  N.  J.  to  Del.  and  X.  C.     (Bahtijam's  Oak.) 

Q.  PiiELLOS  X  NIGRA  (Q.  Kudkiui,  IJritt.)  ;  N.  J.  {/iii(/kni). 

Q.  iLiciFOLiA  XcocciNEA  (') ;  Uxbridge,  Mass.  {Jiobhins.} 

7.     CASTANEA,    Tourn.        Chestnut. 

Sterile  flowers  interruptedly  clustered  in  long  and  naked  cylindrical  catkins  ; 
calyx  mostly  6-parted;  stamens  8-20;  filaments  slender;  anthers  2-celled. 
Fertile  flowers  few,  usually  3  together  in  an  ovoid  scaly  prickly  involucre ;  calyx 
■with  a  6-lobed  border  crowning  the  3-7-celled  6-14-ovuled  ovary;  abortive 
stamens  5-  12 ;  styles  linear,  exserted,  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary  ;  stig- 
mas small.  Nuts  coriaceous,  ovoid,  enclosed  2-3  together  or  solitary  in  the 
hard  and  thick  very  prickly  4-valved  involucre.  Cotyledons  very  thick,  some- 
what plaited,  cohering  together,  remaining  underground  in  germination. — 
Leaves  strongly  straight-veined,  undivided.  Flowers  appearing  later  than  the 
leaves,  cream-color;  the  catkins  axillary  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  wholly 
sterile  or  the  upper  ones  androgynous  with  the  fertile  flowers  at  the  base. 
(The  classical  name,  from  that  of  a  town  in  Thessaly.) 

1.  C.  sativa,  Mill.,  var.  Americana.  (Chestnit.)  A  large  tree, 
leaves  oblonfj-lunreolate,  pointed,  serrate  with  coarse  pointed  teetlj^  acute  at 
base,  when  mature  smooth  and  green  both  sides ;  nuts  2  or  3  in  each  involucre, 
therefore  flattened  on  one  or  both  sides,  very  sweet.  (C.  vesca,  var.,  of  the 
Manual.)  —  Rocky  woods  and  hillsides,  S.  Maine  to  Del.,  along  the  mountains 
to  X.  Ala.,  and  west  to  S.  Mich.,  S.  Ind.,  and  Tenn. 

2.  C.  pumila,  Mill.  (Chixqlapin.)  A  spreading  shrnb  or  small  tree; 
leaves  ohioiifj,  nnitc,  serrate  with  pointed  teeth,  irhitened-dou-mi  beneath  ;  invo- 
lucres small,  often  spiked ;  the  ovoid  pointed  nut  scarcely  half  as  large  as  a 
common  chestnut,  very  sweet,  solitary,  not  flattened.  —  Kich  hillsiiles  and 
borders  of  swamps,  S.  Penn.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Ind.  and  Tex. 

8.     FAGUS,     Tourn.         Heecil 

Sterile  flowers  in  small  heads  on  drooping  peduncles,  with  deciduous  scale- 
like bracts;  calyx  bell-shaped,  ."i-T-cIeft;  stamens  8-16;  filaments  slender, 
anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  flowers  usually  in  pairs  at  the  apex  of  a  short  pe- 
duncle, invested  by  nunurou.";  awl  sliaped  bractlet.'^.  the  inner  coherent  at  \)i\so 


480  CUPULIFER^.       (oak    FAMILY.) 

to  form  the  4-lobecl  involucre ;  calyx-lobes  6,  awl-shaped ;  ovary  3-celled  with  2 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  styles  3,  thread-like,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Nuts 
sharjily  3-sided,  usually  2  in  each  urn-shaped  and  soft-prickly  coriaceous  involu- 
cre, Avhich  divides  to  below  the  middle  into  4  valves.  Cotyledons  thick,  folded 
and  somewhat  united ;  but  rising  and  expanding  in  germination.  —  Trees,  with 
a  close  and  smooth  ash-gray  bark,  a  light  horizontal  spray,  and  undivided 
strongly  straight-veined  leaves,  Avhich  are  open  and  convex  in  the  tapering  bud 
and  plaited  on  the  veins.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves,  the  yellowish 
staminate  flowers  from  the  lower,  the  pistillate  from  the  upper  axils  of  the 
leaves  of  the  season.  (The  classical  Latin  name,  from  (pdyw,  to  eat,  in  allusion 
to  the  esculent  nuts.) 

1.  F.  ferruginea,  Ait.  (American  Beech.)  Tree  75-100°  high; 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  taper-pointed,  distinctly  and  often  coarsely  toothed ;  peti- 
oles and  midrib  soon  nearly  naked ;  prickles  of  the  fruit  mostly  recurved  or 
spreading.  —  N.  Scotia  to  Fla.,  west  to  Wise,  E.  111.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

Order  104.     SALICACE^E.     (Willow  Family.) 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  hath  kinds  of  Jioicers  in  catkins,  one  to 
each  bract,  without  perianth  ;  the  fruit  a  l-ceUed  and  2-4:-oalued  pod,  with 
2-4  parietal  or  basal  placentce,  bearing  numerous  seeds  furnished  ivith 
long  silky  down.  —  Style  usually  short  or  none ;  stigmas  2,  often  2-lobed. 
Seeds  ascending,  anatropous,  without  albumen.  Cotyledons  flattened. — 
Leaves  alternate,  undivided,  with  scale-like  and  deciduous,  or  else  leaf- 
like and  persistent,  stipules.     Wood  soft  and  light ;  bark  bitter. 

1.  Salix.    Bracts  entire.    Flowers  with  small  glands  ;  disks  none.    Stamens  few.     Stigmas 

short.     Buds  with  a  single  scale. 

2.  Populus.    Bracts  lacerate.     Flowers  with  a  broad  or  cup-shaped  disk.     Stamens  nu- 

merous.   Stigmas  elongated.     Buds  scaly. 

1.     SALIX,     Tourn.        Willow.     Osier.     (By  M.  S.  Bebb,  Esq.) 

Bracts  (scales)  of  the  catkins  entire.     Sterile  flowers  of  3- 10,  mostly  2,  dis- 
tinct or  united  stamens,  accompanied  by  1  or  2  small  glands.     Fertile  flowers 
also  with  a  small  flat  gland  at  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  stigmas  short.  —  Trees 
or  shrubs,  generally  growing  along  streams,  with  terete  and  lithe  branches. 
Leaves  mostly  long  and  pointed,  entire  or  glandularly  toothed.     Buds  covered 
by  a  single  scale,  with  an  inner  adherent  membrane  (separating  in  n.  14). 
Catkins  appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves.     (The  classical  Latin  name.) 
§  1.  Ainents  borne  on  short  lateral  leafj  branchlets ;  scales  yelloicish,  falling  before 
the  capsules  mature ;  filaments  hairy  below,  all  free  ;  style  very  short  or  obso- 
lete ;  stigmas  thick,  notched.     Trees  or  large  shrubs;  leaves  taper-pointed. 
*  Leaves  closely  serrate  with  infiexed  teeth ;  capsules  glabrous. 
-t-  Stamens  3-5  or  more. 
•w-  Trees  15-50°  h/r/h,  with  rough  bark  and  slender  twigs;  no  petiolar  glands ^ 
sterde  aments  elongated,  narrowly  cylindrical ;  fiowers  somewhat  remotely 
subverticillate ;  scales  entire,  short  and  rounded,  crisp-villous  on  the  inside. 
1.   S.  nigra,   Marsh.     (Black    Willow.)     Leaves   narrowly  lanceolate, 
very  long -attenuate  from  near  the  roundish  or  acute  base  to  the  usually  curved  tip, 


SALiCACE.i:.     (willow  family.)  481 

ofton  downy  wlicii  young,  at  lengtli  green  aud  (jlnhroita  except  the  petiole  and 
midrib;  stipules  large,  seniioordate,  pointed  and  persistent,  or  small,  ovoid 
and  deciduous;  fruiting  ainents  (l^-.'J'  long)  more  or  less  dense;  capsules 
ovate  conical,  shortly  pedicelled. —  Hanks  of  streams  ami  lakes,  bending  over 
the  water;  common.  —  Var.  falc.Vta,  Torr.  Leaves  narnjwer  and  scythe- 
shaped. —  Var.  WAhdi,  IJcbb.  Leaves  broader,  often  1' wide,  glaucous  and 
veined  beneatii ;  stipules  large,  round-reniform  ;  aments  long,  loosely  How- 
ered  ;  capsules  globose-conical,  hjng-pedicelled.  Kocky  islands  of  the  Totumac 
{Ward);  Falls  of  the  Ohio  {Short);  Mo.  The  leaves  alone  are  easily  mis- 
taken for  those  of  n.  14.  —  A  hybrid  of  this  species  with  S.  allja,  var.  vitelliiia, 
is  found  in  Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.  (A'.  L.  llankenson). 

2.  S,  amygdaloid.es,  Anders.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-4' 
long,  attenuate-cuspidate, /)a/<?  or  glaucous  beneath;  petioles  long  and  slender; 
stipules  minute,  very  early  deciduous ;  yer^//e  aments  becoming  very  loose  in 
fruit  from  the  lengthening  of  the  slender  pedicels.  —  Central  X.  Y.  {Dudlei/) 
to  Mo. ;  common  westward. 

*-*■•*-*■  A  shi'ub  vr  small  bushy  tree,  6-  15°  higJi,  with  smooth  baric  and  rather  stout 
polished  twigs ;  petioles  glandular;  sterile  aments  thick,  oblong-cylindrical, 
densely  Jlo were d ;  stamens  commonly  5  ;  scales  dentate,  hairy  at  base,  srnooth 
above. 

3.  S.  lucida,  Muhl.  (SiiixiNG  W.)  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  narrower, 
tapering  to  a  very  long  acuminate  point,  at  length  coriaceous,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing both  sides ;  stipules  small,  oblong ;  fruiting  aments  often  persistent,  the 
capsules  becoming  rigid  and  polished,  as  in  the  nearly  allied  S.  pentandra 
of  Europe.  —  Banks  of  streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  west  and  northward.  A 
beautiful  species  on  account  of  its  showy  stamiuate  aments  and  large  glos.\v 
leaves. 

i-  H-  Stamens  mostly  2;  capsules  subsessile  or  very  shortly  pedicelled ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  long-acuminate. 

S.  frAoilis,  L.  (Crack  Willow.)  Lea  s  green  and  glabrous,  pale  or 
glaucous  beneath,  J  -  C  long ;  stipules  when  present  half-cordate ;  stamens 
rarely  3-4;  capsule  long-conical,  shortly  pedicelled. —  A  tall  an<l  handsome 
tree,  which  was  planted  at  an  early  day  about  Boston  and  elsewhere.  —  The 
var.  DEcfpiKNS,  Smith,  with  yellowish-white  or  crimson  twigs,  buds  black  in 
winter,  and  smaller  and  l)ngliter  green  leaves,  ought  ])erhaps  to  be  excluded, 
the  plant  so  named  by  Barratt,  etc.,  being  one  of  the  hybrids  mentioned  below. 
(.Vdv.  from  YjM.) 

S.  Alha,  Ij.  (WniTK  W.)  Leaves  ashy-gray  or  silky-white  on  both  sides, 
except  when  old,  2-4'  long;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  deciduous;  capsules 
ovate-<'onical,  sessile  or  nearly  so.  —  \'ar.  c.imjulka,  Koch;  twigs  olive;  old 
leaves  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  dull  Iduish  green.  —  \'ar.  viTKi.LixA,  Koch; 
twigs  yellow  or  reddish  ;  old  leaves  glabrous  al)ove.  —  A  familiar  tree  of  rapid 
growth,  attaining  a  height  of  .')()- 80*^.  The  typical  form,  with  olive  twigs  and 
old  leaves  silky  on  both  sides,  is  rarely  found  with  us,  but  the  var.  vitki.i.ina 
is  c<mimon.  I'ure  S.  fha<;ii.is  is  al.><o  scarce,  but  a  host  of  hvbrids  between 
the  two,  representing  S.  viridis,  /V/V.s,  S.  Kusselliana,  Siiiitli,  etc.,  are  the 
commonest  of  introduced  willows.  These  forms  are  rendered  almost  inextri- 
cable l)y  a  further  crt)ss,  by  no  means  rare,  Aviih  our  native  S.  luciila.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

S.  Bai5Vl6nka,  Tourn.  (Wi.kimn*.  W.)  Extensively  planted  for  orna- 
ment, and  in  some  places  widely  spread  along  river-banks  and  lake-shores  by 
the  drifting  of  detached  limbs.     (.\dv.  from  Eu.) 

01 


482  SALICACE.E.        (willow    FAMILY.) 

♦  *  Leaves  remotely  denticulate  with  projecting  teeth;  stamens  2;  capsule  glabrous 

or  silky. 

4.  S.  longifolia,  Muhl.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  2-4'  long,  tapering 
at  each  end,  nearly  sessile,  more  or  less  silky  when  young,  at  length  smooth 
and  green  both  sides;  stipules  small,  lanceolate,  deciduous;  aments  linear- 
cylindric,  often  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets ;  capsule  shortly  pedi- 
celled ;  stigmas  large,  sessile.  —  Found  sparingly  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from 
Maine  to  the  Potomac ;  common  westward.  A  shrub,  rooting  extensively  in 
alluvial  deposits  and  forming  dense  clumps.  This  species  is  a  peculiar  Amer- 
ican type,  and  exceedingly  variable ;  the  earliest  leaves  after  germination 
l)innately  lobed. 

§  2.  Aments  lateral  or  terminal,  with  or  without  bracts  ;  scales  persistent,  colored 
at  the  tip ;  stamens  2  {usually  1  in  n.  19),  with  glabrous  filaments  {united  and 
hairy  in  S.  purpurea) ;  shrubs  or  small  trees. 

*  Capsules  tomentose. 
H-  Pedicels  3-6  times  the  length  of  the  gland  ;  style  medium  or  none, 
-t-^  Large  shrubs  or  small  trees  {S-lo°  high) ;  leaves  obovate  or  elliptic-lanceO' 
late,  2-4'  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  more  or  less  obscurely  and  irregularly 
serrate,  thin  becoming  rigid, glaucous  beneath  ;  fertile  aments  oblong-cylindric,  ^ 
2-3'  long,  loosely  fiowered. 

5.  S.  rostrata,  Kichardson.  Leaves  dull  green  and  doicny  above,  stoutly 
veined  and  soft-hairy  beneath,  serrate,  crenate  or  subentire;  stipules  Avhen  pres- 
ent semi-cordate,  toothed,  acute ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  the  sterile 
narrowed  at  base,  pale  yellow ;  capsiiles  tapering  to  a  very  long  slender  beak; 
pedicels  thread-like,  much  exceeding  the  pale,  rose-tipped,  linear,  thinly  villous 
scales ;  style  scarcely  any ;  stigma-lobes  entire  or  deeply  parted.  (S.  livida, 
var.  occidentalis,  f^rray.)  —  Moi.st  or  dry  ground,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  and  far 
west  and  northward.  N.  t  spreading  from  the  root  but  having  rather  the  habit 
of  a  small  tree,  with  a  distinct  trunk. 

6.  S.  discolor,  Muhl.  {(tLAUCOUS  W.)  Leavrs  smooth  and  bright  green 
above,  soon  smooth  lnr<e  ith,  irregularly  crenate-serrate,  the  serratures  remote  at 
base,  closer,  finer  and  becoming  obsolete  toward  the  point ;  stipules  |'  long  or 
more,  and  sharply  toothed,  or  small  and  nearly  entire;  aments  closely  sessile, 
thick,  oblong-cylindrical,  V  long  or  more,  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  earliest 
spring;  scales  dark  rc^  or  brown,  becoming  block,  copiously  clothed  with  long 
glossy  hairs  ;  style  short  but  distinct.  —  Var.  eriocephala,  Anders.  Aments 
more  densely  flowered  and  more  silvery  silky ;  leaves  sometimes  retaining  a 
ferruginous  pubescence  beneath  even  when  fully  grown.  —  Var.  prixoides, 
Anders.  Aments  more  loosely  flowered,  less  silky  ;  capsules  more  thinly  to- 
mentose ;  style  longer ;  stigma-lobes  laciniate ;  leaves  narrower.  (S.  prinoides, 
Pursh.)  Includes  narrow-leaved  forms  of  the  type,  and  others  which  are  prob- 
ably hybrids  with  S.  cordata.  —  Low  meadows  and  river-banks,  common.  The 
just  expanding  leaves  are  often  overspread  with  evanescent  ferruginous 
hairs. 

++  4.V  Upland  grayish  shmibs,  1-8°  high;  leaves  oblanceolate,  pointed,  the  low- 
est obtuse,  downy  above  becoming  glabrate,  beneath  glaucous,  rugose-veined 
and  softly  tomentose,  the  margin  revolute,  undulate-entire ;  aments  ovoid  or 


SALICACE.K.        (willow    FAMILY.)  483 

oli/oiuj,  closely  sessile,  appearing  before  the  leaves,  naked  at  base ;  capsules 
rather  shortly  pedicelted,  (jreenish  or  reddish,  spreadinn  ;  scales  dark  red  or 
brownish;  style  distinct ;  stigmas  bijid. 

7.  S.  humilis,  Marsh.  (Pkairie  W.)  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblonq4an- 
ccolate,  the  htwcst  ohovate;  stipules  medium-sized,  semi-ovate,  entire  or  oftener 
tootheil ;  petioles  distinct;  anients  often  rec-urved,  al)out  1'  long.  —  Dry  plains 
and  barrens,  common.  A  shrub,  3-8°  high,  varying  much  in  the  size  and 
shape  of  the  leaves.  Hybrids  witli  n.  6  have  otiually  broad  and  large  but  duller 
green  leaves,  softly  tomentose  beneath  and  witli  shorter  petioles,  the  aments 
equally  thick  but  usually  recurved,  and  the  capsules  on  shorter  pedicels.  Small 
forms  apparently  ])ass  into  the  next. 

8.  S.  tristis,  Ait.  (Dwarf  Gray  W.)  Leaves  small  (1-2'  long),  crowded, 
linear-oblanceolate,  tapering  to  a  very  short  petiole ;  stipules  minute,  deciduous  ; 
aments  very  small,  globular  or  oval,  about  ^'  long  in  fruit.  —  Sandy  plains  or 
on  the  borders  of  hillside  thickets,  common.  A  tufted  shrub,  1-1^°  I'iglb 
rising  from  a  strong  large  root. 

*+++++  Low  shrubs,  3-  10°  high,  of  cold  swamps,  icith  slender  yellowish  or  red- 
dish ticigs ;  leaves  lanceolate,  smooth  above,  glaucous  beneath  and.  covered 
when  young  with  appressed  silvery-silky  hairs  ;  aments  (especially  the  fertile) 
with  a  few  leafy  bracts  at  base;  capsule  pedicelled,  silvery-silky ;  stigmas 
bifd. 

=  Shrubs  of  lowland  swamps ;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-3'  long,  taper-pointed, 
Jinely  and  evenly  serrate ;  stipules  linear  or  semi-cordate,  deciduous ;  aments 
sessiif  or  in  fruit  slightly  ped uncled ;  style  very  short. 

9.  S.  sericea,  Marsh.  (Silky  W.)  Leaves  at  first  (principally  beneath) 
very  silky,  turning  black  in  drying;  aments  narrowly  cylindrical,  the  fertile 
densely  flowered  ;  capsule  short-pedicelled,  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse.  —  Com- 
mon, but  more  jjrevalent  from  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes  eastward. 

10.  S.  petiol^ris,  Smith.  Leaves  only  .slightly  silky  when  young,  soon 
smooth,  with  less  tendency  to  blacken  in  drying ;  fertile  aments  ovoid-cylimiric, 
in  fruit  broad  and  loose  from  the  lengthening  of  the  pedicels ;  capsule  rostrate 
from  an  ovate  base,  rather  acute.  —  Var.  grAcilis,  Anders.,  has  extremely 
loose  aments,  and  very  long-pedicelled  attenuate-rostrate  capsules.  —  Common, 
but  more  prevalent  from  the  Great  Lakes  westward.  This  sj)ecies,  like  the 
preceding,  hybridizes  freely  with  S.  cordata. 

=  =  Alpine  shrub ;  leaves  1  -  2'  long,  repand-crenate ;  stipules  minute,  fugacious ; 
aments  leafy-peduncled ;  style  distinct. 

11.  S.  argyrocarpa,  Anders.  Leaves  tapering  evenly  to  both  enns, 
acute,  or  tlie  earliest  obovate  and  obtuse,  at  length  rigid,  the  margin  slightly 
revolute  ;  petiole  short ;  fruiting  anient  short  (al)out  T  long),  loosely  flowered  ; 
capsule  tapering,  densely  silky-silvery  ;  gland  of  the  staniinate  flower  variously 
doubled.  —  Moist  alpine  ravines  in  a  few  limited  localities  on  or  near  Mt. 
Washington,  N.  H. ;  also  in  Lower  Canada  and  Lab.  A  l)ushy  branched  shrub, 
erect  or  depressed  at  base,  1  -2°  high,  growing  in  wi<le  dense  patches.  A  hy- 
brid with  n.  13  was  detected  by  Mr.  E.  Faxon  in  Tuckerman's  ravine  (its  leaves 
collected  by  Dr.  Gray  as  early  as  1842 !),  appearing  like  a  large  form  of  the 
ispecies  with  the  aments  of  S.  phylicifolia. 


484  SALICACE.E.        (willow    FAMILY.) 

^  4-  Pedicels  t/cice  Me  length  of  the  gland ;    st jle  elongated. 

12.  S.  Candida,  Willd.  (Sage  W.  Hoary  W.)  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  2-4'  long,  taper  pointed  or  the  lowest  obtuse,  rather  rigid, 
downy  above,  becoming  glabrate,  beneath  covered  icitk  a  dense  white  tomentuin, 
the  revolute  margin  subentire  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles ; 
araents  cylindrical,  densely  flowered,  2'  long  in  fruit ;  anthers  red ;  the  dark 
gland  elongated ;  capsule  densely  Avhite-woolly ;  style  dark  red ;  stigmas  short, 
spreading,  notched.  —  Cold  bogs,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.  to  Iowa,  and  northward. 
—  A  hoary  shrub  2-5°  high ;  young  shoots  white-woolly,  the  older  red.  Two 
beautiful  hybrids,  with  u.  10  and  n.  14,  have  been  found  near  Flint,  Mich. 
{Dr.  Clarke). 

13.  S.  phylicifolia,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  elliptic, 
somewhat  equally  pointed  or  obtuse  at  both  ends,  remotely  and  minutely  repand- 
toothed,  2-3'  long,  verg  smooth  on  both  sides,  dark  green  and  shining  above, 
glaucous  beneath,  at  length  coriaceous ;  stipules  obsolete ;  aments  sessile  with 
a  few  small  bracts  at  base,  1'  long,  rather  densely  flowered,  oblong-cylindric, 
the  fertile  somewhat  stipitate,  becoming  2'  long  in  fruit;  scales  dark,  silky- 
villous;  capsule  conic-rostrate  from  an  ovoid  base;  stigmas  bifid  or  entire, 
yellow  drying  black.  (S.  chlorophylla,  of  Man. ;  S.  chlorophylla,  var.  denu- 
datit,  Anders.)  —  Moist  ravines  on  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mountains, 
and  of  Mt.  Mansfield,  Vt.  —  A  divaricately  much  branched  shrub  1  -  10>°  high; 
twigs  glabrous,  sometimes  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.     (Eu.) 

S.  viminXlis,  L.,  the  Osier  Willow  of  Europe,  is  occasionally  planted, 
but  soon  dies  out.  Some  of  its  hybrids,  as  S.  SmithiXka,  Willd.,  etc.,  stand 
our  climate  better,  but  cannot  be  regarded  as  adventive. 

4-  H-  t-  Capsules  sessile  ;  filaments  and  often  the  reddish  anthers  united  so  as  to 
appear  as  one. 

S.  PURPUREA,  L.  (Purple  W.)  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  tongue-shaped, 
slightly  serrulate,  very  smooth,  glaucescent,  subopposite;  stipules  obsolete; 
aments  densely  flowered,  narrow-cylindrical,  the  sterile  at  least  closely  sessile, 
witli  only  very  small  bracts  at  base;  scale  small,  round,  crisp-villous,  tipped 
with  dark  purple ;  capsules  grayish-tomentose,  ovate-conical,  obtuse.  —  Low 
grounds;  commonly  cultivated  for  basket-rods.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Capsules  glabrous. 
-^  Tall  shrubs,  4-10°  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-4'  long,  acute 
or  acuminate  (on  vigorous  shoots  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base),  serrate ; 
sterile  aments  very  silkg,  with  a  few  bracts  at  base,  V  long  or  more,  the  fertile 
leaf y-ped  uncled,  in  fruit  2'  long  or  more;  capsules  tapering,  pointed. 
-M.  Leaves  soon  smooth;  capsules  long-pedicelled ;  style  medium. 
14.   S.  COrdata,  Muhl.     (Heart-leaved  W.)     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate 
or  narrower,  on  the  flowering  branches  often  tapering  at  base,  sharply  serrate, 
finelv  denticulate  or  subentTre,  green  both  sides  or  scarcely  paler  beneath,  the 
young  often  silky  or  downy,  especially  on  the  midrib,  not  turning  black  in 
drying ;  stipules  reniform  or  ovate,  serrate,  usually  large  and  conspicuous ; 
aments  rather  slender;  capsules  greenish  or  rufescent,  2-3"  long.     (S.  rigida, 
MnhL)—Y&T.  angustXta,  Anders.     Leaves  narrower,  gradually  acuminate, 
finely  serrate.—  In  wet  places  and  along  streams,  etc.;  our  most  widely  dis- 
tributed and  variable  species.  —  S.  myricoides,  Muhl.  (S.  cordata,  var.  myri- 


SALICACK.E.        (WILLDW    FAMILY.)  48o 

coitles,  Ihirl.,  Fl.  Cestr.,  .3  ed.),  is  a  li\  l)ri(l  between  tin's  species  and  S.  sericea, 
having  the  leaves,  even  tliose  of  the  must  vigorous  slioots,  tapering  and  rather 
acute  at  base,  ghxucous  or  glaucescent  beneatli  and  sparsely  aj)prcssed-hairv ; 
stipules  small,  ovate,  pointed;  capsules  more  or  less  silky  when  young,  be- 
coming glal)rate,  sht)rtly  pedicelled;  twigs  brittle  at  base.  A  hybrid  with  the 
European  S.  incana  (surprising  on  account  of  tiie  rarity  of  the  cultivated 
parent)  is  found  at  Itliaca,  N.  Y.  {Dudle.i/). 

15.  S.  glaucophylla,  Bebb.  Leaves  varying  from  ovate  with  a  broadly 
rounded  base  to  oUomj-lanceolute  and  equally  pointed  at  both  ends  (3-4'  long, 
nearly  2'  wide),  glandular-serrate,  snbcoriaceoiis,  glabrous  throughout,  dark  grem 
and  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  the  young  drying  black ;  stipules  large,  ear- 
shaped,  dentate  ;  aments  thick,  oblong<'ylindrical,'\n  size  and  silkiness  resem- 
bling n.  6;  capsules  attenuate-rostrate,  3-5'  long,  greenish,  drying  l)rown. — 
Var.  AXGUSTiFOLiA,  Bebb;  leaves  narrower  (3'  long,  %'  wide),  pointed  at  both 
ends.  (S.  angustata,  of  ed.  2,  in  part.)  —  Var.  ijrevif6lia,  Bebb;  leaves 
obovate,  about  1'  long,  strongly  veined.  —  Common  on  the  sand  dunes  of 
Lake  Michigan,  and  occasionally  found  away  from  the  lake  shore  in  N.  Ill 
and  Wise. 

16.  S.  balsamifera,  Barratt.  Leaves  broadly  rounded  and  usually  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  at  jirst  very  thin,  subpeliucid  and  of  a  rich  reddish  color,  at 
length  rigid,  dark  green  above,  paler  or  glaucous  and  prominently  reticulate-veined 
beneath,  slightly  glandular-serrulate ;  petioles  long  and  slender ;  stipules  obso- 
lete;  fertile  aments  becoming  very  lax  in  fruit,  the  long  slender  pedicels  6-8 
times  the  length  of  the  gland  ;  style  short.  (S.  pyrifolia,  Anders.)  — In  open 
swamps  along  our  northern  boundary,  Maine  to  Minn.,  and  northward;  White 
Mountains  of  N.  H.  {Little,  1823;  rediscovered  by  Pr ingle,  and  C.  E.  and  E. 
Faxon).  A  much  branched  shrub,  growing  in  clumps;  recent  twigs  shining- 
chestnut  on  the  sunny  side. 

•M.  ++  Leaves  clothed,  even  when  fully  grown,  icith  a  long  silky  tomentum  on  both 
sides,  ivhich  is  finally  deciduous;  capsule  subsessile ;  style  elongated. 

17.  S.  adenoph^lla,  Hook.     Leaves  ovate  or  very  broadly  lanceolate, 

cuspidate-acuminate  (1-2'  long),  dull  green  both  sides,  very  closely  serrate 
with  fine  projecting  gland-tipped  teeth ;  stipules  conspicuous,  ovate-cordate, 
glandular-serrate,  exceeding  the  short  stout  petioles,  which  are  dilated  at  base 
and  embrace  the  obtuse  silky  buds;  aments  Icafy-pedunded,  the  fertile  not 
rarely  becoming  4'  long,  densely  flowered.  —  Shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,  root- 
ing extensively  in  the  sand-dunes.  A  large  straggling  shrub,  with  stout  to- 
mentose  twigs  and  crowded  leaves.     Hybridizes  with  S.  cordata. 

•^  -t-  Loiv  erect  shrub,  I -3°  high  ;  leaves  small,  entire  ;  capsules  oblong-ry I indric  ; 
stigmas  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

18.  S.  myrtilloides,  L.  Leaves  elliptic-obovato,  about  1'  long,  obtuse 
or  somewhat  pointed,  entire,  smooth  on  both  sides,  somewhat  coriaceous  when 
mature,  revolute,  r^'ticulated,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath  ;  fertile  aments  oblong, 
loosely  few-flowered,  borne  on  long  leafy  peduncles  ;  capsules  reddish  green  ; 
pedicels  slender,  twice  the  length  of  the  nearly  smooth  greenish  yellow  scale. 
—  Var.  pedicellXris,  Anders.;  leaves  oblong-linear  or  oblanceolate,  1-2^' 
long.  —  Cold  peat-bogs,  N.  Eng.  and  X.  J.  to  Iowa,  and  northward.     (En.) 


486  SALiCACE^.     (willow  family.) 

■*-•<--»-  Prostrate  or  creeping  and  matted  alpine  shrubs. 

19.  S.  Uva-ursi,  Pursh.  (Bearberry  W.)  Leaves  elliptical  and 
pointed,  or  obovate  and  obtuse,  less  than  V  long,  3-4''  wide,  tapering  at  base, 
slightly  toothed,  strongly  veined,  smooth  and  shining  above,  pale  and  rather 
glaucous  beneath;  aments  borne  on  slender  lateral  leaf,j  peduncles,  ohlong-cylin- 
dric,  6  -  9"  long,  the  fertile  lengthening  to  2'  and  narroAvly  cylindric,  densely 
flowered  above,  often  loose  below ;  scala  obovate,  rose-red  at  the  tip,  covered 
with  long  silky  hairs;  stamens  rarely  2;  capsule  ovate-conical,  brownish  at 
maturity;  pedicel  scarcely  exceeding  the  gland;  style  distinct.  (S.  Cutleri, 
Tuckerm.)  —  Abundant  over  all  the  alpine  summits  of  N.  New  Eng.  and  N.  Y. 
Closely  prostrate,  spreading  from  a  stout  central  root  over  an  area  1-2°  in 
diameter. 

20.  S.  herb^cea,  L.  Leaves  roundish  ora?,  heart-shaped,  obtuse  orretuse, 
less  than  1'  long,  serrate,  smooth  and  shining,  reticulately  veined ;  aments  ter- 
viinating 2-leaved branch! ets, small,  ovoid, 4 -\0 flowered ;  scales  concave, obovate, 
ohtnse,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent ;  capsule  subsessile.  —  Alpine  summits 
of  the  White  Mountains,  and  far  northward.  A  very  small  herb-like  species, 
the  half-underground  stems  creeping  and  rooting  to  a  considerable  extent,  the 
branches  seldom  rising  above  1  -  2'  from  the  ground.     (Eu.) 

2.     POPULUS,    Tourn.        Poplar.    Aspen. 

Bracts  (scales)  of  the  catkins  irregularly  cut-lobed  at  the  apex.  Flowers  from 
a  cup  shaped  disk  which  is  obliquely  lengthened  in  front.  Stamens  8-30,  or 
more ;  filaments  distinct.  Stigmas  2-4,  elongated.  Capsules  2  -  4-valved.  — 
Trees,  with  broad  and  more  or  less  heart-shaped  or  ovate  toothed  leaves,  and 
often  angular  branches.  Buds  scaly,  covered  with  resinous  varnish.  Catkins 
long  and  drooping,  appearing  before  the  leaves.  (The  classical  Latin  name, 
of  uncertain  origin.) 
§  1.  Sti/les  2,  with  2-3  narrow  or  filiform  lobes;  capsules  thin,  oblong-conical, 

2-valved ;  seeds  very  small ;  leaves  ovate. 

*  Petioles  laterally  flattened ;  bracts  silky  ;  stamens  6-20;  capsules  numerous, 

small,  on  very  short  pedicels. 

P.  ALBA,  L.  (White  Poplar.  Abele.)  The  younger  branches  and  the 
under  surface  of  the  rhombic-oval  sinuate-tootlied  acute  leaves  white-tomen- 
tose  ;  scales  crenate,  fringed.  —  Frequently  cultivated  for  shade,  spreading 
widely  by  the  root,  and  occasionally  spontaneous.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

1.  P.  tremuloides,  Michx.  (American  Aspex.)  Small  tree  20  -  50° 
high,  with  smooth  greenish-white  bark ;  leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  with  a 
short  sharp  point,  and  small  somewhat  regular  teeth,  smooth  on  both  sides,  with 
downy  margins,  on  long  slender  petioles;  scales  cut  into  3-4  deep  linear  di- 
visions, fringed  with  long  hairs.  —  Maine  to  the  mountains  of  Penn.,  N.  Ky., 
Minn.,  and  far  north  and  westward. 

2.  P.  grandidentata,  Michx.  (Large-toothed  Aspex.)  Tree  60- 
75°  high,  with  smoothish  gray  bark;  leaves  roundish-ovate,  icith  large  and  ir- 
regular sinuate  teeth,  when  young  densely  covered  with  white  silky  wool,  at 
length  smooth  both  sides ;  scales  cut  into  5-6  unequal  small  divisions,  slightly 
fringed.  —  Rich  woods  and  borders  of  streams,  N.  Scotia  to  the  mountains  of 
N.  C,  west  to  N.  Minn,  and  Tenn. 


EMPETRACE.E.        (CROWBERRY    FAMILY.)  487 

*  *  Petioles  terete;  bracts  not  silky  ;  stamens  12 -GO. 

3.  P.  heterophylla,  L.  (Downy  Poplau.)  Tree  40  -  80°  high  ;  leaves 
ovate  with  a  soiiicwliat  truiu-ate  or  cordate  base,  obtuse,  crcnate,  white-woolly 
wlicu  young,  at  length  nearly  smooth,  except  on  tlie  elevated  veins  beneath; 
fertile  catkins  few-flowered;  capsules  -i' long,  equalling  the  pedicels.  —  Bor- 
ders of  river  swamps,  Conn,  to  Ga.,  and  iu  the  west  from  S.  Ind.  and  HI.  to 
Ark.  and  W.  La. 

§  2.   Stifles  2-4,   irith   dilated  lobes;  capsules  large,  often  thick,  subglobose  to 
vratc-oblon(j,2-4-ralre(l :  bracts  mostly  glabrous  ;  seeds  I  -2''  long. 

4.  P.  balsamifera,  L.  (Balsam  Poplar.  Tacamaiiac.)  Tree  50- 
75°  high,  the  large  buds  varnished  with  a  copious  fragrant  resin ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate ,  graduallij  tapering  and  pointed,  finely  crenate,  smooth  on  both 
sides,  whitish  and  reticulately  veined  beneath,  on  terete  petioles  i  -  2'  long  ; 
scales  dilated,  slightly  hairy ;  stamens  20-30;  capsule  ovate,  2-valved.  —  Bor- 
ders of  rivers  and  swamps,  N.  New  Eng.  to  Mich,  and  Minn.,  and  far  north 
and  westward.  —  Var.  cAndicaxs,  Gray.  (Balm  of  Gilead.)  Leaves  broader 
and  more  or  less  heart-shaped ;  petiole  commonly  hairy.  Common  in  cultiva- 
tion, but  rare  or  unkncjwu  in  a  wild  state. 

5.  P.  monilifera,  Ait.  (Cotton-wood.  Necklace  Poplar.)  Tree 
75-150°  higli ;  leaves  broadly  deltoid,  with  numerous  crenate  serratures  and 
narrow  very  acute  acumination,  sometimes  ovate,  rarely  cordate,  on  elongated 
flattened  petioles;  scales  lacerate-friuged,  not  hairy;  stamens  60  or  more;  cap- 
sules on  slender  pedicels  (4  -  5"  long)  in  long  catkins,  oblong-ovate,  3  -A-valved. 
(Incl.  P.  angulata.  Ait.)  —  Borders  of  streams,  western  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west 
to  the  Rocky  Mts. 

Order  105.     E3IPETRACEiE.    (Crowberry  Family.) 

Low  shrubby  evergreens^  icith  the  foliage,  aspect,  and  compound  pollen  oj 
Heaths,  and  the  drupaceous  fruit  of  Arctostaphylos,  but  the  divided  or 
laciniate  stigmas,  etc.,  of  some  EJuphorbiacea? ;  —  probably  only  an  apet- 
alous  and  poly,L:;amous  or  dioecious  degenerate  form  of  Ericaceae,  —  com- 
prising three  genera,  two  of  which  occur  within  the  limits  of  this  work, 
and  the  third  farther  south. 

1.  Einpetrum.     Flowers  scattered  and  sohtjiry  in  the  axils.    Sepals  3,  somewhat  petal- 
like. 
-    Corema.     Flowers  collected  in  terminal  heads.     Calyx  none. 

1.    EMPETRUM,     Tourn.        Crowbkrrv. 

Flowers  polygamous,  .scattered  and  solitary  in  the  axils  of  tlie  leaves  (incon- 
spicuous), scaly-bracteil.  Calyx  of  3  spreading  and  somewhat  petal-like  sepals. 
Stamens  3.  Style  very  short ;  stigma  6  -  9-rayed.  Fruit  a  berry-Hke  drupe, 
with  6-9  seed-like  nutlets,  each  containing  an  erect  anatropous  seed.  Embryo 
terete,  in  the  axis  of  copious  albumen,  with  a  slender  inferior  radicle  and  very 
small  cotyledons.     (An  ancient  name,  from  iv,  upon,  and  irerpos,  a  rock.) 

1.  E.  nigrum,  L.  (Black  Crowberry.)  Procumbent  and  spreading ; 
leaves    linear-oblong,   scattered  ;    fruit    black.  —  Newf.,    Mount   Desert   and 


488  EMPETRACE^.       (CROWBERRY    FAMILY.) 

adjacent  coast  of  Maine,  alpine  summits  in  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.,  L.  Superior, 
and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.     CO  RE  MA,    Don.        Broom-Crowberry. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  collected  in  terminal  heads,  each  in  the 
axil  of  a  scaly  bract,  and  with  5  or  6  thin  and  scarious  imbricated  bractlets, 
but  no  proper  calyx.  Stamens  3,  rarely  4,  with  long  filaments.  Style  slen- 
der, 3-  (or  rarely  4-5-)  cleft;  stigmas  narrow,  often  toothed.  Drupe  small, 
with  3  (rarely  4-5)  nutlets.  Seed,  etc.,  as  in  the  last.  —  Diffusely  much- 
branched  little  shrubs,  with  scattered  or  nearly  whorled  narrowly  linear  heath- 
like leaves.     (Name  Kopiqixa,  a  broom,  from  the  bushy  aspect.) 

1.  C.  Conradii,  Torr.  Shrub  6'- 2°  high,  diffusely  branched,  nearly 
smooth  ;  drupe  very  small,  dry  and  juiceless  when  ripe.  —  Sandy  pine  barrens 
and  dry  rocky  places,  N.  J.  and  L.  Island  (?),  Shawangunk  Mts.,  N.  Y.,  coast 
of  S.  E.  Mass.  and  Maine,  to  Newf.  The  sterile  plant  is  handsome  in  floAver, 
on  account  of  the  tufted  purple  filaments  and  brown-purple  anthers. 

Order  lOG.    CEKATOPHYLLACE^E.    (Hornwort  Family.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  ichorled  finehj  dissected  leaves,  and  minute  axillary 
and  sessile  monoecious  flowers  icithout  Jioral  envelopes,  hut  with  an  8  - 12- 
cleft  involucre  in  place  of  a  calyx,  the  fertile  a  simple  \ -celled  ovary,  with  a 
suspended  orthotropous  ovule ;  seed  filled  by  a  highly  developed  embryo 
with  a  very  short  radicle,  thick  oval  cotyledons,  and  a  plumule  consisting  of 
several  nodes  and  leaves.  —  Consists  only  of  the  genus 

1.    CERATOPHYLLUM.    L.        Hornwort. 

Sterile  flowers  of  10-20  stamens,  with  large  sessile  anthers.  Fruit  an 
achene,  beaked  with  the  slender  persistent  style.  —  Herbs  growing  under 
Avater,  in  ponds  or  slow-flowing  streams ;  the  sessile  leaves  cut  into  thrice- 
forked  thread-like  rigid  divisions  (whence  the  name  from  Kepas,  a  horn,  and 
<f>vK\ou,  leaf). 

1.  C.  demersum,  L.  Fruit  smooth,  marg'inless,  beaked  with  a  long 
persistent  style,  and  with  a  short  spine  or  tubercle  at  the  base  on  each  side. 
—  Var.  echinXtum,  Gray,  has  the  fruit  mostly  larger  (3"  long),  rough-pim- 
pled on  the  sides,  the  narrowly  winged  margin  spiny-toothed.  —  Slow  streams 
and  ponds,  across  the  continent.     (Eu.,  etc.) 


comfkim:.      (i'ine  family.)  489 


Subclass   II.     GYMNOSPERMiE. 

Pistil  represented  l>y  an  oi^on  scale  or  leaf,  or  else  entirely 
wanting;  tiie  ovules  and  seeds  tiierefore  naived  (without  a  peri- 
carp), and  I'ci-tilized  l)y  tlie  direct  application  of  the  pollen. 
Cotyledons  often  more  than  two. 

OFiDKii  107.     CONIFERS.     (Pink  Family.) 

Trees  or  shrubs,  wi(/i  resinous  juice,  mostly  awl-shaped  or  iietdle-shape.d 
entire  leaves,  and  monoecious  or  rarelij  dioecious  Jioicers  in  catkins  or  soli- 
(ari/,  destitute  of  calyx  or  corolla.  Ovn'es  ortliotroj)ous  or  inverted.  Em- 
bryo in  the  axis  of  the  allmnien,  nearly  its  lenirth.  (^Voo<l  destitute  of 
(hicts,  composed  chiefly  of  a  homogeneous  large  woody  fij)re  which  is 
marked  with  circular  disks  on  two  sides.) 

Suborder  I.  Pinacese.  Fertile  flowers  in  scaly  aments  beeom- 
ing  cones  or  berrydike.  Ovules  2  or  more  at  the  base  of  each  scale. 
Mostly  nioncecioiis  and  evergreen. 

Tribe  I.     ABIJETINE.^.    (Pine  Family  proper.)     Fertile  flowers  in  catkins,  cnnsist- 
inj<  of  mimerous  open  spirally  imbricated  carpels  in  the  form  of  scales,  each  scale  in  the 
axil  of  a  thin  ])ersistent  bract;  in  fruit  forming  a  strobile  or  cone.     Ovules  2,  adherent 
to  the  base  of  each  scale,  inverted.     Seeds  winged.     Cotyledons  3  - 16.     Anthers  spi- 
rally arranged  upon  the  stamineal  column,  which  is  subtended  by  involucral  scales. 
Buds  scaly.     Leaves  scattered  (or  fascicled  in  n.  1  and  5),  linear  to  needle-shaped. 
*  Cones  maturing  Uie  second  year,  their  scales  becoming  thickened  and  corky. 
L  Pinus.     Leaves  2-5  in  a  cluster,  surrounded  by  a  sheath  of  scarious  bud-scales. 
•  *  Cones  maturing  the  first  year,  their  scales  remaining  thin, 
t-  Cones  pendulou.s,  their  scales  persistent;  bracts  smaller  than  the  scales;  leaves  jointed 

upon  a  prominent  persistent  ba.se,  soliUiry. 
2.  Picea.     Leaves  se.ssile,  keeled  on  both  sides  (tetragonar. 
H    T.suga.     Leaves  petioled,  flat 

-.-  -1-  Cones  erect ;  bracts  longer  than  the  scales  ;  leaf-scars  not  prominent. 
4.  Abies.    Scales  of  the  large  cone  deciduous.    Leaves  persistent,  solitary,  keeled  beneatli. 
o.  Larix.    S-ales  of  tlic  small  cone  persistent     Leaves  mostly  fascicled,  flat,  deciduou!?. 
Tribe  II.    TAXODIE/E.     Fertile  aments  of  several  spirally  arranged  Imbricated  .scales, 
without  bracts,  becoming  a  globular  woo<ly  cone.    Ovules  2  or  more  at  the  base  of  each 
.scale,  erect.     Leaves  linear,  alternate ;  leaf-buds  not  scaly. 
0    Taxodiuni.    Seeds  2  to  each  sctale.    Leaves  2-ranked,  deciduous. 
Tribe  III.    CUPRESSINE^.    Scales  of  the  fertile  ament  few.  dccu.ssately  opposite 
or  ternate,  becoming  a  small  close<l  cone  or  sort  of  drui)e.     Ovules  2  or  more  in  their 
axils,  erect     Cotyledons  2  (rarely  more)      Leaves  decus.sately  opposite  or  ternate,  usu- 
ally  scale-like  and  adnate,  the  earlier  free  ami  subulate  ;  leaf-buds  not  scaly. 
*  Monoecious  ;  fruit  a  small  cone  ;  leaves  opposite  and  foliage  more  or  less  2-ninked. 
7    Chainaecyparig.    Cone  globose  ;  scales  peltate.     Seeds  1  or  2,  narrowly  winged. 

8.  Thuya.     Cone  pendulous,  oblong,  of  8  -  12  imbricated  scales.     Seeds  2,  2-winged. 

*  *  Dioecious.     Fruit  beny-like,  with  bony  ovate  seeds. 

9.  Juniperu.s.     Fruit-scales  3  -  G,  coalesccnt.     Foliage  not  2-ranked. 


490  CONIFERS.        (pine    FAMILY.) 

Suborder  II.     Tax^cese.    (Yew   Family.)     Flowers   dioecious, 
axillary  and  solitary,  the  fertile  consisting  of  a  naked  erect  ovule  which 
becomes  a  bony-coated  seed  more  or  less  surrounded  or  enclosed  by 
the  enlarged  fleshy  disk  (or  scale). 
10.  Taxus.    Leaves  linear,  scattered.     Seed  surrounded  by  a  red  berrj'-like  cup. 

1.     PINUS,     Tourn.        Pine. 

Sterile  flower  at  the  base  of  the  shoot  of  the  same  spring,  involucrate  by  a 
nearly  definite  number  of  scales,  consisting  of  numerous  stamens  spirally  in- 
serted on  the  axis,  with  very  short  filaments  and  a  scale-like  connective; 
anther-cells  2,  opening  lengthwise.  Pollen  of  3  united  cells,  the  2  lateral 
ones  empty.  Fertile  catkius  solitary  or  aggregated  immediately  below  the 
terminal  bud,  or  lateral  on  the  young  shoot,  consisting  of  imbricated  carpel- 
lary  scales,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  persistent  bract,  bearing  a  pair  of  inverted 
ovules  at  the  base.  Fruit  a  cone  formed  of  the  imbricated  woody  carpellary 
scales,  which  are  thickened  at  the  apex  (except  in  White  Pines),  persistent, 
spreading  when  ripe  and  dry  ;  the  2  nut-like  seeds  partly  sunk  in  excavations 
at  tlie  base  of  the  scale  ;  in  separating  carrying  away  a  part  of  its  lining  as  a 
thin  fragile  wing.  Cotyledons  3-12,  linear.  —  Primary  leaves  thin  and  chaff- 
like, merely  bud-scales;  from  their  axils  immediately  proceed  the  secondary 
needle-shaped  evergreen  leaves,  in  fascicles  of  2  to  5,  from  slender  buds^  some 
thin  scarious  bud-scales  sheathing  the  base  of  the  cluster.  Leaves  when  in 
pairs  semicyhndrical,  becoming  channelled;  when  more  than  2  triangular; 
their  edges  in  our  species  serrulate.  Blossoms  developed  in  spring ;  the  cones 
maturing  in  the  second  autumn.  (The  classical  Latin  name.) 
§  1.  Leaves  ^,each  with  a  simjle  Jibro-vasciilar  bundle;  sheath  loose,  deciduous ; 
cones  suhfenninal,  their  scales  but  slightly  thickened  at  the  end  and  without 
prickle  or  point ;  bark  smooth  except  on  old  trunks. 

1.  P.  Strobus,  L.  (White  Pine.)  Tree  75-160°  high;  leaves  very 
slender,  glaucous;  sterile  flowers  oval  (4-5"  long),  with  6-8  involucral  scales 
at  base ;  fertile  catkins  long-stalked,  cylindrical ;  cones  narrow,  cylindrical, 
nodding,  often  curved  (4-6'  long);  seed  smooth,  cotyledons  8-10.  —  Newf. 
to  Penn.,  along  the  mountains  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  E.  Iowa.  Invaluable 
for  its  soft,  light,  white  or  yellowish  wood,  in  large  trees  nearly  free  from  resin. 
§  2.   Leaves  in  twos  or  threes,  each  with  tico  Jibro-vascular  bundles ;  sheath  close ; 

woody  scales  oj  the  cones  thickened  at  the  end  and  usually  spiny -tipped. 

*  Cones  lateral;  their  scales  much  thickened  at  the  end ;  leaves  rigid. 

•f-  Leaves  in  threes  {rarely  in  twos  in  n.  2). 

2.  P.  Taeda,  L.  (Loblolly  or  Old-field  Pine.)  Leaves  long  (6  -  10) 
with  elongated  sheaths,  light  green ;  cones  elongated-oblong  (3  -  5'  long)  and 
tapering;  scales  tipped  with  a  stout  incurved  spine.  —  Wet  clay  or  dry  sandy 
soil,  Del.  to  Fla.  near  the  coast,  thence  to  Tex.  and  Ark.  —  A  tree  50-150° 
high  ;  staminate  flowers  slender,  2'  long,  with  usually  10-13  involucral  scales ; 
seeds  with  3  strong  rough  ridges  on  the  under  side. 

3.  P.  rigida,  Mill.  (Pitch  Pine.)  Zeai.-e5  (3-5' long)  dark  green, //om 
short  sheaths;  cones  ovoid-conical  or  ovate  (1-3^'  long),  often  in  clusters; 
scales  with  a  short  stout  recurved  prickle.  —  Sandy  or  barren  soil,  N.  Brunswick 


CONIFEK.^-:.        (I'lNK    FAMILY.)  491 

to  N.  Ga.,  western  N.  V.  and  E.  Ky.  —  A  tree  30-80°  high,  with  very  rough 
dark  bark  and  hard  resinous  wood ;  sterile  flowers  shorter ;  scales  6-8. 
■*-  +-  Leaves  In  twos  (some  in  threes  in  n.  4  and  7). 

4.  P.  pungens,  Mii'hx.  f.  (Table  Mountain  Pink.)  Leaves  stout,  short 
(1^-2^'  long),  crowded,  hluish,  the  sheath  short  (very  short  on  old  foliage); 
cones  ovate  (3^'  long),  the  scales  armed  with  a  strong  hooked  spine  (J'  lung). — 
Alleghany  Mts.,  Venn.,  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn.  —  A  rather  small  tree  (20 -GO'' 
high) ;  cones  long-persistent. 

5.  P.  inops,  Ait.  (Jkrsey  orScRun  Pine.)  Z^cri'fs  s^o?-^  (1^-3' long) ; 
cones  oblong-conical,  sometimes  curved  (2-3' long),  the  sr-rr/^.s  tipped  with  a 
straight  or  recurved  awl-shaped  prickle.  —  Barrens  and  sterile  hills,  Long  Island 
to  S.  C,  mostly  near  the  coast,  west  through  Ky.  to  S.  Ind.  —  A  straggling 
tree  at  the  east,  15-40°  high,  with  spreading  or  drooping  branchlet.s;  larger 
westward.     Young  shoots  with  a  purplish  glaucous  bloom. 

6.  P.  Banksi^na,  Lambert.  (Gray  or  Northern  ScRi-n  Pine.)  Leaves 
short  (T  long),  ob/i<jue,  divergent ;  cones  conical,  oblong,  usually  curved  (H-2' 
long),  smooth,  the  scales  pointless.  —  Barren  sandy  soil,  S.  Maine  and  N.  Vt. 
to  8.  Mich.,  central  Minn.,  and  northward.     Straggling  shrub  or  low  tree. 

7.  P.  mitis,  Michx.  (Yellow  Pine.)  Z>fai-es  sometimes  in  threes,//"OTO 
long  sheaths,  slender  (3-5'  long);  cones  ovate-  or  oblong  conical  (liarely  2' 
long),  the  scales  ivith  a  minute  weak  prickle.  —  Usually  dry  or  sandy  soil,  Staten 
Island  to  F'la.,  S.  Lid.,  S.  E.  Kan.  and  Tex. —  A  straight  tree,  50-  100"^  high, 
with  dark  green  leaves  more  soft  and  slender  than  the  preceding.  The  west- 
ern form  has  more  rigid  leaves  and  more  tuberculate  and  spiny  cones, 

*  *  Cones  terminal ;  leaves  long  and  slender,  in  twos  or  threes. 

8.  P.  resinbsa,  Ait.  (Red  Pine.)  Leaves  in  ^mos  from  long  sheaths, 
elongated  {5-6' long),  dark  green;  cones  ovate-conical,  smooth  (about  2' long), 
their  sc(des  slightlg  thickened,  poiiitless ;  sterile  flowers  oblong-linear  (6-9" 
long),  subtended  by  about  6  involucral  .scales  which  are  early  deciduous  by 
an  articulation  above  the  base. —  Dry  woods,  Mass.  to  X.  Penn.,  Mich.,  and 
]\Iinn.,  and  northward.  —  A  tall  tree,  with  reddish,  j-athor  smooth  bark  and 
hard  wood,  not  very  resinous. 

9.  P.  paliistris,  Mill.  (Long-leaved,  Yellow,  or  Georgia  Pine.) 
Leaves  in  threes  from  long  slieaths,  verg  long  (10-  15'),  crowded  at  the  summit 
of  very  scaly  branches;  sterile  flowers  2^-3'  long,  rose-purple;  cones  large, 
cylindrical  or  conical-oblong  (6-  10'  long),  the  thick  scales  armed  ivith  a  short 
recurved  spine.  (P.  australis,  Michx.)  —  Sandy  soil,  S.  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
A  large  tree,  with  thin-scaled  bark  and  exceedingly  hard  and  resinous  wood. 

2.     PICE  A,     Link.        Sprice. 

Sterile  flowers  axillary  (or  sometimes  terminal)  on  branchlets  of  the  preced- 
ing year;  antiiers  tipped  witli  a  rounded  recurved  appemlage,  their  cells  open- 
ing lengtliwise.  Fertile  catkins  and  cones  terminal;  cones  maturing  the  first 
year,  pendulous:  their  scales  thin,  not  thickened  nor  prickly-tipped,  persistent. 
Leaves  scattered,  needle-shaped  and  keeled  above  and  below  (4-sided),  pointing 
every  way.     Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Pinus.     (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

1.  P.  nigra,  Link.  (Black  Sprlce.)  Branchlets  pubescent ;  leaves  short 
(usually  4  -  8"  long),  either  dark  green  or  glaucous-whitish  ;  cones  ovate  or  ovate- 


492  CONIFERiE.        (pine    FAMILY.) 

oblong  ( 10  -  20"  long),  mostli/  recurved,  persistent,  the  7'igid  scales  with  a  thin  den- 
ticulate edge.  ( Abies  nigra,  Poir.)  — Swamps  and  cold  mountain  woods,  New 
Eng.  to  Penn.,  central  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  northward,  and  south  in  the  moun- 
tains to  Ga.  A  tree  40-70°  high.  — Var.  r^bra,  Engelm.  Leaves  larger 
and  darker;  cones  larger,  bright  red-brown,  more  riBadily  deciduous. 

2.  P.  alba,  Link.  (White  Spruce.)  Bra7ichlets  glabrous ;  leaves  more 
slender,  pale  or  glaucous;  cones  noddhig,  ctjlindrical  (about  2'  long),  pale,  de- 
ciduous, the  thinner  scales  with  an  entire  edge.  (Abies  alba,  Michx.)  — 
Northern  New  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  L.  Superior,  and  northward.  —  A  hand- 
somer tree  than  n.  1,  50-150°  high,  in  aspect  more  like  a  Balsam  Fir. 

3.     TSIJGA,     Carriere.         Hemlock. 

Sterile  flowers  a  subglobose  cluster  of  stamens,  from  the  axils  of  last  year's 
leaves,  the  long  stipe  surrounded  by  numerous  bud-scales ;  anthers  tipped  with 
a  short  spur  or  knob,  their  confluent  cells  opening  transversely ;  pollen-grains 
simple.  Fertile  catkins  and  cones  on  the  end  of  last  year's  branchlets;  cones 
maturing  the  first  year,  pendulous ;  their  scales  thin,  persistent.  Leaves  scat- 
tered, flat,  whitened  beneath,  appearing  2-ranked.  (The  Japanese  name  of 
one  of  the  species.) 

1.  T.  Canadensis,  Carr.  Leaves  petioled,  short-linear,  obtuse  H'  long) ; 
cones  oval  (6  -  8"  long),  of  few  thin  scales  much  longer  than  the  bracts.  (Abies 
Canadensis,  Michx.)  —  Mostly  hilly  or  rocky  woods,  N.  Scotia  to  Del.,  and  along 
the  mountains  to  Ala.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Minn.  —  A  tall  tree,  with  light  and 
spreading  spray  and  delicate  foliage,  bright  green  above,  silvery  beneath. 

4.    ABIES,    Link.        FiK. 

Sterile  flowers  from  tlie  axils  of  last  year's  leaves ;  anthers  tipped  with  a 
knob,  their  cells  bursting  transversely;  pollen  as  in  Finns.  Fertile  catkins 
and  cones  erect  on  the  upper  side  of  spreading  l)ranches ;  cones  maturing  tlie 
first  vear;  their  thin  scales  and  mostly  exserted  bracts  dfeciduous  at  maturity 
Seeds  and  bark  with  balsam-bearing  vesicles.  Leaves  scattered,  sessile,  flat, 
with  the  midrib  prominent  on  the  whitened  lower  surface,  on  horizontal 
branches  appearing  2-ranked.     (The  classical  Latin  name.) 

1.  A.  balsamea,  Miller.  (Balsam  or  Balm-of-Gilead  Fir.)  Leaves 
narrowly  linear  (6-10"  long) ;  cones  cijlindrical  (2-4'  long,  1'  thick),  violet- 
colored  ;  tlie  bracts  obovate,  serrulate,  tipped  with  an  abrupt  slender  point,  shorter 
than  the  scales.  —  Damp  woods  and  mountain  swamps,  Newf.  to  Penn.,  along 
the  mountains  to  Va.,  west  to  Minn.,  and  northward.  A  slender  tree  or  at 
high  elevations  a  low  or  prostrate  shrub. 

5.     LARIX,     Tourn.        Larch. 

Catkins  lateral,  terminating  short  spurs  on  branches  of  a  year's  growth  or 
more,  short  or  globular,  developed  in  early  spring;  the  sterile  from  leafless 
buds ;  the  fertile  mostly  with  leaves  below.  Anther-cells  opening  transversely. 
Pollen-grains  simple,  globular.  Cones  as  in  Spruce,  the  scales  persistent.  — 
Leaves  needle-shaped,  soft,  deciduous,  all  foliaceous,  very  many  in  a  fascicle 
developed  in  early  spring  from  lateral  scaly  and  globular  buds,  and  scattered 
along  the  developed  shoots  of  the  season.  Fertile  catkins  crimson  or  red  iji 
flower.     (The  ancient  name.) 


CONIFKK.K.        (riNK    FAMII.V.)  493 

1.  L.  Americana,  Midix.  (Amkrican  or  Black  Larch.  Tamarack. 
Hackmatack.)  Leaves  short;  cones  ovoid  (6-9"  long),  of  few  rounded 
scales,  arr.mged  in  f  order.  —  Cliietly  in  cold  swamps,  N.  Peun.  to  N.  Ind.  and 
central  Minn.,  and  far  northward.  A  slender  tree,  30-  100°  high,  with  hard 
and  very  resinous  wood. 

6.     TAXODIUM,     Pvichard.        Bald  Cyprkss. 

Flowers  monoecious,  tlie  two  kinds  on  the  same  l)rauches.  Sterile  flowers 
spiked-i)anicled,  of  few  stamens ;  filaments  scale-liko,  shieM  shaped,  liearii 
2-5  anther-cells.  Fertile  catkins  ovoid,  in  small  clusters,  scaly,  with  a  pair 
of  ovules  at  the  hase  of  each  scale.  Cone  glohular,  closed,  composed  of  very 
thick  and  angular  somewliat  shield-shaped  scales,  l)earing  2  angled  seeds  at 
the  hase.  Cotyledons  6-9.  —  Trees,  with  narrow  linear  2-rauked  light  and 
deciduous  leaves ;  a  part  of  the  slender  leafy  branchlets  of  the  season  also  de- 
ciduous in  autumn.  (Name  compounded  of  rd^os,  the  ijeic,  and  ilhos,  resem- 
blanre,  tlie  leaves  being  Yew-like.) 

1.  T.  distichum,  Kichard.  (Amkrkan  Bald  Cypress.)  Leaves  linear 
and  spreading;  also  some  awl-shaped  and  imbricated  on  flowering  liranchlets. 
—  Swamps,  S.  Del.  to  8.  111.  and  Mo.,  and  southward,  where  it  is  a  very  largo 
and  valuable  tree.     March,  April. 

7.     CHAM^CYPARIS,     Spach.        White  Cedar.     Cypress. 

Flowers  monoecious  on  different  branches,  in  terminal  small  catkins.  Sterile 
flowers  composed  of  shield-shaped  scale-like  filaments  bearing  2-4  anther-cells 
under  the  lower  margin.  Fertile  catkins  globular,  of  shield-shaped  scales  de- 
cussate in  pairs,  bearing  few  (1  -4)  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules  at  base.  Cone 
globular,  firmly  closed,  but  opening  at  maturity ;  the  scales  thick,  pointed  or 
bossed  in  the  middle ;  the  few  angled  or  somewhat  winged  seeds  attached  to 
their  contracted  base  or  stalk.  Cotyledons  2  or  3.  —  Strong-scented  evergreen 
trees,  with  very  small  and  scale-like  or  some  awl-shaped  closely  appressed- 
iml)ricated  leaves,  distichous  branchlets,  and  exceedingly  durable  wood.  ( From 
Xo-ixai,  on  the  grouiul,  and  KuTrdpicraos,  ci/press.) 

1.  C.  sphaeroidea,  Sjjach.  (White  Cedar.)  Leaves  minute,  pale, 
ovate  or  triangular-awl-shaped,  often  with  a  small  gland  on  the  back,  closely 
imbricated  in  4  rows;  anther-cells  2  under  each  scale;  cones  small  (3-5"  in 
diameter)  of  about  3  pairs  of  scales;  seeds  slightly  winged.  (Cupressus  thy- 
oides,  L.) — Swamps,  S.  Maine  to  Fla.  and  Miss.  A  tree  30-90°  high,  the 
wood  and  fibrous  shreddy  bark,  as  well  as  foliage,  much  as  in  Arbor  Vitje. 

8.     THUYA,     Tourn.         Akhok  Vit.e. 

Flowers  mostly  mona?cions  on  different  hranches,  in  very  small  terminal 
ovoid  catkins.  Stamens  with  a  scale-like  filament  or  connective,  bearing  4 
anther-cells.  Fertile  catkins  of  few  imbricated  scales,  fixed  by  the  base,  each 
bearing  2  erect  ovules,  dry  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Small 
evergreen  trees,  with  very  flat  2-ranked  si)ray,  and  closely  imbricatetl,  small, 
appre.ssed,  persistent  leaves ;  these  of  two  sorts,  on  different  or  successive 
branchlets  ;  one  awl-shaped  ;  the  other  scale-like,  blunt,  short,  and  adnate  to  the 
branch.     (Qvia  or  Qva,  the  ancient  name  of  some  resin-bearing  evergreen.) 


494  CONIFER.E.     (pine  family.) 

1.  T.  oecidentalis,  L.  (Arbor  Vit.e.  White  Cedar.)  Leaves  ap- 
pressed-imbricated  in  4  rows  on  the  2-edged  branchlets ;  scales  of  the  cones 
pointless ;  seeds  broadly  winged  all  round.  —  Swamps  and  cool  rocky  banks, 
N.  Brunswick  to  Penn.,  along  the  mountains  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn.  A  tree 
20-50°  high,  with  pale  shreddy  bark,  and  light,  soft,  but  very  durable  wood. 

9.     J  UNI  PER  US,     L.        Juniper. 

Flowers  dioecious,  or  occasionally  monoecious,  in  very  small  lateral  catkins. 
Anther-cells  3-6,  attached  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  shield-shaped  scale.  Fer- 
tile catkins  ovoid,  of  3  -6  fleshy  coalescent  scales,  each  1-ovuled,  in  fruit  form- 
ing a  sort  of  berry,  which  is  scaly-bracted  underneath,  bluish-black  with  white 
bloom.  Seeds  1  -3,  ovate,  wingless,  bony.  Cotyledons  2.  —  Evergreen  trees 
or  shrubs,  with  awl-shaped  or  scale-like  rigid  leaves,  often  of  two  sliapes  in  §  2. 
(The  classical  name.) 

§  1.  OXYCEDRUS.     Aments  axillary ;  leaves  in  whorls  of  3,  free  and  jointed 
at  base,  linear-subulate,  prickly-pointed,  channelled  and  ivhite  glaucous  above. 

1.  J.  communis,  L.  (Common  Jun:per.)  Shrub  or  small  tree,  with 
spreading  or  pendulous  branches;  leaves  rigid,  more  or  less  spreading  (5-9" 
long) ;  berry  dark  blue  (3"  or  more  in  diameter).  —  Dry  sterile  hills,  common. 

Var.  alpina.  Gaud.,  is  a  decumbent  or  prostrate  form,  with  shorter  (2-4" 
long)  less  spreading  leaves.  —  Maine  to  Minn.,  and  northward. 

§2.  SABINA.  Aments  terminal;  leaves  mosflii  opposite,  of  two  forms,  i.e., 
awl-shaped  and  loose,  and  scale-shaped,  appressed-imbricated  and  crowded, 
the  latter  with  a  resiniferous  gland  on  the  back. 

2.  J.  Sablna,  L.,  var.  prOClimbenS,  Pursh.  .1  procumbent,  prostrate 
or  sometimes  creeping  shrub ;  scale-like  leaves  acute ;  berry  on  short  recurved 
peduncles,  3  -  5"  in  diameter.  —  Pocky  banks,  borders  of  swamps,  etc.,  N.  Eug. 
to  N.  Minn.,  and  northward. 

3.  J.  Virginiana,  L.  (Red  Cedar  or  Savix.)  From  a  shrub  to  a  tree 
60-90°  high,  pyramidal  in  form;  scale-like  leaves  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire; 
berries  on  straight  peduncles,  about  3"  in  diameter.  —  Dry  hills  or  deep  swamps, 
common.     Bark  shreddy,  and  heart-wood  red  and  aromatic. 

10.     TAXUS,     Tourn.        Yew. 

Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  or  sometimes  monoecious,  axillary  from  scaly  buds; 
the  sterile  small  and  globular,  formed  of  a  fcAv  naked  stamens;  anther-cells 
3-8  under  a  shield-like  somewhat  lobed  connective.  Fertile  flowers  solitary,' 
scaly-bracted  at  base,  consisting  merely  of  au  erect  sessile  ovule,  with  an  annu- 
lar disk,  which  becomes  cup-shaped  around  its  base  and  at  length  pulpy  and 
berry-like,  globular  and  red,  nearly  enclosing  the  nut-like  seed.  Cotyledons  2. 
—  Leaves  evergreen,  flat,  mucronate,  rigid,  scattered,  2-ranked.  (The  classical 
name,  probably  from  to^ov,  a  bow ;  the  wood  anciently  used  for  bows.) 

1.  T.  Canadensis,  Willd.  (American  Yew.  Ground  Hemlock.) 
A  low  straggling  bush,  the  stems  diffusely  spreading;  leaves  linear,  green 
both  sides.  (T.  baccata,  var.  Canadensis,  Willd.)  —  Moist  banks  and  hills, 
especially  under  evergreens;  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  Iowa,  Minn.,  and  northward. 


IlYDltoCHAinDACK.i:.        ( KI{(  m;'.S-I5IT    FAMILY.)  41)') 

Class  II.     MOXOCOTYLEDOXOUS  ok  ENDOGENOUS 

PLANTS. 

Stems  with  no  manifest  distinction  into  bark,  wood,  and 
pitli,  but  the  woody  fibre  and  vessels  in  bundles  or  threads 
whicli  are  irregularly  imbedded  in  the  cellular  tissue;  pcrcii 
nial  trunks  destitute  of  annual  layers.  Leaves  mostly  parallel- 
veined  (nerved)  and  slieathing  at  the  base,  seld(jm  separatinL,^ 
by  an  articulation,  almost  always  alternate  or  scattered  and 
not  toothed.  Parts  of  the  Howler  commonly  in  threes.  Em- 
bryo with  a  single  cotyledon,  and  the  leaves  of  the  plumule 
alternate. 

Order  108.   HYDROCHARIDACE^li:.   (Froo's-bit  Family.) 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  dioecious  or  jfoli/f/amons  regular  Jlotcers,  sessile  or  on 
scape-like  peduncles  from  a  spat/ie,  and  simple  or  double  Jiorul  envelopes, 
which  in  the  fertile  flowers  are  united  into  a  tube  and  coherent  icitli  the  1  - 
^-celled  ovary.  Stamens  3-1 2,  distinct  or  monadelplious ;  anthers  2-eelled. 
Stigmas  3  or  6.  Fruit  ripening  under  water,  indehiscent,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  ascending,  without  albumen  ;  embryo  straight. 
Tribe  I.    HYDKILLK^.    Stem  elongated,  submerged,  leafy.     Spathes  small,  sessile. 

1.  Klodea.    Leaves  verticillate  (rarely  oiiposite).     Perianth-tube  long-filil'orm. 

Tribe  II.     VALLISNEKIE^.    Stemless.     Leaves  elongated.     Spathes  pedunculate. 

2.  Vanisneria.    Submerged  ;  grass-like.     Fertile  flower  solitary  on  a  verj'  long  scape. 
Tribe  III.    STKATIOTE^E.    Stem  very  short,  with   crowded  leaves.     Spathes  pe- 
dunculate.    Ovary  6-9-cell<Ml. 

3.  Liiunobium.    Stemless,  floating;  broad  leaves  long-petioled. 

1.     ELODEA,     Michx.         Water-weed. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  solitary  and  sessile  from  a  sessile  tabular  2-cleft 
axillary  spathe.  Sterile  flowers  small  or  minute,  with  3  sepals  barely  united 
at  base,  and  usually  3  similar  or  narrower  petals;  filaments  short  and  unitcl 
at  base,  or  none;  anthers  3-9,  oval.  Fertile  flowers  pistillate  or  apparently 
perfect;  perianth  extended  into  an  extremely  long  capillary  tube;  the  liml) 
G-parted;  the  small  lobes  ohovate,  spreading.  Stamens  3-9,  often  with  im- 
perfect anthers  or  none.  Ovary  l-celle»l,  with  3  parietal  placentse,  each  bear- 
ing a  few  orthotropous  ovules ;  the  capillary  style  coherent  with  the  tube  of 
tlie  perianth ;  stigmas  3,  large,  2-lobed  or  notched,  exscrted.  Fruit  oblong, 
coriaceous,  few-seeded.  —  Perennial  slen<ler  submerged  herbs,  with  elongated 
branching  stems,  thickly  beset  with  pellucid  and  veinless,  1 -nerved,  sessile, 
whorled  or  op])osite  leaves.  The  staminate  flowers  (rarely  seen)  commonlv 
break  off,  as  in  Vallisneria,  and  float  on  tlie  surface,  where  thev  expand  and 
shed  their  pollen  around  the  stigmas  of  the  fertile  flowers,  raised  to  the  surface 


4*JG  HYDKOCHARIDACEiE.        (fROG'S-BIT    FAMILY.) 

by  the  prolonged  calyx-tube,  which  varies  in  length  according  to  the  depth  of 
the  water.     (Name  from  eAwSrjs,  marshy.) 

1.  E.  Canadensis,  Michx.  Leaves  in  3's  or  4's,  or  the  lower  opposite, 
varying  from  linear  to  oval-oblong,  minutely  serrulate  ;  stamens  9  in  the  sterile 
flowers,  3  or  6  almost  sessile  anthers  in  the  fertile.  (Anacharis  Canadensis, 
Planchon.)  — Slow  streams  and  ponds,  common.     July. 

2.  VALLISNERIA,    L.        Tape-grass.    Eel-grass. 

Flowers  strictly  dioecious ;  the  sterile  numerous  and  crowded  in  a  head  on  a 
conical  receptacle,  enclosed  in  an  ovate  at  length  3-valved  spathe  which  is  borne 
on  a  very  short  scape ;  stamens  mostly  3.  Fertile  flowers  solitary  and  sessile 
in  a  tubular  spathe  upon  an  exceedingly  lengthened  scape.  Perianth  (calyx) 
3-parted  in  the  sterile  flowers ;  in  the  fertile  with  a  linear  tube  coherent  with 
the  1-celled  ovary,  but  not  extended  beyond  it,  3-lobed  (the  lobes  obovate) ; 
also  3  linear  small  petals.  Stigmas  3,  large,  nearly  sessile,  2-lobed.  Ovules 
very  numerous,  scattered  over  the  walls,  orthotropous.  Fruit  elongated,  cylin- 
drical, berry -like.  —  Stemless  plants,  wath  long  linear  grass-like  leaves,  wholly 
submerged.  The  staminate  clusters  being  confined  to  the  bottom  by  the  short- 
ness of  the  scape,  the  flower-buds  themselves  break  from  their  short  pedicels 
and  float  on  the  surface,  where  they  shed  their  pollen  around  the  fertile  flow- 
ers, which  are  raised  to  the  surface  by  sudden  growth  at  the  same  time  ;  after- 
wards the  thread-form  scapes  (2-4  feet  long)  coil  up  spirally,  drawing  the  fruit 
under  water  to  ripen.    (Named  for  Ant.  Va/lisneri,  an  early  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  V.  spiralis,  L.  Leaves  linear,  thin,  long  and  ribbon-like  (l -6°  long), 
obscurely  serrulate,  obtuse,  somewhat  nerved  and  netted-veined.  —  Common  in 
slow  waters,  N.  Eug.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

3.  LIMNOBIUM,     Richard.        American  Frog's-bit. 

Flowers  dicecious,  (or  monoecious?)  from  sessile  or  somewhat  peduncled 
spathes ;  the  sterile  spathe  1-leaved,  producing  about  3  long-pedicelled  flowers ; 
the  fertile  2  leaved,  with  a  single  short-pedicelled  flower.  Calyx  3-parted  or 
cleft ;  sepals  oblong-oval.  Petals  3,  oblong-linear.  Filaments  entirely  united 
in  a  central  solid  column,  bearing  6-12  linear  anthers  at  unequal  heights; 
there  are  3-6  awl  shaped  rudiments  of  stamens  in  the  fertile  flowers.  Ovary 
6-9-celled,  with  as  many  placentee  in  the  axis,  forming  an  ovoid  many-seeded 
berry  in  fruit ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells,  but  2-parted,  awl-shaped.  —  A 
stemless  perennial  herb,  floating  in  stagnant  water,  proliferous  by  runners, 
with  long-petioled  and  round-heart-shaped  leaves,  which  are  spongy-reticulated 
and  purplish  underneath ;  rootlets  slender,  hairy.  Sterile  flowers  rather  small ; 
the  fertile  larger;  peduncle  nodding  in  fruit.  Petals  w^hite  ?  (Name  from 
Xifivo^ios,  livimj  in  pools.) 

1.  L.  Spongia,  Richard.  Leaves  1  -  2' long,  faintly  5-nerved ;  peduncle 
of  sterile  flower  about  3'  long  and  filiform,  of  the  fertile  only  V  long  and  stout. 
—  Stagnant  water,  N.  J.  to  Fla. ;  also  L.  Ontario,  111.,  and  Mo. 

Order  109.     BUKMANNIACE.^.     (Burmannia  Family.) 

Small  animal  herhs,  often  icith  minute  and  acale-like  learei^,  or  those  at  the 
root  (/rass-like  :  the  Jlowers  perfect,  with  a  Q-cleft  corolla-like  perianth,  the 


OKCHIDACi:.*:.        (OUCIHS    FA.M1LV.)  41)7 

(ut.e  of  which  adheres  to  the  l-celled  or  3-cellcd  ocary\  stamens  3  and  dis- 
tinct, opposite  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth;  capsule  many-seeded^  the 
seeds  very  minute.  —  A  small,  chieny  tropical  family. 

1.    BURMANNIA,     L. 

Ovary  S-celleil,  with  the  thick  placeutiu  iu  the  axis.  Filaments  3,  very  short. 
Style  slender ;  stigma  capitate-a-lobed.  Capsule  often  3-\viugecI.  (Named  for 
./.  Burmann,  an  early  Dutch  botanist.) 

1.  B.  biflora,  L.  Stem  low  and  slender  (2-4' high),  2  flowered  at  the 
summit,  or  soon  several-flowered  ;  periantli  (2-3"  long)  bright  blue,  3-winged. 
—  Peaty  bogs,  Va.  to  Fla. 

OuDKu  110.     ORCHIDACEiE.     (Oiicin.s  Fa.mily.) 

Herbs,  clearly  distinguished  by  their  perfect  irreyular flowers,  with  Q-merous 
perianth  adnate  to  the  l-celled  ovary,  with  innumerable  ovules  on  Z parietal 
placentce,  and  with  either  one  or  two  yynandrous  stamens,  the  pollen  cohering 
in  masses.  Fruit  a  l-celled  3-valved  capsule,  with  innumerable  minute 
seeds,  appearing  like  fine  saw-dust.  Perianth  of  fi  divisions  in  2  sets ;  the 
3  outer  {sepals)  mostly  of  the  same  petal-like  texture  aiul  appearance  as 
the  3  inner  (petals).  One  of  the  inner  set  differs  more  or  less  in  figure, 
direction,  etc.,  from  the  rest,  and  is  called  the  lip ;  only  the  other  two  tak- 
ing the  name  of  petals  in  the  following  descriptions.  The  Hp  is  really  the 
upj)er  petal,  i.  e.  the  one  next  to  the  axis,  but  by  a  twist  of  the  ovary  of 
half  a  turn  it  is  more  conunonly  directed  forward  and  brought  next  the 
bract.  Before  the  lip,  in  the  axis  of  the  flower,  is  the  column,  composed 
of  a  single  stamen,  or  in  Cypripedium  of  two  stamens  and  a  rudiment 
of  a  third,  variously  coherent  Avith  or  borne  on  the  style  or  thick  fleshy 
stigma ;  anther  2-celled ;  each  cell  containing  one  or  more  masses  of  pollen 
(pollinia)  or  the  pollen  granular  (in  Cypripedium).  Stigma  a  broad  glu- 
tinous surface,  excej)t  in  Cypripedium.  —  Perenniuls,  often  tuber-bearing 
or  tuberous-rooted ;  some  epiphytes.  Leaves  parallel-nerved,  all  alternate. 
Flowers  often  showy,  commonly  singular  in  shape,  solitary,  racemed,  or 
spiked,  each  subtended  by  a  bract,  —  in  all  arranged  for  fertilization  by 
the  aid  of  insects,  very  few  capable  of  unaided  self-fertilization. 

Tribe  I.  EPIDENDRE^E.  Anther  terminal,  erect  or  inclined,  operculate.  Pollinia 
smooth  and  wax)-,  4  or  8  (2  or  4  in  each  cell),  distinct,  or  those  in  each  cell  (or  all  in  n.  3 
f.nd  7)  united  at  base.     {Pollinia  8  onlj*  in  n.  7  of  our  genera.) 

•  Green-foliaged  plants,  from  solid  bulbs,  with  1  or  2  leaves. 
-4-  Column  very  .short  ;  leaf  solitary. 

1.  Microstylis.     Flowers  racemose,  minute,  greenish.     Petals  filiform. 

-*-  -t-  Column  elongated  ;  leaves  radical. 
♦♦  Whole  plant  (except  the  flowers)  green. 

2.  lilparis.     Leaves  2.     Raceme  few-flowered.     Lip  flat,  entire. 

3.  Calypso.     Leaf  solitary.     Flower  large,  solitary.     Liji  saccate. 

■►+  -H-  A  single  green  autumnal  leaf;  otherwise  mainly  brownish  or  puri)lish. 

4.  Tipularla.    Raceme  many-flowered  ;  flowers  small,  greenish  ;  lip  3-lobed. 

5.  Aplectruin.     Raceme  loose  ;  flowers  rather  lai-ge  ;  Up  8-ridged.  not  spurred  or  saccate. 

32 


498  ORCHIDACEiE.        (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

«  «  Leafless,  with  coralloid  roots  ;  whole  plant  brownish  or  yellowish  ;  flowers  racemose. 

6.  Corallorliiza.     Pollinia  4,  in  2  pairs.     Flower  gibbous  or  somewhat  spurred,  and  lip 

with  1  -  o  rido^es  ;  sepals  and  petals  1  -  3-nerved. 

7.  Hexalectris.    Pollinia  S,  united.     Flower  not  gibbous  ;   sepals  and  petals  several- 

nerved  ;  lip  with  5-6  ridges. 
Tribe  II.    NEOTTIE^.     Anthers  erect  upon  the  back  of  the  column  at  the  summit, 
or  terminal  and  opercular.     Pollinia  granular  or  powdery,  more  or  less  cohering  in  2  or  4 
delicate  masses,  and  attached  at  the  apex  to  the  beak  of  the  stigma. 
«  Anthers  witliout  operculum,  erect  upon  the  back  of  the  short  column.     Flowers  small,  in 
spikes  or  racemes. 

8.  Liistera.    Stem  from  a  fibrous  root,  2-foliate.     Lip  flat,  2-lobed. 

9.  Spiranthes.    Stems  leafy  below,  from  tuberous-fascicled  routs.     Flowers  1-3-ranked 

in  a  twisted  spike.     Lip  embracing  the  column  below,  with  2  callosities  at  base. 

10.  Goodyera.     Leaves  radical,  white-reticulated.     Lij)  entire,  free  from  the  column, 

saccate,  without  callosities. 
*  *  Anther  operculate,  erect  and  jointed  upon  the  short  column.    Stem  stout,  very  leafy. 

11.  £pipactis.    Flowers  racemose  ;  perianth  spreading ;  lip  dilated  above. 

*  *  *  Anther  terminal,  ojierculate,  incumbent;  column  elongated.     Stem  scapose  or  few- 
leaved  ;  flowers  large,  solitary  or  few. 

12.  Arethusa.    Leaf  and  flower  solitary.    Lip  bearded,  its  base  adherent  to  the  linear 

column.     Pollinia  4. 

13.  Calopogon.     Leaf  solitary,  grass-like.     Lip  bearded,  stalked,  free.     Column  winged  at 

the  apex.     Pollinia  4. 

14.  Pogonia.    More  or  lesvS  leafy.     Lip  crested,  free.    Column  clavate.     Pollinia  2. 
Tribe  III.     OPHKYDE^.     Anther  without  operculum,  the  cells  adnate  to  the  top  of 

the  column  and  often  continuous  with  the  beak  of  the  stigma,     Pollinia  2,  of  coarse 
grains  united  by  an  elastic  web,  each  attached  at  base  by  a  stalk  to  a  viscid  gland. 
Flower  (in  ours)  ringent  and  spurred,  spicate  upon  a  leafy  stem. 
I.5.  Orchis.     The  two  glands  or  viscid  disks  enclo.sed  in  a  common  pouch. 

16.  Habenaria.    The  two  glands  naked,  either  approximate  or  widely  separated. 
Tribe  IV.     CYPRIPEDIE^.     Perfect  anthers  2,  lateral,  the  sterile  one  forming  a 

dilated  fleshy  appendage  above  the  terminal  stigma.    Pollen  granular,  not  in  masses. 

17.  Cypripedium.    Stems  more  or  less  leafy.     Perianth  spreading  ;  lij)  an  inflated  sac. 

1.    MICRdSTYLIS,    Nutt,        Adder's  Molth. 

Sepals  obloug,  spreadiug.  Petals  thread-like  or  linear,  spreading.  Lip  au- 
ricled  or  ovate  at  base,  not  tubercled,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Column  very  small, 
terete,  with  2  teeth  or  auricles  at  the  summit  and  the  erect  anther  between 
them.  Pollen-masses  4,  in  one  row  (2  in  each  cell),  cohering  by  pairs  at  the 
apex,  waxy,  without  any  stalks,  threads,  or  gland.  —  Low  herbs,  from  solid 
bulbs,  producing  simple  stems,  which  bear  in  our  species  a  single  leaf  and  a 
raceme  of  minute  greenish  flowers,  (Name  composed  of  fiiKpos,  small,  and 
(TTuXis,  a  column  or  stijle.) 

1.  M.  monophyllos,  Lindl,  Slender  (4-6'  high);  leaf  sheathing  the 
base  of  the  stem,  ovate-elliptical;  racemes  spiked,  long  and  slender;  pedicels 
not  longer  than  the  flowers ;  lip  long-pointed.  —  Cold  wet  swamps,  N.  New  Eng. 
to  Penn.,  N.  Ind.,  Minn.,  and  northward.     July,     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  ophioglossoides,  Nutt,  Leaf  near  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
ovate,  clasping ;  raceme  short  and  obtuse  ;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flowers ; 
lip  truncate-3-lobed  at  the  summit,  the  middle  lobe  very  small.  —  Low  moist 
ground,  N.  Scotia  to  Ela.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  July. —  Pollinia  (at  least 
sometimes)  only  1  in  each  cell. 


ORCHID  ACK.K.        (oKrillS     lAMlLV.)  41)1) 

2.     LI  PARIS,     Kicliar.l.         Tuavimadk. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  eqnal,  linear,  or  the  latter  thread-like,  spreading. 
Lip  flat,  entire,  often  hearing  2  tnhercles  ahove  the  hiuse.  Column  elongated, 
incurved,  margined  at  the  apex.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal ;  pollen-masses  4, 
in  one  row  (2  to  each  cell),  slightly  united  in  pairs,  without  stalk,  threads,  or 
gland.  —  Small,  low  herbs,  with  solid  bulbs,  producing  2  root-leaves  and  a  low 
scajjc,  which  bears  a  raceme  of  few  purplish  or  greenish  flowers.  (Name  from 
A iTTapd ?,/<'/  or  shinimj,  in  allusion  to  the  smooth  or  unctuous  leaves.) 

1  L.  liliifblia,  Richard.  Leaves  ovate;  petals  thread-like,  rcflexed  ;  lip 
lanje  (IV  long),  ivedge-ohovatc,  ahniptl//  short-pointed,  broicn-pnrplish.  —  Moist 
woodlands,  X.  Kng.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     June. 

2.  L.  Loes61ii,  Kichard.  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  or  oblong,  keeled  ;  lip 
ohorate  or  ohloncj  [2"  long),  niucronate,  i/rl/oiris/t-fjreen,  shorter  than  the  linear 
unequal  petals  and  sepals.  —  Bogs,  N.  Scotia  to  Md.,  S.  111.,  and  Minn.    (Eu.) 

3.    CALYPSO,     Salisb. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  similar,  ascending,  spreading,  lanceolate,  pointed. 
Lip  larger  than  the  rest  of  the  dower,  sac-shaped,  inflated  (9"  long),  2-pointed 
underneath  the  apex.  Column  broadly  winged  and  petal-like,  ovate,  bearing 
the  lid-like  anther  just  below  the  apex ;  pollen-masses  waxy,  2,  each  2-parted, 
all  sessile  on  a  scjuare  gland.  —  A  little  bog-herb;  the  solid  bulbs  producing 
a  single  ovate  or  sligiitly  heart-shaped  thin  leaf,  as  in  Aplectrum,  and  a  short 
(3-5'  high)  .scape,  sheathed  below,  bearing  a  large  and  showy  (variegated 
purple,  ]nuk,  and  yellow)  flower.     (Name  from  the  goddess  Ca/i/pso.) 

1.  C.  borealis,  Salisb.  —  Cold  bogs  and  wet  woods,  tiie  bulbs  resting  in 
moss,  with  a  coralloid  root  beneath;  Maine  and  Vt.  to  Mich,  anil  Minn.,  and 
northward.  May.  —  A  very  local  and  beautiful  plant.  Lip  somewhat  re- 
sembling that  of  a  Lady's  Slipper,  woolly-hairy  inside.     (En.) 

4.     TIPULARIA,     Nutt.        Craxe-flv  Orchis. 

Sepals  and  petals  spreading,  oblong ;  the  latter  rather  narrower.  Lip  pro- 
longed beneath  into  a  thread-like  ascending  spur  twice  or  thrice  the  length 
of  the  flower  (9-12"  long),  3-lobe(l ;  the  middle  lobe  linear,  a  little  wavy,  as 
long  as  the  petals,  the  side  lobes  short  and  triangular.  Column  narrow  anil 
wingless.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal;  pollen-masses  2,  wa.vy,  each  2-parted, 
connected  by  a  linear  stalk  with  the  transverse  small  gland.  —  Herb  with  large 
solid  bulbs  connected  horizontally,  on  a  distinct  pedicel,  producing  in  autumn 
a  single  ovate  nerved  and  plaited  leaf  on  a  slender  petiole,  purplish  beneath, 
and  in  summer  a  long  slender  scape,  with  1  or  2  sheaths  at  base,  bearing  a 
raceme  of  many  small  greenish  flowers  tinged  with  purple.  (Name  from  a 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  flowers  to  insects  of  the  genus  Tipula.) 

1.  T.  discolor,  Xutt.  Scape  10-18'  high  ;  lip  blunt  at  the  tip.  —  Santly 
woods,  Vt.  to  X.  J.  and  Fla.,  west  to  Mich. ;  very  scarce. 

5.     APLECTRUM,     Nutt.         Pcttv-koot.     Ai)am-a\i»-Eve. 

Perianth  neither  gibbous  nor  with  any  trace  of  a  spur  or  sac  at  the  base. 
Lip  free,  the  palate  .3-ridged.     Otherwise  the  flowers  and  scape  (invested  be- 


500  ORCHIDACE^.        (orchis    FAMILY.) 

low  with  3  greenish  sheaths)  as  in  Corallorhiza ;  but,  instead  of  a  coral-like 
root,  a  slender  naked  rootstock  produces  each  year  a  thick,  globular,  solid  bulb 
or  corm,  often  1'  in  diameter  (filled  with  exceedingly  glutinous  matter),  which 
sends  up  late  in  summer  a  large,  oval,  many-nerved  and  plaited,  petioled,  green 
leaf,  lasting  through  the  winter,  and  early  in  the  succeeding  summer  its  scape 
is  terminated  by  a  loose  raceme  of  dingy  rather  large  flowers.  (Tlie  name 
composed  of  a-  privative  and  TrKi]KTpou,  a  spur,  from  the  total  want  of  the 
latter.) 

1.  A.  hiemale,  Nutt.  Stem  1°  high  or  more;  perianth  greenish-brown, 
or  the  lip  whitish,  and  somewhat  speckled  with  purple,  5  -  6"  long.  —  Woods, 
in  rich  mould ;  rather  rare  or  local,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  — 
Each  corm  lasts  2  or  3  years  before  it  shrivels,  so  that  3  or  4  are  found  hori- 
zontally connected. 

6.     CORALLORHIZA,     Haller.        Coral-root. 

Perianth  somewhat  ringent,  oblique  and  gibbous  or  obscurely  spurred  at 
base;  the  oblong  or  lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  1  -3-nerved,  the 
upper  arching;  the  lateral  sepals  ascending,  their  bases  with  that  of  the  lip 
forming  the  gibbosity  or  short  spur  which  is  mostly  adnate  to  the  summit  of 
the  ovary ;  lip  slightly  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  2-edged  straightish  column, 
bearing  a  pair  of  projecting  ridges  on  the  face  below,  spreading  or  recurved 
at  the  apex.  Anther  terminal,  lid-like.  Pollen-masses  4,  obliquely  incumbent, 
soft-waxv,  free.  —  Brownish  or  yellowish  herbs,  destitute  of  green  foliage,  with 
much-branched  and  toothed  coral-like  root  stocks  (probably  root-parasitical), 
sending  up  a  simple  scape,  with  sheaths  in  place  of  leaves  and  bearing  a  ra- 
ceme of  rather  small  dull-colored  flowers ;  fruit  reflexed.  (Name  composed  of 
KopaKXiov,  coral,  and  pi^a,  root.) 

§  1.  Small  spur  or  sac  adnate  to  the  summit  of  the  ovarjj ;  flowers  small ;  Up 
irhitish  or  purplish,  often  mottled  with  crimson. 

1.  C.  innata,  K.  Brown.  Plant  slender,  light  brownish  or  yellowish  (3  - 
9' high),  .5-12-flowered;  pedicels  very  short ;  perianth  2 -  2^"  long ;  lip  some- 
what hastately  3-lobed  above  the  base,  the  lamellfB  thick  and  rather  short ;  spur 
a  very  small  protuberance;  capsule  oval  or  elliptical  (3-4"  long). —  Swamps 
and  damp  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  northern  N.  J.,  Ohio,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  north- 
ward, and  south  in  the  mountains  to  Gft.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

2.  C.  odontorhiza,  Nutt.  Plant  light  brown  or  purplish ;  stem  rather 
slender,  bulbous-thickened  at  base  (6-16'  high),  6  -  20-flowered ;  pedicels 
rather  slender;  perianth  about  3"  long;  lip  entire  or  merely  denticulate,  thin, 
broadly  ovate  or  obovate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  claw-like  base,  the  lamelliB 
a  pair  of  short  projections ;  the  spur  represented  by  a  small  cavity  wholly  ad- 
nate to  the  summit  of  the  ovary ;  capsule  at  first  very  acute  at  base,  at  length 
short-oval  (4"  long).  —  Rich  woods,  E.  Mass.  {Hitchings)  and  Vt.  to  N.  J.  and 
Fla.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Mo.     May  -  July. 

3.  C.  multiflora,  Nutt.  Plant  purplish,  rather  stout  (9-18'  high),  10- 
30-flowered;  perianth  2^-4"  long;  lip  deeplt/  3-lobed,  with  a  short  narrowed 
base  and  with  prominent  lamellae ;  spur  manifest  and  protuberant ;  capsule 
oblong  (6-9"  long),  short-pedicelled.  —  Dry  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Md.,  west  to 
Mo.,  Iowa,  and  Minn.     July  -  Sept. 


OKClIlUACK.i:.        (OKCHIS    FAMILY.)  501 

§  2.  Spur  none  ;  the  broad!  1/  (jibhous  someiv/iat  saccate  btjse  whoU j  free  from  the 
orari/  ;  Jioicers  lanjc  for  the  genus,  purple,  unspotted,  more  expiindimj. 
4.  C.  striata,  Lindl.  Plant  purplish,  stout  (6-  IG'  hi^li),  bearing  15-25 
large  flowers  in  a  crowded  spike,  on  very  short  pedicels;  perianth  6-7"  long; 
lip  oval  or  obovate,  perfectly  entire,  concave,  barely  narrowed  at  the  base, 
where  it  bears  1  -3  short  laniellaj ;  all  the  parts  of  the  perianth  marked  with 
3  darker  nerves;  pod  oblong  (9"  long).  (C.  Macraji,  Gray.)  —  Woods,  from 
L.  Erie  westward  ak)ng  the  Great  Lakes  and  to  the  Pacific. 

7.    HEXALECTRIS,    Kaf. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  somewhat  spreading,  several-nerved,  not 
gibbous  nor  spurred  at  base,  free.  Lip  obovnle.  with  5-6  prominent  ridges 
down  the  middle,  3-lobed  above,  the  middle  lo'e  somewhat  concave.  Pollen- 
masses  8,  united  into  a  single  fascicle.  Otherwise  as  in  Corallorhiza.  (Name 
probably  from  6|,  six,  and  aXcKTpvwv,  a  cock,  from  the  crests  of  the  lip.) 

1.  H.  aphyllus,  Kaf.  Stem  1  -2°  high,  beset  with  purplish  scales,  the 
lower  sheatliing;  flowers  racemed,  bracteate,  brownish-purple,  6-8"  long. 
(Bletia  apliylbi,  Nuti.)  —  Rich  woods,  Ky.  and  Mo.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

8.     LISTER  A,     K.Brown.         Twavijlade. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Lip  mostly  drooping, 
longer  than  the  sepals,  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.  Column  wingless;  stigma  with  a 
rounded  beak.  Anther  borne  on  the  back  of  the  column  at  the  summit,  erect, 
ovate ;  pollen  powdery,  in  2  masses,  joined  to  a  minute  gland.  —  Roots  fibrous. 
Stem  bearing  a  pair  of  opposite  sessile  leaves  in  the  middle,  and  a  spike  or 
raceme  of  greenish  or  brownish-purple  small  flowers.  (Dedicated  to  Martin 
Lister,  an  early  and  celebrated  British  naturalist.) 

*  Column  venj  short ;  sepals  ovate,  reflexed  ;  plants  delicate,  4-8'  hifjh. 

1.  L.  cordata,  R.  Brown.  Leaves  round-ovate,  somewhat  heart-shaped 
1^-1'  long) ;  raceme  smooth;  flowers  minute,  crowded,  on  pedicels  not  longer 
than  the  ovari/ ;  lip  linear,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  1 -toothed  each  side  at 
base,  2-cleft.  —  Cold  woods,  N.  J.  to  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  northward.    June.    (Lu.) 

2.  L.  austr^lis,  Lindl.  Leaves  ovate ;  raceme  loose  and  slender ;  flowers 
veri)  small,  on  minuteli/  glandular-pubescent  pedicels  twice  the  length  of  the  ovary  ; 
///^  linear,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  sepals,  2-;jar/e</,  the  divisions  linear- 
setaceous. —  Damp  thickets,  Oswego  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and  from  N.  J.  to  Fla.    June. 

*  *-  Column  longer,  arching  or  straightish. 

3.  L.  COnvallarioides,  Nutt.  Plant  4-9'  high;  leaves  oval  or  round- 
ish, and  sometimes  a  little  lieart-shaped  (1-U'long);  raceme  loose,  pubes- 
cent; pedicels  slender,  lip  wedge-oblong.  2-lobed  at  the  dilated  apex,  and  1- 
toothed  on  each  side  at  the  base,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  narrowlv 
lanceolate  spreading  sepals,  ])ur])lish,  f/  long.  —  Damp  mossy  woods,  N.  New 
Eug.  to  Mich.,  ]Miun.,  and  northward,  and  south  in  the  mountains  to  N.  C. 

9.     SPIRANTHES,     Richard.        Laoiks' Tkesses. 

Perianth  somewhat  ringent,  oblique  on  the  ovary  ;  the  sepals  ami  petals  all 
narrow,  mostly  erect  or  connivent,  the  three  upper  pieces  sticking  together 


502  ORCHTDACE^..        (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

more  or  less,  the  two  lower  covering  the  base  of  the  lip.  Lip  oblong,  short- 
stalked  or  sessile,  the  lower  part  involute  around  the  column,  and  with  a  cal- 
lous protuberance  on  each  side  of  the  base ;  the  somewhat  dilated  summit 
spreading  or  recurved,  crisped,  wavy,  or  rarely  toothed  or  lobed.  Column 
short,  oblique,  bearing  the  ovate  stigma  on  the  front,  and  the  sessile  or  short- 
stalked  (mostly  acute  or  pointed)  2-celled  erect  anther  on  the  back.  Pollen- 
masses  2  (one  in  each  cell),  narrowly  obovate,  each  2-cleft,  and  split  into  thin 
and  tender  plates  of  granular  pollen  united  by  elastic  threads,  and  soon  ad- 
hering at  base  to  the  narrow  boat-shaped  viscid  gland,  which  is  set  in  the 
slender  or  tapering  thin  beak  terminating  the  column.  After  the  removal  of 
the  gland,  the  beak  is  left  as  a  2-toothed  or  2-forked  tip.  —  Roots  clustered- 
tuberous ;  stem  more  or  less  naked  above,  leaf-bearing  below  or  at  the  base. 
Flowers  small  (ours  all  white  or  greenish-white),  bent  horizontally,  1  -3-ranked 
in  a  spike,  Avhich  is  commonly  more  or  less  spirally  twisted  (whence  the  name, 
from  cnreipa,  a  coil  or  curl,  and  &vQos,  flower). 

*  Flowers  in  3  ranks,  crowded  in  a  close  spike  :  leaves  at  the  root  and  base  of 
the  stem  present  at  the  flowering  season. 

1.  S.  latifolia,  Torr.  Low;  naked  stem  or  scape  4-9' (rarely  12')  high, 
smooth ;  lea  ves  all  next  the  base,  oblong  or  lance-oblong  (1-4'  long,  3  -  9"  wide) , 
3-5-nerved,  contracted  into  a  sheathing  base;  spike  narrow  (1-3'  long); 
flowers  small  (2-3"  long);  lip  quadrate-oblong,  yellowish  on  the  face,  not 
contracted  in  the  .middle,  thin,  wavy-crisped  at  the  very  obtuse  or  truncate 
apex,  the  small  callosities  at  the  base  oblong,  marginal  and  adnate  for  their 
whole  length ;  gland  and  beak  of  the  stigma  short.  —  Moist  banks,  Vt.  and 
W.  Mass.  to  Mich,  and  Minn.,  south  to  Del.  and  Md. 

2.  S.  Romanzoffiana,  Cham.  Stem  leafg  below  and  leaf  ij-br acted  above 
(5-  15'  high) ;  leaves  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  grassy-linear;  spike 
dense,  oblong  or  cylindrical  (1-4' long);  perianth  curved  and  the  summit 
manifestly  ringent,  pure  white  (4"  long),  the  sepals  and  petals  all  connivent 
in  the  upper  portion  or  galea;  the  lip  ovate-oblong,  contracted  below  the  rounded 
icavg-cremdate  much  recurved  summit,  otherwise  entire,  the  callosities  at  base 
globular  and  smooth  ;  gland  oblong-linear  and  the  2-horned  beak  of  the  stigma 
short.  —  High  and  cool  bogs,  N.  New  Eng.  to  Mich,  and  Minn.,  and  north- 
ward; Norfolk,  Conn. -(Barbour) ;  central  N.  Y.     July,  Aug.     (Ireland.) 

3.  S.  cernua,  Richard.  Stem  leafg  below  and  leafg-bracted  above  (6-20' 
high) ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  elongated  (4-12'  long,  2-9"  wide) ; 
spike  cylindrical,  rather  dense  (2-5'  long)  and  with  the  white  fragrant  flow- 
ers either  pubescent  or  nearly  smooth ;  perianth  horizontal  or  recurving  (4  - 
5"  long),  the  lotcer  sepals  not  upturned  or  connivent  with  the  upper;  lip  oblong 
and  very  obtuse  when  outspread,  but  conduplicate  or  the  margins  much  in- 
curved, wavy-crisped  above  the  middle,  especially  at  the  flattish  and  recurved- 
spreading  apex,  the  callosities  at  the  base  prominent,  nipple-shaped,  somewhat 
hairy  ;  gland  of  the  stigma  linear,  in  a  long  and  verg  slender  beak.  —  Common 
in  wet  places,  especially  eastward  and  southward.  Sept.,  Oct.  Very  variable 
in  size  and  foliage,  often  nearly  losing  its  root-leaves  at  flowering  time.  —  A 
variety,  growing  in  dry  ground  but  retaining  its  leaves  and  blooming  some- 
what later,  has  greenish  cream-colored  or  yellowish  stronger-scented  flowers. 
IE.  Mass  and  Del. 


ORCHIDACE/E.       (j^RrniS    FAMILY.)  503 

*  *  FInirers  in  one  straifjlit  or  i^pirnl/i/  twlstrd  rank. 

4-  Stem  hearing  elongated  leaves  at  and  toward  the  base,  which  mnstli/  persist 

during  the  flowering  season. 

4.  S.  prseCOX,  Wntson.  Koot  of  flpshv  or  tuherous-tliickened  fibres; 
stem  9' -2^  liii::li;  lower  and  root-leaves  linear  or  lance-linear  (3-8'  lon^,  2- 
4"  wide)  gradually  tapering  to  the  base,  the  upper  reduced  to  sheathing  bracts ; 
spike  linear,  dense  (2-5'  long),  usually  much  twisted,  the  axis,  ovaries,  etc., 
downy-pubescent;  bracts  ovate  and  gradually,  or  rhombic-ovate  and  abruptly 
taper-pointed,  surpassing  the  ovary,  the  margins  broadly  hyaline;  perianth  3" 
long ;  lip  ovate-oblong  when  outspread,  with  rather  small  callosities  at  base, 
crisped  at  the  rounded  slightly  recurved  apex  ;  anther  and  beak  of  the  stigma 
very  acute.  (S.  graminea,  var.  Walter!,  Grag.)  —  Wet,  grassy  places,  Mass. 
to  N.  J.  and  Fla. 

•«--•-  Scape  very  slender,  vierelg  hracted ;  the  leaves  with  a  hladc  all  in  a  cluster 
at  the  ground,  ovate  or  oblong,  ahruptlg  contracted  into  a  petiole,  com morilg 
ivithering  aicag  at  or  before  flowering ;  floivers  sinall,  and  ichote  plaiit  gla- 
brous or  ncarlg  so;  bracts  small,  sharp-pointed,  not  longer  than  the  capsule. 

5.  S.  gracilis,  Bigelow.  Roots  clustered,  tuberous-thickened :  scape  8-18' 
high,  l)earing  a  slender  many-flowered  one-sided  or  twisted  spike ;  perianth 
barely  H-2"  long;  lip  oval  when  outspread,  narrowly  ol)long  in  natural  form, 
thickish  and  green  above  with  thin  white  margins,  the  recurved  obtuse  or  acut- 
ish  apex  wavy-crisped,  the  callosities  at  the  base  nipple-shaped.  —  Hilly  woods 
and  sandy  plains,  common.    July  -  Oct. 

6.  S.  simplex,  Gray.  Root  a  solitary  oblong  or  spindle-shaped  tuber;  no 
leaves  at  flowering  time;  scape  5-9'  high,  bearing  a  small  narrow  (rarely  1- 
sided)  spike  (1  -3'  long)  of  very  short  flowers  (perianth  1  -  1|"  long) ;  lip  thin, 
white,  obovate-oblong ,  the  apex  eroded  and  crisped,  the  callosities  at  the  base 
slender.  —  Dry  sandy  soil,  E.  Mass.  to  N.  J.,  Del.,  and  Md.     Aug.,  Sept. 

10.     GOOD  YE  R  A,     Pv.  Br.         Rattlesnake-Plantaix. 

Lip  sac-shaped,  sessile,  entire,  and  without  callosities  at  base.  Otherwise 
as  Spiranthes.  —  Root  of  thick  fibres,  from  a  somewhat  fleshy  creeping  root- 
stock,  bearing  a  tuft  of  thickish  petioled  leaves,  usually  reticulated  with  white 
veining.  Scape,  spike,  and  the  greenish-white  small  flowers  usually  glandular- 
downy.     (Dedicated  to  John  Goodyear,  an  early  English  botanist.) 

§  1.  Lip  strongly  saccate-inflated  and  tvith  a  short  spreading  or  recurved  tip  ; 
anther  short,  borne  on  a  distinct  filament  attached  to  the  back  of  the  short 
column,  blunt;  gland-bearing  tip  or  beak  of  the  stigma  I'ery  short. 

1.  G.  ripens,  R.  Br.  Small  (5-8'  high)  and  slender;  leaves  ovate, 
more  or  less  white-reticulated  (about  1'  long) ;  flowers  several,  in  a  loose  l-sidid 
spike;  lip  with  an  ovate  recurved  tip;  sepals  ovate.  —  Woods,  under  ever- 
greens, common  northward  and  through  the  Alleghanies.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.  G.  pubescens,  R.  Br.  Larger ;  leaves  strongly  w  hite-reticulated  ; 
scape  G-12'  high,  tlie  numerous  crowded  flowers  not  one-sided;  tip  of  the 
(flohular  lip  very  .<ihort :  otherwise  like  the  preceding,  and  too  near  to  it. — 
Rich  woods,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Minn. 


504  ORCHIDACE^E.       (ORCHIS    FAMILY.) 

§  2.  Lip  bare/ 1/  saccate  below,  tapering  and  its  sides  involute  above  ;  anther  ovate, 
long-pointed,  borne  on  the  base  of  tlie  venj  short  column,  which  is  continued 
above  the  stigma  into  a  conspicuous  tapering  awl-shaped  gland-bearing  beak. 

3.  G.  Menziesii,  Lindl.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute  (2-3'  long),  less 
white-reticulated  than  the  preceding,  some  not  at  all  so ;  scape  9-12'  high ; 
flowers  rather  numerous  in  a  looser  often  1-sided  spike ;  tiower-buds  less  pu- 
bescent, elongated-ovate  and  pointed ;  lip  with  the  saccate-conduplicate  lower 
portion  gradually  tapering  into  the  narrow  barely  spreading  summit.  —  Woods, 
Gaspe  and  Tadousac,  L.  Can.  {,/.  A.  Allen,  Goodale) ;  Crawford,  N.  H.  {Miss 
Minns) ;  western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  westward.     July. 

11.     EPIPACTIS,     Haller. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  spreading.  Lip  free,  deeply  concave  at  base, 
narrowly  constricted  and .  somcAvliat  jointed  in  the  middle,  the  upper  portion 
dilated  and  petaloid.  Column  short,  erect.  Anther  sessile  behind  the  broad 
truncate  stigma,  on  a  slender-jointed  base ;  pollen-masses  coarsely  granular, 
becoming  attached  to  the  gland  capping  the  small  rounded  beak  of  the  stigma. 
—  Stem  leafy,  with  racemed  flowers,  conspicuous  bracts,  and  ovaries  reflexed 
at  maturity.     (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  a  plant.) 

1.  E.  Helleborine,  Crantz.  Stems  1-2°  high  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  (2  - 
3'  long),  pointed,  plicate,  the  upper  narrower;  raceme  pubescent,  30-50-flow- 
ered,  1-sided  ;  flowers  varying  from  light  greenish-yellow  to  dark  purple  ;  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate,  3-4'' long;  petals  rather  smaller ;  lip  ovate,  pointed  above, 
with  a  dark  centre.  (E.  latifolia,  ^1//.) — Near  Syracuse  and  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ; 
the  only  known  stations.     (Eu.) 

12.  A  RE  THUS  A,      Gronov. 

Flower  ringent ;  the  lanceolate  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  united  at  base, 
ascending  and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  dilated  and  recurved-spreading 
toward  the  summit ;  very  slightly  gibbous  at  base.  Column  adherent  to  the 
lip  below,  petal-like,  dilated  at  the  apex.  Anther  lid-like,  terminal,  of  2  ap- 
proximate cells ;  pollen-masses  powdery-granular,  2  in  each  cell.  —  Beautiful 
low  herbs,  consisting  of  a  sheathed  scape  from  a  globular  solid  bulb,  termi- 
nated usually  by  a  single  large  rose-purple  flower.  Leaf  solitary,  linear,  nerved, 
hidden  in  the  sheaths  of  the  scape,  protruding  after  flowering.  (Dedicated  to 
the  nymph  Arethusa.) 

1.  A.  bulbosa,  L.  Flower  single  (rarely  2),  erect  (1  -2'  long),  with  an 
entire  lip  recurved  at  the  apex  and  bearded-crested  down  the  face.  —  Bogs, 
Newf.  to  the  mountains  of  N.  C,  Avest  to  lud.  and  Minn. 

13.  CALOPOGON,    K.Br. 

Flower  Avith  the  ovary  or  stalk  not  twisting,  therefore  presenting  its  lip  on 
the  upper  or  inner  side.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  lance-ovate,  spreading, 
distinct.  Lip  spreading,  distant  from  the  column,  raised  on  a  narrowed  base  or 
stalk,  dilated  at  the  summit,  strongly  bearded  along  the  upper  side.  Column 
free,  slender,  winged  at  the  apex.  Anther  terminal  and  lid-like,  sessile  ;  pollen- 
masses  4  (two  in  each  cell),  of  soft  powdery  grains,  lightly  connected  by  deli- 


OKCHIDACE.K.        (OUCHIS    TAMILV.)  505 

cate  threads.  —  Scape  from  a  small  solid  bull),  sheathed  below  by  the  base  of 
the  gra«s-like  leaf,  iKiked  above,  bcariiii;  soveral  hiv^a  (lowers.  Hracts  minute. 
(Name  comj)<)siMl  of  ko\Js,  h(aulij'ul,  and  iruyujv,  heard,  from  the  bearded  lip.) 
1.  C.  pulchellus,  Iv.  Br.  Leaf  linear;  scape  about  1°  high,  2-6-flo\v- 
ered  ;  flowers  1'  broad,  pink-purple  ;  lip  as  if  hinged  :it  the  insertion,  beautifully 
bearded  toward  the  dilated  summit  with  white,  yellow,  and  purple  club-shaped 
hairs.  —  Bogs,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mijin.  and  Mo. 

14.     POGONIA,    Juss. 

Flower  irregular,  the  sepals  and  petals  separate.     Lip  crested  or  3-lobed. 
Columu  free,  elongated,  club-shaped,  wingless.     Anther  terminal  and  lid-like, 
stalked;  pollen-masses  2  (one  in  each  cell),  powdery-granular.      {Uuywvias 
bearded,  from  the  lip  of  some  of  the  original  species.) 
§  L    Sepals  anei  peUds  nearlij  equal  and  alike,  pale  rose-color,  sometimes  white. 

1.  P.  ophioglossoid.es,  Nutt.  Root  of  thick  filjres;  stem  (G- 9' high) 
bearing  a  single  oval  or  lance-oblong  leaf  near  the  middle  and  a  smaller  one  or 
bract  near  the  terminal  flower,  rarely  one  or  two  others  with  a  flower  in  the 
axil;  flower  1' long,  sweet-scented  ;  lip  spatulate,  ai)pressed  below  to  the  col- 
umn, beard-crested  and  fringed.  —  Bogs,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  wTst  to  N.  lud.  and 
Minn.     June,  July.     (Japan.) 

2.  P.  pendula,  Lindl.  Stem  (3  -  8' high)  from  oblong  tubers,  bearing 
3  to  7  alternate  ovate-clasping  very  small  (3-6")  leaves,  the  upper  1-4  with 
drooping  flowers  in  their  axils  on  slender  pedicels;  perianth  Y  long,  narrow; 
lip  spatulate,  somewhat  3-lobed,  roughish  or  crisped  above,  crestless.  —  Damp 
woods,  X.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Wise,  and  Mo. 

§  2.    Sepals  linear,  dinrji/  or  brownish,  lon/jer  and  much  narroiver  than  the  erect 
'   or  conmvent  petals;  lip  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  crested  doicn  the  middle,  beard' 
less ;  Jloirers  solitari/  (or  rarely  a  pair),  terminal;  rout  a  cluster  ofjibres. 

3.  P.  divaricata,  R.  Br.  Stem  (1-2°  high)  bearing  a  lanceolate  leaf  in 
the  middle,  and  a  lea/,/  bract  next  the  flower,  which  is  recurved  on  the  ovary; 
but  the  sepals  ascending  or  diverging,  spatulate-linear,  longer  than  the  lan- 
ceolate-spatulate  pointed  and  flesh-colored  petals,  these  about  1-1^' long.  — 
Wet  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     June,  July. 

4.  P.  verticillata,  Nutt.  Stem  (6 -12' high)  naked,  except  some  small 
scales  at  the  base  and  a  whorl  of  mostly  5  obovate  or  obovate-oblomj  sessile  leaves 
at  the  summit;  flower  dusky  purplisli,  on  a,  peduncle  longer  than  the  ovary  and 
capsule;  sepals  more  than  twice  the  Icm/th  of  the  petals,  ntiTTOwly  linear,  spread- 
ing from  a  mostly  erect  base  (1^-2'  long) ;  lip  with  a  narrow  crest  dowu  the 
middle.  —  Low  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ind.  and  Wise;  rather  rare, 
especially  eastward.  May,  June.  Glaucous  when  young.  Fruit  stalk  erect, 
about  1^'  long,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  leaves. 

5.  P.  afEinis,  Austin.  Somewhat  smaller  than  the  precetling;  leaves 
paler  and  rather  narrower ;  flowers  (not  rarely  in  pairs)  yellowish  or  greenish  ; 
peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  ovary  and  capsule  ;  sepals  but  little  longer  than 
fAe  p^fa/s,  tapering  to  the  base;  lip  crested  over  the  whole  face  and  on  the 
middle  of  the  lobes.  —  Low  woods,  S.  W.  Conn.,  S.  New  York,  and  N.  New 
Jersey ;  rare. 


506  OKCHIDACE^.        (orchis    FAMILY.) 

15.    ORCHIS,    L. 

Flower  ringent ;  the  sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal.  Lip  turned  downward, 
coalescing  witli  the  base  of  the  column,  spurred  below.  Anther-cells  contigu- 
ous and  parallel.  Pollen  cohering  in  numerous  coarse  waxy  grains,  which  are 
collected  on  a  cobweb-like  elastic  tissue  into  2  large  masses  (one  filling  each 
anther-cell)  borne  on  a  slender  stalk,  the  base  of  Avhich  is  attached  to  a  gland 
or  sticky  disk  of  the  stigma,  the  two  glands  contained  in  a  common  little  pouch 
or  hooded  fold,  placed  just  above  the  orifice  of  tlie  spur.  Flowers  showy,  in  a 
spike.  —  Our  species  with  low  scape-like  stems,  with  1  or  2  leaves  at  base,  from 
fleshy-fibrous  roots.     (Opx^s,  the  ancient  name.) 

1.  O.  spectabilis,  L.  (Showy  Orchis.)  Root  of  thick  fleshy  fibres, p-o- 
ducing  2  ohlong-obovate  shining  leaves  (3-6'  long),  and  a  few-flowered  4  angled 
scape  (4  -  7'  high) ;  bracts  leaf-like,  lanceolate ;  sepals  and  petals  all  lightly 
united  to  form  the  vaulted  galea  or  upper  lip,  pink-purple,  the  ovate  undivided 
lip  white.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  Brunswick  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     May. 

2.  O.  rotundifolia,  Pursh,  Stem  naked  above,  l-leaved  at  base  (5-9' 
high),  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock ;  leaf  varying  from  almost  orbicular 
to  oblong  (1^-3'  long);  flowers  rose-purple,  the  lip  white  and  spotted  with 
purple,  3-lobed,  and  the  larger  middle  lobe  dilated  and  2-lobed  or  strongly 
notched  at  the  summit  (4-6"  long),  exceeding  the  ovate-oblong  petals  and 
sepals,  and  the  slender  depending  spur.  (Habenaria  rotundifolia,  Richard- 
son.)—  Damp  woods  and  bogs,  N.  Maine  to  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Minn.,  and  northward. 

16.     HABENARIA,     Willd.        Rlix-Oechis. 

Glands  or  viscid  disks  fto  Avhich  the  pollen-masses  are  attached)  naked  and 
exposed,  separate,  sometimes  widely  so  (becoming  attached,  some  to  the  pro- 
boscis, others  to  the  face  or  head  of  insects  feeding  upon  the  nectar  of  the  spur, 
the  pollen  thus  carried  from  one  blossom  to  another) ;  otherAvise  nearly  as  in 
true  Orchis ;  the  lateral  sepals,  hoAvever,  mostly  spreading.  (Name  from  habena, 
a  thong  or  rein,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  lip  or  spur  of  some  species.) 
§  1.  GYMXADENIA.  Cells  of  the  anther  parallel  and  approximate,  their 
glands  therefore  contiguous.  {Appendages  of  the  stigma  in  our  species  two 
or  three  and  much  developed,  oblong  or  club-shaped.) 

1.  H.  tridentata,  Hook.  Stem  slender  (6- 1 2' high),  Avith  a  single  ob- 
long or  oblanceolate  obtuse  leaf  beloAv,  and  2  or  3  small  ones  like  bracts  aboA-e; 
spike  6  -  12-floAvered,  oblong ;  floicers  greenish  or  whitish,  very  small ;  lip  ivedge- 
oblong,  truncate,  and  with  3  short  teeth  at  the  apex  ;  the  slender  and  slightly  club- 
shaped  spur  curved  upAvard,  longer  than  the  OA^ary.  —  Wet  Avoods,  N.  Eng.  to 
Minn,  and  Ind.,  and  south  in  the  mountains  to  N.  C.  June,  July.  —  Root  of 
fcAv  fleshy  fibres.  Appendages  of  the  stigma  three,  oblong-club-shaped,  one 
outside  each  orbicular  gland  and  one  betAveen  them,  rising  as  high  as  the 
anther-cell,  their  cellular  viscid  summits  receiving  pollen  in  the  unopened 
floAver,  and  penetrated  by  pollen-tubes ! 

2.  H.  Integra,  Spreng.  Root  of  very  fleshy  fibres  (or  some  of  them 
tuber-like) ;  stem  several-leaved  (15'  high),  the  1  or  2  loAver  leaves  elongated, 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the  others  becoming  smaller  and  bract-like;  spike 
densely  many-flowered,  oblong-cylindrical ;  flowers  orange-yellow,  small ;   lip 


OKCIIIDACK.E.        (orchis    FAMILY.)  507 

ovate,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate  or  wavy,  shorter  than  the  awl-shaped  de- 
scending spnr.  —  Wet  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  July.  —  Appendages  of  the 
stigma  two,  lateral,  oblong,  fleshy ;  beak  or  middle  appendage  narrow. 

3.  H.  nivea,  Spreng.  Stem  slender,  1  -  H°  high,  many-leaved,  the  1  or 
2  lower  leaves  lance-linear  and  4-8'  long,  the  others  small  and  bract-like; 
spike  cylindrical,  loosely  many-flowered  ;  jUnrers  ichite,  small ;  petals  and  entire 
Up  lincar-ohlnng :  spur  thread-shaped,  ascending,  as  long  as  the  white  ovary, 
Mhich  is  not  twisted.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  S.  Del.  to  Fla.     Aug. 

§  2.  PERULAKIA.  Cells  of  the  anther  nearlij  parallel,  the  valves  of  each  ex- 
tended at  base  so  as  to  form  the  sides  of  a  deep  oblomj  groove  or  cavity,  which 
is  lined  by  the  dilated  orbicular  and  incurved  gland.  {Flowers  small,  green- 
ish, slender-spurred.) 

4.  H.  vir6scens,  Spreng.  Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
tlie  uppermost  linear-lanceolate  and  pointed,  passing  into  the  bracts  of  the 
elongated  raceme  ;  petals  ovate;  flowers  dull  green  ;  lip  furnished  with  a  tooth 
on  each  side  and  a  stroiTg  nasal  protuberance  in  the  middle  of  the  base,  oblong, 
truncate-obtuse,  about  the  length  of  the  sepals,  half  the  length  of  the  slender 
club-shaped  spur.  —  Wet  places,  common  ;  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and 
]Mo.  June,  July.  —  Stem  10-20'  high  ;  the  spike  at  first  dense,  with  the  bracts 
longer  than  the  flowers,  at  length  elongated  and  often  loose,  the  upper  bracts 
shorter  than  the  flowers,  which  are  quite  small,  and  with  scarcely  a  tinge  of 
yellow,  drying  brownish. 

§  .3.  PLATANTIIER  A.  Cells  of  the  anther  sometimes  parallel,  more  commonly 
divergent,  so  that  their  tapering  bases  and  the  exposed  glands  are  more  or  less 
distant.     (Root  a  cluster  of  fleshy  fibres,  or  tuberous-thickened .) 

*  Flowers  greenish  or  ichite,  small,  numerous  in  a  close  spike;  spur  not  longer 
than  the  entire  or  merely  notched  narrow  lip ;  anther-cells  almost  parallel, 
ivhully  adnate  ;  stem  leafy. 

•*-  Spur  short  and  sac-like  :  the  3  sepals  and  2  narrow  petals  erect ;  glands  small, 
rather  ividely  separated. 

5.  H.  bracte^ta,  R.  Br.  Stem  6-12'  high;  lower  leaves  obovate,  the 
upper  oblong  and  gradually  reduced  to  lanceolate  acute  bracts  2-4  times  the 
length  of  the  green  flowers;  spike  10-30-flowered  ;  lip  oblong-linear  or  slightly 
spatulate,  truncate  and  2-3-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  tip,  more  than  twice  the 
length  of  the  white  spur.  (H.  viridis,  var.  bracteata,  Reichenb.)  —  Damp  woods 
and  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  IjuI.,  south  in  the  mountains  to  N.  C, 
and  far  northward. 

t-  -»-  Spur  slender,  incurved,  about  equalling  the  entire  lip ;  lateral  sepals  spreading. 

6.  H.  hyperbbrea,  R.  Br.  Stem  very  leafy  (6'  -  2°  high) ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, erect ;  spike  dense  (2  -  15'  long) ;  lower  bracts  lanceolate,  longer  than  tlie 
(greenish)  fowers  ;  lip  and  petals  lanceolate,  somewhat  equal,  the  latter  spreading 
from  the  base  ;  anther  somewhat  overhanging  the  transversely  dilated  stigma; 
(jiands  orbicular;  stalk  of  the  pollen-ma.sses  very  slender  and  weak.  —  Peat 
bogs  and  wet  cold  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Y.,  S.  111.,  Iowa,  and  northward. 
June,  July.     (Eu.) 

7.  H.  dilat^ta,  Gray.  Resembles  n.  6.  but  usually  more  slender,  with 
narrower  commonly  linear  leaves  ;  flowers  white ;  lip  lanceolate  from  a  rhom- 


508  ORCHIDACE^.       (orchis    FAMILY.) 

bold al-d Hated  base,  entire,  its  base  with  the  leases  of  the  petals  and  sepals  erect- 
conuivent,  above  spi*eacling  ;  anther-cells  almost  parallel ;  (jlands  approximate, 
large  and  strap-shaped,  vertical,  nearly  as  long  as  the  polleu-mass  and  its  short 
flat  stalk  together ;  stigma  narrow ;  a  trowel-shaped  conspicuous  beak  between 
the  bases  of  the  anther-cells.  —  Cold  bogs,  Conn,  to  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and 
northward. 

*  *  Flowers  greenish  or  white,  5-1.5  in  a  loose  spike,  rather  large  for  the  size  of 

the  plant ;  scape  or  stem  naked  above,  l-leaved  at  base  {5-9' high);  spur 
not  longer  than  the  lip;  anther-cells  wholly  adnate,  arcuate  and  widely  sep- 
arated. 

8.  H.  obtusata,  Kichardson.  Leaf  obovate  or  spatulate-oblong ;  upper 
sepal  very  broad  and  rounded,  the  others  and  the  petals  lauce-obloug ;  lip  en- 
tire, linear  or  lanceolate,  deflexed  (3"  long),  about  the  length  of  the  tapering 
and  curving  spur.  —  Cold  peat  bogs,  Maine  and  N.  New  Eng.  (Mt.  Wachusett, 
Mass.),  to  Minn,  and  northw  irJ.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Flowers  white  or  green  ^u,  numerous  in  a  loose  spike,  on  a  naked  scape,  2- 

leaved  at  base ;  spur  longer  than  the  narrow  entire  lip ;  anther-cells  widely 
diverging,  their  narrowed  beak-like  bases  projecting  forward ;  stalk  of  the 
pollen-mass  laterally  affixed  to  the  back  of  the  orbicular  gland,  the  viscous 
face  of  which  looks  obliquely  inward. 

9.  H.  Hookeri,  Torr.  Leaves  orbicular,  spreading  (3  -  4' broad) ;  scape 
mostly  naked  (^-1°  high),  bearing  10-20  upriglit  sessile  yellowish-green  flow- 
ers in  a  strict  spike ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate ;  lip  lanceolate,  pointed,  incurved, 
longer  than  the  lance-awl-shaped  petals  ;  spur  slender,  acute,  about  the  length  of 
the  ovary  (nearly  V  long).  —  Damp  woods  and  borders  of  swamps,  N.  Scotia 
to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa.  —  Var.  oblongif6lia,  Paine,  has  oblong 
leaves  (3-5'  by  H-2').     N.  Y.  and  Can. 

10.  H.  orbiculata,  Torr.  Leaves  very  large  (4-8'  wide),  orbicular, 
spreading  flat  on  the  ground,  shining  above,  silvery  beneath ;  scape  bracted 
(1  -2°  high),  bearing  many  spreading  gi-eenish-ivhite  fowers  in  a  loose  raceme; 
upper  sepal  orbicular,  the  lateral  ovate ;  lip  narroivly  linear  and  slightly  spatu- 
late,  obtuse,  drooping,  nearly  thrice  the  length  of  the  oblong-lanceolate  and 
falcate  obtuse  petals ;  spur  curved,  slender  (about  1^'  long),  gradually  thickened 
toward  the  blunt  apex,  tivice  the  length  of  the  ovary ;  anther-cells  strongly  pro- 
jecting at  the  free  beak-like  base  (the  glands  nearly  i'  apart).  —  Rich  woods 
(especially  coniferous),  Newf.  to  Penn.  and  in  the  mountains  to  N.  C,  west  to 
Mich,  and  Minn. 

*  *  *  *  (Fringed  Orchis.)     Flowers  several  or  many  in  an  open  spike,  with 

mostly  foliaceous  bracts;  stem  {rather  tall)  leafy;  spur  thread-shaped  or 
scarcely  club-shaped,  longer  than  the  fringed,  cleft,  or  dissected  lip ;  anther- 
cells  widely  separated  and  usually  diverging,  their  narrow  beak-like  bases, 
supported  by  the  arms  of  the  stigma,  strongly  projecting  forward  or  partly 
upward. 
■«-  Lip  pectinately  fringed  but  undivided ;  flowers  golden  yelloiv  or  white  ;  anther- 
cells  widely  divergent,  the  orbicular  glands  as  if  raised  on  a  tentacle  project- 
ing far  forward  or  slightly  inward ;  ovary  lojig,  tapering  to  the  summit. 

11.  H.  crist^ta,  R.Br.  Lower  leaves  lanceolate,  elongated ;  the  upper 
gradually  reduced  to  sharp-pointed  bracts,  nearly  the  length  of  the  crowded 


L 


OKCHIDACE.*:.        (ORCUIS    FAMII.Y.)  509 

{tjellow)  flowers ;  spike  oblouj^  or  cylindrical ;  petals  roundctl,  creiiatc ;  lip  ovati\ 
with  a  laccrale-friiKjcc/  man/in,  scd  reel//  s/iorfi  r  tluin  the  slendtr  oliliise  iucurved 
spur^  which  is  not  lialf  tlie  longtli  of  the  ovan.  —  liugs,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  July. 
Flowers  very  much  smaller  thau  in  tiie  next. 

12.  H.  Cili^ris,  K.  Br.  (Ykllow  Fhinged-Orchis.)  Stem  1^-2^  high  ; 
leaves  ohlou<^  or  lanceolate ;  the  upjier  passing  into  pointed  bracts,  wliich  are 
shorter  than  the  ovaries ;  spike  oblong,  rather  closely  many-flowered  ;  flowers 
brif/ht  oranye-i/ellow ;  lateral  sepal  rounded,  rertexed  ;  petals  linear,  cut-fringed 
at  the  apex ;  lift  oblong  (6"  long),  about  half  the  lem/th  of  the  spur  furnished  with 
(I  I'crii  long  and  copious  capillar i/  fringe.  —  Wet  sandy  places,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.,  west  to  Mich,  and  lud.     Our  most  haudsome  species. 

13.  H.  blepharigl6ttis,  Torr.  (Whitk  Fhin(;ki)-()kchis.)  Stem  1° 
high  ;  leaves,  etc.,  as  in  tlie  la.st ;  flowers  white,  rather  smaller  ,  petals  spatulate, 
us!Killy  slightly  cut  or  toothed  at  the  apex ;  lip  ovate-  or  lanceolate-ol)loug, 
wIlIi  the  irregular  capillary  fringe  of  the  margins  usually  shorter  than  its  disk, 
cue  third  the  length  of  the  spur.  —  Peat  bogs  and  borders  of  ponds,  Newf.  to 
N.  J.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Minn.  July.  —  Var.  iiolopetal.v,  Torr.,  has  nar- 
rower petals  with  the  toothing  obsolete,  and  the  lip  less  fringed. 

t-  -«-  (GuEEXi.su  Fringed-Orchis.)  Lip  3-parted  above  the  stalk-like  base,  the 
divisions  cut  into  capillary  fringes  :  flowers  greenish-  or  yellowish-white  ; 
anther-cells  not  very  divergent,  the  beaked  bases  projecting  forward ;  the 
large  glands  oval  or  lanceolate,  nearly  facing  each  other;  ovary  short- 
tapering  above ;  spurs  long,  clavate. 

14.  H.  leucophsea,  Gray.  Stem  2-4°  high;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate ; 
the  bracts  similar,  rather  shorter  than  the  (large,  fragrant)  flowers;  spike 
commonly  elongated,  loose;  petals  obovate,  minutely  cut-toothed ;  divisions  of 
the  lip  (7-10"  long)  broadly  wedge-shaped  or  fan-shaped,  many-cleft  to  the 
middle  into  a  copious  thread-like  fritige  ;  s\inY  longer  than  the  ovary  (1-1^' 
long)  ;  glands  transversely  oval.  —  Moist  meadows,  western  N.  Y.  to  Ky.,  Mo., 
and  Minn.     July. 

15.  H.  l^cera,  R.  Br.  (Kagckd  Frixged-Orchis.)  Leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate;  raceme  loosely  many-flowered;  petals  oblong-linear,  entire;  divis- 
ions of  the  lip  narrow,  deeply  parted  into  a  few  long  nearly  capillary  lobes  ;  spur 
about  the  length  of  the  ovary  ;  glands  oblong -linear,  as  long  as  the  stalk  of  the 
pollen-mass.  —  Bogs  and  moist  thickets,  N.  Scotia  to  N.  C.  and  Ga.,  west  to 
Minn,  and  Mo. ;  common.     July. 

•<-  -t-  1-  (Pi;rple  Frixged-Orciiis.)  Lip  fan-shaped,  3-parted  above  the  stalk- 
like base,  the  divisions  erosely  fringed ;  flowers  purple  ;  anther-cells  widely 
separated,  little  divergent,  the  orbicular  glands  oblifpie ;  ovary  contracted 
only  at  the  summit ;  the  long  curving  spur  somewhat  clavate. 

16.  H.  psycddes,  Gray.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  the  uppermost 
passing  into  linear-lanceolate  bracts;  raceme  cylindrical,  densely  many-flow- 
ered ;  lower  sepals  round-oval,  obtuse ;  petals  wedge-obovate  or  spatxdate,  dentic- 
ulate above;  divisions  of  the  spreading  lip  broadly  wedge-shaped,  many-cleft 
into  B,  short  fringe.  —  Wet  meadows  and  bogs,  common;  Newf.  to  N.  C,  west 
to  Ind.  and  Minn.  J.uly,  Aug.  —  Flowers  short-pedicelled,  crowded  in  a  spike 
of  4-10'  in  length,  small,  but  very  handsome,  fragrant;  lip  short-stalked, 


510  ORCHIDACE^-        (orchis    FAMILY.) 

barely  i'  broad  and  not  so  long ;  the  middle  lobe  l)roadest  and  more  closely 
fringed,  bnt  not  so  deeply  cleft  as  the  lateral  ones. 

17.  H.  fimbriata,  R.  Br.  Lower  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  upper  few, 
passing  into  lanceolate  bracts;  spike  or  raceme  oblonr/,  looselij-Jioicered ;  lower 
sepals  ovate,  acute;  petals  oblong,  toothed  down  the  sides;  divisions  of  the  pen- 
dent large  lip  (|-1'  broad)  fan-shaped,  more  fringed.  —  Wet  meadows,  N. 
Scotia  to  N.  J.  and  N.  C,  west  to  Mich.  June.  —  Flowers  fewer  (lilac-purple), 
3  or  4  times  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding. 

18.  H.  peramcena,  Gray.  Lower  leaves  oblong-ovate,  the  upper  lanceo- 
late; spike  oblong  or  cylindrical,  densely  flowered;  lower  sepals  round-ovate; 
petals  rounded-obovate,  raised  on  a  claw ;  divisions  of  the  large  lip  very  broadly 
loedge-shaped,  irregularly  eroded-toothed  at  the  broadly  dilated  summit,  the  lat- 
eral ones  truncate,  the  middle  one  2-lobed.  —  Moist  meadows  and  banks,  Penn. 
and  N.  J.  to  111.,  and  south  in  the  mountains.  Aug.  — Flowers  large  and 
showy  (violet-purple);  the  lip  paler  and  8-10"  long,  variably  toothed,  but 
not  fringed. 

17.   CYPRIPEDIUM,   L.      Lady's  Slipper.   Moccasox-flower. 

Sepals  spreading;  all  tliree  distinct,  or  in  most  cases  two  of  them  united 
into  one  under  the  lip.  Petals  spreading,  resembling  the  sepals  but  usually 
narrower.  Lip  a  large  inflated  sac.  Column  declined ;  on  each  side  a  fertile 
stamen,  with  its  short  filament  bearing  a  2-celled  anther ;  the  pollen  loose  and 
pulpy  or  powdery -granular ;  on  the  upper  side  a  dilated  triangular,  petal-like 
but  thickish  body,  which  answers  to  the  fertile  stamen  of  other  Orchids,  and 
covers  the  summit  of  the  style ;  stigma  terminal,  broad,  obscurely  3-lobed, 
moist  and  roughish  (not  smooth  and  viscid  as  in  the  rest  of  the  order).  Pollen 
in  most  of  our  species,  especially  in  n.  6,  exposed  by  the  conversion  of  the  face 
of  the  anther  into  a  viscid,  varnish-like  film,  which  adheres  to  whatever  touches 
it,  carrying  away  some  of  the  pollen.  — Root  of  many  tufted  fibres.  Leaves 
large,  many-nerved  and  plaited,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  solitary  or 
few,  large  and  showy.  (Name  composed  of  Kvirpis,  Venus,  and  ttoSiov,  a  sock 
or  buskin,  i.  e.  Venus' s  Slipper.) 

§  1.  The  three  sepals  separate;  stem  leafy ;  flower  solitary,  drooping. 

1.  C.  arietinum,  R.  Br.  (Ram's-head  L.)  Stem  slender  (6-10'  high) ; 
upper  sepal  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed ;  the  2  lower  and  the  petals  linear  and 
nearly  alike  (greenish-brown),  rather  longer  than  the  red  and  whitish  veiny 
lip  (6"  long),  Avhich  is  somewhat  pubescent,  especially  within,  and  prolonged 
at  the  apex  into  a  short  blunt  conical  point ;  leaves  3  or  4,  elliptical-lanceolate, 
nearly  smooth.  —  Cold  swamps  and  damp  woods,  Maine  to  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and 
Minn.,  and  northward. 

§  2.    Two  of  the  sepals  united  into  one  under  the  lip. 
*  Stem  leafy  to  the  top,  \-3flowered;  lip  slipper-shaped  or  roundish,  much  in- 
fated,  horizontal,  and  with  a  rounded  open  orifice. 
-t-  Sepals  and  linear  icavy-twisted  petals  brownish,  pointed,  longer  than  the  lip. 

2.  C.  candidum,  Muhl.  (Small  White  Lady's  Slipper.)  Slightly 
pubescent,  1 -flowered;  leaves  lance-oblong,  acute ;  petals  and  sepals  greenish, 
purple-spotted;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate;  lip  (not  1'  long)  ichite,  striped  Avith 


BROMELIACE.*:.        (PINE-AI'PLK    FAMILY.)  511 

purple  inside,  flattish  laterally,  convex  above;   sterile  staincn  lanceolate. — 
Bogs,  N.  Y.  and  Pcuu.  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Ky. ;  rare.     May,  Jnne. 

3.  C.  parvifl6ruin,  Salish.  (Smaller  Yellow  L.)  Stem  1-2°  high 
leaves  oval,  jxdnted;  sepals  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  lip  flattish  from  abm^e, 
bright  yellow  (1'  long  or  less);  sterile  stamen  triangular.  —  Bogs  and  low 
woods,  Newf.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  E.  Kan.  May,  June.  —  Flowers  fra- 
grant; sepals  and  petals  more  brown -purple  than  in  the  next,  into  wliich  it 
seems  to  pass. 

4.  C.  pub6scens,  Willd.  (Lauoer  Yellow  L.)  Stem  2°  high,  pubes- 
cent, as  are  the  broadly  oval  acute  leaves;  sepals  eloncjated-lanceolate ;  lipjlat- 
tened  laterallfi,  very  convex  and  gibbous  above,  1^-2'  long,  pale  yeilow. — 
Bogs  and  low  woods ;  same  range  as  the  last. 

^_  H_  Sepals  and  petals  plane,  rounded,  white,  not  lonqcr  than  the  lip. 

5.  C.  spectabile,  Salisb.  (Showy  L.)  Downy,  2°  high  ;  leaves  ovate, 
pointed ;  sepals  round-ovate  or  orbicular,  rather  longer  than  the  oblong  petals ; 
lip  much  inflated,  white,  pink-purple  in  front  (1^'  long) ;  sterile  stamen  heart- 
ovate. —  Peat-bogs,  Maine  and  \V.  New  Eng.  to  Minn,  and  Mo.,  and  south  in 
the  mountains  to  N.  C.    July.  —  The  most  beautiful  of  the  genus. 

»  *  Scape  naked,  2-leaved  at  base,  \-flowered  ;  sepals  and  petals  greenish, 
shorter  than  the  drooping  lip,  which  has  a  closed  flssure  down  its  whole 
length  in  front. 

6.  C.  acaule,  Ait.  (Stemless  L.)  Downy;  leaves  oblong;  scapes- 12' 
high,  with  a  green  bract  at  top ;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  linear  petals;  lip  obovoid  or  oblong,  rose-purple  (rarely  white), 
nearly  2'  long,  veiny  ;  sterile  stamen  rhomboid.  —  Dry  or  moist  woods;  Newf. 
to  N.  C,  west  to  N.  Ind.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.     May,  June. 

Order  111.     BKOMELIACE^E.    (Pine-apple  Family.) 

Herhs  [or  scarcely  woody  plants,  nearly  all  tropical),  the  greater  part  epi- 
phytes, icith  persistent  dry  or  fleshy  and  channelled  crowded  leaces,  sheath- 
ing at  the  base,  usualbj  covered  iviih  scurf;  6-androus ;  the  6-cleft  perianth 
adherent  to  the  ovary  in  the  Pine-apple,  etc.,  or  free  from  it  in 

1.    TILLANDSIA,    L.        Long  Moss. 

Perianth  plainly  double,  6-parted ;  the  3  outer  divisions  (sepals)  membrana- 
ceous ;  the  3  inner  (petals)  colored ;  all  connivent  below  into  a  tube,  spreading 
al)ove,  lanceolate.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous!  or  the  alternate  ones  cohering 
with  the  base  of  the  petals  ;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  free  ;  style  thread-shaped  ; 
stigmas  3.  Capsule  cartilaginous,  3-celled,  locnlicidally  3-valved  ;  the  valves 
splitting  into  an  inner  and  an  outer  layer.  Seeds  several  or  many  in  each  cell, 
anatropous,  club-shaped,  pointed,  raised  on  a  long  hairy-tufted  stalk,  like  a 
coma.  P^mbryo  small,  at  the  base  of  copious  albumen.  —  Scurfy-leaved  epi- 
phytes.    (Named  for  Prof  Tillands  of  Abo.) 

1.  T.  usneoides,  L.  (Common-  Long  Moss  or  Black  Moss.)  Stems 
thread  sliaped,  branching,  pendulous;  leaves  thread-shaped;  peduncle  short, 
1-flowered;  flower  yellow.  —  East  Shore,  Va.,  south  to  Fla.,  and  westward; 
growing  on  the  branches  of  trees,  forming  long  hanging  tufts. 


512  H^MODORACE.E.        (bLOODWORT    FAMILY.) 

Order  112.     H^MODORACE^E.    (Bloodwort  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  Jibrous  roots,  usually  equitant  leaves,  and  perfect  3  -  Q-andi'ous 
regular  Jiowers,  which  are  woolly  or  scurfy  outside  ;  the  tube  of  the  6-lobed 
perianth  coherent  with  the  whole  surface,  or  with  merely  the  lower  part,  of 
the  o-celled  ovary.  —  Anlhers  introrse.  Style  single,  sometimes  3-partible ; 
the  3  stigmas  alternate  with  the  ceils  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  crowned  or 
enclosed  by  the  persistent  perianth,  3-celled,  loculicidal,  3  -many-seeded. 
Embryo  small,  in  hard  or  fleshy  albumen.  A  small  family  ;  chiefly  of  the 
southern  hemisphere. 

*  Ovary  wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx-tube  ;  style  filiform  ;  seeds  peltate,  amphitropous. 

1.  Lraclinanthes.    Stamens  3,  exserted  ;  anthers  versatile.     Leaves  equitant. 

»  *  Ovary  free  except  at  the  base ;  style  3-pai-tible  ;  seeds  anatropous. 

2.  liophiola.    Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  w^ooUy  6-cleft  perianth.    Leaves  equitant. 

3.  Aletris.    Stamens  6,  in  the  throat  of  the  warty-rougheued  and  tubular  6-toothed  peri- 

anth.    Leaves  flat,  spreading. 

1.     LACHNANTHES,     L.        Red-root. 

Perianth  woolly  outside,  6-parted  down  to  the  adherent  ovary.  Stamens  3, 
opposite  rhe  3  larger  or  inner  divisions ;  filaments  long,  exserted ;  anthers 
linear,  fixed  by  the  middle.  Style  thread-like,  exserted,  declined.  Capsule 
globular.  Seeds  few  on  each  fleshy  placenta,  flat  and  rounded,  fixed  by  the 
middle.  —  Herb,  with  a  red  fibrous  pereuuial  root,  equitant  sword-shaped  leaves, 
clustered  at  the  ba,se  and  scattered  on  the  stem,  which  is  hairy  at  the  top  and 
terminated  by  a  dense  compound  cyme  of  dingy  yellow  and  loosely  woolly 
flowers  (whence  the  name,  frcmi  xdxvn,  wool,  and  6.vdo$,  blossom). 

1.  L.  tinctoria,  Ell.  —  Sandy  swamps,  near  the  coast,  S.  E.  Mass.,  R.  I., 
and  N.  J.  to  Ela.     July  -  Sept. 

2.    LOPHIOLA,     Ker. 

Perianth  densely  woolly,  deeply  6-cleft ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal,  spread- 
ing, longer  than  the  6  stamens,  which  are  inserted  at  their  base.  Anthers  fixed 
by  the  base.  Capsule  ovate,  free  from  the  perianth  except  at  the  base,  pointed 
with  the  awl-shaped  style,  which  finally  splits  into  3  divisions,  one  terminating 
each  valve.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  ribbed,  anatropous.  —  A  slender  peren- 
nial herb,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  fibrous  roots,  linear  and  nearly  smooth 
equitant  leaves ;  the  stem  leafless  and  whitened  with  soft  matted  wool  toward 
the  summit,  as  also  the  crowded  or  panicled  cyme.  Perianth  dingy  yellow 
inside ;  the  lobes  naked  only  toward  the  tip,  each  clothed  with  a  woolly  tuft 
near  tlie  base  (whence  the  name,  from  \o(p€7ou,  a  small  crest). 

1.   L.  aurea,  Ker.  —  Boggy  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     June -Aug. 

3.     ALE  THIS,     L.        Colic-root.     Star-grass. 

Perianth  cylindrical,  not  woolly,  but  wrinkled  and  roughened  outside  by 
thickly-set  points  which  look  like  scurfy  mealiness,  the  tube  cohering  below 
with  the  base  only  of  the  ovary,  6-cleft  at  the  summit.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  lobes ;  filaments  and  anthers  short,  included.  Style  awl-shaped, 
3-cleft  at  the  apex  ;  stigmas  minutely  2-lobed.    Capsule  ovate,  enclosed  in  thp 


uudacea:.     (iuis  family.)  613 

roup^lieiieil  perianth;  the  deliiscence,  seeds,  etc.,  noarly  as  in  Lophiola. —  Te- 
ienni;il  and  sni(»i)th  steniless  herhs,  very  bitter,  with  til)r()us  ro<jts,  and  a  spread- 
ing cluster  of  thin  and  Hat  lanceolate  leaves;  the  small  (lowers  in  a  wand-like 
spiked  raceme,  terminating  a  naked  slender  scape  (2-3°  higii).  Bracts  awl- 
shaped,  minute.  ('AAfxp^j,  a  female  slave  who  grintls  corn  ;  the  name  applied 
to  these  plants  in  allusion  to  the  ajjparent  mealiness  dusted  over  the  hlossoms.) 

1.  A.  farinosa,  L.  Flowers  oblong-tuhular,  white;  lobes  lanceolato- 
oblong.  —  Grassy  or  sandy  woods,  Mass.  to  Jbla.,  111.,  and  Minn.     July,  Aug. 

2.  A.  aiirea,  Walt.  Flowers  bell-shaped,  yellow  (fewer  and  shorter) ; 
lobes  short-ovate.  —  Barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     July. 

Order  113.     IRIDACE^E.    (Iris  Family.) 

Herbs,  with  equitant  2-ranked  leaves,  and  regular  or  irregular  perfect 
Jloicers ;  the  divisions  of  the  (i-cleft  petal-like  perianth  convolute  in  the  bud 
in  2  sets,  the  tube  coherent  with  the  'S-celled  ovary,  and  3  distinct  or  mona- 
delphous  stamens,  alternate  with  the  inner  divisions  of  the  perianth,  with 
extrorse  anthers.  —  Flowers  from  a  spathe  of  2  or  more  leaves  or  bracts, 
usually  showy.  Style  single,  usually  3-cleft;  stigmas  3,  opposite  the 
cells  of  the  ovary,  or  6  by  the  parting  of  the  stylo-branches.  Capsule 
3-celled,  loculicidal,  niany-feeded.  Seeds  anatropous  ;  embryo  straight 
in  fleshy  albumen.     Root  stocks,  tubers,  or  corms  mostly  acrid. 

*  Branches  of  the  style  (or  stigmas)  opposite  the  anthers. 

1.  Iris.     Onter  divisions  of  the  x)erianth  recurved,  tlie  inner  erect ;  stigmas  petal-like. 

•  *  Branches  of  the  style  alternate  with  the  anthers.     Perianth  regular. 

2.  Nemastylis.    Stem  from  a  coated  bulb.     Filaments  united.     Style-branches  2-cleft. 

3.  Belaincanda.    Stems  from  a  creeping  rhizome.     Filaments  distinct.    Stigmas  dilated. 

4.  Sisyrinchium.    Root  fibrous.     Filaments  united.     Stigmas  tlircad-like. 

1.     IBIS,     Tourn.        Flo\ver-de-Luce. 

Perianth  6-cleft ;  the  tube  more  or  less  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;  the  3 
outer  divisions  spreading  or  reflexed,  the  3  inner  smaller,  erect.  Stamens 
distinct;  the  oblong  or  linear  anthers  sheltered  under  the  overarching  petal- 
like stigmas  (or  rather  branches  of  the  style,  bearing  the  true  stigma  iu  the 
form  of  a  thin  lip  or  plate  under  the  apex) ;  most  of  the  style  connate  with 
the  tube  of  the  perianth.  Capsule  3- G-aiigled,  coriaceous.  Seeds  depressed- 
flattened,  usually  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  —  Perennials,  with  sword-shaped  or 
grassy  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers;  ours  with  creo])ing  and  more  or  less 
tuberous  rootstocks.  flpis,  the  rainhoic,  anciently  applied  to  this  genus  on 
account  of  its  bright  and  varied  colors.) 

*  Stems  leaf  I  and  rather  tall  (1-3°  high),  from   thickened  rootstocks,  often 
branch  i  71  g ;  tube  of  the  perianth  shorter  than  the  divisions,  ivhich  are  beardless 
arid  crestless,  the  erect  inner  ones  (petals)  much  smaller  than  the  outer. 
H-  Floivers  violet-blue,  variegated  ivith  green,  i/elioic  or  white,  and  purple-veined. 

1.  I.  versicolor,  L.  (Larger  Blie  Flag.)  Stem  stout,  angled  on 
one  side;  leaves  sword-shaped  (f  wide);  ovary  obtusely  triangular  with  the 
sides  fiat;  flowers  (2^-3'  long)  short-peduncled,  the  funnel-forra  tube  shorter 

33 


514  IKIDACE^.        (mis    FAmLY.) 

than  the  ovary ;  capsule  oblong,  turgid,  with  rounded  angles.  —  "Wet  places, 
Xewf.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark.     May,  June. 

2.  I.  prismatica,  Pursh.  (Slender  Blue  Flag.)  Stem  very  slender, 
terete;  haves  narroicl ij  linear  (2-3"  wide);  flowers  slender-peduncled  {1^-2' 
long),  the  tube  extremely  short ;  ovary  3-angled,  each  side  2-grooved ;  capsule 
sharply  triangular.  (I.  Virginica,  Man.;  not  L.)  —  Marshes  near  the  coast, 
Maine  to  N.  C.     June. 

I.  Carolixiana,  Watson,  resembling  n.  1,  but  with  longer  laxer  and 
greener  leaves,  and  the  very  large  seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell,  probably 
occurs  in  S.  Va. 

-t-  -i-  Flowers  copper-colored  or  dull  reddish-brown  ;  petals  icidely  spreading. 

3.  I.  fiilva,  Ker.  Stem  and  leaves  as  n.  1 ;  tube  of  the  perianth  cylindri- 
cal, as  long  as  the  6-angled  ovary;  style-branches  narrow.  (I.  cuprea,  Pursh.) 
—  Swamps,  S.  111.  and  Mo.  to  La.  and  Ga.     May. 

*  *  Stems  low  (3-6'  high),  from  tufted  and  creeping  slender  {or  here  and  there 
tuberous-thickened)  rootstocks,  I  -  3-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  long  and 
slender;  the  violet-blue  divisions  nearly  equal. 

4.  I,  verna,  L.  (Dwarf  Iris.)  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  rather  glau- 
cous ;  the  thread-like  tube  of  the  perianth  about  the  length  of  the  divisions, 
which  are  oblong-obovate  and  on  slender  claws,  the  outer  ones  slightly  hairy 
down  the  orange-yellow  base,  crestless ;  capsule  obtusely  triangular.  —  Wooded 
hillsides,  Lancaster  Co.,  Penn.,  to  S.  C,  west  to  Ky.  and  Ala.  April.  —  Flow- 
ers sometimes  white  with  yellowish  centre. 

5.  I.  cristata,  Ait.  (Crested  Dwarf  Iris.)  Leaves  lanceolate  (3-5' 
long  when  grown) ;  those  of  the  spathe  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  thread- 
like tube  of  the  perianth,  which  is  2'  long  and  much  longer  than  the  light  blue 
obovate  short-clawed  divisions,  the  outer  ones  crested  but  beardless ;  capsule 
sharply  triangular.  —  In  the  mountains  from  Md.  to  N.  C. ;  Trumbull  Co., 
Ohio  {Inyraham) ;  knobs  of  S.  Ind.     May.  —  Flowers  fragrant. 

6.  I.  laeiistris,  Nutt.  (Lake  Dwarf  Iris.)  Tube  of  the  perianth  rather 
shorter  than  the  divisions  (yellowish,  |  -  f  long),  dilated  upicard,  not  exceeding 
the  spathe;  otherwise  as  in  the  last,  and  too  near  it.  —  Gravelly  shores  of 
Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan.     May. 

I.  PsEUDACORUS,  L.,  the  Yellow^  Iris  of  European  marshes,  with  very 
long  linear  leaves  and  bright  yellow  beardless  flowers,  is  reported  as  having 
become  established  in  Mass.  and  N.  Y. 

2.    NEMASTYLIS,     Nutt. 

Perianth  spreading,  the  segments  similar  and  nearly  equal.  Filaments  more 
or  less  united  into  a  tube.  Style  short,  its  slender  2-parted  branches  alternate 
Avith  the  anthers  and  exserted  between  them ;  stigmas  minute,  terminal.  Cap- 
sule oblong  or  ovate,  truncate,  dehiscent  at  the  summit.  Seeds  globose  or 
angled.  —  Stems  terete,  from  coated  bulbs,  with  few  plicate  leaves,  and  few 
fugacious  flowers  from  2-bracted  spathes.  (Name  from  vri^ia,  a  thread,  and 
(TTvKis,  style,  for  the  slender  style-branches.) 

1.  N.  geminiflora,  Nutt.  Stem  1-2°  high;  spathes  2-flowered ;  peri- 
anth pale  blue-purple,  1  -  2'  broad,  the  divisions  oblong-obovate ;  capsule  ob- 
ovate, Y  long.  —  E.  Kan.  to  Tex. 


AMARYLLIDACE^.        ( AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.)  515 

3.    B  EL  AM  C  AND  A,     Adans.        Blackbekuv-Lily. 

Perianth  6-parted  almost  to  the  ovary;  the  divisions  widely  and  equallv 
spreading,  all  nearly  alike,  ohlong  with  a  narrowed  hase,  naked.  Stamens 
monadelplious  only  "at  base;  anthers  oblong.  SStyle  cluh-sliaped,  3-cleft,  the 
narrow  ilivisions  tipped  with  a  small  dilated  stigma.  Capsule  pear-shaped; 
the  valves  at  lengtli  falling  away,  leaving  the  central  eolumn  covered  wifh 
the  globose  black  and  iieshy-coated  seeds,  imitating  a  l)lackberry  (whence  the 
popnlar  name). —  Perennial,  with  rootstocks,  tVdiage,  etc.,  of  an  Iris;  the 
branching  stems  (.'3-4'^  I'ig'O  loosely  many-flowered;  the;  orange-yelhnv  jjeri- 
anth  mottled  al)ove  with  crimson-purple  spots.  (An  East  Indian  name  of 
the  species.) 

B.  CniNicNSis,  Adans.  (Pardanthus  Chinensis,  A>r.) — Sparingly  escaped 
from  gardens,  Md.  to  S.  Ind.  and  Mo.     (Adv.  from  China,  etc.) 

4.    SISYRINCHIUM,    L.        Blue-eyei>  Gkass. 

Perianth  6-parted  ;  the  divisions  alike,  spreading.  Stamens  monadelphous 
to  the  top.  Stignias  thread-like.  Capsule  globular,  3-angled.  Seeds  globular. 
—  Low  slender  perennials,  with  fibrous  roots,  grassy  or  lanceolate  leaves,  mostly 
branching  2-edged  or  winged  stems,  and  fugacious  umbelled-clustered  small 
flowers  from  a  2-leaved  spathe.     (A  meaningless  name,  of  Greek  origin.) 

1.  S.  angUStifolium,  Mill.  Scape  (4-12'  high)  winged  or  wingless, 
simple,  the  spathe  soUtarij  and  terminal,  its  outer  bract  more  or  less  elongated  ; 
flowers  delicate  blue,  changing  to  purplish  (rarely  white),  the  divisions  of  the 
perianth  more  or  less  notched,  bristle-pointed  and  ciliate ;  mature  seeds  globose, 
Umje  {h"  broad),  faintly  pitted  or  nearlji  smooth.  (S.  Bermudiana,  var.  mu- 
cronatum,  Grai/,  excl.  descr.)  —  Moist  meadows,  etc.,  among  grass ;  common 
everywhere.     June -Aug. 

2.  S.  ^nceps,  Cav.  Scape  (6-18'  high)  usually  branching  and  bearing 
2  or  more  peduncled  spathes;  seeds  more  ovate,  much  smaller,  deeply  pitted. 
(S.  Bermudiana,  var.  anceps,  Graij,  excl.  descr.)  —  Similar  localities ;  common. 

Order  114.     AMAKYLLIDACE^E.     (Amaryllis  Family.) 

Chiefly  bulbous  mid  scape-bearing  herbs,  not  scurf y  or  woolli/,  with  linear 
flat  root-leaves,  and  regular  {or  nearly  so)  and  perfect  6-androus  flowers, 
the  tube  of  the  corolline  6-parted  perianth  coherent  ivith  the  3-celled  ovary  ; 
the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  —  Anthers  introrse.  Style  single.  Cap- 
sule 3-celled,  several  -  many-seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  or  nearly  so,  with 
a  straight  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  —  An  order  rejiresented 
in  our  gardens  by  the  Narci.^sus,  Daffodil,  Snowdrop,  etc.,  but  with  very 
few  indigenous  representatives  in  this  country.  Bulbs  acrid.  Differs 
from  LiliaeefB  chiefly  in  the  inferior  ovary. 

*  Capsule  .".-valvcd,  loculicidal ;  anthers  vei-satile  ;  i>erianth  funnel-sliaped  ;  glabrous. 
1.  Zcphyranthes.     Flower  naked  in  the  throat ;  the  tube  short  or  none.     Bulbs  coated. 
-.  Uynienocallis.     Flower  with  a  slender  tube  and  narrow  recurved  lobes  ;  a  cup-shaped 
viown  connecting  tlie  stamens.     Bulbs  coated. 

3.  Agave.    Flower  equally  6-cleft,  persistent,  no  crown.     Fleshy-leaved,  not  bulbous. 

•  •  Capsule  indehisccnt ;  anthers  sagittate  ;  villous. 

4.  Hypoxis.     Perianth  0-parted  nearly  down  to  the  ovarj',  persistent.     Bulb  solid. 


516  AMARYLLIDACE>E.       (AMARYLLIS    FAMILY.) 

1.  ZEPHYRANTHES,    Herb. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  from  a  tubular  base ;  the  6  divisions  petal-like  and 
similar,  spreading  above;  the  6  stamens  inserted  in  its  naked  throat;  anthers 
versatile.  Pod  membranaceous,  3-Iobed.  —  Leaves  and  low  scape  from  a  coated 
bulb.  Flowers  solitary  from  a  scarious  simple  bract.  (From  ^4<pvpos,  a  wind, 
and  6.vQos,foicer.) 

1.  Z.  Atam^SCO,  Herb.  (Atamasco  Lily.)  Leaves  bright  green  and 
shining,  very  narrow,  channelled,  the  margins  acute;  scape  6-12'  high;  pe- 
duncle short ;  spathe  2-clef t  at  the  apex ;  perianth  white  and  pink,  3'  long ; 
stamens  and  style  declined.  —  Penu.  to  Va.  and  Fla.    June. 

2.  HYMENOCALLIS,     Salisb. 

Perianth  with  a  long  and  slender  tube,  and  an  equal  6-parted  limb;  lobes 
long  and  narrow,  recurved;  the  throat  bearing  a  tubular  or  cup-shaped  corol- 
like  delicate  crown,  which  connects  the  bases  of  the  6  exserted  stamens.  An- 
thers linear,  versatile.  Capsule  thin,  2-3-lobed;  seeds  usually  2  in  each  cell, 
basal,  fleshy,  often  like  biilblets.  —  Scapes  and  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb. 
Flowers  white,  fragrant,  large  and  showy,  sessile  in  an  umbel-like  head  or 
cluster,  subtended  by  2  or  more  scarious  bracts.  (Xame  composed  of  vfiiiv,  a 
membrane,  and  KaWos,  beaut i/.) 

1 .  H.  OGcidentalis,  Kunth.  Leaves  strap-shaped,  glaucous,  I  -  H°  long, 
9  -  18  "  broad  ;  scape  3  -  6-flowered ;  bracts  narrow,  2'  long ;  perianth-tube  about 
24-4'  long,  the  linear  segments  scarcely  shorter;  the  crown  12-15"  long, 
tubular  below,  broadly  funnel-form  above,  the  margin  deltoid  and  entire,  or 
2-toothed  and  erose,  between  the  white  filaments,  which  are  twice  longer; 
anthers  yellow;  style  green.  —  Marshy  banks  of  streams,  S.  111.  to  N.  Ga. 
and  Ala.  —  Apparently  distinct  from  II.  lacera,  Salisb.  (Pancratium  rotatum, 
Ker),  of  the  southern  coast. 

3.  AGAVE,    L.        American  Aloe. 

Perianth  tubular-fuunel-form,  persistent,  6-parted ;  the  divisions  nearly  equal, 
narrow.  Stamens  6;  anthers  linear,  versatile.  Capsule  coriaceous,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  flattened.  —  Leaves  thick  and  fleshy,  often  with  cartilaginous 
or  spiny  teeth,  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  many-flowered  scape,  from  a  thick 
fibrous-rooted  crown.  (Name  from  dyav^,  noble,  —  not  inappropriate  as  applied 
to  A.  Americana,  the  Century-plant.) 

1.  A.  Virginica,  L.  (False  Aloe.)  Herbaceous;  leaves  entire  or 
denticulate;  scape  3-6°  high;  flowers  scattered  in  a  loose  wand-like  spike, 
greenish-yellow,  fragrant,  the  perianth  9-12"  long,  its  narrow  tube  twice 
longer  than  the  erect  lobes.  —  Dry  or  rocky  banl-^s,  Md.  and  Xo..  to  Fla.,  west  to 
S.  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

4.     HYPOXIS,     L.        Star-grass. 

Perianth  persistent,  6-parted,  spreading;  the  3  outer  divisions  a  little  herba- 
ceous outside.  Stamens  6 ;  anthers  sagittate,  erect.  Capsule  crowned  with 
the  withered  or  closed  perianth,  not  opening  by  valves.  Seeds  globular,  with 
a  crustaceous  coat,  ascending,  imperfectly  anatropous,  the  rhaphe  not  adherent 


LILIACK.i:.        (I.II.V     KAMII.V.)  517 

quite  down  to  the  inicrojnle,  the  persistent  seed-stalk  thus  forniing  a  sort  of 
lateral  l»oak.  Radicle  inferior!  —  Stemless  small  herhs,  with  grassy  and  hairy 
linear  leaves  and  slender  few-Howered  scapes,  from  a  solid  Imlh.  (An  old 
name  for  a  plant  having  sourish  leaves,  frtnn  viru^vi,  siih-iuid.) 

1.  H.  erecta,  L.  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  longer  than  the  unibellately 
1  -4-flowered  scape;  divisions  of  the  perianth  hairy  and  greenish  outside,  yel- 
low within.  —  Meadows  and  open  woods,  N.  Eug.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan., 
and  Tex. 

Ohdkr  115.     DIOSCOKEACE^:.     (Yam  Family.) 

Plfnifs  v:lth  f  wining  stems  from  larcje  tuberous  roofs  or  knotted  rootstocks, 
and  ribbed  and  netted-veined  petioled  leaves,  small  diarlous  G-androus  and 
ref/nlarjloicers,  wit  It  the  6-cle/t  calt/x-H/ce  perianth  adherent  in  the  fertile 
plant  to  the  3-celled  oranj.  Styles  3,  distinct.  —  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell, 
anatropons.  Fruit  usually  a  membranaceous  3-aiigled  or  winged  capsule. 
Seeds  with  a  minute  embryo  in  hard  albumen. 

1.     DIOSCOREA,     Plumier.         Yam. 

Flowers  very  small,  in  axillary  panicles  or  racemes.  Stamens  6,  at  the  hase 
of  the  divisions  of  the  6-parted  perianth.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-winged,  loculi- 
cidally  3-valved  by  splitting  through  the  winged  angles.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each 
cell,  flat,  with  a  membranaceous  wing.  (Dedicated  to  the  Greek  naturalist, 
Dioscorides.) 

1.  D.  villosa,  L.  (\YiLi>  Yam-root.)  Herbaceous.  Stems  slender,  from 
knotty  and  nuitted  rootstocks,  twining  over  bushes;  leaves  mostly  alternate, 
sometimes  nearly  opposite  or  in  fours,  more  or  less  downy  beneath,  heart- 
shaped,  conspicuously  pointed,  9-11-ribbed  ;  flowers  pale  greenish-yellow,  the 
sterile  in  drooping  panicles,  the  fertile  in  drooping  sini|»le  racemes;  capsules 
8-10"  long- — Thickets,  S.  New  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Kan.,  aud  Tex. 

Order  116.     LILlACEiE.     (Lily  Family.) 

Herbs,  or  rarehj  tcoodij  plants,  with  regular  and  syuunetrical  almost  always 
G-androus  flowers  ;  the  perianth  not  glumaceous,  free  from  the  chief  >/ 3- 
celled  ovary  ;  the  stamens  one  before  each  of  its  divisions  or  lobes  (i.  e.  6,  in 
one  instance  4),  ?r//A  2-celled  anthers  ;  fruit  a  few -many-seeded  pod  or 
berry  :  the  small  embryo  enclosed  tn  copious  albumen.  Seeds  anatrojious 
or  amphitropous  (orthotropous  in  Smilax).  Flowers  not  from  a  spathe, 
except  in  Alliimi;  the  outer  and  inner  ranks  of  the  perianth  colored 
alike  (or  nearly  so)  and  generally  similar,  except  in  Trillium. 

SriiORDKR  L  SinilacCee.  Shrubby  or  rarely  herbaceous,  the  petiole 
of  the  3  -  9-nerved  netted-veined  leaves  often  tendril-bearing.  Flowers  (in 
ours)  dicecious,  in  axillary  umbels,  snuUl,  with  regular  G-parted  deciduous 
perianth.  Anthers  a|)j)arently  l-<'elled.  Stiirnias  3,  sessile.  Fruit  a 
3-celled  berry,  with  1  -  2  pendulous  orthotropous  seeds  in  each  celL 
Embryo  minute  in  horny  albumen. 
1.  SiuUax.     Cliaracters  as  abo\i'. 


518  LILIACE^.        (lily    family.) 

SuBORDKR  II.      Liiliacese  proper.      Never   climbing   by   tendrils. 
Very  rarely  dioecious.     Seeds  anatropous  or  amphitropous. 
Series  A.     Floral   bracts   scarioiis.      Stamens  perigynous   on   the   usually 
withering-persistent  nerved  perianth ;  anthers  introrse.     Style  undivided, 
mostly  persistent.     Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule  or  a  berry.     Leaves  trans- 
versely veined. 

.    Scape  from  a  coated  bulb ;  fruit  capsular ;  leaves  linear. 
■*-  Flowers  umbellate  ;  segments  l-uerved  ;  pedicels  not  jointed. 

2.  Allium.    Perianth  6-parted.     Capsule  deeply  lobed,  often  crested  ;  cells  1  -  2-seeded. 

Very  alliaceous. 

3.  Nothoscortlum.     Perianth  6-parted.     Seeds  several  in  each  cell.     Not  alliaceous. 

4.  Androstephiuni.     Perianth  tubular-funnel-forni.      Filaments  in  the  throat,  united 

into  a  crown. 

^_  ^_  Flowers  racemose,  6-parted,  the  segments  3  -  several-nerved. 

5.  Camassia.     Flowers  light  blue,  long-racemose.     Filaments  filiform. 

6.  Ornitliogalum.     Flowers  greenish  white,  sub-corymbose.     Filaments  dilated. 

H_  4_  ^_  Flowers  densely  racemose  ;  perianth  urn-shaped,  6  toothed. 

7.  Muscari.     Flowers  deep  blue,  small.    Stamens  included. 

*  *  Stem  or  scape  not  from  a  bulb,  several-flowered  ;  capsule  many-seeded, 

8.  Hemerocallis.     Scape  from  a  fleshy-fibrous  root.     Flowers  few,  large,  yellow,  tubu- 

lar-funnel-form;  limb  6-parted.     Stamens  and  long  style  declined.     Seeds  globose. 

9.  Yucca.     Stem  woody,  leafy.     Flowers  white,  campanulate,  6-parted.     Stigmas  sessile. 

Seeds  flat. 

*  *  *  Leafy  stems  (scape  in  n.  10)  from  running  rootstocks  ;  fruit  a  berry  ;  leaves  cordate 

to  lanceolate  (except  n.  12)  ;  flowers  white  ;  pedicels  jointed. 
•1-  Perianth  gamophyllous,  6-lobed. 

10.  Convallaria.     Leaves  sheathing  the  scape.     Flowers  racemose  ;  perianth  bell-shaped. 

11.  Polygonatum.    Stem  leafy.     Flowers  axillary  ;  perianth  cylindrical. 

-.-  -•-  Perianth-segments  distinct,  small,  spreading,  persistent. 

12.  Asparagus.    Stems  branching,  the  apparent  leaves  thread-like.     Flowers  axillary. 

13.  Smilacina.     Stem  simple,  leafy.     Flowers  6-parted,  racemose  or  paniculate. 

14.  Maianthemum.     Stem  low,  2-leaved.     Flowers  4-merous,  racemose. 

Series  B.  Floral  bracts  none  or  foliaceous.  Stamens  hypogynous  or  at 
the  base  of  the  distinct  segments  of  the  deciduous  perianth  (persistent  in 
n.  23) ;  anthers  extrorse  or  dehiscent  laterally.  Style  undivided,  decid- 
uous (stigmas  sessile  and  persistent  in  n.  23).'  Fruit  a  loculicidal  cap- 
sule or  a  berry.     Veiulets  anastomosing  (transverse  in  n.  15,  17-19). 

♦  Fruit  a  berry ;  stem  or  scape  from  a  creeping  rootstock  ;  leaves  broad,  alternate  or  radi- 

cal ;  flowers  narrowly  campanulate. 

15.  Streptopus.     Stem  leafy.    Flowers  axillary,  on  bent  pedicels.    Anthers  sagittate, 

acute  ;  filaments  deltoid  or  subulate. 

16.  Disporiim.     Stem  leafy.     Flowers  few,  in  terminal  umbels.     Anthers  oblong,  obtuse  ; 

filaments  slender.     Veinlets  anastomosing. 

17.  Clintonla.    Flowers  umbellate  on  a  scape,  few  or  many. 

*  *  Fruit  a  capsule. 
*-  Stems  leafy,  from  a  short  or  creeping  rootstock  ;  flowers  few,  solitary,  pendulous  ;  cap- 
sule few-seeded. 

18.  Uvularia.    Stem  terete.    Leaves  perfoliate.     Flowers  terminal.    Capsule  truncate, 

3-lobed. 

19.  Oakesia.    Stem  angled.     Leaves   sessile.      Flowers  opposite  the  leaves.      Capsule 

acutely  3-winged. 


LILIACK^E.        (lily    FAMILY.)  519 

•»-  4-  Stem  or  scape  from  a  bulb  or  conn  ;  capsule  many-seeded. 

20.  Erythronium.    Scape  from  a  solid  bulb,  with  a  pair  of  leaves.     Flowor  ■solitary. 

Seeds  angled,  obovoid. 

21.  Liliuin.     Stem  leafy  from  a  scaly  bulb.    Seeds  horizontal,  flattened. 

•  *  ♦  Fruit  a  berry ;  stem  from  a  tuber-like  rootstock.  bearing  1  or  2  whorls  of  leaves ; 

flowers  terminal  ;  stigmas  sessile. 

22.  Medeola*     Leaves  in  2  whorls.     Flowers  umbellate.     Perianth-segments  similar,  col- 

ored, deciduous. 
2:!.  Trilliuui.     Leaves  (3)  in  a  terminal  whorl.     Flower  solitary' ;   outer  sejjals  leaf-like, 
persi. stent. 

Series  C.  Floral  bracts  green  or  greenish  (rarely  scarious),  or  none.  Sta- 
mens at  the  base  of  the  distinct  1  -  several-nerved  persistent  perianth-seg- 
ments ;  anthers  small,  versatile.  Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  distinct.  Ca]> 
sule  mostly  septicidal.  Seeds  with  a  loose  testa  or  appendaged.  Leaves 
with  transverse  veinlets  (except  in  n.  24  and  25). 

•  Stems  leafy  or  bracteate,  from  a  thi(;k  tuberous  rootstock  ;  flowers  nicemose  ;  anthers 

2-celled  ;  stigmas  linear. 

24.  Helonias.     Leaves  radical,  oblanceolate.     Flowers  i)erfect.     Capsule  broadly  ob<jvate, 

manyseoded. 
2r).  Chaniaelirium.     Stem  very  leafy.     Flowers  dioecious.     Capsule  oblong,  many-seeded. 
2G.  Xerophyllum.    Stem  very  leafy;    leaves  very  narrow.    Flowers  perfect     Capsule 

few-seeded. 

*  ♦  Stems  distichously  eqnitant-leafy,  from  a  creeping  rootstock  ;  flowers  on  bracteolate  ped- 

icels, racemose  ;  anthers  2-celled  ;  stignias  small,  terminal  :  seeds  often  appendaged. 
27.  Tofieldia.     Bractlets  3,  verticillate.    Styles  short.     Seeds  horizontal. 

25.  Narthecium.    Bractlet  linear.     Stigma  slightly  lobed.     Seeds  ascending. 

*  •  *  Anthers  heart-  or  kidney-shaped,  confluently  1-eelled,  and  peltate  after  opening ; 

stigmas  terminal;   capsule  3-beaked  by  the  persistent  styles;   seeds  angled  or  flat- 
tened and  margined. 
*-  Stems    tall,  leafy,  from  a  thick  rootstock,  pubescent  above  ;  flowers  polygamous,  race- 
mose-paniculate ;  seeds  flat,  winged. 

29.  Melanthluni.    Sepals  free  from  the  ovary,  their  long  claws  bearing  the  filaments. 

30.  Veratrum.      Sepals  without  claws,  slightly  adnate  to  the  ovary.     Leaves   strongly 

n  -rved  and  plicate. 

•.-  ^-  Root  mostly  bulbous  ;  glabrous  ;  flowers  racemose  or  panieled  ;  seeds  narrow,  angled  ; 

leaves  linear. 

31.  Stenantliiuin.    Sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  without  glands. 

32.  Zyg^adenus.     Sepals  oblong  to  ovate,  glandular  toward  the  base. 

33.  Amianthiuni.      Flowers  in  a  dense  raceme.      Sepals  ovate-oblong,  glandless,  free 

from  the  ovary.     Cells  of  the  capsiUe  widely  divergent,  1  -  2-seeded. 

1.     SMI  LAX,     Tourn.        Greenhiuer.     Cat-hrier. 

Flowers  dicccions  in  umbels  or  axillary  peduncles,  small,  greenish  or  yellow- 
ish, regular,  the  perianth-segments  distinct,  deciduous.  Filaments  linear,  in- 
serted on  the  very  base,  the  introrse  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  fixed  by  the  base, 
apparently  1 -celled.  Ovary  of  fertile  flowers  3-colled  (1 -colled,  with  single 
stigma,  in  n.  11) ;  stigmas  thick  and  s})reading,  almost  sessile;  ovules  1  or  2 
in  each  cell,  pendulous,  orthotropous ;  fruit  a  small  berry.  —  Shrubby  or  rarelv 
herbaceous,  usually  climbing  or  su))ported  by  a  pair  of  tendrils  on  the  petiole 
of  tlie  ribbed  and  netted-veiued  simple  leaves.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  of 
obscure  meaning.) 


520  LiLiACE^.      (lily  family.) 

§  1.   Stems  herbaceous,  notprickli/  ;  flowers  carrion-scented  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell ; 
leaves  memhranous,  viucronate-tipped ;  berries  bluish-black  with  a  bloom. 

1.  S.  herbacea,  L.  (Carrion-Flower.)  Stem  climbing,  3- 15°  high  ; 
leaves  ovate  or  rounded,  mostli/  heart-shaped  or  truncate  at  base,  abruptly  acute 
to  short-acuminate,  7 - 9-neryec/,  smooth ;  petioles  ^-V  long;  peduncles  elon- 
gated (3-4''  long,  or  sometimes  even  6-8'  and  much  longer  than  the  leaves), 
20 - 40-flo\vered ;  seeds  6.  —  Moist  meadows  and  river-banks;  common,  from 
the  Atlantic  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  Tex.  June.  Very  variable. — Var.  pdlver- 
ULEXTA,  Gray,  has  the  leaves  more  or  less  soft-downy  beneath. 

2.  S.  tamnif  olia,  Michx.  Stem  upright  or  climbing ;  leaves  mostly  .5- 
nerved,  smooth,  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  ab- 
ruptly acute  to  acuminate,  some  of  them  hastate  ivith  broad  rounded  lobes; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles ;  berry  smaller,  2  -  3-seeded.  —  Pine-barrens, 
N.  J.  to  S.  C. 

3.  S.  ecirrhata,  Watson.  Erect,  i-3°  high,  without  tendrils  (or  only  the 
uppermost  petioles  tendril-bearing),  glabrous;  lower  leaves  reduced  to  narrow 
scale-like  bracts,  the  rest  thin,  5  -  7-nerved,  broadly  ovate-elliptical  to  roundish, 
acute,  mostly  cordate  at  base,  2-5'  long,  sometimes  verticillate,  sparsely  pu- 
bescent beneath;  peduncles  about  equalling  the  petioles  (1  -2^'  long),  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  stem;  umbels  10-20-fiowered;  berry  3-seeded. — Md.  to 
S.  C,  west  to  Mich,  and  Mo.    May,  June. 

§  2.    Ste7ns  woody,  often  prickly  ;  ovules  solitary  ;  cjlabrous  throughout. 
*  Leaves  ovate  or  roundish,  etc.,  most  of  them  rounded  or  heart-shaped  at  base,  and 

5  -  9-nerved,  the  three  middle  nerves  or  ribs  stronger  and  more  conspicuous. 

•♦-  Peduncles  shorter  or  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles  (2  -  ^"),  flattened ;  leaves 

thickish,  green  both  sides. 

4.  S.  Walter!,  Pursh.  Stem  low,  somewhat  angled,  prickly  near  the  base 
or  unarmed  ;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  somewhat  lieart-shaped  or 
rounded  at  base  (3-4'  long) ;  berries  coral-red.  —  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

5.  S.  rotundifolia,  L.  (Common  Greenbrier.  Horse-brier.)  Stem 
armed  with  scattered  prickles,  as  Avell  as  the  terete  branches ;  branchlets  more 
or  less  4-angular ;  leaves  ovate  or  round-ovate,  often  broader  than  long,  slightly 
heart-shaped,  abruptly  short-pointed  (2-3'  long);  berries  blue-black,  with  a 
bloom.  —  Moist  thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex.  Very  vari- 
able, passing  into  var.  quadrangulXris,  Gray,  which  has  branches,  and  espe- 
cially branchlets,  4-angular,  and  is  more  common  west. 

-t-  +-  Peduncle  longer  than  but  seldom  twice  the  length  of  the  short  petiole,  flat- 
tened ;  leaves  tardily  deciduous  or  partly  persistent ;  berries  black,  with  a  bloom. 

6.  S.  glauca,  Walt.  Terete  branches  and  somewhat  4-angular  branchlets 
armed  with  scattered  stout  prickles,  or  naked ;  leaves  ovate,  rarely  subcordate, 
glaucous  beneath  and  sometimes  also  above,  as  well  as  the  branchlets  Avhen  young 
(about  2'  long),  abruptly  mucronate,  the  edges  smooth  and  naked.  —  Dry 
thickets,  E.  Mass.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

7.  S.  bona-nox,  L.  Branches  and  the  angular  (often  square)  branchlets 
sparsely  armed  Avith  short  rigid  prickles;  leaves  varying  from  round-heart- 
shaped  and  slightly  contracted  above  the  dilated  base  to  fiddle-shaped  and  hal- 
berd-shaped or  3-lobed,  green  and  shining  both  sides,  cuspidate-pointed,  the 


LILIACE.f^.        (LILY    lAMII.V.)  .021 

margins  often  somewhat  hristly-ciliate  or  spinulose.     (S.  tamnoides,  Man.; 
probably  not  A.) — Thickets;  Nantucket,  Mass.  {L.  />.  Dame);  N.  J.  to  Fla., 
west  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 
■«-  H-  •»-  Peduncle  2-4  times  the  Jenfjth  of  the  petiole  ;  leaves  ample  (3-5'  lonr/), 

thin  or  thinnish,  f/reen  both  sides;  berries  black;  stem  terete  and  branchlets 

nrarli/  so. 

8.  S.  hispida,  Muhl.  Ixootstock  cvlindrical,  elongated;  stem  (cliinhing 
liiVh)  below  densely  beset  with  lonrj  and  weak  blackish  bristli/  jtrickhs,  the  flow- 
ering branchlets  mostly  naked ;  leaves  ovate  and  the  larger  heart-shajjed, 
pointed,  slightly  rough-margined,  membranaceous  and  deciduous ;  peduncles 
1^-2'  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  almost  3"  long.  —  Moist  thickets.  Conn,  to  Va., 
west  to  Minn,  and  Tex.     .June. 

9.  S.  Pseudo-China,  J^.  Rootstock  tuberous ;  stems  and  branches  un- 
armed, or  with  very  few  weak  prickles ;  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped,  or  on  the 
branchlets  ovate-oblong,  cuspidate-pointed,  often  rough-ciliate,  becoming  firm 
in  texture;  peduncles  flat  (2-3'  long).  —  Dry  or  sandy  soil,  N.J.  to  Fla., 
west  to  S.  lud.  and  ]Mo.     July. 

*  *  Leaves  varjjing  from  oblong -lanceolate  to  linear,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short 
petiole,  3-5-nervcd,  shining  above,  paler  or  glaucous  beneath,  inani/  without 
tendrils;  peduncles  short,  seldom  exceeding  the  petioles,  terete;  the  umbels 
sometimes  panicled ;  branches  terete,  unarmed. 

10.  S.  lanceol^ta,  L.  Leaves  thinnish,  rather  deciduous,  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  lance-oblong ;  stigiyias  3 ;  berries  dull  red.  —  Kich  woods  and  margins 
of  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ark.  and  Tex.    June. 

11.  S.  laurifblia,  L.  Leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  evergreen,  varying  from 
oblong-lanceolate  to  linear  (2|-5'  long) ;  stigmas  solitari/  and  ovari/  \-celled ; 
berries  black  when  ripe,  1-seeded,  maturing  in  tlie  second  year.  —  Pine-barrens, 
N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ark.  and  La.     July,  Aug. 

2.     ALLIUM,     L.        Onion.    Garlic. 

Perianth  of  6  entirely  colored  sepals,  which  are  distinct,  or  united  at  the  very 
base,  1-nerved,  often  becoming  dry  and  scarious  and  more  or  le.ss  persistent ; 
the  6  filaments  awl-shaped  or  dilated  at  base.  Style  persistent,  but  jointed  upon 
the  very  short  axis  of  the  ovary,  thread-like  ;  stigma  simple.  Capsule  lol>ed. 
loculicidal,  3-valved,  with  1-2  ovoid-kidney-shaped  amphitropous  or  canipvlo- 
tropous  l)lack  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Strong-scented  and  pungent  stemless  herbs ; 
the  leaves  and  scape  from  a  coated  bulb;  flowers  in  a  simple  umbel,  some  of 
them  frequently  changed  to  bulldets;  spathe  scarious,  1-2-valved.  (The 
ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Garlic.) 

§  1.    Bulbs  cespitose,  narrowltj  oblong  and  crowning  a  rhizome  ;  coats  membranous. 
*  Leaves  (2  or  3)  elliptic-lanceolate;  ovules  solitarg  in  each  cell. 

1.  A.  tricoccum.  Ait.  (Wild  Leek.)  Scape  naked  (4- 12' high  from 
clustered  pointed  Ijulbs,  2'  long),  bearing  an  erect  many-flowered  umbel ;  leaves 
5 -9' long,  1-2' wide;  sepals  oblong  (greenish  white),  equalling  the  nearlv 
distinct  filaments ;  capsule  strongly  3-lol)ed.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  N.  Kng.  to  Minn, 
and  Iowa,  south  in  the;  mountains  to  N.  C.  Leaves  appearing  in  early  spring 
and  dying  before  the  flowers  are  developed. 


522  LiLiACE^.     (lily  family.) 

*  *  Leaves  linear;  ovules  a  pair  in  each  cell. 

2.  A.  SchCBnoprasum,  L.  (Chives.)  Scape  naked  or  leafy  at  bai;e 
(6-  12'  higli),  bearing  a  globular  capitate  umbel  of  many  rose-purple  flowers; 
sepals  lanceolate,  pointed,  longer  than  the  simple  downwardly  dilated  filaments ; 
leaves  awl-shaped,  hollow;  capsule  not  crested. — From  N.  Brunswick  and  the 
Great  Lakes  to  the  Pacific.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

3.  A.  Cernuum,  Koth.  (Wild  Oniox.)  Scape  naked,  angular  {\- 2'^ 
high),  nodding  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  loose  or  drooping  few -man  ij-flowered 
umbel;  leaves  linear, flattened,  sharply  keeled  (1°  long);  sepals  oblong-ovate, 
acute  (rose-color),  shorter  than  the  slender  filaments  and  style;  capsule  6- 
crested.  —  In  the  Alleghanies  to  S.  C,  west  to  Minn.,  Mo.,  Tex.,  and  westward. 
§  2.    Bulbs  mostlii  solitani ,  not  rhizomatous ;  coats  often  fibrous ;  leaves  narrowly 

linear,  flat  or  channelled  {terete  in  A.  vineale). 

4.  A.  Stellatum,  Fras.  Scajie  terete  (6-18'  high),  slender,  bearing  an 
erect  umbel;  bulb-coats  membranous;  sepals  iroarf,  acute;  stamens  and  sti/le 
exserted ;  capsule  prominently  6-crested.  —  Eocky  slopes,  Minn,  to  W.  111.  and 
Mo.,  and  westward. 

5.  A.  retieulatum,  Fraser.  Scape  3  -  8'  high  ;  bulbs  densely  and  coarsely 
fibrous-coated;  spathe  2-valved;  umbel  rarely  bulbiferous;  sepals  ovate-  to 
narrowly  lanceolate,  thin  and  lax  in  fruit,  a  third  longer  than  the  stamens ;  cap- 
sule crested.  —  Sask.  to  Iowa  and  N.  Mex. 

6.  A.  Nuttkllii,  Watson.  Scape  4-6'  high,  from  a  very  fibrous-coated 
bulb;  spathe  usually  3-valved;  sepals  usually  broader,  rather  rigid  in  fruit; 
capsule  not  crested.  —  Central  Kan.  to  Tex.,  and  westward. 

7.  A.  Canadense,  Kalm.  (Wild  Garlic.)  Scape  1°  high  or  more; 
bulb-coats  somewhat  fibrous ;  umbel  densely  bulbiferous  or  few-flowered ;  sepals 
narrowly  lanceolate,  obtusish,  equalliug  or  exceeding  the  stamens ;  capsule  not 
crested.  —  Moist  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  south  to  the  Gulf.     May,  June. 

A.  vineXle,  L.  (Field  Garlic.)  Scape  slender,  clothed  with  the  sheath- 
ing ba.ses  of  the  leaves  below  the  middle  (1-3°  high) ;  leaves  terete  and  holloic, 
slender,  channelled  above;  umbel  often  densely  bulbiffrous ;  filaments  much  di- 
lated, the  alternate  ones  cuspidate  on  each  side  of  the  anther.  —  Moist  meadows 
and  fields ;  a  vile  weed  eastward.     June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

3.  NOTHOSCORDUM,    Kunth. 

Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish  white.  Capsule  obloug-obovate,  somewhat 
lobed,  obtuse,  with  the  style  obscurely  jointed  on  the  summit ;  cells  several- 
ovuled  and  -seeded.  Filaments  filiform,  distinct,  adnate  at  base.  Bulb  tuni- 
cated,  not  alliaceous.  Otherwise  as  in  Allium.  (Name  from  v'jdos,  false,  and 
(TKopZiov,  garlic.) 

1.  N.  striatum,  Kunth.  Scape  l°  high  or  less;  bulb  small,  often  bulbi- 
ferous at  base ;  leaves  narrowly  linear ;  flowers  few,  on  slender  pedicels,  the 
segments  narrowly  oblong,  4-6"  long;  ovules  4-7  in  each  cell.  (Allium 
striatum,  Jacq.)  — Prairies  and  open  woods,  Va.  to  Ind.,  Neb.,  and  southward. 

4.  ANDROSTEPHIUM,     Torr. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  the  cylindrical  tube  equalling  the  somewhat  spreading 
limb  or  shorter;  segments  1-nerved.     Stamens  6,  in  one  row  upon  the  throat; 


k 


LiLiACE.i:.      (lily  family.)  o2;3 

the  filaments  united  to  form  an  erect  tubular  crown,  with  hifid  lobes  alternate 
with  tlic  ol)long  versatile  anthers.  Capsule  sessile,  8ul)globose-tri(iuetrou.s, 
beaked  by  the  stout  persistent  style;  seeds  large,  few  to  several  in  each  cell. 

—  Scape  aud  linear  leaves  from  a  niemlirano.is- or  fibrous  coated  corni ;  p:;le 
lilac  flowers  umbellate ;  pedicels  not  jointed  ;  involucral  bracts  several.  (Name 
from  ai'vp,  for  fitdiinii,  and  (Tj4<pos,  crown,  referring  to  the  stamincal  crown.) 

1 .  A.  Viol^ceum,  Torr.  Scape  2-6'  high  ;  Howers  8-12"  long  or  more, 
usually  exceeding  the  stout  pedicels,  the  tube  nearly  as  long  as  the  limlj ;  crown 
scarcely  shorter  than  the  limb.  —  Kan.  to  Tex. 

5.    CAMASSIA,    Liudl. 

Terianth  of  6  colored  (blue  or  purple)  spreading  sepals,  .3  -  7-nerved,  slightly 
irregular,  mostly  deciduous  ;  the  6  filiform  filaments  at  their  base.  Style  thread- 
like, the  base  persistent.  Capsule  oblong  or  ol)ovate,  3-angled,  loculicidal,  3- 
valved,  with  several  black  roundisli  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Scape  and  linear  leaves 
from  a  coated  bulb ;  the  flowers  in  a  simjjle  raceme,  mostly  bracted,  ou  jointed 
pedicels.     (From  the  ffative  Indian  name  fjuamash  or  ccanass.) 

1.  C.  Pr^seri,  Torr.  (Eastern  Camass.  Wild  Hvacintil)  Scape 
1°  higli  or  more;  leaves  keeled;  raceme  elongated;  bracts  longer  than  the 
pedicels;  sepals  pale  blue,  3-nerved,  4-7"  long;  capsule  acutely  triangular- 
globose.  (Scilla  Fraseri,  Gra>/.)  —  llich  grouud,  \V.  Peuu.  to  Minn,  aud 
E.  Kau.,  aud  iu  the  mountains  to  Ga. 

6.     ORNITHOGALUM,     Tourn.        Star-of-Bethleiiem. 

Perianth  of  6  colored  (white)  spreading  3-7-uerved  sepals.  Filaments  6, 
flattened-awl-shaped.  Style  3-sided*;  stigma  3-angled.  Cap.^ule  membranous, 
roundish-angular,  with  few  dark  and  roundish  seeds  iu  each  cell,  loculicidal. 

—  Scape  and  linear  channelled  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb.  Flowers  corymbed, 
bracted  ;  pedicels  not  jointed.  (An  ancient  whimsical  name  from  upvis,(i  bird, 
and  ydka,  milk.) 

O.  I  mbellXtum,  L.  Scape  4-9'  high  ;  flowers  5-8,  on  long  and  spread- 
ing pedicels ;  sepals  green  in  the  middle  on  the  outside.  —  Escaped  from  gar- 
dens.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

O.  NUTANS,  L.  Scape  1°  high  or  more  ;  flowers  5  or  6,  large  (1'  long),  nod- 
ding on  very  short  pedicels ;  filaments  very  broad.  —  Rarely  escaped  from 
garuens;  Tenn.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

7.  MUSCARI,     Tourn.         Grape-Hyacinth. 

I'erianth  globular  or  ovoid,  minutely  6  toothed  (idue).  Stamens  G,  included  ; 
antliers  short,  introrse.  Style  short.  Capsule  liK-uliciihil,  with  2  bhuk  angular 
seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Leaves  and  .scape  (in  early  sjjring)  from  a  coated  bulb";  the 
small  flowers  in  a  dense  raceme,  sonu^times  musk  scented  (whence  the  name). 

M.  noTRV<>h>Ks,  Mill.  Leaves  linear,  3-4"  l)road  ;  flowers  globular  (1- 
H"  long),  deep  l)lue,  apjiearing  like  minute  grapes.  —  Escaped  from  gardens 
into  co]).ses  and  fence-rows.     (Adv.  from  En.) 

M.  KACKMo-r.M,  Mill.  Leaves  1  -  H"  broad  ;  flowers  oblong-urceolate,  2 - 
2^'  long,  deep  blue,  fragrant.  —  Rare  escai)e,  Mil.  and  renn.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

8.  HEME  ROC  ALL  IS,    L.        Day-Lily. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  lily-like;  the  sliort  tube  enclosing  the  ovarv,  the 
spreading  limb  6-parted  ;  the  6  s:aniens  insertetl  on  its  throat.     Anthers  as  in 


524  LiLiACE^.      (lily  family.) 

Lilium,  but  introrse.  Filaments  and  style  long  and  thread  like,  declined  and 
ascending;  stigma  simple.  Capsule  (at  first  rather  fleshy)  3-angled,  loculi- 
cidally  S-valved,  with  several  black  spherical  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Showy  per- 
ennials, with  fleshy-fibrous  roots ;  the  long  and  linear  keeled  leaves  2-ranked 
at  the  l)ase  of  the  tall  scapes,  Avhich  bear  at  the  summit  several  hracted  and 
large  yellow  flowers ;  these  collapse  and  decay  after  expanding  for  a  single 
day  (whence  the  name,  from  vfi^pa,  a  da//,  and  KaAAos,  heaufij.) 

H.  FULVA,  L,  (CoMMOX  Dav-Lily.)  luuer  divisions  (petals)  of  the  tawny 
orange  perianth  wavy  and  obtuse.  —  Roadsides,  escaped  from  gardens.  (Adv. 
from  Eu.) 

9.     YUCCA,     L.        Bear-Grass.     Spanish  Bayonet. 

Perianth  of  6  petal-like  (white  or  greenish)  oval  or  ohlong  and  acute  flat 
sepals,  withering-persistent,  the  3  inner  broader,  longer  than  the  6  stamens. 
Stigmas  3,  sessile.  Capsule  oblong,  somewhat  6-sided,  3-celled,  or  imperfectly 
6  celled  by  a  partition  from  the  back,  fleshy,  at  length  loculicidally  3-valved 
from  the  apex.  Seeds  very  many  in  each  cell,  flattened.  —  Stems  woody,  either 
very  short  or  rising  into  thick  and  columnar  palm-like  trunks,  bearing  per- 
sistent rigid  linear  or  sword-shaped  leaves,  and  an  often  ample  compound  pan- 
icle or  branched  raceme  of  showy  floAvers.  (The  native  Haytian  name  for  the 
root  of  tlie  Cassava-plant.) 

1.  Y.  angUStifdlia,  Pursh.  Caudex  none  or  very  short ;  leaves  straight 
very  stiff  and  pungent,  ^-2°  long  by  1  -6"  wide,  filiferous  on  the  margin ;.  ra- 
ceme mostly  simple,  nearly  sessile  (1-4°  long);  flowers  1-|^- 2^' wide  ;  stigmas 
green,  shorter  than  the  ovary;  capsule  6-sided  (3'  long);  seeds  5-6"  broad 
—  Dak.  to  Iowa,  Kan.,  and  N.  Mex.     May,  June. 

2.  Y.  filament  OS  a,  L.  (Adam's  Needle.)  Caudex  1°  high  or  less, 
from  a  running  rootstock  ;  leaves  numerous,  coriaceous,  more  or  less  tapering 
to  a  short  point,  rough  on  the  back,  1^-2°  long  by  1  -3'  wide,  filiferous  on 
the  margin;  panicle  p  jramidal,  densely  Jloivered,  on  a  stout  bracfeate  scape,  4- 
9°  high  ;  flowers  large;  stigmas  pale,  elongated ;  capsule  \Y  long;  seeds  Z" 
hroad.  —  Near  the  coast,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La.     July.     Very  variable. 

10.  CO  NV  ALL  ARIA,     L.        Lily  of  the  Valley. 

Perianth  bell-shaped  (white),  6-lobed,  deciduous;  the  lobes  recurved.  Sta- 
mens 6,  included,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth ;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary 
3-celled,  tapering  into  a  stout  style ;  stigma  triangular.  Ovules  4  -  6  in  each 
cell.  Berry  few-seeded  (red).  —  A  low  perennial  herb,  glabrous,  stemless,  with 
slender  running  rootstocks,  sending  up  from  a  scaly-sheathing  bud  2  oblong 
leaves,  with  their  long  sheathing  petioles  enrolled  one  within  the  other  so  as 
to  appear  like  a  stalk,  and  an  angled  scape  bearing  a  one-sided  raceme  of  pretty 
and  sweet-scented  nodding  flowers.  (Altered  from  Lilium  convallium,  the 
popular  name.) 

I.  C.  majalis,  L.  —  High  mountains  of  Va.  to  S.  C.  Apparently  identical 
with  the  European  Lily  of  the  Valley  of  the  gardens. 

11.  POLYGONATUM,    Tourn.        Solomon's  Seal. 

Perianth  cylindrical-oblong,  6-lobed  at  the  summit ;  the  6  stamens  inserted 
on  or  above  the  middle  of  the  tube,  included ;  anthers  introrse.    Ovary  3-celled. 


LiLiACK.i-:.      (lily  family.)  525 

witli  2-6  <ivnlos  I'ji  oach  coll;  style  slendor,  deciduous  l)y  a  joint;  stin^ma  olv 
tuse  or  capitate,  ohscurely  .'J-lol)ed.  Berry  j^luluilar,  Ijlack  or  l»liie  ;  the  cells 
l-2-8eede(l. —  Perennial  herhs,  with  siiiii)le  erect  or  curving  stems,  from 
creeping;  thick  and  knotted  rootstocks,  naked  below,  above  Ixtariu^  nearly 
sessile  or  half-chu^pinf:;  nerved  leaves,  and  axillary  nodding  greenish  Howers; 
pedicels  jointed  near  tlie  flower.  (The  ancient  name,  composed  of  iroAi's,  many, 
and  y6pu,  knee,  alludin*:;  to  the  unmerons  joints  of  the  rootstock  and  stem.)  — 
(^)urs  are  alternate-leaved  species,  the  stem  terete  or  scarcely  angk-d  when 
fresh. 

1.  P.  bifl6rum,  Ell.  (S.maller  Solo.mon's  Seal.)  Glabrous,  except 
the  ovate-oblong  or  lance-oblong  nearli/  sessile  leaves,  which  are  commonly 
viinutelij  pubescent  as  well  as  pale  or  (jlattcous  underneath  ;  stem  slender  (1  -3° 
high);  peduncles  1-3-  but  mostlij  1-Jloicered ;  perianth  4-6"  long;  y/7«;/jc7j/s 
p(ij)illosc-rou(jhened,  inserted  toward  the  summit  of  the  perianth.  —  Wooded 
hillsides,  \.  Rrunswirk  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Tex. 

2.  P.  gigant^um,  Dietrich.  (Gijeat  S.)  Glabrous  throuijltout ;  stem 
stout  and  mostly  tall  (2-7°  higli),  terete;  leaves  ovate,  parti ij  claspinu  (3-8'' 
long),  or  the  uj^per  oblong  and  nearly  sessile,  many-nerved  ;  peduncles  sei-eral- 
(2  -  8-)jloH-ered,  jtjinted  below  the  flower  ;  flowers  5  -  9"  long  ;  Jilanunts  smooth 
and  naked,  or  nearly  so,  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube.  —  Meadows  and 
river-banks,  N.  Eng.  to  Va.,  west  to  the  Rocky  Mts.     June. 

12.    ASPARAGUS,    Touru.        Asi-aragus. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading  above ;  the  6  stamens  on  its  base  ;  anthers 
introrse.  Style  sliort ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Berry  spherical,  3-celk'd  ;  the  cells 
2-seeded.  —  I'erenuials,  with  much-branclie<l  stems  fn^m  thick  and  matted 
ro(jtstocks,  and  small  greenish-yellow  axillary  flowers  on  jointed  ])edicels. 
The  narrow,  commonly  thread-like,  so-called  leaves  are  really  branchlets, 
acting  as  leaves,  clustered  in  tlie  axils  of  little  scales  which  are  the  true  leaves. 
(The  ancient  Greek  name.) 

A.  offkinXlis,  L.  (Garde V  Asparagus.)  Herbaceous,  tall,  bushy- 
branched;  leaves  thread-like.  —  A  fre(pieut  escape  from  gardens.  June. 
(Adv.  from  Ku.) 

13.     SMILACINA,     Desf.        False  Solomon's  Seal. 

Perianth  6-parted,  si)reading,  withering-persistent  (white).  Stamens  6,  in- 
serted at  the  base  of  the  divisions;  filaments  slender,  anthers  short,  introrse. 
Ovary  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell ;  style  short  and  thick,  stigma  ob- 
scurely 3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  1  -2-seeded.  —  Perennial  herbs,  with  simple 
stems  from  creeping  or  thickish  rootstocks,  alternate  nerved  mostly  sessile 
leaves,  and  white,  sometimes  fragrant  flowers  in  a  terminal  and  simple  or 
compound  raceme.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Smilax,  to  which,  however,  these 
plants  bear  little  resemblance.) 

*  Flowers  on  very  short  pedicels  in  a  terminal  racemose  panicle  ;  stamens  exceed- 
ing the  small  (1"  Ion;/)  segments  ;  ovules  collateral ;  rootstock  stout,  jie shy. 
1.  S.  raeembsa,  Desf.  (False  Si'Ikenard.)  Minutely  downy  (1 -3° 
high) ;  leaves  numerous,  oblong  or  oval-lanceolate,  ta}»er-])ointed.  ciliate,  al>- 
ru])tly  somewhat  petioled  ;  berries  pale  red,  speckled  with  ]»urple,  aromatic.  — 
Moist  co])ses,  N.  Brunswick  to  S.  C,  west  to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.  and  Ark. 


526  LILIACEiE.        (lily    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Flowers  larger  {2 -Z'^  long),  on  solitary  pedicels  in  a  simple  few-Jloivered 
raceme;  stamens  included ;  ovules  not  collateral ;  rootstock  rather  slender. 

2.  S.  Stellata,  Desf.  Plant  (1°  high  or  less)  nearly  glabrous,  or  the  7- 
12  ohlong-lanreolate  leaves  minutely  downy  beneatli  when  young,  slightly 
clasping;  raceme  sessile  or  nearly  so;  berries  blackish.  —  Moist  banks,  Lab. 
to  N.  J.,  west  to  E.  Kan.,  Minn.,  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

3.  S.  trifolia,  Desf.  Glabrous,  dwarf  (2-6'  high) ;  leaves  3  (sometimes 
2  or  4),  oblong,  tapering  to  a  sheathing  base;  raceme  peduncled ;  berries  red. 
—  Cold  bogs,  Lab.  to  N.  Eng.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Min.     (Sib.) 

14.     MAIANTHEMUM,     Wigg. 

Perianth  4-parte(l,  with  as  many  stamens.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  stigma  2-lobed. 
Otherwise  as  in  Smilaciua.  —  Flowers  solitary  or  fascicled,  in  a  simple  raceme 
upon  a  low  2-3-leaved  stem.  Leaves  ovate-  to  lanceolate-cordate.  (Name 
from  Mains,  May,  and  avQefxov,  a  flower.) 

1.  M.  Canadense,  Desf.  Pubescent  or  glabrous  (3-5'  high);  leaves 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  cordate  at  base  with  a  very  narrow  sinus,  sessile  or  very 
shortly  petioled ;  perianth-segments  1"  long.  (Smilacina  bifolia,  var.  Cana- 
densis, Grail.)  —  Moist  woods,  Lab.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa.     May. 

15.     STREPTOPUS,     Michx.        Twisted-Stalk. 

Perianth  recurved-spreading  from  a  bell-sliaped  base,  deciduous ;  the  6  dis- 
tinct sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  the  3  inner  keeled.  Anthers  arrow-shaped,  ex- 
trorse,  fixed  near  the  base  to  the  short  flattened  filaments,  tapering  above  to 
a  slender  entire  or  2-cleft  point.  Ovary  witli  many  ovules  in  each  cell;  style 
and  sometimes  the  stigmas  one.  Berry  red,  roundish-ovoid,  many-seeded. — 
Herbs,  with  rather  stout  stems  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  forking  and  diver- 
gent branches,  ovate  and  taper-pointed  rounded-clasping  membranaceous 
leaves,  and  small  (extra)  axillary  flowers,  either  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on 
slender  thread-like  peduncles,  which  are  abruptly  bent  or  contorted  near  the 
middle  (whence  the  name,  from  aTpeirTos,  twisled,  and  irovs,foot  or  stalk). 

1.  S.  amplexifolius,  DC.  Stem  2-3°  high,  glabrous;  leaves  very 
smooth,  glaucous  underneath,  strongly  clasping;  flower  greenish-white  (4-6" 
long)  on  a  long  abruptly  bent  peduncle;  anthers  tapering  to  a  slender  entire 
point;  stigma  entire,  truncate.  —  Cold  moist  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Minn.,  south 
to  Ohio,  Penn.,  and  in  the  mountains  to  N.  C.     June.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  r6seus,  Michx.  Lower  leaves  green  both  sides,  finely  ciliate,  and  the 
branches  sparingly  beset  with  short  bristly  hairs;  flower  rose-purple  (3-4" 
long),  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  slightly  bent  peduncle ;  anthers  2- 
horned;  stigma  3-cleft.  —  Cold  damp  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Minn.,  and  south 
in  the  mountains  to  Ga.     May. 

16.    DISPORUM,    Salisb. 

Perianth  narrowly  bell-shaped,  the  6  sepals  lanceolate  or  linear,  deciduous. 
Filaments  thread-like,  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  blunt  anthers, 
which  are  fixed  by  a  point  above  the  base  and  extrorse.  Ovary  with  2  ovules 
(in  our  species)  suspended  from  the  summit  of  each  cell ;  style  one;  stigmas 


LiLiACE.F..      (lily  family.)  527 

short,  recnrved-spreadinp^,  or  sometimes  unitecl  into  one!  Berry  ovoid  or  ob- 
long, pointed,  3-6-seeded,  red.  —  Downy  low  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks, 
erect  stems  sparingly  branched  above,  with  closely  sessile  ovate  thin  and 
transversely  veincul  leaves,  and  greenish-yellow  drooping  flowers,  on  slemler 
terminal  peduncles,  solitary  or  few  in  an  umbel.  (Name  from  Sis,  (hmhle,  and 
(Tiropd,  seed,  in  allusion  to  the  2  ovules  in  each  cell.) 

1.  D.  lanugiiidsum,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  taper- 
pointed,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base,  closely  sessile,  downy  be- 
neath ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  (i' 
long),  soon  spreading,  twice  the  length  of  the  stamens,  greenish  ;  style  smooth ; 
stigmas  3.  (Prosartes  lanuginosa,  Don.)  —  Rich  woods,  western  N.  Y.  to  Va. 
and  Ga.,  west  to  Ky.  and  Tenn.     May. 

17.    CLINTONIA,    Raf. 

Perianth  of  6  separate  sepals,  bell-shaped,  lily -like,  deciduous ;  the  6  sta- 
mens inserted  at  their  base.  Filaments  long  and  thread-like  ;  anthers  linear 
or  oblong,  extrorsely  fixed  by  a  point  above  the  base,  the  cells  opening  down 
the  margins.  Ovary  ovoid-oblong,  2-3-cellcd;  style  long;  stigmas  2  or  3,  or 
in  ours  united  into  one.  Berry  few  -  many-seeded.  —  Short-stemmed  peren- 
nials, with  slender  creeping  rootstocks,  bearing  a  naked  ])eduncle  sheatlied  at 
the  base  by  the  stalks  of  2-4  large  oblong  or  oval  ciliate  leaves;  flowers 
rather  large,  umlielled,  rarely  single.     (Dedicated  to  De  Witt  Clinton.) 

1.  C.  bore^lis,  Kaf.  Scape  and  leaves  5-8'  long;  umbel  3 - 6-flowered ; 
perianth  greenish-yellow,  somewhat  downy  outside  (3-4''  long) ;  berry  ovoid, 
blue ;  ovules  20  or  more.  —  Cold  moist  woods.  Lab.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn. 

2.  C.  umbell^ta,  Torr.  Flowers  half  the  size  of  the  last,  white,  speckled 
with  green  or  purplish  dots;  umbel  man/f-floirered ;  berry  globular,  black; 
ovules  2  in  each  cell.  —  Rich  woods,  in  the  AllegUanies  from  X.  Y.  to  Ga. 

18.    UVULARIA,    L.        Bellavort. 

Perianth  narrowly  bell-shaped,  lily -like,  deciduous;  the  6  distinct  sepals 
spatulate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  obtusely  gibbous  at  base,  with  a  deep  honev- 
bearing  groove  within  bordered  on  each  side  by  a  callus-like  ridge.  Stamens 
much  shorter,  barely  adherent  to  their  base ;  anthers  linear,  much  longer  than 
the  filaments,  adnate  and  cxtrorse,  but  the  long  narrow  cells  opening  laterallv. 
Style  deeply  3-cleft ;  the  divisions  stigmatic  along  the  iimer  side.  Capsule 
truncate,  coriaceous,  3-lobed,  loculicidal  at  the  summit.  Seeds  few  in  each 
cell,  obovoid,  with  a  thin  white  aril.  —  Stems  rather  low,  terete,  from  a  short 
rootstock  with  fleshy  roots,  naked  or  scaly  at  base,  forking  above,  bearing 
oblong  perf(diatc  flat  and  membranaceous  leaves  with  smooth  margins,  and 
yellowisli  drooping  flowers,  in  spring,  .solitary  on  terminal  peduncles.  (Name 
"  from  the  flowers  hanging  like  the  uvula,  or  p.alate.") 

1.  U.  perfoli^ta,  L.  Glaucoits  throughout,  i-  H°  high,  with  1  -3  leaves 
below  the  fork;  le<ires  glabrous,  oblong-  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  perianth- 
segments  granular-pubescent  within  (8  -  1 6  "  long) ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  styles  ; 
tip  of  the  connective  acuminate;  cells  of  the  capsule  with  2  dorsal  ridges  and 
2-beaked  at  the  apex. —  Rich  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Dak.,  and  southward. 


528  LILIACE.E.       (lilt    FAMILY.) 

2.  U.  grandiflora,  Smith.  Yellowish-green,  not  glaucous ;  stem  naked 
or  with  a  single  leaf  below  the  fork;  leaves  whitish-pubescent  beneath,  usually 
somewhat  acuminate;  perianth -segments  smooth  within  or  nearly  so  (12-18" 
long);  stamens  exceeding  the  St ijles,  obtusely  tipped;  capsule  obtusely  lobed. 
(U.  flava,  Smith.)  — Rich  woods,  Canada  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

19.     O  AXES  I  A,    Watson. 

Flowers  resembling  those  of  Uvularia,  but  the  segments  obtuse  or  acutish, 
carinately  gibbous  and  without  ridges  within.  Cap.sule  membranous,  ellipti- 
cal, acutish  at  each  end  or  shortly  stipitate,  triquetrous  and  acutely  winged, 
very  tardily  dehiscent.  Seeds  globose,  with  a  very  tumid  spongy  rhaphe.  — 
Stem  acutely  angled,  from  a  slender  creeping  rootstock,  with  sessile  clasping 
leaves  scabrous  on  the  margin,  and  1  or  2  flowers  terminal  on  slender  pedun- 
cles but  soon  appearing  opposite  to  the  leaves  by  the  growth  of  the  branches. 
(Dedicated  to  William  Oakes.) 

1.  O.  sessilifolia,  Watson.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  acute  at  each  end, 
pale,  glaucous  beneath,  sessile  or  partly  clasping ;  sepals  7-12"  long ;  anthers 
ol)tuse  ;  capsule  short-stipitate,  6-10"  long.  { Uvularia  .sessilifolia,  L.)  —  Low 
woods,  N.  Brunswick  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Neb.  and  Ark. 

2.  O.  puberula,  Watson.  Slightly  puberulent ;  leaves  bright  green  both 
sides  and  shining,  oval,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  with  rouglier  edges ;  styles 
separate  to  near  the  base,  not  exceeding  the  acute  anthers ;  capsule  not  stipi- 
tate, 10-12"  long.     (Uvularia  puberula,  Michx.)  — Mountains,  Ya.  to  S.  C. 

20.    ERYTHRONIUM,    L.        Dog's-tooth  Violet. 

Perianth  lily-like,  of  6  distinct  lanceolate  sepals,  recurved  or  spreading 
above,  deciduous,  the  3  inner  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  of  the 
erect  base,  and  a  groove  in  the  middle.  Filaments  6,  awl-shaped ;  anthers 
oblong-linear,  continuing  erect.  Style  elongated.  Capsule  obovate,  con- 
tracted at  base,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  rather  numerous,  ovoid,  with  a 
loose  membranaceous  tip.  —  Nearly  stemless  herbs,  with  two  smooth  and 
shining  flat  leaves  tapering  into  petioles  and  sheathing  the  base  of  the  com- 
monly one-flowered  scape,  rising  from  a  deep  solid-scaly  bulb.  Flowers  rather 
large,  nodding,  in  spring.  (The  Greek  name  for  the  purple-flowered  Euro- 
pean species,  from  fpvOpos,  red.) 

1.  E.  Americanum,  Ker.  (Yellow  Adder's-toxgue.)  Scape  6 -y 
high ;  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate,  pale  green,  mottled  with  purplish  and  whit- 
ish and  commonly  minutely  dotted ;  perianth  light  yelloic,  often  spotted  near 
the  base  (10-20"  long)  ;  style  club-shaped;  stigmas  united.  —  Rich  ground, 
N.  Brunswick  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

2.  E.  albidum,  Nutt.  (White  Dog's-tooth  Violet.)  Leaves  ellip- 
tical-laiiceulate,  less  or  not  at  all  spotted;  perianth  pinkish-ichite ;  inner 
divisions  toothless ;  style  more  slender  except  at  the  apex,  bearing  3  sliort 
spreading  stigmas.  —  Rich  ground,  N.  Y.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

3.  E.  propiillans,  Gray.  Offshoot  arising  from  the  stem,  near  the  middle  ; 
leaves  smaller  and  more  acuminate;  Jioicers  bright  rose-co/w, yelloAvish  at  base 
(6"  long) ;  style  slender ;  stigmas  united.  —  In  rich  soil,  Minn,  and  Out. 


LiLiACK.K.      (lily   kamilv.)  529 

21.    LILIUM,    L.        Lii.v. 

rorianth  fuiuiel-fonn  or  ht'll-sliapod,  colorod,  of  fi  distiiirt  sopals,  spreading 
or  recurved  al)ovo,  with  a  honey-bearing  furrow  at  the  hiuse,  de;itlu<»us ;  the  6 
staineus  somewhat  adhering  to  their  bases.  Anthers  linear,  extrorsely  at- 
tached near  the  middle  to  the  tapering  apex  of  the  long  filament,  which  is  at 
first  included,  at  length  versatile ;  the  cells  dehiscent  by  a  lateral  or  slightly 
introrse  line.  Style  elongated, somewhat  club-shaped;  stigma  .'Mobed.  Cap- 
sule oblong,  containing  numerous  liat  and  horizontal  (depressed)  soft-coated 
seeds  densely  packed  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  Bulbs  scaly,  producing  simple 
stems,  with  numerous  alternate-scattered  or  whorled  narrow  sessile  leaves, 
and  from  one  to  several  large  and  showy  flowers ;  in  summer.  (The  classical 
Latin  name,  from  the  Greek.  Kcipiou.) 

*  Floirers  erect,  t/te  septils  narrowed  below  into  claws;  bulbs  not  i-fiizomatous. 

1.  L.  Philaddlphicum,  L.  (Wild  Ohange-red  Lily.  Wood  Lily.) 
Stem  2-3°  high;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  whorled  or  scattered;  flowers  (2-4' 
long)  1-3,  open-bell-shaped,  reddish-oranr/e  spotted  with  purplish  inside;  the 
lanceolate  sepals  not  recurved  at  the  summit;  bulb  of  thick  fleshy  jointed 
scales.  —  Dry  or  sandy  ground,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

2.  L.  Catesbiei,  Walt.  (Soutiieun  Red  Lily.)  Leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, scattered ;  flower  solitary,  open-bell-shaped,  the  long-clawed  sepals  wavy 
on  the  margin  and  recurved  at  the  summit,  scarlet,  spotted  with  dark  purple 
and  yellow  inside ;  bulb-scales  thin,  narrow  and  leaf-bearing.  —  Pine-barrens, 
N.  C.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ky.  and  Mo. 

*  *  Flowers  nodding,  the  sepals  sessile;  bulbs  rhizomatons. 

3.  L.  superbum,  L.  (Turk's-cap  Lily.)  Stem  3-7°  high;  loxver 
leaves  whorled,  lanceolate,  pointed,  3-nerved,  smooth;  flowers  (3'  long)  often 
many  (3-20  or  40)  in  a  pyramidal  raceme;  sepals  stronf/li/  re  volute,  bright 
orange,  with  numerous  dark  purple  spots  inside.  —  Rich  low  grounds,  X. 
Brunswick  to  Ga.,  west  to  Miun.  and  Mo. 

4.  L.  Canadense,  L.  (Wild  Yellow  Lily.)  Stem  2-7°  high  ;  leaves 
remoteli/  ivhorlcd,  lanceolate,  strongly  3-nerved,  the  margins  and  nerves  rough  ; 
flowers  few  (2-3'  long),  long-peduncled,  oblong-bell-shaped,  the  sepals  re- 
curved-spreading  above,  yellow  or  orange,  usually  spotted  with  brown.  —  Moist 
meadows  and  bogs,  N.  Brunswick  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

5.  L.  Gr^yi,  Watson.  Stems  2-3°  high;  leaves  in  whorls  of  4-8,  lan- 
ceolate, acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  smooth  ;  /lowers  1  or  2,  nearly  horizon- 
tal, the  sep<ds  (1.^ -2.\' long)  hnt  little  spreading  above  the  rather  broad  bas>\ 
rather  abruptly  acute,  deep  reddish  orange,  thickly  spotted  within.  —  I'eaks 
of  ( )tter,  Va.,  and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  N.  C. 

L.  tigrIxum,  Ker.  (Ticer  Lily.)  Tall,  pubescent  above;  leaves  scat- 
tered, narrowly  lanceolate,  dark  green,  5-7-nerved,  the  upper  axils  bnlbifer- 
ous ;  flowers  large,  resembling  those  of  L.  sui)erbum.  —  An  escape  from 
gardens.     (Adv.  from  E.  Asia.) 

22.     M  E  D  E  O  L  A,     Gronov.        Indian  Cucumber-root. 
Perianth  recurved,  the  3  sepals  and  3  petals  oblong  and  alike  (pale  groenish- 
yelhnv),  deciduous.     Stamens  0 ;  anthers  shorter  than  the  slender  filaments, 
oblong,  extrorsely  attached  above  the  base,  but  the  line  of  dehiscence  of  the 


530  LiLiACE.E.      (lily  family,) 

closely  contiguous  parallel  cells  lateral  or  slightly  introrse.  Stigmas,  or  styles, 
stigmatic  down  the  upper  side,  recurved-diverging  from  the  globose  ovary, 
long  and  thread-form,  deciduous.  Berry  globose  (dark  purple),  3-celled,  few- 
seeded. —  A  perennial  herb,  with  a  simple  slender  stem  (1-3°  high,  clothed 
with  flocculent  and  deciduous  wool),  rising  from  a  horizontal  and  tuberous 
white  rootstock  (which  has  the  taste  of  cucumber),  bearing  near  the  middle  a 
whorl  of  5-9  obovate-lanceolate  and  pointed,  sessile,  lightly  parallel-ribbed 
and  netted-veiny,  thin  leaves;  also  another  of  3  (rareh^  4  or  5)  much  smaller 
ovate  ones  at  the  top,  subtending  a  sessile  umbel  of  small  recurved  flowers. 
(Named  after  the  sorceress  Medea,  for  its  supposed  great  medicinal  virtues.) 

1.  M.  Virginiana,  L.  —  Rich  damp  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  Ind.,  and 
southward.     June. 

23.     TRILLIUM,     L.        Wake  Robin.    Birthroot. 

Sepals  3,  lanceolate,  spreading,  herbaceous,  persistent.  Petals  3,  larger, 
withering  in  age.  Stamens  6 ;  anthers  linear,  on  short  filaments,  adnate,  usu- 
ally introrse;  the  cells  opening  down  the  margins.  Stigmas  sessile,  awl- 
shaped  or  slender,  spreading  or  recurved  above,  persistent,  stigmatic  down  the 
inner  side.  Ovary  3-6-angled.  Berry  ovate,  usually  6-angled  or  -winged, 
3-celled  (purple  or  red).  Seeds  ovate,  horizontal,  several  in  each  cell.  —  Low 
perennial  herbs,  with  a  stout  and  simple  stem  rising  from  a  short  and  prae- 
morse  tuber-like  rootstock,  naked,  bearing  at  the  summit  a  whorl  of  3  ample, 
commonly  broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  ribbed  but  netted-veined  leaves,  and  a 
terminal  large  floAver;  iu  spring.  (Name  from  triplum,  triple;  all  the  parts 
being  in  threes.)  —  Monstrosities  are  not  rare  with  the  calyx  and  sometimes 
petals  changed  to  leaves,  or  the  parts  of  the  flower  increased  in  number. 
*  Ovary  and  fruit  6-angled  and  more  or  less  winged. 
•t-  Floiver  sessile ;  the  very  broad  connective  produced  beyond  the  anther-cells. 

1.  T.  sessile,  L.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  rhomboidal,  acute,  often  blotched 
or  spotted  ;  sepals  spreading ;  sessile  petals  erect-spreading,  narrowly  lanceo- 
late or  oblanceolate,  dark  and  dull  purple,  varying  to  greenish ;  fruit  glo- 
bose, 6"  long.  —  Moist  woods,  Penn.  to  Pla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

2.  T.  re  cur  vat  um.  Beck.  Leaves  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  petiole, 
ovate,  oblong,  or  obovate;  sepals  reflexed;  petals  pointed,  the  base  narrowed  into 
a  claw,  oblong-lanceolate  to  -ovate,  dark  purple ;  fruit  ovate,  strongly  winged 
above,  9''  long.  —  Rich  woods,  Ohio  and  Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

•*-  H-  Flower  pedicelled ;  connective  narrow,  not  produced  ;  leaves  snbsessile. 
++  Pedicel  longer  than  the  flower ;  fllament  shorter  than  the  anther. 

3.  T.  erectum,  L.  Leaves  very  broadly  rhombic  (2^-6'  wide),  shortly 
acuminate;  pedicel  (1-3' long)  usually  more  or  less  inclined  or  declinate; 
petals  ovate  to  lanceolate  (9-  18"  long),  brown-purple  or  often  white  or  green- 
ish or  pinkish  ;  stamens  equalling  or  exceeding  the  stout  distinct  spreading  or 
recurved  stigmas;  fruit  ovate,  V  long,  reddish.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  Scotia  to 
N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.     Flowers  ill-scented. 

4.  T.  grandiflorum,  Salisb.  Leaves  less  broadly  rhombic-ovate  (1^-4' 
wide) ;  pedicel  erect  or  ascending;  petals  oblanceolate,  often  broadly  so  (U-2^' 
long),  white  turning  rose-color  or  marked  with  green,  stamens  with  stout 


1.11.IACK.K.      (mlv   family  )  531 

filaments  (persistently  green  about  the  fruit)  and  anthers,  exceeding  the  veri/ 
!^'<n(^el•  erector  suherert  and  someirhat  ro/iennt  stii/nins ;  fruit  glolxtse,  A -I' 
long. —  Rich  woods,  Vt.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

■^  -^  Pedicel  short,   recurved  or  strong!  1/   declinale ;  jihimcnts   slender,  (ilmut 
equalling  the  anther. 

5.  T.  c6rnuum,  L.  Leaves  very  broadly  rhombic-ovate  (2-4'  broad); 
petals  white  or  pink,  ovate-  to  oblong-lanceolate  (G-  12"  long),  wavy,  recnrved- 
spreading;  stamens  with  short  anthers,  shcrter  than  the  stout  recurved  di.«<- 
tinct  stigmas;  fruit  ovate.  —  Moist  woods,  N.  Kng.  to  Minn.,  south  to  (ja. 
and  Mo. 

*  *  Ovarii  and  fruit   3-iobed  or  angled,  not   winged ;  Jilamenls  slender,  about 
equalling  the  anthers;  pedicel  erect  or  inclined ;  leaves  petiolale. 

6.  T.  niv^le,  Riddell.  (I)wauf  White  T.)  Small  (2-4'  high);  leaves 
oval  nr  orate,  obtuse  (1-2'  long);  pet(ds  oblong,  obtuse  (6-1.')"  long),  white, 
scarcely  wavy,  spreading  from  an  erect  base,  equalliii;^  the  peduncle;  stvles 
long  and  slender;  fruit  dei)res.sed  globose,  with  3  rounded  lobes,  3-4"  long. 
—  Kicli  woods,  W.  Penn.  and  Ky.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

7.  T.  erythrOC^rpum,  ^lichx.  (Painted  T.)  Leaves  ovate,  taper- 
pointed;  petals  ovate  or  oval-lanceolate,  pointed,  icavji,  widely  spreading,  ivhite 
painted  with  purple  stripes  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  peduucle ;  fruit  broad- 
ovate,  obtuse,  7  -  9"  long.  —  Cold  damp  woods  and  bogs,  N.  Brunswick  to  Ga., 
west  to  Wise,  and  Mo. 

24.     HELONIAS,    L. 

Flowers  perfect.  Periantli  of  6  s))atulate-ol)]ong  purple  sepals,  persistent, 
several-nerved,  glandloss,  turning  green,  shorter  than  the  thread-like  filaments. 
Anthers  2-celled,  roundish-oval,  blue,  e.xtror.se.  Styles  revolute,  stigmatic 
down  the  inner  side,  deciduous.  Capsule  obcordately  3-lobed,  loculicidally 
3-valved ;  the  valves  divergently  2-lobed.  Seeds  many  in  each  cell,  linear,  with 
a  tapering  appendage  at  both  ends.  —  A  smooth  perennial,  with  many  oblong- 
spatulate  or  oblauceolate  evergreen  flat  leaves,  from  a  tuberous  rootstock,  pro- 
ducing in  early  spring  a  stout  hollow  spar.sely  bracteate  scape  (1-2°  high), 
sheathed  with  broad  bracts  at  the  base,  and  terminated  by  a  simple  and  short 
dense  raceme.  Bracts  obsolete;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers.  (Name 
probably  from  f\os,  a  swamp,  the  place  of  growth.) 

1.  H.  bullclta,  L.  —  Wet  places,  Penn.  and  N.  J.  to  Va.  ;  rare  and  local. 

25.    CHAMJELIRIUM,     Will.l.        Dkvu.VBit. 

Flowers  dia'cious.  Perianth  of  6  spatulate-linear  (white)  s])reading  I  -nerved 
sepals,  withering-persistent.  Filaments  and  (white)  anthers,  as  in  Ilelonias; 
fertile  flowers  with  rudimentary  stamens.  Styles  linear-club-shaped,  stig- 
matic along  the  inner  side.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  not  lobed,  of  a  thin  tex- 
ture, loculicidally  3-valved  from  the  apex,  many-seeded.  Seeds  linear-oblong, 
winged  at  each  end.  —  Smooth  herb,  with  a  wand-like  stem  from  a  (bitter) 
thick  and  abrupt  tuberous  rootstock,  terminated  by  a  long  wand-like  spii<ed 
raceme  (4-12'  long)  of  small  bractless  flowers;  fertile  plant  more  Icafv  than 
the  staminate.     Leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  the  lowest  spatulate,  tapering  into  a 


532  LiLiACE^.     (lily  family.) 

petiole.     (Xame  formed  of  x°-H-°-^}  o"  ^^'^  ground,  and  heipiov,  lihj,  the  genus 
having  been  founded  on  a  dwarf  undeveloped  specimen.) 

1.  C.  Carolinianum,  Willd.  (Blazing-Star.)  Stem  1-4°  high.  (C. 
luteum,  (jraij.)  — Low  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Neb.  and  Ark.     June. 

26.    XEROPHYLLUM,    Michx. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  widely  spreading ;  sepals  petal-like  (white),  oval, 
distinct,  without  glands  or  claws,  5  -  7-nerved,  at  length  withering,  about  the 
length  of  the  awl-shaped  filaments.  Anthers  2-celled,  short,  extrorse.  Styles 
thread-like,  stigmatic  down  the  inner  side,  persistent.  Capsule  globular, 
3-lobed,  obtuse  (small),  loculicidal ;  the  valves  bearing  the  partitions.  Seeds 
2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  3-angled,  not  margined.  —  Herb  with  the  stem  simple, 
1-4^  high,  from  a  thick  tuberous  rootstock,  bearing  a  simple  dense  bracteate 
raceme  of  showy  flowers,  and  thickly  beset  with  needle-shaped  leaves,  the 
upper  reduced  to  bristle-like  bracts ;  those  from  the  root  very  many  in  a  dense 
tuft,  reclined,  a  foot  long  or  more,  1"  wide  below,  rough  on  the  margin,  re- 
markably dry  and  rigid.     (Name  from  ^-qpos,  arid,  and  (pvAXov,  leaf.) 

1.  X.  setifolium,  Michx.  Stem  1-4°  high.  (X.  asphodeloides,  Nutt.) 
—  Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ga.     June. 

27.     T  O  F  I  E  L  D I  A,     Hudson.        False  Asphodel. 

Flowers  perfect,  usuall}'  with  a  little  3-bracted  involucre  underneath.  Peri 
A.nth  more  or  less  spreading,  persistent ;  the  sepals  (white  or  greenish)  con- 
cave, oblong  or  obovate,  without  claws,  3-nerved.  Filaments  awl-shaped; 
anthers  short,  innate  or  somewhat  introrse,  2-celled.  Styles  awl-shaped ; 
stigmas  terminal.  Capsule  3-angular,  3-partible  or  septicidal ;  cells  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  horizontal.  —  Slender  perennials,  mostly  tufted,  with 
short  or  creeping  rhizomes,  and  simple  stems  leafy  only  at  the  base,  bearing 
small  floAvers  in  a  close  raceme  or  spike.  Leaves  2-ranked,  equitant,  linear, 
grass-like.    (Named  for  ^fr.  Tojield,  an  English  botanist  of  the  last  century.) 

*  Glabrous;  pedicels  solitari/,  171  a  short  raceme  or  head  ;  seeds  not  appendaged. 

1.  T.  palustris,  Hudson.  Scape  leafless  or  nearly  so  (2-6'  high),  slen- 
der,  bearing  a  globular  or  oblong  head  or  vshort  raceme  of  whitish  flowers  •, 
leaves  tufted,  4-  H'  long.  —  L.  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Stem  and  inflorescence  pubescent ;  pedicels  fascicled  in  threes  ;  seeds  caudate. 

2.  T.  glutinosa,  AVilld.  Stem  (6-16'  high)  and  pedicels  very  glutinous 
with  dark  glands ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  short ;  perianth  not  becoming  rigid  ; 
capsule  thin  ;  seeds  with  a  contorted  tail  at  each  end.  —  Moist  grounds,  Maine 
to  Minn.,  and  northward ;  also  south  in  the  Alleghanies.     June. 

3.  T.  pubens,  Ait.  Stem  (1-3°  high)  and  ])ed\ce\s  roughened  ivith  7«i- 
nute  glands;  leaves  longer  and  narrower ;  perianth  rigid  about  the  firm  cap- 
sule; seeds  with  a  short  white  appendage  at  each  end.  —  Pine-barrens,  N.  J. 
to  Fla.  and  Ala.     July. 

28.    NARTHECIUM,    Moehring.    Bog-Asphodel. 

Sepals  6,  linear-lanceolate,  yellowish,  persistent.  Filaments  6,  woolly  ;  an- 
thers linear,  introrse.  Capsule  cylindrical-oblong,  attenuate  upward  and  bearing 


LILIACK.K.        (lily    FAMILY.)  533 

the  sliixbtly  lohprl  sessile  stigma,  loculiiidal,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ascending, 
ai>|KMi(lagi'il  at  each  end  with  a  long  hristlc-form  tail. —  Kuotstock  creeping, 
bearing  linear  equitant  leaves,  and  a  simple  stem  or  scape,  terminated  bv  a 
simple  dense  bracteate  raceme  ;  ])0(licels  bearing  a  linear  bractlet.  (Name  an 
anagram  of  Authrrimin,  from  avdipiKos,  su])posed  to  have  been  the  Asphodel.) 
1.  N.  Americ^num,  Kcr.  Stem  1°  high  or  more;  leaves  V  wide, 
7  - '.i-nerved  ;  raceme  dense  (1-2'  long);  perianth-segments  uarrowlv  linear 
{•1-'1\"  long),  scarcely  exceeding  the  stamens.  (N.  ossifragnm,  var.  Ameri^ 
canum,  tirui/.)  —  Sandy  bogs,  piiie-l)arrens  of  N.  J.     Jnne,  July. 

29.     MELANTHIUM,     Linn. 

P'lowers  monoeciously  polygamous.  I'erianth  tif  G  separate  and  free  widely 
s|)readiugs(jmewhat  heart-shaped  or  oblong  and  halberd  shaj)ed  or  oblanceolate 
sepals,  raised  on  slender  claws,  cream-colored  or  greenish,  the  l>ase  marked  with 
2  appro.ximate  or  confluent  glands,  or  glandle.ss,  turning  greenish  brown  and 
persistent.  Filaments  shorter  than  the  sej)als,  ailliering  to  their  claws  often  to 
near  the  summit,  persistent.  Anthers  heart-shaped  or  kidney -shaped,  conflu- 
ently  1-celled,  shield-shaped  after  opening,  e.xtrorse.  Styles  3,  awl-shaped, 
diverging,  tijjjted  with  siin])le  stigmas.  Capsule  ovoid-c(»nical,  3-lobed,  of  3 
inflated  membranaceous  car])els  united  in  the  axis,  separating  when  ripe,  and 
splittiiig  down  the  inner  edge,  .several-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  broadly  winged. — 
Stems  tall  and  leafy,  from  a  thick  rootstock,  rougliish-downy  above,  as  well  as 
the  open  and  ample  pyramidal  panicle  (composed  chiefly  of  simple  racemes), 
the  terminal  part  mostly  fertile.  Leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate  or  oval,  not 
plaited.  (Name  composed  of  jueAas,  hUirk-,  and  &v6os,_/^oirer,  from  the  darker 
color  which  the  persistent  perianth  assumes  after  blo.ssoming.) 

*  Sepals  with  a  conspicuous  doulle  (jlaud  at  (he  summit  of  the  claw. 

L  M.  Virginicum,  L.  (BrNcii-FLOWEH.)  Stem  3-5°  high,  leafy, 
rather  slender;  leaves  linear  (4-10"  wide);  sepals  flat,  ovate  to  oblong  or 
sliglitly  hastate  (2^-4"  long)  ;  capsule  6"  long;  seeds  10  in  each  cell,  2-3" 
long.  —  "Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

2.  M.  Iatif61ium,  Desrouss.     Leaves  more  oblanceolate,  often  2' broad ; . 
sepals  undulate  (2  -  3"  long),  the  very  narrow  claw  nearly  equalling  the  orbicu- 
lar or  ovate  blade ;  capsule  6  -  8"  long ;  styles  more  slender ;  seeds  4  -  8  iu  each 
cell,  3-4"  long.     (^L  racemosum,  Michx.)  —  W.  Conn,  to  S.  C. 

*  *  Sepals  oblanceolate,  without  glands. 

3.  M.  parviflorum,  AVat.son.  Stem  rather  ."lender  (2-.')°  high),  spar- 
ingly leafy,  nak(Ml  above;  leaves  oval  to  oblanceolate  (2-4' wide),  on  long 
petioles;  sepals  2-3"  long,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  those  of  the  sterile  fl(»w- 
ers  on  claws  ;  .stamens  very  short ;  capsule  fi"  long  ;  seeds  4  -  0  in  each  cell,  4" 
long.     (Veratrum  jiarviflorum,  Michx.)  —  In  the  .Mlcgbanies,  \'a.  to  S.  C 

30.    VERATRUM,     Touin.        Falsi-    IlKi.i.KnouK. 

Flowers  mon<eciously  j)olygamous.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  and  .sejiarate 
obovate-oblong  (greenish  or  brownish)  }»epals,  more  or  less  contracted  at  the 
base  (but  not  clawed),  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing.  Fila- 
ments free  from  the  sepals  and  shorter  than  they,  recurving.     Anthers,  pistils, 


534  LiLiACE^.     (lily  family.) 

fruit,  etc.,  near.y  as  in  Melanthium.  —  Somewhat  pubescen  perennials,  with 
simple  stems  from  a  thickened  base  producing  coarse  fibrous  roots  (very  poison- 
ous), 3-rauked,  plaited  and  strongly  veined  leaves,  and  racemed-panicled  dull 
or  dingy  flowers ;  in  summer.     (Name  from  vere,  truly,  and  ater,  black.) 

1.  V.  viride,  Ait.  (American  White  Hellebore.  Indian  Poke.) 
Stejn  stout,  verj  leafy  to  the  top  (2  -  7°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  oval,  pointed, 
sheath-clasping;  panicle  pyramidal,  the  dense  spike-like  racemes  spreading; 
perianth  yellowish-green,  moderately  spreading,  the  segments  ciliate-serrulate ; 
ovary  glabrous;  capsule  many-seeded.  —  Swamps  and  low  grounds,  common. 

2.  V.  Woodii,  Robbins.  Stern  slender,  sparingly  leafy  (2  -  5°  high) ;  leaves 
oblanceolate,  only  the  lowest  sheathing;  panicle  very  narrow;  perianth  greenish- 
purple,  icith  entire  segments  ;  ovary  tomentose,  soon  glabrate  ;  capsule  few-seeded. 
—  Woods  and  hilly  barrens,  S.  Ind.  to  Mo. 

31.     STENANTHIUM,     Gray. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Perianth  spreading ;  the  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate, 
tapering  to  a  point  from  the  broader  base,  where  they  are  united  and  coherent 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  not  gland-bearing,  persistent,  much  longer  than  the 
short  stamens.  Anthers,  capsules,  etc.,  nearly  as  in  Veratrum.  Seeds  nearly 
Avingless.  —  Smooth,  witli  a  wand-like  leafy  stem  from  a  bulbous  base,  long  and 
grass-like  conduplicate-keeled  leaves,  and  numerous  small  flowers  in  compound 
racemes,  forming  a  long  terminal  panicle;  in  summer.  (Name  composed  of 
anvos,  narrow,  and  avQos,  flower,  from  the  slender  sepals  and  panicles.) 

1 .  S.  angUStifolium,  Gray.  Stem  leafy  (3  -  4°  high),  very  slender  ;  leaves 
2  -  S"  broad  ;  panicle  elongated,  nearly  simple,  very  open,  with  slender  flexuous 
branches ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  or  the  fertile  on  short  pedicels ;  sepals  linear- 
lanceolate  (Avhite),  2  -  3"  long ;  capsule  strongly  reflexed,  narrowly  oblong-ovate, 
with  spreading  beaks.  —  In  the  Alleghanies  from  Va.  to  S.  C. 

2.  S.  roblistum,  Watson.  Resembling  the  last ;  stem  stout,  leafy,  erect 
(3  -  5°  high) ;  leaves  4  - 10"  broad ;  panicle  or  raceme  often  2°  long,  frequently 
compound  with  numerous  slender  branches ;  sepals  (white  or  green)  3  -  4"  long ; 
capsule  erect,  ovate,  with  recurved  beaks.  —  Penn.  to  S.  C,  Ohio  and  Tenn. 

32.    ZYGADENUS,    Michx. 

FloAvers  perfect  or  polygamous.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  spreading ; 
the  petal-like  oblong  or  ovate  sepals  1  -  2-glandular  near  the  more  or  less  nar- 
rowed but  not  unguiculate  base,  which  is  either  free,  or  united  and  coherent 
with  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  free  from  the  sepals  and  about  their  length. 
Anthers,  styles,  and  capsule  nearly  as  in  JNIelanthium.  Seeds  angled,  rarely 
at  all  margined.  —  Very  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous  perennials,  with  simple 
stems  from  creeping  rootstocks  or  coated  bulbs,  linear  leaves,  and  rather  large 
panicled  greenish-wliite  flowers  ;  in  summer.  (Name  composed  of  Cvyos,  a  yoke, 
and  ahiiv,  a  gland,  the  glands  being  sometimes  in  pairs.) 
*  Glands  on  the  perianth  conspicuous. 
•*-  Rootstock  creeping ;  glands  2,  orbicular,  above  the  broad  claw. 

1.  Z.  glaberrimus,  Michx.  Stems  l  -  3°  high ;  leaves  grass-like,  chan- 
nelled, conspicuously  nerved,  elongated,  tapering  to  a  point ;  panicle  pyramidal, 


PONTKDKRIACE.E.        (PICKKKKL-WEED    FAMILY.)  535 

many-flowered;  flowers  perfect ;  sepals  nearly  free  (Y  long),  ovate,  becoming 
lance-ovate,  with  a  short  claw.  —  Grassy  low  grounds,  V'a.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 
H-  •*-  Rout  bulbous;  (jlands  covering  the  base  of  the  sepals. 

2.  Z.  elegans,  Pursh.  Stem  1-3^  liigh ;  leaves  flat,  carinate ;  raceme 
simple  or  j^paringly  branched  and  few-flowered;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate;  base 
of  the  perianth  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  thin  ovate  or  obovate 
sepals  marked  with  a  large  obcordate  gland,  the  inner  abruptly  contracted  to  a 
broad  claw.     (Z.  glaucus,  Nutt.)  —  N.  Eng.  to  N.  111.,  Minn.,  and  westward. 

•{.    Z.  Nuttallii,  Gray.     Like  the  last ;  raceme  rather  densely  flowered, 
with  narrow  bracts ;  perianth  free ;  sepals  with  an  ill-defined  giaud  at  base,  not 
at  all  clawed  ;  seeds  larger  (3"  long).  —  Kan.  to  Tex.  and  Col. 
*  *  Glands  of  the  perianth  obscure;  perianth  small,  rotate  ;  bulb  somewhat  fibrous. 

4.  Z.  leimantholdes,  Gray.  vStcm  l -4°  high,  slender;  leaves  narrowly 
linear;  flowers  small  (4"  in  diameter)  and  numerous,  in  a  few  crowded  panided 
racemes ;  only  a  yellowish  spot  on  the  contracted  base  of  the  divisions  of  tiie 
free  perianth.  —  Low  grounds,  pine-barrens  of  N.  J.,  to  Ga. 

33.    AMIANTHIUM,     Gray.    Flv-Poisox. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  widely  spreading ;  the  distinct  and  free  petal-like 
(white)  sepals  oval  or  obovate,  without  claws  or  glands,  persistent.  Filaments 
capillary,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  perianth.  Anthers,  capsules,  etc.,  nearly  as 
in  Melanthium.  Styles  thread-like.  Seeds  wingless,  oblong  or  linear,  with  a  loose 
coat,  1-4  in  eacn  cell.  —  Glabrous,  with  simple  stems  from  a  bulbous  base  or 
coated  bulb,  scape-like,  few-leaved,  terminated  by  a  simple  dense  raceme  of  hand 
some  flowers,  turning  greenish  with  age.  Leaves  linear,  keeled,  grass-like. 
(From  d/ilai/Tos,  unspotted,  and  6.v6os,  flower :  a  name  formed  with  more  regard 
to  euphony  than  to  good  construction,  alluding  to  the  glandless  perianth.) 

1.  A.  muscsetoxicum,  Gray.  (Fly-Poison.)  Leaves  bro<idli/  linear, 
elongated,  obtuse  (^  -  T  wide) ;  raceme  simple  ;  capsule  abruptly  3-horned  ;  seeds 
oblong,  with  a  fleshy  red  coat.  —  Open  woods,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ky.  and 
Ark.     June,  July. 

Order  117.    POXTEDERIACE^.    (Pickerel-weed  Family.) 

Aquatic  herhs,  luith  perfect  more  or  less  irrefjular  flowers  from  a  spathe  : 
the  petal-like  Q-merous  perianth  free  from  the  ^-celled  ovary ;  the  3  or  6 
inostlij  unequal  or  dissimilar  stainens  inserted  in  its  throat.  —  Perianth  with 
the  G  divisions  colored  alike,  imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  the  wliole 
together  sometimes  revolute-coiled  after  flowering,  then  witiu'rin^  awav, 
or  the  base  thickened-persistent  and  enclosinj]j  the  fruit.  Anthers  in- 
trorse.  Ovules  anatropous.  Style  1  ;  stigma  3-lobed  or  G-toothed.  I'niit 
a  perfectly  or  incomj)letely  3-celIed  many-seeded  eajjsule,  or  a  1-celled 
1-seeded  utricle.     Embryo  slender,  in  floury  albumen. 

L  Pontederia.  Spike  niaiiy-flowered.  Perianth  •2-lipped,  its  (Ksliy  persistent  base  en- 
(.•Icisiii!,'  Mil-  l-see<le<l  utricle.     Stamens  6. 

2.  Hetoranllifra.  Spathe  1  - few-flowcrud.  Periantli  salver-sliapcd.  St.imens  3.  Cap- 
sule luaiu-seeded. 


536  FONTEDERIACE^.        (piCKEREL-WEED    FAMILY.) 

1.     PONTEDERIA,    L.        Pickerel-weed. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  2-lipped ;  the  3  upper  divisions  united  to  form  the  3- 
lobed  upper  lip  ;  the  3  lower  spreading,  and  their  claws,  which  form  the  lower 
part  of  the  curving  tube,  more  or  less  separate  or  separable  to  the  base ;  after 
flowering  the  tube  is  revolute-coiled  from  the  apex  downward,  and  its  flesh}'- 
thickened  persistent  base  encloses  the  fruit.  Stamens  6 ;  the  3  anterior  long- 
exserted ;  the  3  posterior  (often  sterile  or  imperfect)  with  very  short  filaments, 
unequally  inserted  lower  down  ;  anthers  versatile,  oval,  blue.  Ovary  3-celled  ; 
two  of  the  cells  empty,  the  other  with  a  single  suspended  ovule.  Utricle  1- 
celled,  filled  with  the  single  seed.  —  Stout  herbs,  growing  in  shallow  water, 
with  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  producing  erect  long-petioled  mostly  heart- 
shaped  leaves,  and  a  1 -leaved  stem,  bearing  a  spike  of  violet-blue  ephemeral 
flowers.  Root-leaves  Avith  a  sheathing  stipule  Avithin  the  petiole.  (Dedicated 
to  Pontedera,  Professor  at  Padua  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century.) 

1.  P.  cor  data,  L.  Leaves  arrow-heart-shaped,  blunt,  or  sometimes  tri- 
angular-elongated and  tapering  and  scarcely  cordate  (var.  axgustif6lia, 
Torr.) ;  spike  dense,  froai  a  spathe-like  bract;  upper  lobe  of  perianth  marked 
with  a  pair  of  yellow  spots  (rarely  all  white) ;  calyx-tube  in  fruit  crested  witli 
6  toothed  ridges.  —  N.  Scotia  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex.     July -Sept. 

2.     HETERANTHERA,     Kuiz  &  Pav.        Mud-Plantain. 

Perianth  salver-form  with  a  slender  tube ;  the  limb  somewhat  equally  6- 
parted,  ephemeral.  Stamens  3,  in  the  throat,  usually  unequal ;  anthers  erect. 
Capsule  1-celled  or  incompleted  3-celled  by  intrusion  of  the  placentse,  many- 
seeded.  —  Creeping,  floating  or  submerged  low  herbs,  in  mud  or  shallow  water, 
with  a  1  -  few-flowered  spathe  bursting  from  the  sheathing  side  or  base  of  a 
petiole.     (Name  from  irepa,  different,  and  dvOrtpd,  anther.) 

*  Stamens  unequal;  2  posterior  filaments  with  ovate  yellow  anthers ;  the  other 

longer,  with  a  larger  oblong  or  sagittate  greenish  anther  ;  capsule  incompletely 
3-celled ;  leaves  rounded,  long-petioled ;  creeping  or  fioating  plants. 

1.  H.  reniformis,  Puiz  &  Pav.  Leaves  round-kidney-shaped  to  cordate 
and  acute ;  spathe  3  -  5-flowered  ;  flowers  white  or  pale  blue.  —  Conn,  to  N.  J., 
west  to  111.  and  E.  Kan.,  and  southward.     (S.  Am.) 

2.  H.  limosa,  Valil.  Leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  obtuse  at  both  ends ; 
spathe  1-flowered;  flowers  larger,  blue.  —  Va.  to  Mo.  and  La.     (S.  Am.) 

*  *  Stamens  alike,  with  sagittate  anthers;  capsule  l-celled,  with  3  parietal  pla- 

centce;  leaves  linear,  translucent,  sessile;  submerged  grass-like  herbs,  with 
only  the  flowers  reaching  the  surface. 

3.  H.  graminea,  Vahl.  The  slender  branching  stems  clothed  witli 
leaves  and  bearing  a  terminal  1-flowered  spathe  (becoming  lateral) ;  flowers 
small,  pale  yellow,  with  a  very  long  thread-like  tube.  (SchoUera  gramiuifolia, 
Willd.)—^.  Eng.  to  N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  E.  Kan. 

Order  118.    XYRIDACE^.    (Yellow-eyed-grass  Family.) 

Rush-like  herbs,  ivith  equitant  leaves  sheathing  the  base  of  a  naked  scape, 
rchich  is  terminated  by  a  head  of  perfect  3-androus  flowers,  with  extroise 


MAYACE^.       (MAVA(  A     FAMILY.)  537 

(iiilJiers,  ghimaceous  calyx,  (iinl  a  regular  colored  corolla ;  the  3-valced 
mostlij  l-celled  capsule  coiUainuifj  several  or  many  orthotropo^is  seeds  with 
a  minute  embryo  at  the  apex  ofjleshy  albumen. 

1.     XYRIS,    Grouov.        Ykli.ow-evei)  Grass. 

Flowers  sinn;lc  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  scale-like  bracts,  which  are  densely 
imbricated  in  a  head.  !Se|)als  3  ;  the  2  lateral  glunie-like,  boat-shaped  <>r  keeled 
and  persistent;  the  anterior  one  larger  and  membranaceous,  euwra)i|)iii^  the 
corolla  in  the  bud  and  deciduous  with  it.  Petals  3,  with  daws,  which  cohere 
more  or  less.  Fertile  stamens  3,  with  linear  anthers,  inserted  on  the  claws  of 
the  petals,  alternating  with  3  sterile  filaments,  which  are  cleft  and  in  our  spe- 
cies plumose  or  beanled  at  the  apex.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule  oblong,  free,  1- 
celled,  with  3  parietal  more  or  less  projecting  placenta,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 

—  Flowers  yellow,  produced  all  summer.  Ours  apparently  all  ]jerennials. 
(Hwpt's,  a  name  of  snme  jilant  with  2-edged  leaves,  from  ^vpov,  a  razor.) 

\.  X.  flexudsa,  Muhl.  Scape  slender  (10-16'  high),  barely  tiattened  at 
the  summit,  often  from  a  bulbous  base,  very  smooth,  much  longer  than  the 
narrowly  linear  leaves,  both  commonly  twisted  with  age;  head  rouudish-ovoid 
(3-4"  long) ;  lateral  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,, //»f/'/  ci/iate-scarious  on  the  nar- 
row wim/less  keel,  usually  with  a  minute  bearded  tuft  at  the  apex,  shorter  than 
the  bract.  —  Sandy  or  peaty  bogs,  Mass.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Var.  pusilla,  Gray.  Small  and  very  slender,  seldom  twisted,  2-9'  high, 
the  base  not  bulbous;  head  2-3"  long.  —  White  Mts.  to  Penn.,  west  to  L. 
Superior. 

2.  X.  t6rta,  Smitli.  Scape  terete,  with  one  sharp  edge,  slender,  9-20' 
high,  from  a  dark  l)ull)ous  base,  and  with  the  llnear-Jiliform  riyid  leaves  be- 
coming spirally  twisted  ;  head  ovoid,  becoming  spindle-shaped,  or  ol)long  and 
acute  (5  -  9"  long) ;  sepals  exceeding  the  bract ;  lateral  sepals  wnujed  on  the 
keel  and  frinijed  above  the  middle.  —  I'iue  barrens,  in  dry  sand,  N.  J.  to  Fla., 
Tex.  mid  Ark. 

3.  X.  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Scape  flattish,  l -angled  below,  2-e(lgod  at  tlie 
summit,  smooth,  ^-2°  higli,  the  base  hardly  bulbous;  leaves  linear-sivord- 
shaped, flat,  2-4"  broad;  head  globular-ovoid  (5-7"  long) ;  lateral  sepals  ob- 
scurely lacerate-Jrinr/ed  above  on  the  winged  keel,  rather  shorter  than  the  bract. 

—  Sandy  swamp.*!,  near  the  coast,  Mass.  to  Fla. 

4.  X.  fimbriata,  Ell.  Scape  somewhat  angled,  2-edged  above,  rough 
(2°  high),  rather  longer  than  the  linear-sword-shaped  or  strap-shaped  leave,-, 
the  base  not  bull)ous;  head  oblong-ovate  (6-10"  long) ;  lateral  srptds  lanceo- 
late-linear, nearly  tivice  the  length  of  the  bract,  above  the  middle  conspicuously 
/ringed  on  the  wing-margined  keel,  and  even  plumose  at  the  summit.  —  Tine-bar- 
rens, N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

OuDi.K  11!>.     3IAYA('r:.K.    (Mayaca  Family.) 

J\[oss-like  a<piatic  plants,  densely  leafy,  tvith  narrowly-linear  sessile  pel- 
lucid leaves,  axillary  naked  peduncles  terminated  by  a  solitary  perfect  3- 
nndrous  flower,  herbaceous  calyx,  white  corolla,  and  a  3-valved  l-celled 
several-seeded  capsule. 


588  MAYACE.E.        (mAYACA    FAMILY.) 

1.    MAYACA,    Aublet. 

The  only  genus.  Perianth  persistent,  of  3  herbaceous  lanceolate  sepals, 
and  3  obovate  petals.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  with  3  pari- 
etal few-ovuled  placeuti« ;  style  filiform ;  stigma  simple.  —  Creeping  or  float- 
ing in  shalloAv  water ;  the  leaves  1-nerved,  entire,  notched  at  the  apex ;  the 
peduncle  solitary,  sheathed  at  base.     (An  aboriginal  name.) 

1.  M.  Michauxii,  Schott&Endl.  Peduncles  not  much  exceeding  the 
leaves,  nodding  in  fruit.  —  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Order  120.     COMMELINACE^E.     (Spiderwokt  Family.) 

Herhs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  thickened  roots,  jointed  and  often  branch- 
ing leafy  stems,  and  chiefiy  perfect  and  6-androus,  often  irregular  flowers, 
with  the  perianth  free  from  the  2  -  3-celled  ovary,  and  having  a  distinct 
calyx  and  corolla ;  viz.,  3  persistent  commonly  herbaceous  sepals,  and 
3  petals,  ephemeral,  decaying  or  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous,  some 
of  them  often  sterile;  anthers  with  2  separated  cells.  Style  1;  stigma 
undivided.  Capsule  2  -  3-celled,  2  -  3-valved,  loculicidal,  3  -  several- 
seeded.  Seeds  orthotropous.  Embryo  small,  pulley-shaped,  partly  sunk 
in  a  shallow  depression  at  the  apex  of  the  albumen.  Leaves  ovate, 
lanceolate  or  linear,  parallel-veined,  flat,  sheathed  at  base  ;  the  upper- 
most often  dissimilar  and  forming  a  kind  of  spathe.  —  Chiefly  tropical. 

1.  Comtnelina.    Cyme  sessile  within  a  cordate  or  connate  bract  (spathe).     Petals  un- 

equal.    Perfect  stamens  3  ;  filaments  naked. 

2.  Tradescantia.    Bracts  leaf-like  or  small  and  scarious.    Petals  equal.    Perfect  stamens 

(j  ;  filaments  bearded, 

1.    COMMELINA,    Dill.        Dav-flower. 

Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  somewhat  colored,  unequal ;  the  2  lateral  partly 
united  by  their  contiguous  margins.  Two  lateral  petals  rounded  or  kidney- 
shaped,  on  long  claws,  the  odd  one  smaller.  Stamens  unequal,  3  of  them  fer- 
tile, one  of  which  is  bent  inward  ;  3  of  them  sterile  and  smaller,  with  imperfect 
cross-shaped  anthers ;  filaments  naked.  Capsule  3-celled,  two  of  the  cells  2- 
seeded,  the  other  1-seeded  or  abortive.  —  Stems  branching,  often  procumbent 
and  rooting  at  the  joints.  Leaves  contracted  at  base  into  sheathing  petioles ; 
the  floral  one  heart-shaped  and  clasping,  folded  together  or  hooded,  forming 
a  spathe  enclosing  the  flowers,  Avhich  expand  for  a  single  morning  and  are 
recurved  on  their  pedicel  before  and  afterwards.  Petals  blue.  Flowering  all 
summer.  Ours  all  with  perennial  roots,  or  propagating  by  striking  root  from 
the  joints.  (Dedicated  to  the  early  Dutch  botanists  ./.  and  G.  Comvielin.) 
*  Ventral  cells  2-ovuled  {usually  ^-seeded),  the  dorsal  l-ovuled. 

1-  C.  nudiflora,  L.  Slender  and  creeping,  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate, 
small  (1  -  2'  long) ;  .spathe  cordate,  acute,  loith  margins  not  united ;  seeds  re- 
ticulated. (C.  Cayennensis,  Richard.)  —  Alluvial  banks,  Del.  to  Fla.,  west  to 
Ind.,  Mo.  and  Tex. 

2.  C.  hirt^lla,  Yahl.  Stout,  erect  (2-4°  high) ;  leaves  large,  lanceolate, 
the  sheaths  brown-bearded ;  spathes  crowded,  ivith  margins  united ;  seeds  smooth. 


JUNCACE.E.        (rISII    FAMILY.)  539 

(C.  erecta,  Grai/,  Man.,  not  A.)  —  Kivor-hanks,   IVnn.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo. 
and  Tex. 

*  *  Cells  \-oi'uled,\-scefIfff  ;  seeds  sinnot/i  :  spaihe  ruciillate  ;  roots  snUtalierons. 

3.  C.  er6cta,  I^.  iSleucler,  often  low;  leaves  linear;  cells  alt  ile/usrrut. — 
Penn.  to  Fla. 

4.  C.  Virginica,  I>.  Slcndtr,  nsually  tall;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear; 
dorsal  cell  iudehiscent,  scabrous.  —  Damp  rich  woods  and  banks,  southern  X.  Y. 
to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich.,  Iowa,  and  Mu. 

2.    TRADESC  ANTIA,    L.        Spiderwout. 

Flowers  regular.  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  all  alike,  ovate,  sessile.  Sta- 
mens all  fertile ;  filaments  bearded.  Capsule  2  -  3-celled,  the  cells  1  -  2-seeded. 
—  l*erennials.  Stems  mucilaginous,  mostly  upright,  nearly  simple,  leafy. 
Leaves  keeled.  Flowers  e])liemeral,  in  umbelled  clusters,  axillary  and  ter- 
minal, produced  tlirough  the  summer;  floral  leaves  nearly  like  the  others. 
(Named  for  the  el  ler  Tradescant,  gardener  to  Charles  the  First  of  England.) 

*  Umbels  terminal  or  sometimes  lateral,  sessile,  subtended  bj/  1  or  2  leaf-bke 

bracts ;  leaves  linear  to  uarrowly  lanceolate  ;  Jiowers  blue. 

1.  T.  Virginica,  L.  (Commox  Spiderwort.)  Koots  flcshyfihrous ; 
smooth  or  only  slightly  villous,  more  or  less  glaucous,  often  tall  and  slender 
and  with  linear  leaves,  rather  rarely  with  1  or  2  long  lateral  peduncles ,  bracts 
usually  a  pair.  —  Kich  ground,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  the 
Rocky  Mts.  Very  variable.  —  Var.  vill6sa,  AVatson.  Often  dwarf,  more  or 
less  villous  throughout  as  well  as  pubescent.  Mississip])i  valley  and  Gulf 
States.  —  Var.  flexi:6.sa,  Watson.  Stout  and  dark  green,  with  large  linear- 
lanceolate  pubescent  leaves,  tlie  stem  usually  flexuous,  and  with  several  short 
lateral  branches  or  sessile  axillary  heads.  (T  flexuosa,  Raf.) — Ohio  to  Ky. 
anil  (ia.     T.  pilosa,  Le/tm.,  is  an  intermediate  form. 

*  *   Umbel  pedunculate,  subtended  bi/  small  subscarious  bracts ;  /lowers  small, 

rose-color. 

2.  T.  rdsea,  Vent.  Small,  slender  (6- 10' high),  smooth,  erect  from  a 
running  rootstock ;  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  grass-like.  —  Sandy  woods, 
Md.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ky.  and  Mo. 

Ordku  121.     eTUXCACE.^.     (Rush  Family.) 

Grass-Uke  or  r\is]i-like  licrhs,  tcilh  small  flowers,  n  rcf/idar  and  liypogynous 
])ersistent  perianth  o/G  similar  f/lumaceous  sepals,  G  or  rarehj  3  stamens  icith 
2-celled  anthers,  n  sinr/le  short  style,  3  filiform  hairy  stigmas,  and  an  ovary 
either  3-celled  or  l-celled  with  3  parietal  placentas,  forming  a  Ioculicid(d 
3-valved  capsule.  Seeds  anatropous,  with  a  minute  embryo  enclosed  at  the 
base  of  the  fleshy  albumen.  —  Flowers  liliaceous  in  structure,  but  sed_a'- 
like  in  aspect  and  texture. 

1.  Junrus.      Capsule  3-rollod  (or  imperfectly  so),   many-seeded.     Plants  never  hairy,  in 

moist  ground  or  water. 

2.  Luzula.    Capsule  l-celled,  3-seedcd.     Plauts  often  hairy,  iu  dry  ground. 


540  JUNCACEiE.        (rush    FAMILY.) 

1.    J  UN  CITS,    Tourn.        Rush.    Bog-Rush. 

Capsule  many-seeded,  3-celled,  or  1-celled  by  the  placentae  not  reaching  the 
axis.  iStaraens  when  3  opposite  the  3  outer  sepals.  —  Chiefly  perennials,  and 
in  wet  soil  or  water,  with  pithy  or  hollow  and  simple  (rarely  branching)  stems, 
and  panicled  or  clustered  small  (greenish  or  brownish)  flowers,  chiefly  in  sum- 
mer. Plant  never  hairy.  (The  classical  name,  from  jungo,  to  join,  alluding 
to  the  use  of  the  stems  for  bands.) 

§  1.    Stems  leafless  and  scape-like,  from  matted  running  rootstocks,  sheathed  at 
base;  the  sheaths  sometimes  bearing  terete  knotless  leaves  like  the  scape; 
flowers  in  sessile  apparently/  lateral  panicles,  the  involucral  leaf  being  similar 
to  and  continuing  the  scape.  —  Juncus  proper. 
*  Flowers  solitary/  on  the  pedicels  or  ultimate  ramiflcations  of  the  panicle, 
■i- Sheaths  at  base  of  the  stem  leafless. 
•w-  Stamens  3. 

1.  J.  effllSllS,  L.  (Common  or  Soft  Rush.)  Scape  soft  and  pliant  (2 - 
4°  high) ;  inner  sheaths  awned ;  panicle  diffusely  much  branched,  many-flow- 
ered ;  flowers  small  (l|:"  long),  greenish ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute,  as  long 
as  the  narrow  triangular -obovate  retuse  and  pointless  greenish-brown  capsule ; 
anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments;  style  very  short;  seeds  small  (about  |" 
long),  with  short  pale  points.  —  Marshy  ground,  very  common.  (Eu.)  — Var. 
conglomerXtus,  Engelm.  Scape  more  distinctly  striate;  panicle  closely 
crowded;  capsule  short-pointed.     In  sphagnous  swamps. 

■^  ++  Stamens  6. 

2.  J.  filiformis,  L.  Scape  very  slender  (1-2°  high),  pliant ;  panicle  few- 
flowered,  almost  simple;  flowers  l^"  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  the  inner  a  little 
shorter  and  less  acute,  longer  than  the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  but  mucronate 
greenish  capsule ;  antliers  shorter  than  the  filaments ;  style  very  short ;  seed 
(less  than  |"  long)  short-pointed  at  both  ends,  indistinctly  reticulated.  —  N. 
Eng.  to  Mich.,  Neb.,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

3.  J.  Smithii,  Engelm.  Scape  rather  slender  (2 -3°  high) ;  panicle  few^ 
flowered,  nearly  simple ;  flowers  brown  (1^''  long);  outer  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute,  the  inner  a  little  shorter,  obtusish,  shorter  than  the  broadly  ovate  rather 
triangular  acute  deep  chestnut-brown  capsule ;  anthers  as  long  as  tlie  filaments ; 
style  short;  seeds  large  (J"  long  or  more),  obtuse,  short-appendaged  at  both 
ends,  many-ribbed  find  reticulated.  —  Sphagnous  swamps,  on  Broad  Mt.  and 
in  Lebanon  Co.,  Penn. 

4.  J.  Balticus,  Dethard,  var.  littoralis,  Engelm.  Scape  rigid  (2-3° 
high);  panicle  loose;  flowers  larger  (2"  long),  chestnut-brown  with  green; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  the  outer  sharp-pointed,  the  inner  obtusish,  as  long  as 
the  elliptical  rather  triangular  obtuse  and  mucronate  deep  brown  capsule ;  an- 
thers much  longer  than  the  broad  filaments ;  style  about  the  length  of  the 
ovary;  seeds  rather  large  {Y'  long  or  more),  nearly  obtuse,  delicately  ribbed 
and  cross-lined.  —  Sandy  shores,  Newf.  to  Mass.,  west  to  Penn.,  along  the 
Great  Lakes,  and  westward.  —  Var.  montXnus,  Engelm.  Sepals  nearly  equal ; 
antliers  4  times  longer  than  the  filament;  capsule  ovate-pyramidal,  angled, 
beaked  ;  seeds  smaller,  narrower,  apiculate.  —  Minn.,  west  and  nortlnvard. 


JUNCACE.K.       (llUSII    FAMILY.)  641 

-t-  -t-  Innerniost  s/ieat/is  leaf-hear imj  ;  stamens  C. 

5.  J.  set^ceus,  Kostkovins.  Sc.ipo  slendor  (1 -.3"  high) ;  panicle  loose, 
rather  fow-dowcrcd ;  flowers  greenisli  (2"  lonj;) ;  sepals  hmreolate,  sharj)- 
pointed,  esj)ei-ially  the  3  sliinin«^  exterior  ones,  sjireading  in  fruit,  jus  long  as 
tlie  nearly  globose  heak-jjointed  greenish  or  light-hrown  eaj)sule  ;  anthers  :ih 
long  as  the  filaments ;  style  conspicuous ;  seeds  (^"  long)  almost  globose,  ribljeil 
and  cross-lined.  —  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  La. 

*  *  Flowers  in  clusters,  (j-androus  ;  innennost.  sheaths  at  base  rufstem  le.af-hearirnf 

6.  J.  Rosmeri^nus,  Scheele.  Scape  stout  and  rigid  (2-3°  high),  its 
apex  as  well  as  tlu' leaves  pungent ;  j)anicle  compound,  open  and  spreading, 
brown;  3-6  greenish  or  light-brown  tlowers  (l|"long)  in  a  cluster;  outer 
sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  longer  than  the  obtusish  inner  ones,  as  l<jng 
as  the  elliptical  rather  triangular  obtuse  mucronate  brown  capsule;  anthers 
much  longer  than  the  broad  filaments;  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary;  seeds 
( \"  long)  oval,  obtuse,  very  delicately  ribbed.  —  Brackish  marshes,  N.  J.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  J.  maritiniUS,  L.  Resembling  the  last,  but  with  a  rigid  contracted 
green  panicle,  an  ovary  attenuated  into  a  style  of  nearly  its  own  length,  a 
greenish  acute  capsule  which  usually  exceeds  the  acute  sepals,  and  seeds  with 
distinct  tails  and  stronger  ribs.  —  Known  in  this  country  only  from  Coney 
Island,  N.  Y.,  where  it  is  apparently  indigenous.     (Eu.) 

§  2.  Stems  siinple  (rarelij  branched) ,  leafij  at  base  or  throughout ;  leaves  JIat,  or 
somewhat  terete  or  setaceous  and  channelled,  never  knotted ;  panicle  or  head 
terminal.  —  Gkassv-leaved  Junci. 

*  Flowers  in  close  heads  {produced  in  late  summer). 

•*- Leaves  threadlike,  hollow;   stamens  6;   seeds  few,  large  and  caudate;    the 

single  head  {sometimes  2)  I  -4-Jlowered. 

8.  J.  st^gius,  L.  Stems  slender  (6-16' high)  from  slender  branching 
rootstocks,  1  -3-leaved  below,  naked  above ;  heads  1  or  rarely  2,  of  3  -4-flowers, 
about  the  length  of  the  sheathing scarious  awl-pointed  bract;  flowers  pale  and 
reddish  (2^-3"  long);  sej)als  lanceolate,  the  inner  obtusish.  f  the  length  of 
the  oblong  acuminate  ca])sule,  as  bjng  as  the  slender  stamens ;  filaments  many 
times  longer  than  the  oblong  anthers ;  recurved  stigmas  shorter  than  the  style  ; 
seeds  ol)long,  with  a  very  hjose  coat  prolonged  at  both  ends  (I^"  long).  —  Peat- 
bogs, Xewf.  to  northern  N.  Y.,  west  to  Mich,  and  N.  Minn.     (Ku.) 

9.  J.  trifidus,  L.  Stems  densely  tufted  from  matteil  creeping  rootstocks, 
erect  (5  -  10' liigh),  sheathed  and  mcwtly  leafless  at  base,  2  -  3-k'aved  at  tiie 
summit,  the  upper  thread-like  leaves  subtending  the  sessile  head  ;  flowers  brown 
(1^-2"  long)  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  ecjualling  or  rather  shorter  than 
the  ovate  beak-pointed  deep  brown  capsule ;  anthers  much  longer  than  the 
filaments ;  seeds  few,  oldong,  angled  (1"  long),  short-tailed.  —  Alpine  summits 
of  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.,  and  far  northward  ;  also  in  N.  J.     (Eu.) 

■i-  H-  [.eaves  Jhit  and  grass-like  ;  stam<  ns  3;  stems  flattened,  simple,  leaf;/. 

10.  J.  rdpens,  Michx,  Stems  ascending  (4- G' high)  from  a  fibrous  an 
nnal  root,  at  length  creeping  or  floating;  leaves  short,  linear,  those  of  the  stem 
nearly  opposite  and  fascicled;  heads  few  in  a  loose  leafy  panicle,  3-  12-flow- 


542  JL'NCACEiE.        (rush    FAMILY.) 

ered;  flowers  green  (3"  long);  sepals  rigid,  lance-subulate,  slender-pointed, 
the  3  outer  as  long  as  the  linear  triangular  obtuse  capsule,  the  inner  much 
longer;  stamens  as  long  as  the  outer  sepals;  filaments  many  times  longer 
than  the  oblong  anthers ;  seeds  small  (^"  long),  obovate,  slightly  pointed,  very 
delicately  ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Miry  banks,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

11.  J.  marginatUS,  Rostk.  Stem  erect,  from  a  bulbous  and  stoloniferous 
base  (1-3°  high);  leaves  long-linear ;  heads  3  -  8-flo\vered,  panicled ;  flowers 
purplish  with  green  (1^"  long);  sepals  oblong,  the  3  outer  acute  and  slightly 
awned,  the  inner  longer,  mostly  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  almost  globular  scarcely 
mucronate  capsule ;  stamens  exceeding  the  outer  sepals ;  purple  anthers  shorter 
than  the  filaments ;  style  very  short ;  seeds  (l  -  y  long)  slender,  pointed  at 
both  ends  and  strongly  ribbed.  —  Moist  sandy  places,  S.  Xew  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west 
to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  Tex.  —  Var.  paucicapitAtus,  Engelm.,  has  few  large  8- 
15-flowered  heads;  and  var.  bifl6rus,  Engelm.,  has  numerous  small  2-3- 
flowered  heads  in  much-branched  panicles. 

*  *  Floicers  solitary,  panicled ;  stamens  6. 

•*-  Stems  slender,  simple,  tufted,  leafy  below ;  root  perennial  {fl.  early  in  sinnmer). 

++  Seeds  tail-pointed  at  both  ends. 

12.  J.  Vaseyi,  Engelm.  Stems  rigid  (1  -2^°  high) ;  leaves  nearly  terete, 
very  slightly  channelled  on  the  inner  side ;  panicle  longer  than  the  involucral 
leaf,  loose;  flowers  few,  often  one-sided,  greenish  or  light  brown  (2"  long  or 
more) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  appressed,  shorter  than  the  oblong  and  retuse 
green-brown  capsule ;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments ;  style  ver}-  short ;  seeds 
slender  {^-  %"  long),  closely  ribbed.  —  N.  Maine  (Pringle) ;  j\Iich.  to  Iowa,  and 
westward. 

13.  J.  Greenii,  Oakes  &  Tuckerm.  Stems  rigid  (1  -  2°  high) ;  leaves 
nearly  terete,  very  deeply  channelled  (almost  involute)  on  the  inner  side;  pan- 
icle usually  much  shorter  than  the  principal  erect  involucral  leaf,  dense,  the 
numerous  flowers  often  one-sided  (If"  long);  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  light 
greenish-l)rown,  appressed,  shorter  than  the  ovoid-oblong  obtuse  greenish-brown 
capsule ;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments ;  style  very  short ;  seeds  ovoid  H  -  \" 
long),  ribbed  and  delicately  cross-lined.  —  Sandy  coast  of  N.  Eng  ,  N,  Y.,  and 
N.  J.,  and  about  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan. 

+-C  +-h  Seeds  merely  apicnlate  at  both  ends. 

14.  J.  tenuis,  Willd.  Stem  wiry  (9-18'  high) ;  leaves  flat  or  channelled  ; 
panicle  shorter  than  tlie  involucral  leaves,  loose,  or  rarely  crowded ;  flowers 
green  (2"  long  or  more) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  very  acute,  spreading  in  fruit, 
longer  than  the  ovoid  retuse  scarcely  pointed  green  capsule ;  antliers  nearly 
equal  to  the  filaments ;  style  very  short ;  seeds  small  (about  |"  long),  delicately 
ribbed  and  cross-lined.  —  Fields  and  roadsides,  very  common.  (P^u.)  —  Var. 
SECUNDUS,  Engelm.;  flowers  smaller,  secund  along  the  incurved  branches. 
N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  and  Del.  —  Var.  coxgestus,  Engelm. ;  branches  contracted 
into  a  head  and  the  flowers  darker-colored.     Minn,  and  westward. 

15.  J.  dichotomus,  Ell.  Stems  rigid  (1^-2°  high)  from  a  tumid  base ; 
leaves  filiform,  nearly  terete,  slightly  grooved  on  the  inner  side ;  panicle  loose, 
often  with  1 -sided  forked  branches,  mostly  longer  than  the  involucral  leaf ; 
flowers  greenish  (2"  long  or  more) ;  sepals  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  spread- 


JUNCACE^.        (ULSH    FAMILY.)  5-13 

ing  in  fruit,  as  long  as  the  globular  beaked  liglit  mahogany-colored  capsule , 
anthers  nearly  as  long  as  the  fihimerits;  style  short ;  seeds  small  (^  -  i"  long), 
coarsely  cross-lined.  —  Low  sandy  grounds,  N.  J.  to  Kla. 

16.  J.  GerArdi,  Loisel.  (Black-CiKass.)  Stems  scarcely  tiattened,  rigid 
(1-2°  hiich) ;  panicle  contracted,  usually  longer  than  the  bracteal  h-af ;  tiow- 
ers  chestnut-brown  with  green  (If"  long) ;  sepals  oval-oblong,  ubtu.se,  incurved, 
as  h)ng  as  the  oval  obtuse  and  niucronate  ca])sule;  anthers  much  longer  than 
the  short  filaments;  style  as  long  as  the  ovary;  seeds  (nearly  ^''  long)  obo- 
vate,  delicately  ribbed  and  cross  lined.  —  Salt  marshes;  ccnnmon  along  the 
coast  and  in  W.  New  York;  rare  about  the  Great  Lakes.     (Eu.) 

•*-  -4-  Stems  branched,  diffuse,  leafy  ;  root  annual,  Jihrous. 

17.  J.  bufbnius,  L.  Stems  low  and  slender  (3-9' high),  leafy,  often 
branched  from  the  base;  panicle  spreading,  mostly  with  one-sided  diclioio 
nious  branches;  flowers  remote,  greenish  (2-3J"  long);  sej)als  linear-lanceo- 
late, awl-pointed,  the  3  outer  much  exceeding  the  inner  and  the  oblong  ob- 
tuse capsule ;  stamens  short ;  filaments  scarcely  longer  tlian  the  anthers ,  seeds 
elliptical,  obtuse  (i-^"  lt>i'g)-  —  1^*^^^'  gi'ouuds,  by  roadsides  ;  common.    (Ku.) 

§  3.  Stei)is  leaf  11 ;  leaves  terete  or  lateral! i/ flattened,  more  or  less  dtstmctlij  knot- 
ted by  internal  transverse  partitions;  panicle  terminal,  with  flowers  chiefy 
in  heads.  —  Knotty-leaved  Jinci. 

*  Seeds  barely  pointed,  not  caudate. 

■»-  Flowers  solitary  or  2  together,  panicled ;  stamens  6. 

IB.  J.  pelocarpus,  E.  Meyer.  Stems  slender  and  erect  from  a  slender 
running  rootstock  (6-18'  high),  bearing  few  thread-like  slightly  knotted 
leaves,  branching  above  into  a  compound  spreading  panicle,  bearing  the  flow- 
ers in  the  forks  and  along  one  side  of  the  branches;  often  with  the  flowers  or 
in  place  of  them  are  tufts  of  leaves;  flowers  small  (1  -  1^"  long),  greenish  with 
red ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  the  3  inner  ones  longer,  but  shorter  than  the  ol)- 
long  taper-beaked,  1-celled  caj)sule;  anthers  much  longer  than  the  filaments; 
style  slender ;  seeds  (^"  long)  obovate,  short-pointed.  —  Sandy,  wet  or  swampy 
places,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  west  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn.  The  proliferous 
plants  are  usually  sterile  and  much  larger,  with  larger  diffu.se  panicles.— 
Var.  suBTiLis,  Engelm.  Creeping  or  floating,  with  a  single  pair  of  flowerj 
at  the  end  of  the  short  stems.  —  Somerset  Co.,  Maine  (C.  E.  Smith) ;  Canada, 
-t-  -*-  Heads  numerous,  of  3  -  12 floivers  {rarely  more) ;  in  early  summer. 
-M-  Stamens  6. 

19.  J.  articul^tus,  L.  Stems  ascending  or  erect  (9- 1')' high),  tuftcd- 
from  a  short  creeping  rootstock,  with  1  or  2  slender  leaves ;  panicle  short, 
spreading,  the  crowded  heads  3-8-flowered;  flowers  brown,  rarely  pale  (1:^- 
H"  long) ;  sepals  lance-oblong,  acute  or  mucronate,  or  the  3  inner  obtuse  and 
a  little  longer,  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong  acute  or  abruptly  mucronate- 
pointed  incompletely  .3-celled  commonly  deep  chestnut-brown  shining  capsule; 
anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments;  ovary  attenuate  into  a  short  style;  seeds 
(less  than  J"  long)  obovatt,  attenuate  below,  abruptly  pointed  above.  —  Wet 
grounds,  Newf.  to  Del.,  west  to  western  N.  Y.  and  Mich.     (Eu.) 


544  JUNCACE^.     (rush  family.) 

20.  J.  alpinus,  Villars,  var.  insignis,  Fries.  Stems  erect  (9-18'  high) 
from  a  creeping  rootstock,  with  1  or  2  slender  leaves;  panicle  meagre,  with 
erect  branches  bearing  distant  greenish  or  light-brown  heads,  each  of  3-6 
flowers  (1:^- 1^"  long) ;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  the  outer  mucronate  or  cuspi- 
date and  usually  longer  than  the  rounded  inner  ones,  as  Icmg  as  or  shorter 
than  the  obtuse  short-pointed  incompletely  3-celled  light-brown  capsule ;  an- 
thers as  long  as  the  filaments;  style  short;  seeds  (^"  or  more  in  length) 
spindle-shaped.  —  Wet  sandy  banks,  L.  Champlain,  Cayuga  Lake,  along  the 
Great  Lakes,  and  far  west  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

21.  J.  militaris,  Bigel.  Stem  stout  (2-4°  high)  from  a  thick  creeping 
rootstock,  bearing  a  solitary  sUmt  erect  leaf  (i-SP  long)  behnv  the  middle, 
which  overtops  the  crowded  and  rather  contracted  panicle ;  lieads  numerous, 
5-12-  (rarely  25-)  flowered ;  flowers  brownish  (l^'^long),  sepals  lanceolate, 
the  outer  aAvl-pointed,  as  long  as  the  ovate-oblong  triangular  taper-beaked 
1 -celled  capsule  ;  antliers  longer  than  the  filaments;  ovary  attenuate  into  a 
slender  style;  seeds  (^-g"  lung)  globose-obovate,  obtuse,  abruptly  pointed. — 
In  bogs  and  streams,  Maine  to  Md.  Sometimes  producing,  in  flowing  water, 
numberless  capillary  submersed  leaves,  2-3°  long,  from  the  rootstock. 

++  -i-h  Stamens  3. 

22.  J.  acuminatus,  Michx.  Stems  tufted,  erect,  slender  (1-2°  long), 
bearing  about  2  leaves  and  a  very  loose  spreading  panicle  ;  heads  rather  few 
and  large,  5  -  many-flowered,  greenish,  at  length  straw-colored  or  darker ;  se- 
pals lance-awl-shaped,  sliarp-poiuted,  equal  (1^-2'  long),  as  long  as  the  trian- 
gular-prismatic short-pointed  1-celled  straw-colored  or  light  brown  capsule; 
anthers  a  little  shorter  than  the  filaments ;  style  almost  none ;  seeds  small 
(^-|"  long),  acute  at  both  ends,  ribbed-reticulated.  —  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  Minn, 
and  Tex.    May,  June.     Very  variable.     Heads  often  proliferous  in  autumn. 

Var.  debilis,  Engelm.  Stems  slender  (9-18'  high);  heads  green,  3-6- 
flowered,  in  a  loose  panicle;  flowers  smaller  (1^- 1^"  long);  capsule  longer 
than  the  sepals.  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  N.  J.  to  S.  C.,  west  to  Ohio,  Mo.,  and  Miss. 
Stem  sometimes  decumbent  and  rooting. 

Vav.  robustus,  Engelm.  Stems  stout,  tall  (2-4°  high),  bearing  numer- 
ous 5  -  8-tiowered  light-brown  heads  in  a  large  much-branched  panicle ;  flow- 
ers small  (1  -  1^"  long) ;  ovoid  capsule  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals.  —  Deep 
swamps.  111.  to  Mo.  and  La. 

4-  -1-  -4-  Ueods  few,  croicded,  of  nnmerous  flowers. 

++  Stamens  3  ;  stem  rigid  from  a  thick  white  horizontal  rootstock. 

23.  J.  brachycarpus,  Engelm.  Stem  erect  (1  -  2|°  high),  bearing 
about  2  leaves  and  2-10  densely  floAvered  spherical  heads  (4-5"  wide)  in  a 
slightly  spreading  crowded  panicle  much  exceeding  the  involucral  leaf ;  flow- 
ers pale  green  (2"  long) ;  sepals  lance-linear,  awl-pointed,  the  3  outer  much 
longer  than  the  inner,  and  the  ovoid  pointed  1-celled  capsule  rather  shorter ; 
anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments ;  style  very  short ;  seeds  (1"  long) 
abruptly  apiculate.  —  Moist  places  in  open  Avoods  and  prairies,  Ohio  and  Mich, 
to  Mo.,  Miss.,  and  Tex. 

24.  J.  SCirpoides,  Lam.  Stem  erect  (1  -3°  high),  rather  slender,  bear- 
ing about  2  terete  leaves  with  wide  and  open  sheaths,  and  a  panicle  of  few  or 


i 


JUNCACEiB.        (rush    FAMILY.)  545 

many  densely-flowered  pale-green  spherical  heads,  nuuh  longer  than  the  invo- 
luiial  leaf,  its  branches  erect  and  often  elongated  ;  lu-ads  (.'1-4"  wide)  15-40- 
flowered  ;  flowers  lj-l^"long;  sepals  rigid,  awl-shape«i  and  (especially  the 
onter)  bristly  pointed,  at  length  pungent,  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  nearly 
equalling  the  ohlong-triangujar  tai)er-pointed  1-celled  capsule;  antliers  very 
small;  style  elongated  or  very  short ;  seeds  ovoid,  abruptly  pointed  at  each 
end  (J:"  long). —  Wet  sandy  soil,  M:iss.  to  N.  J.  aud  8.  C,  west  to  Ind.,  Mo., 
and  'J'ex. 

^'ar.  echinatus,  Kngelm.  Stouter;  leaves  terete;  branches  of  the  com- 
pact panicle  short;  heads  larger  (5-6"  wide),  40- 80-flowered;  flowers  lJ-2" 
long) ;  sepals  narrower  and  more  sharply  pointed,  the  outer  a  little  longer 
than  the  inner;  stamens  shorter  and  antliers  longer  than  in  the  preceding, 
aud  seeds  rather  smaller  and  more  slender.  —  Md.  to  Fla. 

Var.  polycephalus,  Kngelm.  Much  stouter ;  leaves  laterally  flattened 
(3-6"  wide);  panicle  spreading,  branched,  bearing  many  distant  heads  as 
large  as  in  the  last ;  flowers  2  -  2^"  loug ;  the  3  outer  sepals  the  longer ;  an- 
thers about  as  long  as  the  filaments;  seeds  larger  (^"  long).  —  S.  Va.  to  Fla., 
west  to  Mo.  aud  Tex. 

■*-<•  ■*-<•  S (a mens  6. 

25.  J.  nod6sus,  L.  Stem  erect  (6-15'  or  2°  high),  slender  from  a  creep 
ing  thread-like  and  tul)er-bearing  rootstock,  mostly  with  2  or  3  slender  leaves; 
heads  few  or  several,  rarely  single,  8-20-flowered  (3^-4"  wide),  overtopped 
by  the  involucral  leaf;  flowers  brown  (li-2"  long) ;  sepals  lance  linear,  awl- 
pointed  (the  3  outer  mostly  a  little  shorter),  nearly  as  long  as  tlie  slender 
triangular  tai)er-poiuted  1-celled  capsule,  anthers  oblong,  shorter  than  the 
filaments ;  style  very  short ;  seeds  (about  ^"  long)  obovate,  abruptly  mucro- 
nate.  —  Swamps  and  gravelly  banks,  N.  J.  and  Penu.  to  N.  Ind.  and  Iowa,  and 
northward.  —  July,  Aug.  —  A''ar.  mkgacephalus,  Torr.  Stem  stout  (1-3° 
high),  with  thick  leaves;  heads  few  and  large  (6-8"  wide),  30- 80-flowered  ; 
flowers  pale  green  (2:^  -2f"  long) ;  outer  sepals  longest ;  anthers  linear,  shorter 
thau  the  filaments.  —  Western  N.  Y.  to  Miuu.  aud  Mo.,  and  westward. 

*  *  Seeds  caudate. 
•*-  Stamens  3. 

26.  J.  Canadensis,  J.  Gay.  Tufted  stems  erect,  terete,  smooth,  bearing 
2-3  leaves;  heads  few- or  many-flowered,  paniculate;  sepals  lanceolate,  the  3 
outer  shorter  thau  tlie  inner,  not  much  longer  than  the  stamens,  eipuU  to  or 
shorter  than  the  triangular-prismatic  almost  1-celled  usually  short-pointed 
capsule;  style  mostly  short;  seeds  more  or  less  distinctly  tail-poiuted,  deli- 
cately many  ribbed.  —  Common  iiJmost  everywhere.  Aug.,  Sept.  Easily  dis- 
tinguished by  its  late  flowering  from  the  similar  n.  22.     Very  variable. 

Var.  longicaudcltus,  Engelm.  Stem  stout  and  rigid  (1.^-3°  high), 
bearing  in  a  decompound  somewhat  spreading  panicle  the  numerous  5  - 50- 
flowered  heads;  flowers  greenish  or  light  brown  ( 1  .\  - 2"  long) ;  sepals  awl- 
pointed,  mostly  shorter  than  the  abruptly  short-pointed  capsule  ;  seeds  slender 
(|-1"  long),  cons])icuously  tail-pointed.  —  Maine  to  S.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and 
La.     The  most  common  form. 

Var.  SUbcaud^tUS,  Engelm.  Stem  slender,  often  decuinl)ent  (1-2° 
high),  bearing  in  simpler  spreading  panicles  fewer  8-20-flowered   heads; 

36 


546  JUNCACE^.     (rush  family.) 

flowers  greenisli,  as  large  as  in  the  last ;  sepals  awl-sliaped,  but  not  so  rigid ; 
capsule  mostly  tapering;  seeds  large  (i-S"  long),  with  short  white  membra- 
nous appendages,  not  reticulated.  —  Conn,  to  Penn.  and  Ga. 

Var.  brachycephalus,  Engelm.  Stem  slender  (1^-2^°  high),  bearing 
numerous  small  3  -  5-flowered  heads  in  a  large  spreading  panicle ;  flowers 
greenish  or  light  brown  (1^- 1-^"  long) ;  sepals  mostly  obtuse,  shorter  than 
the  brown  abruptly  short-pointed  capsule ;  style  longer  than  in  other  forms ; 
seeds  smaller  (^-^"loug),  slender,  with  rather  short  appendages.  —  Feuu. 
and  western  N.  Y.,  to  Wise,  and  111. 

Var.  COarctatUS,  Engelm.  Stem  slender,  shorter  (9-18'  high),  bearing 
fewer  deep-brown  3  -  5-flowered  heads  in  a  somewhat  erect  contracted  panicle ; 
flowers  as  large  as  in  the  last ;  sepals  acute,  or  rarely  obtusish,  much  shorter 
than  the  prismatic  abruptly  pointed  deep-brown  capsule ;  seeds  as  in  the  last. 
—  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  N.  Minn.,  and  westward. 

-1-  -i-  Stamens  6. 

27.  J.  asper,  Engelm.  Stems  tufted,  erect  (2-3°  high),  terete,  stout, 
rigid,  and  with  the  rigid  leaves  rough ;  panicle  with  rigid  slightly  spreading 
branches,  bearing  scattered  few-  (2  -  6-)  flowered  heads ;  flowers  greenish  with 
brown  (2|"  long)  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  awl-pointed,  rigid  and  strongly 
nerved,  the  outer  much  shorter  than  the  inner,  these  a  little  shorter  than  the 
triangular-ovoid  beaked  incompletely  3-celled  brown  capsule ,  ovary  tapering 
into  a  conspicuous  style ;  seeds  large,  oblong,  with  white  or  often  reddish 
appendages  (1|"  long).  —  Sphagnous  swamps,  N.  J.     Aug. 

2.    LtrZULA,    DC.        Wood-Rl'sh. 

Capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded,  one  seed  to  each  parietal  placenta. —  Perennials, 
often  hairy,  usually  in  dry  ground,  with  flat  and  soft  usually  hairy  leaves^ 
and  spiked-crowded  or  umbelled  flowers.  (From  Gramen  Luzuke,  or  Luxula\ 
dim.  of  lux,  light,  —  a  name  given  to  one  of  tlie  species  from  its  shining  with 
dew.) 

*  Pedicels  \-Jlowered,  in  a  loose  compound  cijme  or  umbel. 

1.  L.  vernalis,  DC.  Plant  6 -  9' high ;  leaves  lance-linear,  hairy ;  ujnhel 
mostly  simple ;  sepals  pointed,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  capsule ;  seeds  with  a 
curved  appendage.  (L,  pilosa,  Wllld.)  —  Woods  and  banks,  Newf.  to  the 
mountains  of  X.  C,  west  to  Minn.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.  spadicea,  DC,  var.  melanoearpa,  Meyer.  Xearly  smooth  (1  - 
3°  high) ;  leaves  broadly  linear;  cori/mb  decompound,  loose  ;  pedicels  drooping  ; 
sepals  pointed,  straw-color,  about  the  length  of  the  minutely  pointed  and  brown 
capsule;  seeds  not  appendaged.  (L.  parviflora,  var.  melanoearpa,  Gra;j.)  — 
Mountains  of  Maine,  Vt.,  and  northern  N.  Y.,  to  Mich,  and  X,  Minn.    (Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  crowded  in  spikes  or  close  clusters.     (Plants  6-12'  ^^9^-) 

3.  li.  eampestris,  DC.  Leaves  flat,  linear;  spikes  4- \2,  somewhat  um- 
belled, ovoid,  straw-color,  some  of  them  loug-peduncled,  others  nearly  sessile; 
sepals  bristle-pointed,  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsules ;  seeds  with  a  conical 
appendage  at  l)ase.  — Dry  fields  and  woods,  common.     May.     (Eu.) 

4.  L.  arouata,  Meyer.  Leaves  channelled,  \\nea,r;  spikes  3-5,  on  unequal 
often  recurved  peduncles,  ovoid,  chestnut-brown  ;  bracts  ciliate-fringed ;  sepals 


TYPHACE.t.        (cat-tail    FAMILY.)  647 

taper-pointed,  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule  ;  seeds  not  appendaged.  —  Alpine 
summits  of  the  VVIiite  Mts.  and  far  northward.     (Ku.) 

5.  L.  spiC^ta,  Desvaux.  Leaves  channelled,  narrowly  linear;  flowers  in 
sessile  clu.sttrs,  funning  a  nodding  interrupted  spiked  panicle,  brown  ;  sepals 
bristle-pointed,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  abruptly  short-pointed  capsule ;  seeds 
merely  with  a  roundish  projection  at  ha.<e. —  With  tlie  last,  and  more  com- 
mon.    (Eu.) 

Okdeu  122.     TYPHACEiE.    (Cat-tail   Family.) 

Marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  with  neried  and  linear  sessile  leaves,  and  monce- 
cious  jlowers  on  a  S2)adix  or  in  heads,  destitute  of  proper  floral  envelopes. 
Ovary  I  -  2-celled,  with  as  many  persistent  styles  and  (usually  elongated) 
1-sided  stigmas  ;  cells  1-ovuled.  Fruit  nut-like  when  ripe,  1-seeded,  rarely 
2-sceilod.  Seed  suspended,  auatropous;  embryo  straight  in  copious 
albumen.     Root  perennial. 

1.  Tyi>ha.     Flowers  in  a  cylindrical  couipact  terminal  spike;  spathe-like  bract  deciduous. 

2.  Spar^aniuui.     Flowers  in  globular  heads  with  foliareous  braL-ts. 

1.     TYPHA,     Tourn.         (Cat-tail  Flag.) 

Flowers  in  a  long  and  very  dense  cylindrical  spike  terminating  the  stem ; 
the  upper  part  consisting  of  stamens  only,  inserted  directly  on  the  axis,  ami 
intermixed  with  long  hairs;  the  lower  part  consisting  of  stipitate  1-celled  ova- 
ries, the  stipes  bearing  dub-siiaped  bristles,  which  form  the  copious  down  of 
the  fruit.  Nutlets  minute,  very  long-stalked.  —  Spathes  merely  deciduous 
bracts,  or  none.  Eoot-stocks  creeping.  Leaves  long,  sheathing  the  base  of 
the  simple  jointless  stems,  erect,  thickish.  Flowering  in  sunmier.  (Ti/^t?,  the 
old  Greek  name.) 

1.  T.  latifolia,  L.  (Common  Cat-tail.)  Stout  and  tall  (4  -  6°  high),  the 
flat  sheathing  leaves  3- 10"  broad,  exceeding  the  stem;  the  staminate  and 
dark  brown  pistillate  parts  of  tiie  spike  (each  3-6'  long  or  more)  usually 
rontitjuous,  the  latter  at  length  V  in  diameter;  pistillate  flowers  icithout  bract- 
lets ;  stigma  rhombic-lanceolale  ;  pollen-grains  in  fours.  —  In  marshes,  through- 
out N.  Am.     (Eu.) 

2.  T.  angustifdlia,  L.  Leaves  narrower  (3  -  6"  broad),  taller,  somewhat 
convex  on  the  back;  pistillate  and  staminate  inflorescence  usually  separated 
by  a  short  interval,  the  light  brown  spike  becoming  .5-6"  in  diameter;  pollen- 
grains  simple ;  pistillate  flowers  xcith  a  linear  stigma  and  a  hair-lihe  bractlei 
slightly  dilated  at  the  summit.  —  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Mo.; 
less  frequent,  and  mainly  near  the  coast.     (Eu.) 

2.     SPARGANIUM,     'IV.urn.         Rck-hkkd. 

Flowers  collected  in  separate  dense  and  s])herical  leafy-bracted  heads,  which 
are  scattered  along  the  summit  of  the  stem  ;  the  upper  sterile,  consisting 
merely  of  stamens,  with  minute  scales  irregularly  inter])oscd ;  the  lower  or 
fertile  larger,  consisting  of  numerous  sessile  1  -  2-celled  pistils,  each  surrounded 
by  3-6  scales  much  like  a  calyx.  Fruit  wedge  shaped  or  club-shaped,  nmre 
or  less  corky  toward  the  summit,  the  hard  endocarp  perforated  at  the  apex.  — 


548  TYPHACE.E.        (cat-tail    FAMILY.) 

Eootstocks  creeping  and  stoloniferous ;  roots  fibrous.  Stems  simple  or  branch- 
ing, sheathed  below  by  tlie  base  of  the  linear  leaves.  Flowering  through  the 
summer.     (Name  from  (nrdpyauov,  ajillel,  from  t\\e  ribbon-like  leaves.) 

*  Fruit  sessile,  broad  and  truncate,  often  2-seeded  ;  stigmas  often  2,  elongated  ; 

scales  rigid,  nearly  equalling  the  fruit ;  erect,  with  branched  inflorescence. 

1.  S.  eurycarpum,  Engelm.  Stems  stout,  erect  (2-4°  high);  leaves 
mostly  flat  aud  merely  keeled ;  pistil  attenuate  into  a  short  style  bearing  1  or 
2  elongated  stigmas;  fruit-heads  2-6  or  more,  I'Avide;  fruit  many-angled 
(,3^  -  4"  long)  when  mature,  with  a  broad  and  depressed  or  retuse  summit  ab- 
ruptly tipped  in  the  centre.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  lakes,  and  rivers,  N.  Eng.  to 
Va.,  west  to  the  Pacific. 

*  *  Fruit  comparatively  narrow,  and  viostly  someirhat  stipitate,  1-celled,  longer 

than  the  scales. 

2.  S.  simplex,  Huds.  Stems  slender,  erect  (^-2°  high);  leaves  more  or 
less  triquetrous  (21-4"  wide) ;  fertile  heads  (1  -4)  of  the  usually  simple  inflo- 
rescence often  above  the  axils,  sessile  or  peduncled,  6  -  8"  wide  in  fruit ;  stigma 
linear,  equalling  the  rather  slender  style  or  shorter;  nutlets  pale,  fusiform  or 
narrowly  oblong  (about  2"  long),  more  or  less  contracted  in  the  middle.  —  N- 
Eng.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  androcladum,  Engelm.  Stouter  (1^-3°  high),  with  usually 
broader  leaves  (4  -  9'^)  aud  branching  inflorescence,  the  head  or  peduncles  axil- 
lary or  nearly  so ;  fruiting  heads  (1-7)  often  larger  (6  -  1 2"  broad),  tlie  nutlets 
2-3''  long.  (S.  androcladum,  Morong.)  —  In  bogs  or  shallow  water,  common  ; 
N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  v/est  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

Var.  angUStif olium,  Engelm.  Very  slender ;  leaves  floating,  long  and 
narrow  (4^-2^"  wide),  flat;  inflorescence  simple;  heads  (4-6"  broad)  and 
nutlets  smaller.  —  Mountain  lakes  aud  slow  streams,  N.  Y.,  N.  Eng.,  and  north- 
ward ;  sometimes  nearly  out  of  water,  dwarf  and  with  shorter  erect  leaves. 

Var.  fluitans,  Engelm.  Floating  in  deep  water,  with  long  slender  stems 
and  flat  narrow  leaves  ;  inflorescence  usually  short,  sparingly  branched ;  style 
stout  with  a  short  oval  stigma ;  fruiting  heads  4  -  6"  broad ;  nutlets  dark,  as 
large  as  in  the  type.  (S.  androcladum,  var.  fluctuans,  Morong.;  not  S.  fluitans, 
Fries.)  —  Ponds,  Penu.,  AY.  Conn.,  White  Mts.,  N.  Minn.,  and  northward. 

3.  S.  mininiurQ,  Fries.  Usually  foating,  with  very  slender  stems  and  thin 
flat  narrow  leaves;  fertile  heads  1  or  2,  axillary,  sessile  or  peduncled  (4-5" 
wide)  ;  stigma  oval,  about  as  long  as  the  short  style,  scarcely  surpassing  the 
oval  or  obovate  denticulate  acailes  ;  fruit  ohlong-obovate  (1 -2"  long),  pointed, 
someAvhat  triangular,  the  stipe  very  short  or  none.  —  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  N.  Ind., 
Minn.,  north  and  westward.  —  Stems  3-6'  high  Avhen  growing  out  of  water, 
much  longer  when  submerged.     (Fu.) 

Order  123.     ARACE^E.     (Arum  Family.) 

Plants  icith  acrid  or  pungent  Juice,  simple  or  compound  often  veiny  leaves, 
and  flowers  crowded  on  a  spadix,  which  is  usually  surrounded  hy  a  spathe. 
■ —  Floral  envelopes  none,  or  of  4-6  sepals.  Fruit  usually  a  berry. 
Seeds  with  fleshy  albumen,  or  none,  but  filled  with  the  large  fleshy  em- 


AUA(  K^:.      (ahim   ia.mii, v.)  549 

brvo.  A  large  family,  chielly  tropical.  lIcTli;i;^r  iiltounilin^  in  slender 
rhaphides.  —  The  genuine  Aracea?  have  no  Uorul  enveloi)es,  and  are  al- 
most all  mona?cious  or  dia-cioiis ;  but  the  genera  of  the  second  section, 
with  more  highly  developed  (lowers,  are  not  to  be  separated. 

*  SpatlK'  sunoiiiuling  or  subtending  the  siiadix  ;  llowers  naked,  i.  e.  without  pcriantli. 
1.  Arisiciuiv.    Flowers  monocoious  or  dioecious,  covering  only  the  l)ase  of  the  spadix. 
•-'.  I'eltaiidi-a.     Flowers  nioncEcious,  covering  the  spadix  ;  antliers  above,  ovaries  below. 
3.  Calla.    Flowers  perfect  (at  least  the  lower  ones),  covering  the  whole  of  the  short  spadix. 

Spathe  open  and  spreading. 
«  •  Spathe  surrounding  the  spadix  in  n.  4,  none  or  imperfect  in  the  rest ;  flowers  with  a 
calyx  or  perianth  and  perfect,  covering  the  whole  spadix. 

4.  Syiiiplocarpus.    Spadix  globular,  in  a  fleshy  shell-shaped  spathe,     Steniless. 

5.  Oroiitluiu.    Spadix  narrow,  naked,  tenninatin.cr  tic  terete  scape. 
C.  Acorns.    Spadix  cylindrical,  borne  on  the  side  ol  a  ie.if-like  scape. 

1.     AHIS^MA,     Martins.        Indian  Tlrxih.     Dragon  Arum. 

Spathe  oouvolute  below  and  mostly  arched  above.  Flowers  monoecious  or 
by  abortion  dioecious,  covering  only  the  base  of  the  spadix,  which  is  elonga- 
ted and  naked  above.  Floral  envelopes  none.  Sterile  flowers  above  the  fer- 
tile, each  of  a  cluster  of  almost  sessile  2-4-celled  anthers,  opening  by  pores 
or  chinks  at  the  top.  Fertile  flowers  consisting  each  of  a  1 -celled  ovary,  tipped 
with  a  depressed  stigma,  and  containing  5  or  6  orthotropous  ovules  erect  from 
the  l)ase  of  the  cell ;  in  fruit  a  1  -few-seeded  scarlet  berry.  Embryo  in  the 
axis  of  albumen.  —  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  a  tuberous  rootstock  or  corm, 
sending  up  a  simple  scape  sheathed  with  the  petioles  of  the  simple  or  compound 
veiny  leaves.  (Name  from  apis,  a  kind  of  arum,  and  af/xa,  blood,  from  the  spot- 
ted leaves  of  some  species.) 

1.  A.  triph^llum,  Torr.  (Indian  Turnip.)  Leaves  mostli/  2,  divided 
into  3  elliptical-ovate  pointed  leajiets  ;  spadix  mostlij  dioecious,  cluh-sha])cd,  ob- 
tuse, much  shorter  than  the  spathe,  which  is  flattened  and  incurved-hooded  at 
the  ovatedanceolate,  pointed  summit.  —  Kich  woods,  N.  Scotia  to  Fla.,  west  to 
Minn,  and  E.  Kan.  May.  —  Corm  turnip-shaped,  wrinkled,  farinaceous,  with 
an  intensely  acrid  juice ;  spathe  with  tlie  petioles  and  sheaths  green,  or  often 
variegated  with  dark  purple  and  whitish  stripes  or  spots. 

2.  A.  Dracontium,  Schott.  (Grekn  Dragon.  Dragon-root.)  Leaf 
usuallfi  solitartj,pedateli/  divided  into  7-11  oblong-lanceolate  pointed  leaflets; 
sp*idix  often  androc/i/tious,  tapering  to  a  long  and  slender  point  beyond  the  oblong 
and  convolute  pointed  greenish  spathe.  —  Low  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west 
to  Minn.,  E.  Kan.,  and  Tex.  June.  —  Corms  clustered;  petiole  1-2°  long, 
much  longer  than  the  peduncle. 

2.    PELTANDRA,     Raf.        Arrow  Aru.m. 

Spathe  elongated,  convolute  throughout  or  with  a  dilated  blade  above. 
Flowers  monu-cious,  thickly  covering  the  long  and  tapering  sjjadix  through- 
out (or  only  its  apex  naked).  Floral  envelopes  none.  Anther-masses  sessile, 
naked,  covering  all  the  upper  ])art  of  the  spadix,  each  of  4-6  pairs  of  cells 
imbedded  in  the  margin  of  a  thick  and  shield-sliuped  connective,  opening  by 
terminal  pores.  Ovaries  at  the  base  of  the  spadix,  each  surrounded  bv  4-5 
distinct,  scale  like,  white  staminodia,  1-celled,  bearing  1 -few  amphitropous 


550  ARACEJ^.     (arum  family.) 

ovules  at  the  base;  stigma  truncate.  Fruit  a  leathery  or  fleshy  berry,  1-3- 
seeded.  Seed  obovate,  surrounded  by  tenacious  jelly,  the  base  empty,  the 
upper  part  filled  with  a  large  fleshy  spherical  embryo ;  no  albumen.  —  Stem- 
less  herbs,  with  arrow-shaped  or  hastate  leaves,  palmately  3-nerved  and  pin- 
nately  veined,  and  simple  scapes  from  a  thick-fibrous  or  subtuberous  root. 
Fruit  in  a  globose  cluster,  enclosed  by  the  persistent  fleshy  base  of  the  spathe. 
(Name  from  tteAtt],  a  target,  and  avrjp,  for  stamen,  from  the  shape  of  the  latter.) 

1.  P.  undulata,  Raf.  Eoot  of  thick  tufted  fibres;  scape  1  -  1|°  high,  about 
equalling  tlie  leaves  ;  basal  lobes  of  the  leaves  rather  long  and  often  acutish  ; 
spathe  convolute  throughout,  wavy  on  the  margin,  mostly  green,  4-7'  long ; 
sterile  portion  of  the  sjiadix  several  times  longer  than  the  pistillate ;  ovules 
several ;  fruit  green  ;  seeds  1-3.  (P.  Yirgiuica,  Kimth,  and  most  authors.)  — 
Shallow  water.  New  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich,  and  Ind.     June. 

2.  P.  alba,  Raf.  Rootstock  tuberous,  covered  with  thick-fleshy  roots  and 
propagating  by  offshoots ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  mostly  short  and  broad,  obtuse ; 
spathe  3-4'  long,  the  blade  broader,  acuminate,  somewhat  expanded,  white ; 
sterile  part  of  the  spadix  scarcely  longer  than  the  pistillate ;  ovules  and  seeds 
solitary  ;  berry  scarlet,  5  -  6"  long.  (P.  Virginica,  Schott.  Xanthosoma  sagit- 
tifolia,  Chapm.,  not  Schott.  Caladium  glaucum.  Ell.  Arum  Yirginicum,  L., 
in  part?)  —  Marshes,  S.  Va.  (?)  and  N.  C.  to  Fla. 

3.     C  A  L  L  A,     L.        Water  Arum. 

Spathe  open  and  spreading ,  ovate  (abruptly  pointed,  the  upper  surface 
white),  persistent.  Spadix  oblong,  entirely  covered  with  flowers ;  the  lower 
perfect  and  6-androus;  the  upper  often  of  stamens  only.  Floral  envelopes 
none.  Filaments  slender;  anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  with  5-9  erect  anatropous  ovules ;  stigma  almost  sessile.  Berries  (red) 
distinct,  few-seeded.  Seeds  Avitli  a  conspicuous  rhaphe  and  an  embryo  nearly 
the  length  of  the  hard  albumen.  —  A  low  perennial  herb,  growing  in  cold 
bogs,  with  a  long  creeping  rootstock,  bearing  heart-shaped  long-petioled  leaves, 
and  solitary  scapes.     (An  ancient  name,  of  unknown  meaning.) 

1.  C.  pallistris,  L.  —  Cold  bogs,  N.  Scotia  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Mich,  and 
Minn.,  and  northward.     June.  —  Seeds  surrounded  with  jelly.     (Eu.) 

4.     SYMPLOCARPUS,     Salisb.        Skunk  Cabbage. 

Spathe  hooded-shell-form,  pointed,  very  thick  and  fleshy,  decaying  in  fruit. 
Spadix  globular,  short-stalked,  entirely  and  densely  covered  with  perfect 
flowers,  their  1-celled  or  abortively  2-celled  ovaries  immersed  in  the  fleshy 
receptacle.  Sepals  4,  hooded.  Stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals,  with  at  length 
rather  slender  filaments;  anthers  extrorse,  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise. 
Style  4-angled  and  awl-shaped ;  stigma  small.  Ovule  solitary,  suspended, 
anatropous.  Fruit  a  globular  or  oval  mass,  composed  of  the  enlarged  and 
spongy  spadix,  enclosing  the  spherical  seeds  just  beneath  the  surface,  which  is 
roughened  Avith  the  persistent  fleshy  sepals  and  pyramidal  styles.  Seeds  filled 
by  the  large  globular  and  fleshy  corm-like  embryo,  which  bears  one  or  several 
plumules  at  the  end  next  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  albumen  none.  —  Perennial 
herb,  with  a  strong  odor  like  that  of  the  skunk,  and  also  somewhat  alliaceous ; 
a  very  thick  rootstock,  bearing  a  multitude  of  long  and  coarse  fibrous  roots. 


I 


LEMNACE.E.        (dL(  KWLLD    FAMILY.)  551 

and  a  cluster  of  very  large  and  broad  entire  veiny  leaves,  preceded  in  earliest 
.spring  by  the  nearly  sessile  spathes,  which  barely  rise  out  of  the  ground. 
(Xanie  from  o-u,uirAo/c^,  connection,  and  napiros,  fruit,  in  allusion  to  the  coales- 
cence of  tlie  ovaries  into  a  compound  fruit.) 

1 .  S.  fcetidus,  Salisb.  Leaves  ovate,  cordate,  becoming  1  -  2'^  long,  short- 
petiolod  ;  spathc  spotted  and  striped  with  j)urple  and  yellowish-green,  ovate, 
incurved;  fruit  (in  autumn)  2-3'  in  diam.,  in  decay  shedding  the  bulblet-like 
seeds,  which  are  4-6"  long.  —Bogs  and  moist  grounds,  N.  Scotia  to  N.  C, 
west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

5.    ORONTIUM,    L.    Goldextm  n. 

Spathe  incomplete  and  distant,  merely  a  leaf-slicath  investing  the  lower  part 
of  the  slender  scape,  and  bearing  a  small  and  imperfect  bract-like  blade. 
Plowers  crowded  all  over  the  narrow  spadix,  perfect ;  the  loAver  with  6  con- 
cave sepals  and  6  stamens ;  the  upper  ones  with  4.  Filaments  flattened  ;  au- 
tliers  2-celled,  opening  obliquely  lengthwise.  Ovary  1  celled,  with  an  anatropous 
ovule  ;  stigma  sessile,  entire.  Fruit  a  green  utricle.  Seed  without  albumen. 
Embryo  thick  and  fleshy,  "  with  a  large  concealed  cavity  at  the  summit,  the 
plumule  curved  in  a  groove  on  the  outside."  (Torr.)  — An  aquatic  perennial, 
with  a  deep  rootstock,  long-petioled  and  entire  oblong  and  nerved  floating 
leaves,  and  the  spadix  terminating  the  elongated  scape  ;  its  rather  club-shaped 
emersed  apex  as  thick  as  the  spadix.     (Origin  of  the  name  obscure.) 

1.  O.  aquaticum,  L.  —  Ponds,  Mass.  to  Fla.    May. 

6.     ACORUS,     L.        Sweet  Flag.        Calamus. 

Spadix  cylindrical,  lateral,  sessile,  emerging  from  the  side  of  a  simple  2-edged 
scape  Avhich  resembles  the  leaves,  densely  covered  with  perfect  flowers.  Se- 
pals 6,  concave.  Stamens  6;  filaments  linear;  anthers  kidney-shaped,  1-celled, 
opening  across.  Ovary  2  -  3-celled,  with  several  pendulous  orthotropous  ovules 
in  each  cell ;  stigma  minute.  Fruit  at  length  dry,  gelatinous  inside,  1  -few- 
seeded.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  albumen.  —  Pungent  aromatic  plants,  espe- 
cially the  thick  creeping  rootstocks  {calamus  of  the  shops),  which  send  up  2- 
edged  sword-like  leaves,  and  scapes  somewhat  like  them,  bearing  the  spadix  on 
one  edge  ;  the  upper  and  more  foliaceous  prolongation  sometimes  considered  as 
a  kind  of  open  spathc.     ("A/fopas,  the  ancient  name,  of  no  known  meaning.) 

1.  A.  Calamus,  L.  Scape  leaf-like  and  prolonged  far  beyond  the  (yel- 
lowish-green) spadix. —  Margins  of  rivulets,  swamps,  etc.,  N.  Scotia  to  Fla., 
west  to  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  E.  Kan. 

Order  P24.     LE3INACE^.     (Duckwei-d  Family.) 

Minute  steniless  plants,  Jloating  free  on  the  water,  destitute  of  distinct 
stem  and  foliage,  being  merely  a  frond,  producing  one  or  few  monoecious 
flowers  from  the  edge  or  upper  surface,  and  commonly  hanging  roots  from 
underneath;  ovules  rising  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  1  -  7-seeded 
utricle.  Seed  large  ;  the  apex  or  radicular  extremity  of  the  seed-coat  sepa- 
rable as  an  operculum  or  lid  (as  in  Cabomba,  etc.).  Embryo  straight,  sur- 
rofinded  by  fleshy  or  sometimes  very  scanty  albumen.  —  The  simplest,  and 


552  LEMNACE^.        (duckweed    FAMILY.) 

some  of  them  the  smallest  of  flowering  plants,  propagating  by  the  prolif- 
erous growth  of  a  new  individual  from  a  cleft  in  the  edge  or  base  of  the 
parent  frond,  remaining  connected  for  some  time  or  separating,  also  by 
autumnal  fronds  in  the  form  of  minute  bulblets,  which  sink  to  the  bottom 
of  the  water,  but  rise  and  vegetate  in  spring ;  the  flowers  (in  summer) 
and  fruit  scarce,  in  some  species  hardly  ever  seen.  Frond  more  or  less 
cavernous ;  the  upper  surface  furnished  with  stomata.  —  These  plants 
may  be  regarded  as  very  simplified  Arace^. 

1.  Spirodela.     Frond  7-11-nerved,  with  several  rootlets. 

2.  Lemna.     Frond  1  -  .5-nerved,  with  a  single  rootlet. 

3.  W^olffia.     Frond  thick,  very  minute  (J-  §'  broad),  without  rootlets. 

1.     SPIRODELA,     Schleiden. 

Anther-cells  bilocellate  by  a  vertical  partition  and  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovules  2.  Frond  7  -  11-nerved  or  more ;  rootlets  several,  M'ith  axile  vascular 
tissue.     Otherwise  as  Lemna.     (From  air^tpa,  a  cord,  and  StjKos,  evident.) 

1.  S.  polyrrhiza,  Schleid.  Fronds  rouud-obovate  (2-4"  long),  thick, 
purple  and  rather  convex  beneath,  dark  green  above,  palmately  (mostly  7-) 
nerved.  (Lemna  polyrrhiza,  L. )  —  Very  common  in  ponds  and  pools,  through- 
out N.  Am.,  hut  very  rarely  found  in  flower  or  fruit.     (Eu.) 

2.     LEMNA,     L.        Duckweed.     Duck's-meat. 

Flowers  produced  from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  of  the  frond,  usually  three  to- 
gether surrounded  by  a  spathe ;  two  of  them  staminate,  consisting  of  a  stamen 
only ;  the  other  pistillate,  of  a  simple  pistil ;  the  whole  therefore  imitating  a 
single  diandrous  flower.  Ster.  Fl.  Filament  slender ;  anther  2- celled,  didy- 
nious;  the  cells  dehiscent  transversely;  pollen-grains  large,  spherical,  muri- 
cate.  Fert.  Fl.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  style  and  truncate  or  funnel-shaped  stigma 
simple.  Ovules  and  seeds  1-7.  —  Fronds  1  -  5-nerved,  producing  a  single  root- 
let beneath  (which  is  destitute  of  vascular  tissue),  proliferous  from  a  cleft  in 
the  margin  toward  the  base,  and  at  length  stipitate  ;  the  tissue  abounding  with 
bundles  of  rhaphides.     (An  old  Greek  name  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

*  Ovule  soUtarij,  orthotropous  or  nearhj  so;  frond  1  -3-nerved,  thin. 
■i-  Fronds  oblong,  stalked  at  base,  remaining  connected. 

1.  L.  trisulca,  L.  Fronds  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate  (6-9"  long),  at- 
tenuate at  base  into  a  slender  stalk,  denticulate  at  the  tip,  very  obscurely  .3- 
nerved,  often  Avithout  rootlets,  usually  several  series  of  offshoots  remaining 
connected;  spathe  sac -like ;  seeds  ovate,  amphitropous,  Avith  small  round  oper- 
culum. —  Ponds  and  springy  places,  N.  Scotia  to  N.  J.,  west  to  the  Pacific.  (Eu. ) 

-I-  -i-  Fronds  oblong  to  elliptical  or  round-ovate,  sessile,  soon  separating. 

2.  L.  Valdiviana,  Philippi.  Fronds  elliptic-oblong,  small  (about  1"  long), 
rather  thick,  usually  somewhat  falcate,  obscurehj  l-nerved ;  spathe  broad-reni' 
form  ;  utricle  long-ovate,  pointed  by  the  long  style  ;  seed  orthotropous,  oblong, 
xvith  a  prominent  acute  operculum.  (L.  Torreyi,  Austin.)  —  Pools,  N.  J.  and 
southward,  westward  across  the  continent.     (S.  Am.) 

3.  L.  perpusilla,  Torr.  Fronds  obov ate  or  round ish-obov ate,  oblique  (1- 
\^"  \orxg),  obscurely  3-nerved;  utricle  ovate ;  style  rather  long;  seed  orthotro- 


ALISMACK.t:.        (WATKK-rLA:;TAlN    FAMILY.)  553 

pons,  ovate  or  oval,  ohtuse,  iritli  srar-reli/  apiciilate  operculum.  —  X.  V.  and  N.  J., 
west  to  Mich,  and  Wise.  —  Var.  TRiNfeuvis,  Austin,  lia.s  larger,  distinctly  3- 
aerved  fronds,  and  aii  une(iually  cordate  seed. 

4.  L.  minor,  L.  Frauds  round-  to  elllptic-ohocate  (1-2^"  in  diameter), 
rather  tliiek,  it///  obscure!  i/ S-tierved  ;  apallie  sac-like;  utricle  short-urn-sha|»ed, 
tipped  with  a  short  style ;  seed  oblong-ohovate,  amphiiropous,  uitk  promiutnt 
rounded  operculum.  —  [Stagnant  waters,  throughout  N.  Am.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Ovules  2-7,  auatropous ;  fronds  verj/  thick  and  spowj y ,  Jlat  above,  i:ery 
obscurely  b-nerved  (1^-3"  lony). 

5.  Ij.  gibba,  L.  Fronds  ohovate-elliptic  to  nearly  orbicular,  almost  hemi- 
spherical, soon  separating;  bract  sac-like.  —  Mo.  (?)  to  Ariz,  and  Calif. 

3.     WdLFFIA,     Ilorkel. 

Flowers  central,  bursting  through  tlie  upper  surface  of  the  globular  (or  in 
some  foreign  ones  flat)  and  loosely  cellular  frond,  only  2 ;  one  consisting  of  a 
single  stamen  with  a  1-celled  2-valved  anther;  the  other  of  a  globular  ovary, 
tipped  with  a  very  short  style  and  a  depressed  stigma.  Ovule  orthotropous, 
rather  oblique  in  the  cell.  Utricle  spherical.  Albumen  thin.  —  Fronds  root- 
less, proliferous  from  a  cleft  or  funnel-shaped  opening  at  the  base,  the  offspring 
soon  detached  ;  no  rhaphides.  —  The  simplest  and  smallest  of  flowering  plants, 
from  i-f"  long  (an  African  and  Cuban  species  much  larger),  floating  as  little 
grains  on  the  water.  (Named  for  John  Fred.  Wo'ff,  who  wrote  on  Lemna  in 
1801.) 

1.  W.  Columbiana,  Karsten.  Globose  or  globular,  \-%"  long,  very 
loosely  cellular,  light  green  all  over,  not  dotted;  stomata  1-6;  the  opening 
at  the  base  circular  and  with  a  thin  border.  —  Floating  rather  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  stagnant  waters,  Conn,  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  La. 

2.  W.  Brasiliensis,  Weddell.  oblong,  smaller  and  more  densely  cellu- 
lar, flattish  and  deep  green  with  many  stomata  above,  tumid  and  pale  below, 
brown-dotted  all  over,  anterior  edge  sharp,  opening  at  base  circular.  —  Growing 
with  the  hist,  but  floating  on  the  surface. 

Order  125.     ALISMACE^.     (Water-Plantaix  Family.) 

Marsh  herbs,  with  scape-like  stems,  sheath  in  (j  leaves,  and  perfect  or  monoe- 
cious or  dicecious  Jlowers  ;  perianth  of  Z  herbaceous  persistent  sepals  and 
as  many  (often  conspicuous)  white  deciduous  petals,  which  are  imbricate  or 
involute  in  burl;  sfnrnens  G  or  more,  included;  ovaries  numerous,  distinct ^ 
1-celled  and  mostly  l-ovuled,  becoming  achenes  in  fruit  (in  our  genera)  ; 
seeds  erect ;  campylotropous.  —  Roots  fibrous  ;  leaves  radical,  potiolate  and 
strongly  nerved  with  transverse  veinlets,  the  earlier  sometimes  without 
blade;  flowers  long-jjcdicellate,  mostly  verticillate,  in  a  loose  raceme  or 
panicle,  with  lanceolate  scarious  bracts  slightly  connate  at  base. 

1.  Alisina.     Flowprs  perfnrt,  usually  6-androua.     Carpels  flattened,  in  one  whorl. 

2.  .Sa;;ittaria.     Flowers   mostly  unisexual,    atameua   rarely   few.     Cari)els  flattened,  in 

dense  heads,  winged. 
8.  £chinodoru8.     Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  6  or  more.     Cariiels  wipiUitc,  tur^jid  and 
ribbed,  often  beaked. 


554  ALISMACE^.       (WATEK-PLANTAIN    FAMILY.) 

1.    A  L  ISM  A,    L.        Water-Plantaix. 

Flowers  perfect.  Petals  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  definite,  mostly  6. 
Ovaries  many  in  a  simple  circle  on  a  flattened  receptacle,  forming  flattened 
coriaceous  achenes,  which  are  dilated  and  2  -  3-keeled  on  the  hack.  —  Roots 
fibrous.  Leaves  all  from  the  root,  several-ribbed,  with  connected  veiulets. 
Scape  with  whorled  panicled  branches.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pale  rose- 
color.     (The  Greek  name;  of  uncertain  derivation.) 

1,  A.  PlantagO,  L.  Perennial  by  a  stout  proliferous  corm;  leaves  long- 
petioled,  ovate,  oblojig,  or  lanceolate  or  even  linear,  acute,  mostly  rounded  or 
heart-shaped  at  base,  3  -  9-nerved ;  panicle  loose,  compound,  many-flowered 
(1-2°  long) ;  carpels  obliquely  obovate,  forming  an  obtusely  triangular  whorl 
in  fruit.  —  Shallow  water  and  ditches,  across  the  continent.  Very  variable  as 
to  foliage,  but  the  leaves  usually  more  broadly  cordate-ovate  than  in  Old 
World  forms  (var.  Americanum,  R.  ^'  S.) ;  when  growing  under  water  thin- 
ner and  narrowly  lanceolate.     (Eu.,  etc.) 

2.     SAGITTARIA,     L.        Arroav-head. 

Flowers  monoecious,  or  often  dioecious  in  n.  1  and  4,  and  polygamous  in  n.  7. 
Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few.  Ovaries  many, 
crowded  in  a  spherical  or  somewhat  triangular  depressed  head  on  a  globular 
receptacle,  in  fruit  forming  flat  membranaceous  winged  achenes.  —  Marsh  or 
aquatic,  mostly  perennial,  stoloniferous  herbs,  with  milky  juice  and  fibrous 
roots ;  the  scapes  sheathed  at  base  by  the  bases  of  the  long  cellular  petioles,  of 
which  the  primary  ones,  and  sometimes  all,  are  flattened,  nerved,  and  destitute 
of  any  proper  blade  (i.  e.  are  phyllodia) ;  when  present  the  blade  is  arrow- 
shaped  or  lanceolate,  nerved  and  with  cross-veinlets  as  in  Alisma.  Flowers 
produced  all  summer,  whorled  in  threes,  Avith  membranous  bracts ;  the  sterile 
above.  (Name  from  sn(/itla,  an  arrow,  from  the  prevalent  form  of  the  lea^-es.) 
§  1.  SAGITTAEIA  proper.  Flowers  monoecious,  icith  the  lower  ichorls  pistil- 
late, or  dioecious;  stamens  fev^  or  numerous,  covering  the  receptacle;  sepals 
spreading  or  re  flexed  in  fruit. 
*  Filaments  numerous,  narrow,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  linear-ohlong  anthers  : 
Irracts  3,  distinct ;  fruiting  heads  larger. 

1.  S.  variabilis,  Engelm.  Scape  (|- 4°  high)  angled,  Avith  one  or  more 
of  the  lower  whorls  fertile  ;  leaves  very  various,  almost  ai.vays  sagittate; 
bracts  mostly  pointed  ;  pedicels  of  the  fertile  floAvers  at  least  half  the  length 
of  the  sterile  ones ;  petals  Avholly  Avhite ;  filaments  glabrous,  nearly  tAvice  tlie 
length  of  the  anthers;  achenes  oboA'ate  (about  V  long),  Avinged  on  both  mar- 
gins, Avith  a  long  curA-ed  or  usually  horizontal  beak  ;J- J  its  length.  (S.  sagit- 
ta?folia,  L.,  A^ar.  variabilis,  M.  Micheli.)  —  In  Avater  or  Avet  places,  very  common  ; 
exceedingly  variable  in  size  and  foliage,  ordinarily  Avith  narroAv  halberd-shaped 
or  sagittate  leaves,  —  sometimes  dioecious,  Avith  large,  broad  and  obtuse  leaves 
(var.  OBTtJSA),  or  monoecious,  Avith  large,  broad  and  acute  leaA-es  (A-ar.  lati- 
f6lia),  or  the  narroAv  leaves  with  long  and  linear  diverging  lobes  (var.  an- 
gustif6lia),  or  with  some  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  others  more 
or  less  sagittate  (A-ar.  diversif6lia),  etc.  Root  propagating  by  stolons  tuber- 
iferous  at  the  extremity.  —  The  European  species  has  the  fertile  pedicels  only 


ALISMACi:.E.        (WATKH-ri.ANTAIN    KAMII.V.)  5o5 

^  or  .}  the  length  of  the  sterile ;  claws  of  the  petals  purple-tinged ;  filaments 
not  longer  than  the  anthers  ;  and  aehenes  almost  orbicular,  very  hroadly  winged 
and  with  a  short  straight  boak. 

Var.  pub^scens,  Kngelm.  Upper  part  of  petiole  and  scape  and  espe- 
cially the  orlii(ular-o\ate  obtuse  bracts  and  sepals  pubescent  or  woolly;  beak 
of  fruit  horizontal.  —  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Ga. 

Var.  (?)  gracilis,  Kngelm.  Lobes  of  the  sagittate  leaves  very  narrowly 
linear  ( h  -  2"  wide) ;  achene  narrowly  cuneate-obovate  (2"  long),  tlie  beak  long, 
stout,  and  strongly  recurved,  the  sides  usually  strongly  1  -3-crested.  (S.  cris- 
tata,  K n;/rl III.  I  )  —  Mdss.  to  western  N.  Y.;  Iowa. 

2.  S.  lancifblia,  L-  vScape  2-5°  high,  with  several  of  the  lower  whorls 
fertile;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  rarely  linear,  all  with  a  tapering 
base,  thick  or  coriaceous  (6-18'  long  and  on  a  long  and  stout  petioje,  never 
sagittate),  the  nerves  mostly  arising  from  the  very  thick  midrib ;  bracts  ovate, 
acute  or  acuminate;  pedicels  sleuder,  the  fertile  scarcely  shorter  than  the 
sterile  ones;  filaments  pubescent;  achenes  falcate,  winged  on  the  back, 
pointed  with  an  incurved  beak.  —  Swamps,  Md.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  southward. 
(W.Ind.) 

*  *  Filaments  veri/  short,  icith  enlarged  mostlij  glandular  base ;  anthers  ovate  or 
short-oblong ;  fruiting  heads  small;  bracts  more  or  less  connate;  leaves  verj 
rareli/  sag  it  late. 

3.  S.  heterophylla,  Pursh.  Scape  weak  (3' -2°  high),  at  length  pro- 
cumbent ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oval,  entire,  or  with  one  or  two  narrow 
basal  sagittate  appendages;  bracts  roundish,  obtuse;  flowers  of  the  lowest 
whorl  fertile  and  almost  sessile ;  the  sterile  on  long  pedicels ;  filaments  glan- 
dular-pubescent;  achenes  narrowly  obovate  with  a  long  erect  beak.  —  N.  Eng.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  Varies  as  to  foliage,  the  leaves  being  broad 
(var.  ELLfrxicA,  Engelm.),  or  rigid  and  narrowly  lanceolate  with  stout  peti- 
oles (var.  KfoiDA,  Engelm.),  or  nearly  linear  (var.  axgi-stif6lia,  P^ngelm.) 

4.  S.  graminea,  Miclix.  Scape  3' -2°  high;  phgllodia  flat,  mostly 
broadlg  linear,  uruiitinate ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear,  on  long  slender 
petioles,  sometimes  reduced  to  the  petiole  merely  ;  bracts  rather  obtuse ;  whorls 
of  flowers  often  few,  all  stamiuate  or  the  lower  fertile  ;  pedicels  slender,  spread- 
ing, nearly  equal ;  fllaments  15  -  20, glandular-pubescent ;  achene  small  (V'  long), 
narrowly  obovate,  almost  beakless,  winged  on  the  back,  flat  and  scarcely  costate 
on  the  sides.  —  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  south  to  the  Gulf ;  very  variable. 

5.  S.  t^res,  Watson.  Phyllodia  terete,  I'ery  acutely  attenuate  upwnn],  3- 
12'  long,  very  rarely  bearing  a  narrow  blade;  scape  ^-1^°  high;  bracts  con- 
nate at  base;  pedicels  in  1-3  whorls,  all  very  slender  and  spreading,  1  or  2 
fruiting,  ^-1'  long;  filaments  12,  dilated,  pubescent;  achene  obovate,  1"  long, 
with  an  erect  beak,  the  margins  and  sides  crenately  several-crested.  —  In  shallow 
water,  S.  New  Eng.  to  N.  J.  (Hyannis,  Mass.,  Deane ;  Wading  Kiver,  L.  I., 
Miller;  barrens  of  N.  J.,  Torre y.)     Phyllodia  usually  very  strongly  nodose. 

6.  S.  nutans,  Michx.,  var.  lor^ta,  Chajjui.  Usually  dwarf;  leaves  lin- 
ear, strap-shaped,  obtuse  or  arutish,  1-6'  long,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
scape,  very  rarely  with  a  narrow  blade;  pedicels  in  1  -3  whorls,  only  1  or  2 
irnxixng,  stouter  and  recurved  ;  bracts  connate  or  spathe-like  ;  yi7rtHjf>;i/s  6-8, 
glabrous;  achene  obovate,  short-lxakcd,  1"  long,  the  margins  and  sides c/ena/c/_y 


056  ALISMACE^.        (water-plantain    FA3IILY.) 

crested.      (S.  pusilla,  Parsh.)  —  In   mud  or  sliallow  water,  near  the  coast; 
N.  Y.  to  ria. 

Var.  (1)  gracillima,  Watson.  Scape  and  the  almost  or  wholly  bladeless 
leaves  very  slender  and  greatly  elongated  (2-4°  long,  V  wide) ;  pedicels  all 
elongated,  in  usually  distant  whorls,  the  lower  pistillate,  slender  and  spread- 
ing ;  fruit  unknown.  (S.  natans,  Engelm.  in  Torr.  Bull.  ix.  4.)  —  In  deep  water 
of  streams  in  E.  Mass.  {Hitchings,  Boott,  C.  E.  Faxon,  etc.)  Wholly  sub- 
merged, only  1  or  2  flowers  appearing  at  a  time,  floating  on  the  surface.  The 
fruit,  maturing  under  water,  has  not  yet  been  collected. 

§2.   LOPHIOCARPUS.     Fertile Jiowers  perfect;  stamens  9-15,  af  the  base 
of  the  receptacle;  sepals  erect  and  emhracing  the  fruit. 

7.  S.  calycina,  Engelm.  Scaj^e  weak  (3  -  9'  high),  at  length  mostly  pro- 
cumbent'; usually  only  the  lowest  Avhorl  fertile,  with  pedicels  as  long  as  those 
of  the  sterile  flowers,  recurved  in  fruit ;  bracts  orbicular,  obtuse  or  rarely  pointed ; 
filaments  slightly  rough,  as  L»;.g  as  the  anthers ;  achenes  obovate  with  a  short 
horizontal  style;  leaves  broadly  halberd-shaped,  obtuse  or  acutish,  with  wide 
spreading  lobes,  often  Avider  than  long,  or  lanceolate  or  sometimes  reduced  to 
linear  phyllodia.  —  Maine  to  Del.,  west  to  Wise,  Mo.,  and  Tex.  Quite  vari- 
able, several  forms  being  enumerated,  as  var.  spongi6sa,  with  spongy  texture 
and  bladeless  submerged  leaves,  eastward ;  and  westward,  var.  FLtiXAXs,  with 
lance-linear  floating  leaves. 

3.     ECHINODORUS,     Richard. 

Flowers  perfect.  Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6-21  or  more. 
Ovaries  several  or  many,  imbricated  in  a  head,  forming  thick  and  ribbed 
achenes  in  fruit,  often  beaked  with  a  projecting  persistent  style.  —  Mostly 
annuals,  with  the  habit  of  Sagittaria,  the  naked  stems  sparingly  branched  or 
simple,  and  the  flowers  on  rather  short  pedicels,  in  whorls  of  .3-6  or  more. 
Fl.  summer  and  autumn.  (Name  from  €xii^(*>Svs,  prichly,  or  from  ix^'^'^^y  ^^^ 
Sopos,  a  leathern  bottle,  applied  to  the  ovary,  Avhich  is  in  most  species  armed 
with  the  persistent  style,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  prickly  head  of  fruit.) 

1.  E.  parvulus,  Engelm,  Scapes  1 -3' high;  shoots  often  creeping  and 
proliferous;  leaves  lanceolate  or  spatidate,  acute  (^-l^'  long,  including  the 
petiole);  umbel  single,  2-8-flowered;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit;  flower  3" 
broad ;  stamens  9 ;  styles  much  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  achenes  beakless,  ob- 
tusely few-ribbed.  —  In  mud,  Mass.  to  Mich,  and  E.  Minn.,  south  to  Fla.  and 
Tex."'   (S.  Am.) 

2.  E.  rostratUS,  Engelm.  Scape  erect,  3' -2°  high,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  obtuse  (the  blade  1-3' 
long) ;  umbel  proliferous,  in  a  branched  panicle ;  flower  5"  broad ;  stamens  12 ; 
styles  longer  than  the  ovary ;  achenes  beaked,  acutely  many-ribbed.  —  Swamps 
and  ditches.  111  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  Tex.  —  A  low  form  (var.  laxceol\tus, 
Engelm.)  has  the  leaves  lanceolate  with  an  acute  base.     111.,  Mo. 

3.  E.  radicans,  Engelm.  Stems  or  scape  prostrate,  creeping  {2 -4°  long), 
proliferous,  bearing  many  whorls  of  flowers;  leaves  somewhat  truncately 
broadly  heart-shaped,  obtuse  (2  -  8'  broad),  long-petioled ;  flowers  6  -  9"  broad ; 
stamens  about  21  ;  styles  shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  achenes  short-beaked,  the  keeled 
back  denticulate.  —  Swamps,  111.  to  N.  C.  and  Fla.,  west  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 


I 


NAIADACE^.        (rONDWKll)    lAMlI.V.)  557 

Okdkk  \2l).     NAIADACE^.     (roM)\vi.i:i>  Family.) 

Marsh  or  mostly  immersed  aquatic  herbs,  with  stems  jointed  and  leafy  or 
(in  Triglochin)  naked  and  scape-like,  leaves  sheathing  at  base  or  stipulate, 
and  Jlowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  often  spathaceous,  with  perianth  of  A  or  6 
herbaceous  distinct  valcate  segments,  or  membranous  and  tubular  or  cup- 
shaped,  or  none.  Stamens  1,  2,  4  or  6,  with  extrorse  anthers.  Ovaries 
l-d,  distinct  or  more  or  less  coherent,  1-celieti,  nsually  l-ovuled.  in  fruit 
follicuhir  or  capsuhir  or  an  indehiscent  berry  or  utricle. 

SunoRDKK  I.  Jiincagineai.  Marsh  plants,  with  terete  bladelcss 
leaves;  flowers  perfect,  spicate  or  racemose,  with  herbaceous  G-  (rarely 
a-)  lobed  perianth;  earjiels  3  or  6,  more  or  less  united,  separating  at 
maturity.     Seeds  anatropous ;  embryo  straight. 

1.  Triglochin.    Ovaries  3-6,  united  until  maturity.    Leaves  radical.     Flowers  bractless, 

ill  ;i  hiiii<e-lii<e  raceme  terminating  a  jointless  scape. 

2.  Scheuchzeria.    Ovaries  3,  nearly  distinct,  at  length  divergent.     Flowers  bracteate  iu  a 

loo6e  raceme  upon  a  leafy  stem. 

Suborder  11.  Naiadeae.  Immersed  aquatics,  with  flat  leaves; 
ovaries  solitary  or  distinct,  l-ovuled. 

■t-  Flowers  peilect,  spiked  or  clustered  ;  anthers  4  or  2,  sessile ;  leaves  alternate. 

3.  Potaniogeton.    Spike  peduncled.    Sepals  4,  herbaceous.  Anthei-8  4.    Ovaries  4,  sessile, 

4.  Ruppia.     Flowers  on  an  enclosed  spadix,  at  length  loug-exserted,  without  perianth. 

Anther-cells  4,  distinct.     Ovaries  4,  becoming  .stipitate. 
-4-  -t-  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary,  naked,  monandrous ;  leaves  opposite  (alter- 
nate in  n.  6). 

5.  Zannicliellia.     MonfEcious.     Pistils  (2  -  5)  from  a  cup-shaped  involucre  or  sheath. 

6.  Zostera.     Pistils  and  stamens  alternate  in  2  vertical  rows  on  the  inner  side  of  a  leaf-like 

enclosed  spadix.     Stigmas  2,  linear.    Stem  creeping. 

7.  Naias.     Dioecious  ;  pistil  solitary,  naked.    Stamen  enclosed  in  a  membranous  spathe. 

Stems  floating,  witli  opposite  or  ternate  leaves, 

1.     TRIGLOCHIN,    L.        Arrow-grass. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike  (greenish),  ovate,  concave,  deciduous.  8t;v 
mens  3-6;  antliers  oval,  on  very  short  fdaments.  Pistils  united  into  a  3-6- 
celled  compound  ovary ;  stigmas  sessile  ;  ovules  solitary.  Capsule  splitting 
when  ripe  into  3-6  carpels,  which  .separate  from  a  persistent  central  axis. — 
Perennials,  with  rush-like,  fleshy  leaves,  below  sheathing  the  base  of  the  wand- 
like naked  and  jointless  scape.  Flowers  small,  in  a  spiked  raceme,  bractless. 
(Name  composed  of  rp^ii,  three,  and  yXcox'^fy  p^int,  from  the  three  points  of 
the  ripe  fruit  in  n.  1  when  dehiscent.) 

*  Fruit  of  3  carjiels. 

1.  T.  palustris,  L.  Scape  (6-18'  high)  and  loaves  slender;  sepals  and 
siomens  6;  fruit  linpar-cluh-shaped ;  carpels  when  ripe  separating  from  below 
upward,  leaving  a  triangular  axis,  awl-pointed  at  base. —  Marshes,  western 
N.  Y.  to  111.,  Minn.,  and  westward.     Aug.     (Eu.,  Asiji,  etc.) 

2.  T.  striata,  Ruiz  &  Pav.  Scape  (6-12'  high)  and  leaves  slender;  fi<t\v- 
ers  very  small;  sepals  and  stamens  3;  fruit  glohose-trianr/nlar,  or  when  dry 
3-lobed.     (T.  triandra,  Mich.r.)  —  Sea-ahore,  Md.  to  Fla.  (S.  Am.,  etc.) 


558  NAIADACE/E.        (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Fruit  of  6  carpels  {rareli/  5). 
3.   T.  maritima,  L.     Scape  (l  -  3°  high)  and  leaves  thickish,  fleshy ; 
fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  acutish  ;  carpels  rounded  at  base  and  slightly  grooved 
on  the  back,  the  edges  acute.  —  Salt-marshes  along  the  coast.  Lab.  to  N.  J., 
and  in  saline,  boggy  or  wet  places  across  the  continent.     (Eu.,  Asia,  etc.) 

2.    SCHEUCHZERIA,    L. 

Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  spreading,  nearly  alike  (greenish-yellow),  but  the 
latter  narrower,  persistent.  Stamens  6  ;  anthers  linear.  Ovaries  3,  globular, 
slightly  united  at  base,  2-3-ovuled,  bearing  flat  sessile  stigmas,  in  fruit  form- 
ing 3  diverging  and  inflated  1  -  2-seeded  pods,  opening  along  the  inside.  —  A 
low  bog-herb,  with  a  creeping  jointed  rootstock,  tapering  into  the  ascending 
simple  stem,  which  is  zigzag,  partly  sheathed  by  the  bases  of  the  grass-like 
conduplicate  leaves,  and  terminated  by  a  loose  raceme  of  a  few  flowers,  with 
sheathing  bracts ;  leaves  tubular  at  the  apex.  (Named  for  John  and  John  Jacob 
Scheuchzer,  distinguished  Swiss  botanists  early  in  the  18th  century.) 

1.  S.  palustris,  L.  —  Peat-bogs,  N.  Brunswick  to  N.  J.,  westward  across 
the  continent.     June.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

3.     POTAMOGETON,    Tourn.        Poxdweed. 

Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4,  rounded,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  oppo- 
site the  sepals;  anthers  nearly  sessile,  2-celled.  Ovaries  4  (rarely  only  one), 
with  an  ascending  campylotropous  ovule ;  stigma  sessile  or  on  a  short  style. 
Fruit  drupe-like  when  fresh,  more  or  less  compressed ;  endocarp  (nutlet)  crus- 
taceous.  Embryo  hooked,  annular,  or  cochleate,  the  radicular  end  pointing 
downward.  —  Herbs  of  fresh,  or  one  in  brackish,  ponds  and  streams,  with 
jointed  mostly  rooting  stems,  and  2-ranked  leaves,  which  are  usually  alternate 
or  imperfectly  opposite ;  the  submersed  ones  pellucid,  the  floating  ones  often 
dilated  and  of  a  firmer  texture.  Stipules  membranous,  more  or  less  united 
and  sheathing.  Spikes  sheathed  by  the  stipules  in  the  bud,  mostly  raised  on 
a  peduncle  to  the  surface  of  the  water.  (An  ancient  name,  composed  of 
TTOTa/ioj,  a  river,  and  y^iTcov,  a  neighbor,  from  the  place  of  growth.)  —  By  fruit, 
the  full-grown  fresh  or  macerated  fruit  is  intended ;  by  nutlet,  that  with  the 
fleshy  outer  portion  or  epicarp  removed.  All  except  n.  19  flower  in  summer  : 
the  month  mentioned  indicates  the  time  of  ripening  of  the  fruit. 

§  1.  Leaves  of  tivo  sorts ;  floating  ones  more  or  less  coriaceous,  ivith  a  dilated 
petioled  blade,  different  in  form  from  the  thinner  submersed  ones. 

*  Submersed  leaves  reduced  to  narrowly  grass-like  or  filiform  sessile  phi/llodia. 
■*-  Steins  rather  stout ;  stipules  free ;  spikes  all  emersed,  cylindrical  and  densely 
fruited  ;  fruits  feshy  and  turgid,  obliquely  obovate. 
1.  P.  natans,  L.  Stem  simple  or  sparing! y  branched ;  floating  leaves  all 
long-petioled,  elliptical  or  ovate,  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  obtuse  but  with  a 
blunt  point,  21 -29-nerved ;  upper  submersed  leaves  lanceolate,  early  perish- 
ing, the  lower  (later  in  the  season)  very  slender  (3-7'  long,  barely  \"  wide) ; 
upper  stipules  very  long,  acute;  peduncle  about  the  thickness  of  the  stem;  spikes 
1-2'  long ;  sides  of  the  turgid  nutlet  with  a  small  deep  impression  in  the  middle ; 


NAIADACIL*:.        (PONDWKKI)    FAMILY.)  559 

embrvo  coiled  into  an  incomplete  elliptical  ring.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  X.  Sco- 
tia to  Ya..,  westward  across  the  continent.  In  deejjer  or  flowing  water  the 
plant  becomes  more  slender  and  often  wholly  submersed  (var.  ruoLfxrs, 
Kocli). —  Ani;.,  Sept.     (Kn.,  Asia.) 

"2..  P.  Oakesi^nus,  I\<»bbins.  stem  more  slender, /«(/(•//  hraur/ied ;  float- 
ing leaves  smaller  (l-H'  loiiS)»  ovate-  or  oljlong-ellijjtical,  obtuse,  fewer- 
(17-23-)  nerved;  lowest  submersed  ones  almost  capillary  (only  .^-i"  wide), 
continuing  through  the  flowering  season;  spikes  shorter  (J-T  long),  on 
jicilnnclfs  muck  thicker  than  the  stem;  fruit  smaller  and  more  acute;  sides  of 
the  tuajid  nutlet  not  at  all  impressed ;  curvature  of  the  eml)ryo  nearly  circular, 
its  apex  directed  to  a  point  above  its  base.  —  Ponds,  and  especially  jjools  and 
stagnant  ditches,  Mass.  to  N.  J.;  also  Anticosti.     Aug. 

3.  P.  Pennsylv^nicUS,  Cham.  /Stems  compressed,  often  simple  from 
the  creeping  rootstocks;  floating  leaves  chiefly  opposite  (I  -3^'  long),  11-17- 
nerved,  oblong,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  the  lower  gradually  narrowing 
and  passing  into  tlie  submersed  ones,  which  are  very  numerous  and  appn^xi- 
mate,  2-ranked,  linear  (2-5'  long,  and  1  -2V'  wide),  5-7-uerved,  the  lateral 
nerves  slender  and  nearly  marginal,  the  space  within  the  inner  nerves  coarsely 
cellular-reticulated ;  stijiules  veri/  obtuse;  S]jikes  numerous,  about  the  length  of 
tlie  thickened  peduncle;  fruit  round-obovate,  flattisli,  3-keeled  when  dry  ;  nutlet 
distinctlij  impressed  on  the  sides;  curvature  of  the  embryo  transversely  oval. 
(P.  Claytouii,  Tnckerm.)  —  Still  or  flowing  water,  N.  Brunswick  to  S.  C,  west 
to  N.  Ind.  and  Minn.     July,  Aug. 

H-  -«-  Like  the  preceding  section,  but  all  the  parts  small,  slender  and  delicate, 
onh)  the  fertile  plants  producing  floating  leaves;  spikes  very  small  and  few- 
flowered  :  propagated  bi/  autumn  buds. 

4.  P.  Vaseyi,  Robbins.  Very  delicate ;  stem  almost  ca\)'\\\iiry;  floating 
leaves  obovate  (3-5"  long)  and  about  the  length  of  their  filiform  petioles, 
with  5  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath,  cross-veins  distinct ;  submersed  leaves 
filiform-linear,  very  attenuate  (1-2'  long,  ^-.i"  wide)  and  acute;  stipules 
not  adnate,  scarious,  long,  acute ;  spikes  all  emersed,  few,  interrupted-oblong, 
3-5-flowered,  on  a  thickish  peduncle ;  fruit  oblique,  round-obovate  (|"  long), 
compressed,  slightly  sharp-margined,  tipped  with  a  distinct  recurved  style,  the 
sides  impressed  and  face  acute ;  upper  portion  of  the  embryo  circularly  in- 
curved, its  apex  transverse  to  the  fruit.  —  Canada  and  N.  Eng. ;  also  111.  The 
fruiting  form,  with  floating  leaves,  rare ;  the  submerged  form  aj)parently  much 
mor*^  abundant. 

5.  P.  lateralis,  Morong.  Stem  filiform,  brandling;  floating  leaves  ellip- 
tical (4-6"  long  by  2"  wide),  with  5-7  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath, 
tapering  at  base  into  a  .«?omewhat  dilated  petiole  shorter  than  the  blade ;  sub- 
mersed leaves  linear,  acute  (1  -3'  long  l)y  |-^"  wide),  1  -.3-nerved.  the  mid- 
nerve  with  fine  veins  or  cellular  reticulations  on  each  side,  bi-glandular  at 
base  ;  stipules  short ;  peduncles  with  n  verg  peculiar  lateral  appearance ,  widelv 
spreading  at  maturity,  sometimes  even  recurved,  often  thicker  than  the  stem; 
spikes  often  interrupted  (2-4-flowered) ;  fruit  obliquely  obovate  (hardly  \" 
long),  the  back  much  curved,  with  two  fine  grooves  upon  it;  embrvo  oval  in 
its  curve,  the  apex  nearly  touching  the  base.  —  Mass  and  Mich. ;  rare.  Unde- 
veloped specimens  resemble  P.  j)usillus. 


560  NAIADACE.E.        (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

^  ^_  ^_  Stems  slender  or  filiform,  much  branched;  fioatincj  leav:is  sometimes 
wanting ;  stipules  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  leaf;  spikes  of  two  kinds,  one 
emersed,  cylindrical  and  many-flowered,  on  a  club-shaped  peduncle,  the  other 
submersed,  globular  and  few-flowered ;  fruit  flat,  cochleate,  with  thin  or 
scarcely  any  flesh  and  a  thin  nutlet;  embryo  spiral. 

6.  P.  Spirillus,  Tuckerm.  Floating  leaves  oval  to  lance-oblong  and 
lanceolate  (the  largest  10"  long,  4"  wide),  usually  obtuse,  about  equalling  the 
rather  dilated  petioles,  with  5  -  many  nerves  beneath  deeply  impressed ;  upper 
submersed  leaves  either  with  or  without  a  lance-oblong  or  broad-linear  proper 
blade ;  the  numerous  lower  ones  narrovz-linear,  tapering  toward  the  obtuse 
apex  (|-  1^'  long,  j-f"  wide) ;  stipules  early  lacerate  ;  submersed  flowers  usu- 
ally so'itary  on  very  short  erect  peduncles  ;  fruit  with  the  back  either  ivinged 
and  with  4-5  distinct  teeth  or  ivingless  and  entire;  embryo  coiled  If  turns. — 
Rivers,  and  even  far  up  small  streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Va.,  west  to  Mich,  and 
Mo.     June  -  Aug.  —  Stem  less  slender  than  in  the  next. 

7.  P.  hybridus,  Michx.  Floating  leaves  oval  to  lance-oblong  (the  largest 
10"  long,  6"  wide),  often  acute,  longer  than  the  flliform  petioles,  with  about 
5-7  nerves  beneath  deeply  impressed ;  submersed  leaves  very  numerous,  al- 
most setaceous  (1-3'  long,  very  rarely  \"  wide);  stipules  obtuse ;  emersed 
spikes  4 -7'' long;  submersed  spikes  1-4-flowered,  theh  jjed uncles  (of  their 
own  length)  frequently  recurved ;  fruit  minute,  about  8-toothed  on  the  margin; 
embryo  coiled  1^  turns.  —  Shallow  stagnant  waters,  N.  Brunswick  to  Fla.,  west 
to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  N.  Mex.     June  -Aug. 

*  *  Submersed  leaves  lanceolate,  rarely  oval  or  linear,  membranaceous  ;  spikes 
dense,  many-flowered,  on  stout  peduncles. 

8.  P.  rufescens,  Schrad.  Stem  simple  ;  floating  leaves  (often  wanting) 
2-5'  long,  rather  thin,  wedge-oblanceolate,  narrowed  into  a  short  petiole,  W- 
17-nerved ;  submersed  leaves  almost  sessile,  lanceolate  and  lance-oblong,  smooth 
on  the  margin,  fewer-nerved ;  stipules  broad,  hyaline,  obtuse,  upper  ones 
acuminate ;  spike  1-2'  long,  often  somewhat  compound ;  fruit  obovate,  len- 
ticular, pitted  when  immature,  with  an  acute  margin  and  pointed  with  the 
rather  long  style;  embryo  incompletely  annular.  —  In  streams  or  ponds,  N- 
Brunswick  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Eu.) 

9.  P.  fluitans,  Roth.  Stem  often  branching  below;  floating  leaves  thin- 
nish,  lance-oblong  or  long-elliptical,  often  acute,  long-petioled,  17 -23-nerved ; 
submersed  leaves  very  long  (3  -  12',  by  2  -  12"  wide),  lanceolate  and  lance-linear, 
7-15-nerved,  coarsely  reticulated;  peduncles  somewhat  thickened  upward; 
fruit  obliquely  obovate,  obscurely  3-keeled  when  fresh,  and  distinctly  so  when 
dry,  the  middle  one  winged  above  and  sometimes  with  3-5  shallow  indenta- 
tions; the  rounded  slightly  curved  face  surmounted  by  the  short  style;  nutlet 
with  the  sides  scarcely  impressed ;  upper  part  of  the  embryo  circularly  in- 
curved. (P.  lonchites,  Tuckerm.) — In  streams  or  rarely  in  ponds,  N.  Bruns- 
wick to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Eu.) 

10.  P.  piilcher,  Tuckerm.  Stem  simple,  black-spotted  ;  leaves  of  three 
kinds;  floating  ones  becoming  very  large  (4^  by  3-i'),  roundish-ovate  and  cor- 
date or  ovate-oblong,  25-37-nerved,  all  alternate ;  upper  submersed  ones  (3-5) 
usually  lanceolate,  acute  at  base  and  very  long-acuminate,  10-  15-nerved,  very 
thin,  cellular  each  side  of  the  midrib,  undulate,  short-petioled ;  lowest  (2-4 


I 


NAIADACK.t.        (I'ONDWEED    FA.MII.V.)  5GI 

near  the  base  of  the  stem)  thirlrr,  plane,  oval  or  nhlonrj  with  a  rounded  base, 
or  si»atulateoblong,  on  longer  petioles;  stipules  rather  sliort  and  obtuse;  pe- 
duncles thicker  than  the  stem ;  fruit  witii  a  rounded  back  and  angular  face, 
pointed,  distinctly  3-keeled  when  fresh,  sharply  so  when  dry  ;  nutlet  with  two 
deep  dorsal  furrows,  and  a  sinus  below  the  angle  in  front ;  siiles  Hat ;  embryo 
circularly  nnuli  incurved  above. —  Ponds,  Vt.  to  Ga.  and  Mo.     July,  Aug. 

11.  P.  amplifolius,  rnckerm.  Stems  simple,  of  very  variable  leiigih  ; 
Jlodtiivj  leaves  (sometimes  wanting)  large,  obluiKj  or  lance-ovate,  sometimes 
sligbtly  cordate  at  base,  abruptly  acutish,  30- 50-nerved,  on  rather  lunfj  jicti- 
oles ;  submersed  leaves  often  very  large  (reaching  7'  l)y  2'),  lanceolate  or  oval, 
acute  at  each  end,  usualli/  much  recurved,  undulate,  mostly  on  short  petioles; 
stipules  veri/  long  and  tapering  to  a  point,  soon  becoming  loose ;  peduncles 
thickened  upward,  in  deep  water  much  elongated;  fruit  very  large  (over  2" 
long),  rather  obliquely  obovate,  3-keeled,  with  a  broad  stout  beak;  nutlet 
slightly  impressed  on  the  sides ;  upper  part  of  the  embryo  curved  into  a  ring. 
—  Ponds  and  rivers,  X.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  ]Minu,  and  Kan.     Aug.,  Sept. 

12.  P,  Illino6nsis,  Morong.  Stem  stout,  branching  towards  the  sum- 
mit; floating  leaves  opposite,  oval  or  ovate  (2-5'  long  by  1^-2'  broad),  19  - 
25-nerved,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  with  a  short  blunt  point  at  apex,  on 
short  petioles ;  submersed  leaves  rather  few,  oblong-elliptical,  acute  at  each  end, 
usualli/  ample  (largest  8'  by  1^')  ;  stipules  coarse,  obtuse,  strongly  bicarinate 
(2' long) ;  peduncles  often  clustered  at  the  summit  (2-4'  long),  thickening 
upward;  //-h/^  round ish-obovate  {\%-2"  long),  3-keeled  on  the  back,  middle 
keel  prominent ;  nutlet  flattened  and  slightly  impressed  on  the  sides,  obtuse 
or  pointed  at  base ;  apex  of  embryo  directed  transversely  inward.  —  Streams 
and  ditclies,  western  N.  Y.  to  111.,  Iowa,  and  Minn.     Very  near  the  last. 

13.  P.  heterophyilus,  Schreb.  Stem  slender,  very  branching  below; 
floating  leaves  mostly  thin,  variable,  but  with  a  short  blunt  point,  9  -  15-nerved, 
usually  1  -  2'  long  and  G  -  9"  wide ;  submersed  ones  usually  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  about  7-nerved 
on  the  stem  and  3-nervcd  on  tlie  branches;  upper  ones  petioled,  lower  sessile  ; 
stipules  obtuse,  loo.sc;  peduncles  somewhat  thickened  upward;  fruit  small, 
roundish,  compres.scd,  scarcely  keeled  ;  embryo  annular  above.  (P.  gramineus. 
Fries.)  —  Still  or  flowing  water,  common*  Varies  exceedingly  in  its  sub- 
mersed leaves,  peduncles,  etc.;  the  var.  gramixifolius  (Fries),  growing  in 
rapid  streams,  with  stems  much  elongated  and  less  brauclicd,  and  the  flaccid 
submersed  leaves  2-7'  long  by  2-  10"  wide. 

Var.  (?)  myriophyllus,  Kobbins.  Sending  up  from  runnuig  rootstocks 
many  short  repeatedly  dichotomous  and  densely  leafy  stems;  fertile  stems 
very  slender;  floating  leaves  small,  delicate,  lance-oblong,  on  long  filiform 
petioles;  submersed  stem-leaves  larger,  early  perishing;  those  of  the  branches 
(deep-green)  linear-oblanceolate,  very  small  {\-V  long),  acute,  sometimes 
minutely  serrulate;  spike  slender,  loosely-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the 
thickened  peduncle.  —  Apponaug  JL'ond,  R.  I.,  without  fruit. 

13*.  P.  Zizii,  Mert.  &  Koch.  Resembling  P.  lucens,  but  smaller,  much 
branched  at  base;  upper  leaves  coriaceous  or  subcoriaccous,  long-petiolcd  and 
sometimes  emersed,  the  others  subsessile,  all  usually  numerous,  undulate  and 
shining ;  peduncle  elongated.  (P.  lucens,  var.  minor,  Nolle.  Also  P.  gramin- 
eus, var.  (?)  spathulaeformis,  A'o66;>K<j ;  P.  spathseformis,  Tuckerm. ;  "P.  vari- 

36 


562  NAIADACE^.        (PONDAVEED    FAMILY). 

ans,  Morong.")  — N.  Eng  to  Fla.,  and  west-ward.     Connecting  with  the  next 
section.     (Eu  ) 

§  2.  Leaves  all  submersed  and  similar,  mostli/  sessile,  membranaceous  and  di- 
lated, lanceolate,  oblong,  or  oval;  stipules  obtuse,  becoming  loose. 

14.  P.  lucens,  L.  Stem  thick,  branching,  sometimes  very  large ;  leaves 
more  or  less  petioled,  oval  or  lanceolate,  m?<c/-o/}a^e,  often  rough-serrulate, /?'e- 
quentltj  shining ;  peduncles  often  elongated ;  fruit  roundish  and  compressed, 
with  obtuse  margins,  slightly  keeled;  embryo  circularly  incurved  above. — 
Ponds,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  the  Pacific.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Eu.) 

Var.  (?)  Connecticutensis,  Bobbins.  Stem  flexuous  ;  leaves  all  sub- 
mersed, nearly  sessile,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  crisped,  not  shining  nor  serrulate ; 
fruit  larger,  distinctly  keeled ;  nutlet  thick  and  hard.  —  Lake  Saltonstall,  East 
Haven,  Conn. 

15.  P.  prselongUS,  Wulf.  Stem  very  long,  branching,  flexuous;  leaves 
lance-oblong  or  lanceolate  (sometimes  7'  long),  half-clasping ,  obtuse  with  a  boat- 
shaped  cavity  at  the  extremity,  thence  splitting  on  pressure;  stipules  scarious, 
very  obtuse ;  spikes  rather  loose-flowered ;  peduncles  very  long  (sometimes 
reaching  20') ;  fruit  obliquely  obovate,  compressed,  sharply  keeled  when  dry ; 
style  terminating  the  nearly  straight  face ;  curve  of  the  embryo  oval  and  lon- 
gitudinal. —  Ponds  and  large  rivers,  N.  Scotia  to  Mass.,  west  to  Minn,  and 
Iowa.     Sept.,  ( )ct.  —  Stem  white ;  foliage  bright  green.     (Eu.) 

16.  P.  perfoliatus,  L.  Stem  branching;  leaves  orbicidar,  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late from  a  cordate-clasping  base,  usually  obtuse  and  often  minutely  serrulate; 
peduncles  short,  cylindrical;  fruit  irregularly  obovate,  obtusely  margined; 
embryo  incurved  in  an  oval.  —  Ponds  and  slow  streams,  common.  N.  Scotia 
to  Fla.,  Avest  to  Minn,  and  Iowa.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Eu.) 

Var.  lanceolatus,  Eobbins.  Larger;  leaves  long-lanceolate  from  a  cor- 
date-clasping base  and  acuminate,  wavy,  3-4^'  long;  peduncles  thickened  up' 
w  ird.  —  Same  range  as  the  species,  and  extending  west  to  the  Pacific. 

17.  P.  crispus,  L.  Stem  compressed ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  ha.U-dsi&ip'mg, 
obtuse,  serrulate,  crisped-icavy,  3-nerved ;  fruit  long-beaked ;  upper  portion  of  the 
embryo  incurved  in  a  large  circle.  —  Flowing  and  stagnant  waters,  Mass.  to 
N.  J.  and  Ya.,  west  to  western  N.  Y.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

18.  P.  Mystieus,  ^Nlorong.  Stem,  very  slender  and  irregularly  branching, 
nearly  filiform  (1  -3°  high) ;  leaves  oblong-linear  {^-\V  long  by  2  -3"  wide), 
5-7-u(iTved,fnely  undulate  and  entire,  obtuse  or  bluntly  pointed,  abruptly  nar- 
rowing at  base,  sessile  or  partly  clasping ;  spikes  few,  capitate  (4-6-flowered), 
on  erect  peduncles  (1-2'  long) ;  fruit  (immature)  obovate,  small  (hardly  f" 
1  )ng),  obscurely  3-keeled  on  the  back,  a  little  beaked  by  the  slender  recurved 
style.  —  Mystic  Pond,  Medford,  Mass. 

§  3.   Leaves  all  submersed  and  similar,  mostly  membranaceous  and  sessile,  linear 

or  setaceous. 
*  Stipules  free  from  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf 

19.  P.  ZOSteraefolius,  Schum.  Stem  branching,  iving-flattened ;  leaves 
linear  and  grass-like  (commonly  4'  by  1|"),  abruptly  pointed,  ivith  many  fine 
and  3  larger  nerves;  stipules  (seen  young)  oblong,  very  obtuse;  spikes  cylin- 
drical, 12-  15-flowered,  not  half  as  long  as  the  peduncle  ;  fruit  obliquely  obovate, 
somewhat  keeled  and  with  slight  teeth  on  the  back,  the  sides  not  impressed, 


NAIADACE.E.        (PONDWEi:i>    FAMILY. )  563 

the  face  arcliing  ami  terminated  by  the  short  st}  le  ;  snininit  of  the  large  embn/o 
li/inrj  transverse  to  the  fruit.  (P.  compressus,  Fries  ;  not  L.f)  — Still  and  slow- 
flowing  waters,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  Iowa,  and  Minn.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Ku.) 

-0.  P.  Hillii,  Morong.  Stem  slender,  tr/c/e/y  branr.hin(j,Jinttish;  leaves 
linear,  (iciUe  (1  -:2^'  long  by  i-  1  i"  wide),  S-iierced,  the  lateral  nerves  delicate 
and  near  the  margin  ;  stipules  whitish,  striate,  obtuse  (3  -  5"  long)  ;  spikes 
capitate  (3- 6-fruited),  on  short  spreading  or  recurved  peduncles;  fruit  as  in 
the  last.  —  Mirli.  and  western  N.  V. 

21.  P.  obtusifdlius,  Mortens  &  Koch.  Stem  flattened,  vcrij  hranchiug ; 
leaves  linear,  tapering  toward  the  base,  obtuse  and  mucronate  or  very  acute, 
3-  (rarely  5-)  nerved;  stipules  elongated,  yery  obtuse;  spike  ovate,  continuous, 
5  -  S-tiowered,  about  the  length  of  the  peduncle ;  fruit  oval,  apiculate  with  the 
style,  uot  keeled  when  iresh,  upper  portion  of  embryo  coWed  inward  and  lying 
transverse  to  the  fruit: —  Slow  streams  and  ponds,  Canada  and  X.  Eng.  to  west- 
ern N.  Y.  and  Mich.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Eu.) 

22.  P.  pauciflorus,  Pursh.  Stem  flUformJhittish  and  very  branching; 
leaves  narroa-ly  linear  (1-2'  long  and  seldom  4"  wide),  acute,  obscurely  3- 
nerved ;  stipules  obtuse;  spikes  capitate,  1-4-  {usually  2-)  flowered,  on  short 
club-shaped  peduncles ;  fruit  roundish-lenticular ;  the  back  more  or  less  crested ; 
upper  portion  of  the  embryo  incurved  in  a  circle.  —  Still  or  stagnant  waters, 
N.  Brunswick  to  Ga.,  Iowa,  Minn.,  and  westward. 

Var.  !N"iagar6nsis,  Gray.  Stem  often  longer  (1  -  3°) ;  leaves  larger  ( 1^  - 
3y  long  by  1"  wide  or  less),  3-.'>nerved  at  base,  very  acute  and  mucronate, 
narrowed  to  the  subpetiolate  base.  (P.  Niagarcnsis,  Tuckerm.)  —  Running 
water.  Great  Lakes  to  S.  C. ;  also  in  Cal. 

23.  P.  pusillus,  L.  Stem  slender,  flattish  or  nearly  cylindrical,  often  very 
branching;  lea  res  iiarrow-  or  setaceous-linear,  acuminate,  acute  or  subacute,  1  - 
3-nerved,  furnished  with  translucent  glands  on  each  side  at  the  base  ;  stipules  at 
first  obtuse ;  spikes  interrupted  or  capitate,  2  -  8-flowered,  on  rather  long  pe- 
duncles ;  fruit  obliquely  elliptical,  scarcely  keeled ;  apex  of  embryo  incurved  and 
directed  obliquely  downward.  —  Pools  and  ditches,  N.  Scotia  to  N.  J.,  west  to 
Minn,  and  Mo.,  and  westward.  —  Leaves  sometimes  almost  setaceous  (var. 
tenuissimus.  Knrh). 

y-cXT.  poly  phallus,  Morong.  Dwarf  form  (3  -  5'  high),  divaricately  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  very  leafy  throughout;  leaves  very  obtuse,  not  cuspidate, 
3-nerved  ;  non-flowering  but  abundantly  provided  with  propagating  buds  which 
are  formed  on  the  thickened  and  hardened  ends  of  the  branches  and  closely 
invested  by  imbricated  leaves.  —  In  a  shallow  pool,  S.  Natick,  Mass. 

24.  P.  mucron^tUS,  Schrad.  Resembling  V.  pusillus,  but  stem  less 
branching;  leaves  hroadrr  (almost  1"  wide),  o/?r//  ry-nerved ;  sj)ikes  interrupted. 
(P.  pusillus,  var.  major,  Fries.)  —  N.  Brunswick  to  western  N.  Y.,  ^lich.,  and 
Minn.     July.     (Eu.) 

25.  P,  gemmiparus,  Bobbins.  Stem  filiform,  branching,  terete,  varying 
greatly  in  lieiglit ;  Icarcs  hair-like,  sometimes  not  as  broad  :is  the  stem,  often 
witli  no  apparent  midrib,  tapering  to  the  flue st  point  (1  -  3'  long),  bi-glandular  at 
base;  stipules  \-V  long;  spikes  few  (3-6-flowcred),  interrupted,  on  long  fili- 
form peduncles;  propagating  buds  very  numerous  ;  fruit  like  that  of  P.  pusillus, 
very  rare.  (P.  pusillus,  var.  1  gemmiparus,  Rubbins.) — Slow-moving  streams 
and  still  water,  Mass.     Auc..  JSept. 


564  NAIADACE^.        (PONDWEED    FAMILY.) 

26.  P.  Tuckermani,  Eobbins.  Very  slender  and  delicate  from  a  creeping 
rootstuck,  of  a  fiue  light  green ;  stem  filiform  with  several  short  and  repeatedly 
dichotomous  leaf-bearing  branches ;  leaves  thin  and  flat,  but  setaceous  and  ta- 
pering to  near  the  fineness  of  a  hair  (1-4'  long  and  Y'  extreme  width),  obscurely 
1  -  3-nerved,  with  a  few  coarse  reticulations ;  stipules  rather  persistent  below, 
•1'  long,  obtuse ;  peduncle  solitartj,  very  long,  rather  thickened  upward  ;  spike  4  - 
8-fiowered,  in  fruit  continuous,  oblong ;  fruit  thick-lenticular,  obscurely  3-keeled; 
nutlet  slighdy  impressed  on  the  sides  ;  shell  thick  and  hard ;  embryo  nearly  an- 
nular. —  Cold  ponds.  White  Mountains  of  N.  H.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J. 

*  *  Stipides  united  with  the  sheathiiig  base  of  the  leaf. 

27.  P.  pectinatus,  L.  Stem  filiform,  repeatedly  dichotomous ;  leaves  very 
narrowlt/  linear,  attenuate  to  the  apex,  1 -nerved  with  a  few  transverse  veins; 
spikes  interrupted,  on  long  filiform  peduncles ;  fruit  obliquely  broad-obovate, 
compressed,  bluntly  keeled ;  shell  of  nutlet  very  thick ;  embryo  spirally  incurved. 
—  N.  Brunswick  to  Fla.,  westward  across  the  continent.     Aug. -Oct.     (Eu.) 

28.  P.  marinus,  L.  Resembling  narrow-leaved  forms  of  the  last  species, 
low  and  very  leafy ;  peduncles  much  elongSited;  fruit  much  smaller  (r'loug) 
and  thinner,  round-obovate,  not  keeled  upon  the  rounded  back,  tipped  with  the 
broad  sessile  stigma ;  embryo  annular.  —  Western  N.  Y.,  111.,  Mich.,  and  south- 
ward. Probably  the  range  of  this  species  is  much  more  extensive  than  indi- 
cated, as  it  has  been  confounded  with  P.  pectinatus. 

29.  P.  Robbinsii,  Oakes.  Stem  ascending  from  a  creeping  base,  rigid, 
very  branching,  invested  by  the  bases  of  the  leaves  and  stipules;  leaves  crowded 
in  two  ranks,  recurved-spreading,  narrow-lanceolate  or  linear  (3-5'  long  and  2- 
3"  wide),  acuminate,  ciliate-serrulate  with  translucent  teeth,  many-nerved ;  stip- 
ules obtuse  when  young,  their  nerves  soon  becoming  bristles;  spikes  numer- 
ous, loosely  few-fiowered,  on  short  peduncles;  fruit  oldong-obovate  (2"  long), 
keeled  with  a  broadish  wing,  acutely  beaked ;  embryo  stout,  ovally  annular.  — 
In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  N.  Brunswick  to  N.  J.,  the  N.  shore  of  L.  Superior, 
and  far  westward. 

4.     R  IIP  PI  A,     L.        Ditch-grass. 

Flowers  perfect,  2  or  more  approximated  on  a  slender  spadix,  which  is  at 
first  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  spathe-like  base  of  a  leaf,  entirely  destitute  of 
floral  envelopes,  consisting  of  2  sessile  stamens,  each  with  2  large  and  separate 
anther-cells,  and  4  small  sessile  ovaries,  with  solitary  campy lotropous  suspended 
ovules ;  stigma  sessile,  depressed.  Fruit  small  obliquely  ovate  pointed  drupes, 
each  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  which  appears  after  flowering ;  the  spadix  itself 
also  then  raised  on  an  elongated  thread-form  peduncle.  Embryo  ovoid,  with  a 
short  and  pointed  plumule  from  the  upper  end,  by  the  side  of  the  short  cotyle- 
don.—  Marine  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  long  and  thread-like  forking 
stems,  and  slender  almost  capillary  alternate  leaves,  sheathing  at  the  base. 
Flowers  rising  to  the  surface  at  the  time  of  expansion.  (Dedicated  to  //.  B. 
Ruppius,  a  German  botanical  author  of  the  early  part  of  the  18th  century.) 

1.  R.  maritima,  L.  Leaves  linear-capillary ;  nut  ovate,  obliquely  erect, 
H"  long;  fruiting  peduncles  capillary  (3-6'  long);  stipes  1-12"  long. — 
Shallow  bays,  along  the  entire  coast ;  also  occasionally  in  saline  places  in  the 
interior.     (Eu.,  Asia,  etc.) 


NAIADACE.I-:.        (l'(>Nl>Wi:i:i)    FAMILY.)  56j 

5.     ZANNICHELLIA,     Michdi.        IIoknkd  Povdweed. 

Flowers  monoecious,  sessile,  naked,  usually  hoth  kinds  from  the  same  axil ; 
the  sterile  consisting  of  a  single  stamen,  with  a  slender  filament  bearing  a  2- 
4-collcd  anther;  the  fertile  of  2-5  (usually  4)  sessile  pistils  in  the  same  cup- 
sliaped  involucre,  forming  oblitjuely  ohlong  nutlets  in  fruit,  heaked  with  a  short 
style,  which  is  tipped  l>y  an  oldi(iuely  disk-shaped  or  somewhat  2-lohed  stigma. 
Seed  orthotropous,  suspended,  straight.  Cotyledon  taper,  bent  and  coiled. — 
Slender  branciiing  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  mostly  opposite  long  and 
linear  thread-form  entire  leaves,  and  slieatliing  membranous  sti{)ules.  (Named 
in  honor  of  Zdnnichelli,  a  Venetian  botanist.) 

1.  Z.  pallistris,  L.  Style  at  le;ist  half  as  long  as  the  fruit,  which  is  flat- 
tish,  somewhat  incurved,  even,  or  occasionally  more  or  less  toothed  on  the  back 
(not  wing-margined  in  our  plant),  nearly  sessile ;  or,  in  var.  peduncuiAta, 
both  tlie  cluster  and  the  separate  fruits  evidently  peduncled.  —  Ponds  and  slow 
streams,  throughout  N.  America,  but  not  common.     July.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

6.     ZOSTER  A,     L.        Guass-wuack.     Eel-grass. 

Flowers  monan-ious;  the  two  kinds  naked  and  sessile  and  alternately  ar- 
ranged in  two  rows  on  the  midrib  of  one  side  of  a  linear  leaf-like  spadix,  which 
is  hidden  in  a  long  and  slieath-like  base  of  a  leaf  (spathe) ;  the  sterile  flowers 
consisting  of  single  ovate  or  oval  I -celled  sessile  anthers,  as  large  as  the  ovaries, 
and  containing  a  tuft  of  threads  in  place  of  ordinary  pollen ;  the  fertile  of  single 
ovate-oblong  ovaries  attaclied  near  their  apex,  tapering  upward  into  an  awl- 
shaped  style,  and  containing  a  pendulous  orthotropous  ovule ;  stigmas  2,  long 
and  bristle-form,  deciduous.  Utricle  bursting  irregularly,  enclosing  an  oblong 
longitudinally  ribbed  seed  (or  nutlet).  Embryo  short  and  thick  (proper  cotyle- 
don almo.st  obsolete),  with  an  open  chink  or  cleft  its  whole  length,  from  which 
protrudes  a  doubly  curved  slender  plunmle.  —  Grass-like  marine  herbs,  grow- 
ing wholly  under  water,  from  a  jointed  creeping  stem  or  rootstock,  sheathed 
by  the  bases  of  the  very  long  and  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  grass-like,  ribbon-shaped 
leaves  (whence  the  name,  from  (uiar-np,  a  band). 

1.  Z.  raarina,  L.  Leaves  obscurely  3-5-uerved.  —Common  in  shoal 
water  of  bays  along  the  coast,  from  Newf.  to  Fla.     (Eu.) 

7.     NAIAS,    L.        Nalvd. 

Flowers  dicecious  or  mona'cious,  axillary,  solitary  and  .sessile;  the  sterile 
consisting  of  a  single  stamen  enclosed  in  a  little  meml)ranous  spathe  ;  anther  at 
first  nearly  sessile,  the  filament  at  length  elongateil.  Fertile  flowers  consisting 
of  a  single  ovary  tapering  into  a  sliort  style  ;  stigmas  2-4,  awl-shaped  ;  ovule 
erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  little  seed-like  nutlet,  enclosed  in  a  loose  and  separ- 
able membranous  epicarp.  Embryo  straight,  the  radicular  end  downward. — 
Slender  branching  herbs,  growing  under  water,  with  opposite  and  linear  leaves, 
somewhat  crowded  into  whorls,  spinulose-toothed,  sessile  and  dilated  at  base. 
Flowers  very  small,  solitary,  but  often  clustered  with  the  branch-leaves  in  the 
axils;  in  summer.     {^ aids,  a  uater-ni/mph.) 

1.  N.  marinE,  E.  Stnn  rather  stout  and  o/ieiionned  irithhroad  prick/fs; 
leaves  bmadli/  linear  (3  -  18"  long),  coarseli/and  sharpli/  toothed,  the  dilated  base 
entire;  fru^t  2-2^"  long;  seed  ver;/  Jinely  Hneate.  oft/on^r,  slightly  compressed. 


566  NAIADACEiE.        (POXDWEED    FAMILY.) 

(N.  major,  All.)  —  Marshes  aud  salt-springs  of  western  N.  Y.  and  Mich.  Teeth 
of  one  or  more  brownish  cells  upon  a  many-celled  base.     (Eu.) 

Var.  gracilis,  Morong.  Internodes  long  (1-3')  and  nearly  naked,  with 
only  a  few  teeth  above ;  leaves  very  narrow,  the  dilated  base  also  toothed ; 
fruit  smaller.  —  Canoga  marshes,  western  N.  Y. ;  also  in  Fla. 

Var.  recurvata,  Dudley.  Stems  short,  inclined  to  be  dichotomously 
branched,  recurved-spreading ;  leaves  usually  recurved,  the  teeth  prominent, 
the  dilated  base  with  a  projecting  tooth  each  side.  —  Cayuga  marshes,  N.  Y. 

2.  N.  flexilis,  Rostk.  &  Schmidt.  Steins  usuallt/  very  slender;  leaves 
very  narrowly  linear  (i-1'  long),  very  minutely  serrulate;  fruit  1^"  long, 
narrowly  oblong;  seeds  lance-oval,  smooth  and  shining.  —  Ponds  and  slow 
streams,  N.  Scotia  to  S.  C,  Iowa  and  Minn.  Teeth  on  the  margins  of  the 
leaves  1-celled.  (Eu.) — Var.  robusta,  Morong.  Stem  stout,  few-leaved, 
sparsely  branching,  elongated;  leaves  flat,  abruptly  acute.  —  E.  Mass.,  ]Mich., 
and  Tex. 

3.  N.  Indica,  Cham.,  var.  graclllima,  A.  Br.  Branches  alternate ; 
leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  nearly  capillary,  straight,  serrate,  the  rounded  lobes 
of  the  sheathing  base  spinulose-ciliate ;  fruit  linear,  impressed-dotted  between  the 
numerous  ribs.  —  Mass-  to  Penn.,  west  to  Ind.  and  Mo.     Teeth  of  3  cells  each. 

Order  127.     ERIOCAUIiE.gE.     (Pipewort  Family.) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  stemless  or  short-slemmed,  icith  a  tuft  of  fibrous 
roo!.-t,  a  cluster  of  linear  and  often  loosely  cellular  grass-like  leaves,  and 
naked  scapes  sheathed  at  the  base,  bearing  dense  heads  of  monoecious  or 
rarely  dioecious  small  2 -"i-merous  flowers,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scarious 
bract;  the  perianth  double  or  rarely  simple,  chaffy;  anthers  introrse;  the 
fruit  a  2-d-celled  2 -S-seeded  capsule ;  seeds  pendulous,  orthotropous ; 
embryo  at  the  apex  of  mealy  albumen.  —  Chiefly  tropical  plants,  a  few 
in  northern  temperate  regions. 

1.  !Eriocaulon«     Perianth  double,  the  inner  (corolla)  tubular-funnel-form  in  the  staminate 

flowers  ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes  (4:).     Anthers  2-celled. 

2.  Psepalanthus.     Perianth  as  in  the  last ;  stamens  only  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  (3). 

Anthers  2-celled. 

3.  Lachnocaulon.      Perianth  simple,  of  3  sepals.      Stamens  3,  monadelphous  below. 

Anthers  1-celled. 

1.     ERIOCAULON,     L.         Pipewort. 

Flowers  monoecious  and  androgynous,  i.  e.  both  kinds  in  the  same  head,  either 
intermixed,  or  the  central  ones  sterile  and  the  exterior  fertile,  rarely  dioecious. 
Ster.  FL  Calyx  of  2  or  3  keeled  or  boat-shaped  sepals,  usually  spatulate  or 
dilated  upward.  Corolla  tubular,  2  -  3-lobed,  each  of  the  lobes  bearing  a  black 
gland  or  spot.  Stamens  twice  as  many,  one  inserted  at  the  base  of  each  lobe 
and  one  in  each  sinus ;  anthers  2-celled.  Pistils  rudimentary.  Fert.  FL  Calyx 
as  in  the  sterile  flowers,  often  remote  from  the  rest  of  the  flower  (therefore  per- 
haps to  be  viewed  as  a  pair  of  bractlets).  Corolla  of  2  or  3  separate  narrow 
petals.  Stamens  none.  Ovary  often  stalked,  2  -  3-lobed,  2  -  3-celled ;  style  1 ; 
stigmas  2  or  3,  slender.  Capsule  membranaceous,  loculicidal.  —  Leaves  mostly 
smooth,  loosely  cellular  aud  pellucid,  flat  or  concave  above.     Scapes  or  pedun- 


CYPEHACK/E.       (SEDCE    FAMILY.)  oGT 

ties  terminated  by  a  single  head,  involucrate  by  some  outer  empty  bracts. 
Flowers,  also  the  tips  of  the  bracts,  etc.,  usually  white-bcanled  or  woolly. 
(Name  compounded  of  epioy,  wool,  and  Kav\6s,  a  sUdk,  fronx  the  wool  at  the 
base  of  the  scape.)  —  Our  species  ax"e  all  steniless,  wholly  glabrous  excepting 
at  the  base  and  the  flowers,  with  a  depressed  head  and  dimerous  flowers. 

1.  E.  decangul^re,  L.  Z.crt?cs  o6/Mse,  varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to 
linear-awl-shapod,  rather  rigid;  scapes  10-  12-ribbed  (1  -3°  high) ;  head  hemi- 
spherical, becoming  globular  (2-7"  wide);  scales  of  the  involucre  acutish, 
straw-color  or  light  brown;  c/ia Jf  {hrncts  among  the  flowers)  pointed.  —  Pine- 
barron  swamps,  X.  .1.  to  Fla.     ,July-Sopt. 

2.  E.  gnaphalbdes,  Miclix.  Lcdi-cs  spi-eadinrj  (2-5'  long),  grasstz-awl- 
shaped,  rigid,  or  when  submersed  thin  and  pellucid,  tapering  gradually  to  a 
sharp  point,  mostly  shorter  than  the  sheath  of  the  lO-ribhed  scape;  scales  of 
the  involucre  very  obtuse,  turning  lead-color;  chaff  obtuse. —  Pine-barren 
swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

3.  E.  septangul^re,  Withering.  Leaves  short  (\- 3' long),  awl-shaped, 
pellucid,  soft  and  very  cellular;  scaj)e  4-7-striate,  slender,  2-6'  high,  or  when 
submersed  becoming  1 -6°  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water;  chaff 
acuttsh  ;  head  2-3"  broad;  the  bracts,  chaff,  etc.,  lead-color,  except  the  white 
coarse  beard.  —  In  ponds  or  along  their  borders,  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Ind., 
Mich.,  and  Minn.     July,  Aug.     (Eu.) 

2.     P^PALANTHUS,     Martins. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  (often  involute)  lobes  of  the  funnel-form  corolla  of 
the  sterile  flowers,  and  opposite  them,  commonly  3,  and  the  flower  ternary 
throughout.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Eriocaulon.  (Name  from  -naiirdK-n,  dust 
or  flour,  and  6.vdos,  flower,  from  the  meal-like  down  or  scurf  of  the  heads  and 
flowers  of  many  South  American  species.) 

1.  P.  flavidulus,  Kunth.  Tufted,  stemless ;  leaves  bristle-awl-shaped 
(!'  long);  .scapes  very  slender,  simple,  minutely  pubescent  (6-12'  high),  5- 
angled ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  pale  straw-color,  those  among  the  flow- 
ers mostly  ol)solete ;  perianth  glabrous ;  sepals  and  petals  of  the  fertile  flowers 
linear-lanceolate,  scarious-white.  —  Low  pine-barrens,  S.  Va.  to  Fla. 

3.     LACHNOCAIJLON,     Kunth.        ILuuv  Pipi-wort. 

Flowers  monoecious,  etc.,  as  in  Eriocaulon.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla  none ! 
Ster.  Fl.  Stamens  3  ;  filaments  below  coalescent  into  a  club-shaped  tul)e  around 
the  rudiment  of  a  pistil,  al)ove  separate  and  elongated  ;  anthers  1-celled !  Fert. 
Fl.  Ovary  3-celled,  surrounded  by  3  tufts  of  hairs  (in  place  of  a  corolla).  Stig- 
mas 3,  two-deft.  —  Leaves  linear-sword-shaped,  tufted.  Scape  slender,  bearing 
a  single  lioad,  2  -  3-angled,  hairy.     (Name  from  \axvos,  troof,  and  Kav\6s,  stalk.) 

1.   L.  Michauxii,  Kunth.  —  Low  pine-barrens,  V'a.  to  Fla. 

Order  128.     CYPEKACE^.     (Sedge  Family.) 

Grass-lilce  or  7'ii.^h-lilc  herbs,  withflbrous  roots,  mostly  solid  stems  (culms), 
closed  sheaths,  and  spik'cd  chicflij  3-androus  floivers,  one  in  the  axil  of  each 
qfthe  glume-like  imbricated  bracts  (scales,  glumes),  destitute  of  any  perianth, 


r»6S  CYPERACEiE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

or  with  hypogynous  bristles  or  scales  in  its  place;  the  1-celled  ovary  icith  a 
single  erect  anatropous  ovule,  in  fruit  forming  an  achene.  Style  2-cleft 
with  the  fruit  flattened  or  lenticular,  or  3-cleft  and  fruit  3-angular.  Em- 
bryo minute  at  the  base  of  the  somewhat  floury  albumen.  Stem-leaves 
when  present  3-ranked.  —  A  large,  widely  diffused  family. 

I.  Flowers  all  perfect,  rarely  some  of  them  Avith  stamens  or  pistil  abortive ; 

spikes  all  of  one  sort. 
Tribe  I.     SCIKPE^.     ypikelets  mostly  many-flowered,  with  only  1  (rarely  2)  of  the 
lower  scales  empty. 

*  S(;ales  of  the  spikelet  strictly  2-ranked,  conduplicate  and  keeled. 
-»-  Flowers  destitute  of  bristles  and  of  beak  to  the  achene ;  inflorescence  terminal. 
1-  Cyperus.    Spikelets  few -many-flowered,  usually  elongated  or  slender. 

2.  Kyllinga.    Spikelets  1-flowered  (but  of  3  or  4  scales),  glomerate  iu  a  sessile  head. 

H-  H-  Flower  furnished  with  bristles  ;  achene  beaked ;  inflorescence  axillary. 

3.  Dulicliium.    Spikelets  6-10-flowered,  slender,  clustered  on  an  axillary  peduncle. 

*  *  Scales  of  the  several  -  mauy.flowered  spikelet  imbricated  all  round  (subdistichous  in  n.  5). 

•1-  Achene  crowned  with  the  bulbous  persistent  base  of  the  style  (usually  deciduous  iu  n.  7)  ; 

flowers  without  inner  scales  (bractlets). 

++  Hypogynous  bristles  (perianth)  generally  present;  culm  naked. 

4.  Eleocharis.    Spikelet  solitary,  terminating  the  culm.     Stamens  3. 

++  ++  Bristles  always  none  ;  culm  leafy. 

5.  Dichromena.    Spikelets  crowded  into  a  leafy-involucrate  head,  laterally  flattened,  the 

scales  more  or  less  conduplicate  and  keeled.     Many  of  the  flowers  imperfect  or  abortive. 

6.  Psilocarya.    Spikelets  in  broad  open  cymes.     Style  almost  wholly  persistent. 

7.  Fimbristylis.    Spikelets  in  an  involucrate  umbel.     Culm  leafy  at  base.     Style  usually 

wholly  deciduous. 

•t-  •(-  Style  not  bulbous  at  base, 
•w^  Flowers  without  inner  scales,  but  bristles  generally  present. 

8.  Scirpus.     Spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  or  in  a  compound  umbel,  the  stem  often  leafy 

at  base  and  inflorescence  involucrate.    Barbed  bristles  3  -  8  or  none.   Stamens  mostly  3. 

9.  Eriophoruin.    As  Scirpus,  but  the  bristles  naked,  exserted  and  often  silky  in  fruit. 

Stamens  1-3. 

•w-  ++  Flower  with  one  or  more  inner  scales. 
10.  Fiiirena.    Scales  ofthe  spikelet  awned  below  the  apex.    Flower  surrounded  by  3  stalked 
petal-like  scales  alternating  with  3  bristles. 

II.  Hemicarpha.    Flower  with  a  single  very  minute  hyaline  scale  next  the  axis  of  the 

spikelet ;  bristles  none. 

12.  Liipocarpha.    Flower  enclosed  by  2  inner  scales,  one  next  the  axis,  the  other  in  front 

of  the  achene  ;  V)ristles  none. 
Tribe  II.    RHYNCHOSPOREJE.    Spikelets  mostly  1-2-flowered,  with  2-many  of 
the  lower  scales  empty. 

13.  Rliynchospora.    Spikelets  terete  or  flatfish  ;  scales  convex,  either  loosely  enwrapping 

or  regularly  imbricated.     Achene  crowned  with  a  persistent  tubercle  or  beak,  and  com- 
monly surrounded  by  bristles. 

14.  Cladium.    Spikelets  terete,  few-flowered,  the  scales,  etc.,  as  in  the  preceding.    Achene 

destitute  of  tubercle.     No  bristles. 

II.   Flowers  unisexual. 
Tribe  III.    SCL.ERIE.iE.     Flowers  monoecious ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  the 
same  or  in  different  clustered  spikes.     Achene  naked,  bony  or  crustaceous,  supported 
on  a  hardened  disk. 

15.  Scleria.    Spikes  few-flowered;  lower  scales  emptj'.     No  bristles  or  inner  scales. 


(nrKItACK.^-:.        (SKU(iE    FAMILY.)  0G9 

Tribe  IV.    CARICE^^E.     Flowers  monoecious  in  the  same  (amlrogynous)  or  In  separate 

spikes,  or  soinelimes  dioecious.     Achene  enclosed  in  a  sac  (  pcrir/ynium). 
IG.  Carex.     Ilypogynous  bristle  short  and  enclosed  in  the  perigyniuin  or  none. 

1.     CYPERUS,    Tourn.         G.vi.in(;ali:.     (PI.  1.) 

Spikelets  iiiauy  -  few-Howered,  mostly  flat,  varitnusly  arranged,  mostly  iu 
clusters  or  heads,  which  are  commonly  disposed  in  a  simple  or  compound  ter- 
minal umbel.  Scales  2-ranked,  couduplicate  and  keeled  (their  decurrent  base 
below  often  formin«;  margins  or  wings  to  the  hollow  of  the  joint  of  the  axis  next 
below),  deciduous  when  old.  Stamens  1  -3.  No  bristles  or  inner  scales.  Style 
2-3-cleft,  deciduous.  Achene  lenticular  or  triangular,  naked  at  the  apex.  — 
Culms  mostly  triangular,  sim])le,  leafy  at  base,  and  with  one  or  more  leaves  at 
the  summit,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  umbel  or  head.  Peduncles  or 
rays  une(jual,  slieathed  at  base.  All  flowering  in  late  suinmer  or  autumn. 
(KvTrfipo;,t\\e  ancient  name.) 

§  1.    PYCREUS.     Achene  lenticular,  the  edge  turned  to  the  rhachis  ;  spikclet 

Jlattened ,  manij-flowered ;  rhachis  narrow,  not  winged.     Annuals. 

*   ['label  simple  or  capitate,  rarely  slightli/  compound. 

1.  C.  flavescens,  L.  Culms  4-10'  high;  spikelets  5-8"  long;  invo- 
lucre 3-lcaved,  very  unequal ;  spikelets  becoming  linear,  obtuse,  clustered  on 
the  2-4  A-ery  short  rays  (peduncles);  scales  obtuse,  straw-yellow ;  stamens  3; 
achene  shining,  orbicular,  its  superficial  cells  oblong.  —  Low  grounds,  N.  Eng. 
to  Mich.,  111.,  and  southward.     (Ku.,  etc.) 

2.  C.  diandrus,  Torr.  (PI.  l,  fig.  1-4.)  Spikelets  lance-oblong  (3-9"), 
scattered  or  clustered  on  the  2-5  very  short  or  unequal  rays ;  scales  rather  ob- 
tuse, pur  pi  e-l)r  own  on  the  margins  or  nearly  all  over;  stamens  2,  or  sometimes 
3  ;  achene  dull,  oblong-obovale  ;  otherwise  much  like  the  last.  —  Low  grounds, 
common  from  the  Atlantic  to  Minn.,  Ark.,  and  N.  Mex.  —  Var.  castAnets, 
Torr.     Scales  more  firm  and  browner;  with  the  type. 

3.  C.  Nuttallii,  Torr.  Culms  4-12' high;  spikelets  lance-linear,  acute 
and  very  flat  (^-  V  long),  crowded  on  the  few  usually  very  short  (or  some  of 
them  distinct)  rays;  scales  oblong,  i/ellowish-brown,  rather  loose;  stamens  2; 
achene  oblong-rjbovate,  veri/  blunt,  dull.  —  Mostly  in  salt  or  brackish  marshes, 
along  the  coast,  from  Mass.  to  the  Gulf. 

4.  C.  polystkchyus,  Rottb.,  var.  leptostachyus,  Boeckl.  Culms 
very  slender,  G-  15'  high  ;  leaves  and  elongated  involucre  very  narrow;  spike- 
lets few  to  many  on  the  4-8  rays,  linear,  acute,  2  -  9"  long ;  scales  thin,  ovate, 
acute,  closely  imbricated,  pale  brown  ;  stamens  2  ;  achene  linear-oblong  or  clavate, 
short-pointed,  grayish  and  minutely  pitted.  (C.  microdontus,  Torr.)  —  Margins 
of  ponds  and  streams,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

*  *   Umbel  compound. 

5.  C.  flavicomus,  Vahl.  Culm  stout  (1  -3°  higli) ;  leaves  of  the  invo- 
lucre  3-5,  very  long;  sjjikelets  linear  (4-9"  long),  spiked  and  crowded 
on  the  whole  length  of  the  branches  of  the  several-rayed  umbel,  spreading; 
scales  oval,  very  obtuse,  yellowish  and  brownish,  broudli/  svarious-  (whitish-) 
margined;  stamens  3;  achene  obovate,  mucronate,  blackish.  —  Low  grounds, 
Va.  to  Fla. 


570  CYPERACKit:.      (sedge  family.) 

§2.  CYPERUS  proper.  Achene  triangular ;  spikelets  usually  man jj-flowered, 
more  or  less  flattened,  with  cannate  scales,  the  I'hachis  marginless  or  nearly 
so  (winged  in  n.  12). 

*  Stamen  1 ;  spikelets  short  and  small  (l^-  5"  long)  in  globidar  heads,  ovate  or 

linear-oblong,  many-flowered  ;  achene  oblong -obov ate  to  linear. 
^  Low  annuals  ;  involucre  2- 3-leaved ;  heads  few;  scales  pointed. 

6.  C.  aristatUS,  Rottb.  Dwarf  (1-5'  high);  spikelets  chestnut-brown, 
oblong  becoming  /mear,  7 -  13-flo\vered,  iu  1-5  ovate  heads  (sessile  and  clus- 
tered, or  short-peduncled) ;  scales  nerved,  tapering  to  a  long  recurved  point  : 
achene  obloug-obovate,  obtuse.  (C.  inflexus,  Muhl.)  —  Sandy  wet  shores ; 
common.     Sweet  scented  in  dry  ing. 

7.  C.  acuminatus,  Torr.  Slender  (3-12'  high);  spikelets  ovate,  be- 
coming oblong,  16 -30-fluwered,  pale;  scales  obscurely  3-nerved,  short-tipped ; 
achene  oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends.  —  Low  ground,  111.  and  south  westward. 

•t--i-  Tall  perennial  (1  -4°  high) ;  heads  many,  greenish;  scales  pointless. 

8.  C  calcaratUS,  Nees.  Culm  obtusely  triangular ;  leaves  and  involucre 
very  long,  keeled;  umbel  compound,  many-rayed;  spikelets  ovate  (H"  long), 
in  numerous  small  heads  •  achenes  pale,  linear,  on  a  slender  stipe ;  scales  nar- 
row, acutish,  obscurely  3-nervea.  (C.  vireus.  Gran,  in  part;  not  Michx.  C. 
Luzulae,  var.  umbellatus,  Britt.)  —  Wet  places,  Dei.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

*  *  Stamens  3  (2  in  C.  fuscus) ;  spikelets  clustered  on  the  rays  of  a  simple  umbel 

{or  in  a  single  sessile  head) ;  scales  mostly  green  or  greenish  and  many-nerved, 
abruptly  sharp-pointed ;  achene  obovate,  sharply  triangular. 
■i-Low  annuals. 

9.  C.  COmpressus,  L.  Culms  3-9'  high,  with  a  simple  sessile  or  a  few 
umbellate  clusters  of  oblong  to  linear  spikelets  (15-30-flowered  and  3-8" 
long)  with  crowded  strongly  keeled  and  very  acute  pale  scales.  —  Sterile  fields 
along  the  coast,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  adventive  near  Philadelphia. 

C.  Fijscus,  L.  Of  similar  habit;  spikelets  much  smaller  (2-4"  long), 
the  thin  brown  scales  (greenish  only  on  the  keel)  barely  acutish  and  very 
faintly  nerved.  —  Revere  Beach,  Mass.  (Young);  on  ballast  at  Philadelphia. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

-I-  -(-  Perennial,  propagating  from  hard  clustered  conns  or  bulb-like  tubers. 

10.  C.  Schweinitzii,  Torr.  Culm  rough  on  the  angles  (1  -2°  high)  ;  um- 
bel 4  -  8-rayed,  rays  very  unequal,  erect ;  spikelets  loosely  or  somewhat  remotely 
6  -  \2-flowered,  ivith  convex  many-nerved  scales  ;  joints  narrowly  winged.  —  Dry 
sandy  shores  and  ridges,  western  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  Minn,  and  Kan. 

11.  C.  filiculmis,  Vahl.  Culm  slender,  wiry,  often  reclined  (8-15' 
high) ;  leaves  linear  (i-2"  wide)  or  filiform  ;  spikelets  numerous  and  clustered 
in  one  sessile  dense  head,  or  in  1-7  additional  looser  heads  on  spreading  rai/s  of 
an  irregular  nmhel;  joints  of  the  axis  naked;  scales  blunt,  greenish.  —  Dry 
sterile  soil;  common,  especially  southward. 

12.  C.  Grayii,  Torr.  Culm  thread-form,  wiry  (6- 12' high) ;  leaves  al- 
most brisde-shaped,  d\a.nnel\ed  ;  umbel  simple,  A-Q,-rayed;  spikes  5-10  in  a 
loose  head,  spreading ;  joints  of  the  axis  ivinged ;  scales  rather  obtuse,  greenish- 
chestnut-color. —  Barren  sands,  Plymouth,  Mass.,  to  N.  J.,  near  the  coast. 


L 


CYPERACE.t.        (.SKDtii:    lAMII.V.)  671 

§  3.  PAPYRUS.  Stifle  3-cle/l ;  nchene  truingular  ;  stamens  3  ;  spikelcta  mam/n 
/lowered, flattened,  the  carinate  scales  dccurrent  upon  the  rliachis  as  scarwns 
winfjs ;  spikes  in  simple  or  compound  umlw/s. 

*  Winr/s  of  the  rhachis  soon  separatinr/  to  the  base  as  apair  of  free  scales  ;  annual. 

13.  C.  erythrorhizos,  Muhl.  (PI.  l,  fig.  5-8.)  Culm  obtusely  trian- 
gular (3'-3°  higli);  umbel  many-rayed;  involucre  4-5-leave»l,  very  long; 
involucels  bristle-form  ;  spikelets  very  numerous,  crowded  in  oblong  «tr  cylin- 
drical nearly  sessile  heads  or  spikes,  spreading  horizontally,  linear,  Hattish  (3  - 
6"  long),  bright  chestnut-colored  ;  scales  lanceolate,  mucronulate.  —  Alluvial 
banks,  L.  I.  to  Penn.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  southward  ;  also  adventive  in  N.  Eng. 

*  *    Wings   of  the   rhachis  pcrsistentlij  attached ;  perennial  by  slender  running 

root  stocks. 
■i-Achene  round-obovate  ;  scales  mucronate  or  acute,  free  or  spreading. 

14.  C.  Haspan,  L.  Culms  sharply  angled  (1  -  H°  high) ;  leaves  linear, 
often  reduced  to  membranous  sheaths;  umbel  spreading ,  the  Jii  if  or  m  raijs  mostlif 
longer  than  the  2-leaved  involucre  ;  spikelets  narrowly  linear  ;  scales  light  reddish- 
brown,  oblong,  mucronate,  3-nerv('d.  —  Ponds  and  ditches,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

15.  C.  dentatus,  Torr.  (PI.  l,  fig.  9.)  Culms  slender  (1°  high) ;  leaves 
rigid  and  keeled;  umbel  erect,  shorter  than  the  3-4-leaved  involucre;  scales 
reddish-brown,  icith  green  keel,  ovate,  acute,  1-nerved.  —  Sandy  swamps,  N.  Eng. 
and  northern  N.  Y.  to  S.  C.  and  W.  Va.  Spikes  often  abortive  and  changed 
into  leafy  tufts. 

•^-■^Achene  linear  to  oblong  ;  scales  appressed,  pointless  or  nearli/  so. 
++  Perennial  by  tuberiferous  stolons. 

16.  C.  rotundus,  L.  (Nut-Guass.)  Culm  slender  (|-U°  high),  longer 
than  the  leaves;  umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound,  about  equalling  the  in- 
volucre; the  few  rays  each  bearing  4-9  dark  chestnut-purple  12-40-tlowered 
acute  spikelets  (4-9"  long) ;  scales  ovate,  closely  appressed,  nerveless  except  on 
the  keel.  —  Sandy  fields,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  also  adventive  near  Philadel- 
phia and  New  York  city.     (Eu.) 

17.  C.  esculentUS,  L.  Culm  (l -2^°  high)  equalling  the  leaves;  umbel 
often  compound,  4  -  7-rayed,  much  shorter  than  the  long  involucre  ;  spikelets 
numerous,  light  chestnut  or  straw-color,  acutish,  12-30-flowered  (4-7"  long); 
scales  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  narrowly  scarions-margined ,  nerved,  the  acutish  tips 
rather  loose  ;  achene  oblong-obovate.  (C  phymatode.s,  Muhl.)  —  Low  grounds, 
along  rivers,  etc.,  N.  Brunswick  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. ;  spreading  ex- 
tensively by  its  small  nut-like  tubers  and  becoming  a  pest  in  cultivated  grounds. 
H-  -t-  Perennial,  propagating  by  corm-like  tubers  from  the  base  ;  spikelets  narrow, 

acuminate,  often  tereiish  ;  scales  oblong-lanceolate  ;  achene  linear-oblong. 

18.  C.  StrigOSUS,  L.  C^ilm  mostly  stout  (I -3°  high);  most  of  the  rays 
of  the  umbel  elongated  (1  -  5'),  their  slieaths  2-l»ristled  ;  spikelets  5  -  2'^-flowered, 
spreading;  scales  several-nerved,  much  longer  than  the  achene.  —  Damp  or 
fertile  soil,  Canada  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  the  Pacific.  Very  variable 
in  the  number  and  length  of  the  rays  of  the  simj)le  or  compound  umbel,  and  in 
the  size  of  the  spikelets  (2-J-6  or  even  12"  long),  more  or  less  densely  crowded 
on  the  axis. 


572  CYPERACE.*:.      (sedge  family.) 

§4.  DICLtDIUM.  Stifle  3-cleft;  spikelets  narrow,  terete  or  nearlji  so,  few- 
many -flowered,  the  scales  closely  appressed  and  the  broad  wings  of  the  jointed 
rhachis  enclosing  the  triangular  achene. 

19.  C.  specioSUS,  Vahl.  Culm  stout,  mosdy  low  (5-20'  high);  rays  of 
the  simple  or  compound  umbel  mostly  all  short  and  crowded ;  spikelets  10-20- 
flowered,  yellowish-broivn  at  maturity  (3-7"  long),  the  short  joints  of  its  axis 
winged  with  very  broad  scaly  margins  which  embrace  the  ovate  triangular 
achene;  the  scales  ovate,  obtusish,  imbricately  overlapping.  (C.  Michauxianus, 
Gray,  Manual ;  not  Schultes. )  —  Low  grounds  and  sandy  banks,  N.  Eng.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex. 

20.  C.  Engelmanni,  Steud.  Kesembles  n.  19;  but  the  spikelets  more 
slender  and  terete,  somewhat  remotely  5-lo-flowered,  the  zigzag  joints  of  the 
axis  slender  and  narrowly  winged,  and  the  oblong  or  oval  broadly  scarious  scales 
proportionally  shorter,  so  as  to  expose  a  part  of  the  axis  of  each  joint,  the  succes- 
sive scales  not  reaching  the  base  of  the  one  above  on  the  same  side ;  achene  oblong- 
linear,  very  small.  —  Low  grounds,  Mass.  to  Wise,  and  southward. 

§5.  MARISCUS.  Spikelets  \ -4-flowered,  subterete,  usually  in  dense  heads  ; 
scales  appressed,  several-nerved,  the  lower  empty  and  often  persistent  after 
the  fall  of  the  rest  of  the  spikelet ;  joints  of  the  rhachis  winged,  enclosing  the 
triangular  achene.     Perennial. 

*  Spikelets  slender  and  acuminate,  more  or  less  refracted  in  usually  close  urn- 

belled  spikes. —  Connecting  with  §  4. 

21.  C.  Laneastriensis,  Porter.  Culm  (1-2°  high)  triangular;  leaves 
rather  broadly  linear;  umbel  of  6-9  mostly  elongated  rays;  spikelets  very  nu- 
merous in  short-oblong  close  heads,  soon  reflexed,  of  3  -  6  narrow  scales,  the 
upper  and  lower  empty,  twice  the  length  of  the  linear-oblong  achene,  which 
is  nearly  1"  long.  —  Rich  soil,  Peun.  and  N.  J.  to  Ala. 

22.  C.  retrofractUS,  Torr.  Culm  and  leaves  usually  minutely  downy 
and  rough  on  the  obtusish  augles  (1-3°  high)  ;  umbel  many-rayed;  spikelets 
slender-awl-shaped,  very  numerous  in  obovate  or  oblong  heads  terminating  the 
elongated  rays,  soon  strongly  reflexed,  1  -  2flowered  in  the  middle  (3  -  5"  long) ; 
scales  usually  4  or  5,  the  two  lowest  ovate  and  empty,  the  fertile  lanceolate 
and  pointed,  the  uppermost  involute-awl-shaped;  achene  linear,  1|"  long. — 
Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

23.  C.  refractus,  Engelm.  Culm  1-2°  high ;  rays  usually  more  or  less 
elongated ;  spikelets  very  slender,  in  rather  loose  heads,  divaricate  or  more  or 
less  reflexed,  2-4-flowered ;  achene  linear,  1^"  long.  —  N.  J.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 

*  *  Spikelets  very  short,  blunt,  in  densely  compacted  globose  or  cylindrical  heads. 

24.  C.  OVUl^ris,  Torr.  Culm  sharply  triangular  (6'-2°  high);  umbel 
1  -  6-rayed  ;  spikelets  (.50-100)  in  a  globular  head,  3-flowered,  oblo7ig,  blunt  (1^- 
2"  long) ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  achene.  — 
Sandy  dry  soil,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  west  to  111.,  Ark.,  and  Tex.  —  Var. 
ROBUSTUS,  Boeckl.,  is  a  form  with  large  heads  (4-8"  long),  the  spikelets  3- 
4-flowered.     (C.  Wolfii,  Wood.)  —  JU.  to  Ark.,  and  southward. 

25.  C.  Torr^yi,  Britton.  Like  the  last,  but  the  heads  cylindrical  or  ob- 
long, spikelets  usually  2flowered,  and  achene  linear-oblong.  —  L.  Island  to  Fla., 
west  to  Tex. 


CVI'KUACE^E.        (S1:D(JE    FAMILY.)  573 

2.     KYLLINGA,     Kottbodl.     (I'l.  1.) 

Spikelets  of  3  or  4  two-ranked  scales,  1  -  l^-Howered ;  the  2  lower  scales 
minute  and  empty,  as  in  Cyperus,  §  4,  but  style  oftener  2-(k*ft  and  achene 
lenticular;  spikes  densely  aggregated  in  solitary  or  triple  sessile  heads. — 
Culms  leafy  at  liase ;  involucre  3-leaved.  (Named  after  Peter  Ki/lling,  a  Dan- 
ish botanist  of  the  1 7th  century.) 

1.  K.  pumila,  Michx.  Annual;  culms  2-9'  high;  head  globular  or 
3-lol)cd,  whitisli-green  (about  4"  broad),  spikelets  strictly  1-Howered;  upj)er 
scales  ovate,  pointed,  rough  on  tlie  keel ;  stamens  and  styles  2;  leaves  linear 
—  Low  grounds,  Ohio  to  111.,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Aug. 

3.    DULICHIUM,    Pers.    (PI.  1.) 

Spikelets  many-  (6-  10)  flowered,  linear,  flattened,  sessile  in  2  ranks  on  ax- 
illary solitary  peduncles  emerging  from  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves ;  scales  2- 
ranked,  lanceolate,  decurrent,  forming  flat  wing-like  margins  on  the  joint  below. 
Perianth  of  6  -  9  downwardly  l)arbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft  above. 
Achene  flattened,  linear-oblong,  beaked  with  the  long  jK'rsistent  style.  —  A 
perennial  herb,  with  a  terete  simple  hollow  culm  (1-2°  high),  jointed  and 
leafy  to  the  summit;  leaves  short  and  flat,  linear,  3-ranked.  (An  alteration 
of  Dulckltinum,  an  old  name  for  a  species  of  Cypenis.) 

1.  D.  spath^ceum,  Pers.  —  Borders  of  ponds,  N.  Scotia  to  Fla.,  west  to 
Minn,  and  Tex.     July -Sept. 

4.     ELEdCHARIS,     K.Br.        Spike-Risii.     (PI.  3.) 

Spikelet  single,  terminating  the  naked  culm,  many -several-flowered.  Scales 
imbricated  all  round  in  many  (rarely  in  2  or  3)  ranks.  Perianth  of  3  -  12  (com- 
monly 6)  bristles,  usually  rough  or  barbed  downward,  rarely  obsolete.  Sta- 
mens 2-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  its  bulbous  base  persistent  as  a  tubercle  jointed 
upon  the  apex  of  the  lenticular  or  triangular  achene.  —  Leafless,  chieflv  per- 
ennial, with  tufted  culms  sheathed  at  the  base,  from  matted  or  creeping  root- 
stocks  ;  flowering  in  summer.  (Name  from  6\os,  a  marsh,  and  x«'P'«'.  '<^  delight 
in;  being  marsh  plants.) 

§  1.  Spikelet  terete,  hardlij  if  at  all  thicker  than  the  spongy -cellular  culm  ;  scales 
Jirmlfi  persistent;  style  mostly  3-cleft ;  hristles  6  {rarely  l),Jirm  or  rigid, 
mostly  barbed  downward,  ecjnallingor  surpassing  the  triangular  or  lenticular 
achene. 

*  Spikelet  linear  or  lanceolate-awl-shaped,  few-JJowered ;  scales  (only  3-9)  few- 
ranked,  convolute-clasping  the  long  fattened  joints  of  the  axis,  lanceolate, 
herbaceous  {green)  and  several-nerved  on  the  back,  and  with  thin  scarious 
margins. 

1.  E.  Robbinsii,  Oakes.  Flower-bearing  culms  exactly  triangular,  rather 
stout,  erect  (8'- 2^  liigh),  also  producing  tufts  of  capillary  abortive  stems  or 
fine  leaves,  which  float  in  the  water;  sheath  oblicpiely  truncate;  .spikelet  4- 
10"  long;  achene  oblong-obovate,  triangular,  minutely  reticulated,  about  half 
the  length  of  the  bristles,  tipped  with  a  flattened  awl-shaped  tubercle.  —  Shal- 
low water,  X.  Eng.  to  Fla. 


574  CYPERACE.i:.     (sedge  family.) 

*  *  Spikelet  ci^/indrical,  many-Jlowered,  1  -  2'  long ;  scales  in  several  ranics,  Jinn- 

coriaceous  with  scarioLis  margin, pale,  nerveless  or  faintly  striate  ;  culms  large 
and  stout  (2-4°  high) ;  basal  sheaths  often  leaf  bearing. 

2.  E.  equisetoides,  Torr.  Calm  terete,  knotted  as  if  jointed  bij  many 
cross-partitions ;  achene  smooth  (the  minute  reticulation  transversely  linear- 
rectangular),  with  a  conical-beaked  tubercle.  —  Shallow  water,  R.  I.  to  Fla., 
Avest  to  Mich,  and  Tex. 

3.  E.  quadrangulata,  K.  Br.  (PI.  3,  fig.  6-9.)  Culm  continuous  and 
sharply  A-angled ;  acliene  fnely  reticulated,  with  a  conical  flattened  distinct  tu- 
bercle. —  Shallow  water,  central  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  and  southward ;  rare. 

§  2.  Spikelet  terete  and  turgid-ovate,  much  thicker  than  the  very  slender  culm; 
scales  tliin-coriaceous  or  firm-membranaceous, persistent,  ovate ;  style  3-cleft; 
bristles  stout,  barbed  downward  {or  sometimes  upward),  as  long  as  the  striate 
and  pitled-reticulated  triangular  acliene  and  its  tubercle;  culms  tufted  from 
fibrous  roots,  1-2°  high. 

4.  E.  tuberculosa,  R.  Br.  (PI.  3,  fig.  lO.)  Culms fiattish,  striate ;  spike- 
let 3-6"  long,  many-flowered;  tubercle  fattish-cap-shaped,  as  large  as  the  body 
of  the  acliene.  —  Wet  sandy  soil,  from  Mass.  along  the  coast  to  Fla. 

5.  E.  tortilis,  Schult.  Culms  sharply  triangular, capillary, twistingwhen 
dry;  spikelet  2-3"  long,  few-flowered;  conical-beaked  tubercle  much  smaller 
than  the  achene.     (E.  simplex,  Torr.)  —  Eastern  shore  of  Md.  to  Fla. 

§3.  Spikelets  terete,  much  thicker  than  the  culm,  many-flowered ;  scales  imbri- 
cated in  many  or  more  than  3  ranks,  thin-membranaceous  or  scarious,  with  a 
thicker  midrib,  usually  brownish  or  purplish,  sometimes  deciduous. 

*  Style  2-cleft  {often  3-cleft  in  n.  7  and  10)  and  the  smooth  achene  lenticular: 

culms  slender  or  thread-form,  terete  or  compressed. 

+- Annuals  ;  culms  tufted,  from  fbrous  roots. 

6.  E.  capitata,  R.  Br.  Culms  terete,  :^-8'  high  or  more ;  spikelets  ovate 
to  oblong  (1-3"  long),  obtuse,  15-40-flowered;  scales  thickish,  vound-oySLte,  ob- 
tuse, brown  or  brownish  with  green  keel  and  paler  margins ;  stamens  2 ;  achene 
obovate,  black,  about  equalling  the  6-8  bristles,  tipped  with  a  flattened  or  sau- 
cer-shaped tubercle.  ( E.  dispar,  E.  J.  Hill.)  —  In  sand  or  gravel  near  sloughs, 
Md.  {Canby)  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  N.  Ind.  {Hill).     (S.  Am.,  etc.) 

7.  E.  OVata,  R.  Br.  Culms  nearly  terete,  8- 14' high;  spikelet  globose- 
ovoid  to  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  1  -  6"  long  (dull  brown) ;  scales  very  obtuse,  densely 
crowded  in  many  ranks;  style  3-  (rarely  2-)  cleft ;  achene  obovate  with  narrow 
base,  pale-brownish,  shining,  shorter  than  the  6-8  bristles,  broader  than  the 
short-deltoid,  acute  and  flattened  tubercle.  (E.  obtuSa,  Schult.)  —  Muddy  places, 
N.  Brunswick  to  Minn.,  south  and  Avestward.  Variable  as  to  the  length  of  its 
bristles.  A  low  form,  with  smaller  and  more  narrowly  obovate  achenes,  and 
the  bristles  very  short  or  none,  is  E.  diandra,  Wright.  A  dwarf  form  occurs 
with  very  small  and  few-flowered  heads.     (Eu.) 

8.  E.  Engelmanni,  Steud.  Like  the  last;  spikelets  usually  narrowly 
cylindrical  and  acute  or  acutish,  2  -  8"  long  ;  achene  broad  and  truncate,  the 
tubercle  covering  the  summit ;  bristles  not  exceeding  the  achene.  (E.  obtusa, 
var.  detonsa,  Gray.)  —  Mass.  to  Peun.  and  Mo. 


CYPERACEiE.        (SKDGK    FAMII.Y.)  575 

H-  •*-  Perennials,  with  running  rootstocks. 

9.  E.  Oliv&cea,  Torr.  (PI.  2,  fig.  1  -  5.)  Culms  flattish,  grooved,  dif- 
fusely tufted  on  slender  matted  rootstocks  (2-4'  high)  ;  spikelet  ovate,  acutish, 
2Q -SO- flowered ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  rather  loosely  imbricated  (])urple  with  a 
green  midrib  and  slightly  scarious  margins)  ;  achene  obovate,  dull,  abruptly 
beaked  with  a  narrow  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  6-8  bristles.  —  Wet,  sandy 
soil,  Mass.  to  N.  C,  and  western  N.  Y. 

10.  E.  palustris,  H.  Br.  Culms  nearly  terete,  striate,  1  -  5°  high  ;  sjiikekt 
obhwfj-lanreolate,  pointed,  in(nii/-Jloivered  ;  scales  ovate-oblonrj,  loosely  imbricated, 
reddish-brown  with  a  broad  and  translucent  whitish  margin  and  a  greenisli 
keel,  the  upper  acutish,  tlie  lowest  rounded  and  often  enlarged  ;  achene  rather 
narrowly  obovate,  somew^hat  siiining,  crowned  with  a  short  ovate  or  ovate-tri- 
angular flattened  tul)ercle,  shorter  than  the  usualli/  4  bristles. —  Very  common, 
either  in  water,  when  it  is  pretty  stout  and  tall,  or  in  wet  grassy  grounds, 
when  it  is  slender  and  lower.  (Eu.,  Asia.)  —  Var.  glaucescens.  Gray.  Culms 
slender  or  filiform  ;  tubercle  narrower,  acute,  beak-like,  sometimes  half  as  long 
as  the  achene.  With  the  type.  —  Var.  cAlva,  Gray.  Bristles  none ;  tubercle 
short,  but  narrower  than  in  the  type.  —  Var.  vioENS,  L.  H.  Bailey.  Culms 
very  stout,  rigid ;  achene  more  broadly  obovoid.  Lake  Champlaiu  and  along 
the  Great  Lakes  to  Minn. 

*  *  Achene  triangular  or  turgid ;  style  3<left 
t-  Bristles  at  least  equalling  the  smoo'h  achene,  doivnwardly  barbed,  persistent. 

11.  E.  rostellata,  Torr.  Cidmsjlattened  and  striate-grooved,  why,  erect 
(1  -2|°  high),  the  sterile  ones  reclining,  rooting  and  proliferous  from  the  apex 
(1  -  2°  high),  the  sheath  transversely  truncate ;  spikelet  spindle-shaped,  12-20- 
flowered  ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  (light-brown) ;  achene  obovate-triangular,  nar- 
rowed into  the  confluent  pyramidal  tubercle,  which  is  overtopped  In-  tlie  4-6 
bristles.  — Marshes,  N.  Kng.  to  S.  C,  west  to  Mich,  and  Ky. 

12.  E.  intermedia,  Schultes.  Culms  capillary,  wiry,  striate-grooved, 
densely  tufted  from  fil)rous  roots,  diffusely  spreading  or  reclining  (6-12'  long) ; 
spikelet  oblong-ovate,  acutish,  loosely  \0-20-Jiowered  (2 -3"  long) ;  scales  oblong, 
obtu.se,  green-keeled,  the  sides  purplish-hrowni :  achene  obovoid  with  a  nar- 
rowed base,  beaked  with  a  slender  conical-awl-shaped  distinct  tubercle,  which 
nearly  equals  the  6  bristles.  —  Wet  slopes,  Penn.  to  Iowa,  north  to  Canada. 

13.  E.  Torreyana,  Boeckl.  Like  the  preceding,  but  more  capillary  and 
heads  smaller  ( 1 A  -  2"  long),  sometimes  proliferous,  the  one  or  more  short  new 
culms  from  tlie  axil  of  its  lowest  scale,  which  persists  as  an  herliaceous  bract; 
achene  very  much  smaller,  with  sharper  angles  and  a  short  conical  tubercle, 
which  is  hardly  equalled  by  the  3-6  slender  bristles.  ( E.  microcarjia,  var.  fili- 
culmis,  Torr.)  —  Wet  jiine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

■-■-■*- Bristles  2-4,  shorter  than  the  achene,  slender  and  fragile,  or  none. 

14.  E.  tenuis,  .Schultes.  Cuhns  almost  capillary,  erect  from  running  root- 
stocks,  4-(nigular  and  flattish  (1°  high),  the  sides  concave  ;  spikelet  elliptical,  acut- 
ish, 20-30-fiou-ered  (3"  long)  ;  scales  ovate,  ohfujp,  chestnut-purple  with  a  broad 
scarious  margin  and  green  keel ;  achene  obovate,  roughish-u-rinklcd,  crowned 
with  a  small  depressed  tubercle,  jiersistent  after  the  fall  of  the  scales;  bristles 
i  as  long  as  the  achene  or  uoue.  —  N.  Scotia  to  N.  C,  Minn.,  and  Mo.    June. 


576  CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

15.  E.  COmpressa,  Sullivant.  Culms  flat,  striate,  tufted,  erect  (1--2'* 
high);  spikelet  ovate-oblong,  or  at  length  lanceolate,  20  -  30-flowered  (4-7'' 
long) ;  scales  lanceolate-ovate,  acute,  dark  purple  with  broad  white  pellucid 
margins  and  summit ;  achene  yellowish,  ohovate-pear-shaped,  obtusely  triangu- 
lar, wrinkled,  crowned  ivith  a  small  conical  and  pointed  tubercle  ;  bristles  1-4, 
veri/  slender,  fragile,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene  (sometimes  none  or 
a  single  rudiment).  —  Wet  places,  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

16.  E.  melanocarpa,  Torr.  Cu/ms^a^enec?,  grooved,  wiry,  erect  (9- 
18'  high) ;  spikelet  cylindrical-ovoid  or  oblong,  thick,  obtuse,  densely  many-flow- 
ered (3 -6"  long);  scales  closely  many -ranked,  roundish-ovate,  very  obtuse, 
brownish  with  broad  scarious  margins  ;  achene  smooth,  obooate-top-shaped ,  ob- 
tusely triangular,  the  broad  summit  entirely  covered  like  a  lid  by  the  flat  depressed 
tubercle,  which  is  raised  in  the  centre  into  a  short  abrupt  triangular  point ; 
bristles  often  obsolete ;  achene  soon  blackish.  —  Wet  sand,  Mass.  to  Fla. 

17.  E.  tricostata,  Torr.  Culms  flattish  (1  -2°  high) ;  spikelet  soon  cylin- 
drical, densely  many-flowered  (6-9"  long),  thickish ;  scales  ovate,  very  obtuse, 
rusty  brown,  witli  broad  scarious  margins ;  achene  obovate,  with  3  prominent 
thickened  angles,  minutely  rough-wrinkled,  crowned  with  a  short<onical  acute 
tubercle  ;  bristles  none.  —  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

18.  E.  Wolfli,  Gray.  Culms  slender  (1°  high),  from  very  small  creeping 
rhizomes,  2-edged ;  spikelet  ovate-oblong,  acute ;  scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
scarious,  pale  purple ;  achene  pyriform,  shining,  with  9  nearly  equidistant  obtuse 
ribs  and  transverse  wrinkles  between  them ;  tubercle  depressed,  truncate,  more  or 
less  apiculate;  bristles  not  seen.  —  Wet  prairies,  N.  Iowa  and  S.  Minn. 

§  4.    Spikelet  more  or  less  flattened ,  thicker  than  the  slender  or  capillary  culm, 
few  -many-flowered  ;  the  thin  membranaceous  scales  somewhat  2  -3-ranked  ; 
style  3-cleft ;  bristles  of  the  perianth  3-6,  fragile  or  fugacious.    Small  or  del- 
icate species,  differing  from  the  last  division  chiefly  in  the  flattish  spikelets. 
*  Tubercle  contracted  at  its  junction  with  the  achene. 

19.  E.  acicularis,  R.  Br.  Culms  finely  capillary  (2-8'  long),  more  or 
less  4-aw/ular;  spikelet  3-9-flowered;  scales  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse 
(greenish  with  purple  sides) ;  achene  obovate-oblong,  with  3-ribbed  angles  and 
2-3  times  as  many  smaller  intermediate  ribs,  also  transversely  striate,  longer 
than  the  3-4  very  fugacious  bristles;  tubercle  conical-triangular.  —  Muddy 
shores,  across  the  continent.     (Eu.,  Asia.) 

20.  B.  pygmsea,  Torr.  Culms  bristle  like,  flattened  and  grooved  (1  -  2' 
high) ;  spikelet  ovate,  3  -8-flowered ;  scales  ovate  (greenish),  the  upper  rather 
acute;  acherie  ovoid,  acutely  triangular,  smooth  and  shining,  tipped  ivith  a  mi- 
nute tubercle;  bristles  mostly  longer  than  the  fruit,  sometimes  wanting. — 
Brackish  marshes,  from  N.  Brunswick  to  Fla. 

*  *  Tiihercle  continuous  with  the  nutlet  and  not  contracted  at  base. 

21.  E.  paucifiora,  Link.  Culms  striate-angled,  very  slender  (3  -  9'  high), 
scarcely  tufted,  on  slender  running  rootstocks,  with  a  short  truncate  sheath  at 
base ;  scales  of  the  ovate  spikelet  evidently  2-ranked,  chestnut-brown,  pointless, 
all  flower-bearing,  the  two  lower  larger ;  bristles  3-6,  about  as  long  as  the 
conspicuously  beaked  triangular  achene.  (Scirpus  pauciflorus,  Lighfjuof.)  — 
Wet  places,  N.  Y.  to  N.  111.  and  Minn.,  north  and  westward.     (F^u.,  Asia.) 


CyPERACK.E.        (SKDGE    FAMILY.)  577 

5.     DICHROMENA,     Ki.hanl.     (I'l.  4.) 

Spikelets  agi^rogiitcd  in  a  tonninal  leafy-iiivcjlucraU^  li(\'iil,  more  or  less  com- 
pressed, few-riowered,  all  l)Ut  3  or  4  of  the  flowers  usually  imperfect  or  abor- 
tive. Scales  imhricated  somewhat  in  2  ranks,  more  or  less  conduplicate  or 
boat-shaped,  kecleil,  white  or  whitisli.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cl(;ft  Terianth, 
bristles,  etc.,  noue.  Acheuc  lenticular,  wrinkled  transversely,  <-rowiied  witli 
the  persistent  and  liroad  tuberded  base  of  the  style.  —  Culms  leafy,  from  creej)- 
iiii;  perennial  rootstocks;  the  leaves  of  the  involucre  mostly  white  at  tlic  bjise 
(wlience  the  name,  from  S/s,  duuhU,  and  xpufjia,  color). 

1.  D.  leucocephala,  Michx.  Culm  triangular  (1-2^  'I'S^O  ;  leaves 
narrow  ;  those  of  tlie  involucre  4  -  7  ;  achen(^  truncate,  not  margined.  —  Damp 
pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  D.  latifblia,  Baldwin.  (PI.  4,  fig.  1  -  5.)  Culm  stouter,  nearly  te- 
rete; leaves  broadly  linear,  those  of  the  involucre  8  or  9,  tapering  from  base  to 
apex ;  achene  round-obovate,  faintly  wrinkled,  the  tubercle  decurreut  ou  its 
edges.  —  Low  piue-barrens,  Va.  to  Fla. 

6.     PSILOCARYA,     Torr.        Bald-rlsh.     (PI.  4.) 

Spikelets  ovoid,  terete,  the  numerous  scales  all  alike  and  regularly  imbri- 
cated, each  with  a  perfect  flower.  Perianth  (l)ristles)  wholly  wanting.  Sta- 
nieus  mostly  2.  Style  2-cleft,  its  base  or  the  greater  part  of  it  enlarging  and 
hardening  to  form  the  beak  of  the  lenticular  or  tumid  more  or  less  wrinkled 
achene.  —  Annuals,  with  leafy  culms,  the  spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary 
cymes.     (Name  from  y\>iK6s,  naked,  and  Kapva,  tiut.) 

1.  P.  seirpoides,  Torr.  Annual  (4-10' high),  leafy  ;  leaves  flat;  spike- 
lets 20-30-Howered ;  scales  oblong-ovate,  acute,  chestnut-colored;  achene 
somewhat  margined,  beaked  with  a  sword-shaped  almost  wholly  persistent 
style.     (Rhynchospora  seirpoides,  Grai/.)  —  Inundated  places,  S.  N.  Eng. 

7.    FIMBRISTYLIS,    Vahl.    (PI.  3.) 

Spikelets  several  -  many-Howered,  terete ;  scales  all  floriferous,  regularly 
imbricated  in  several  ranks.  Perianth  (bristles,  etc.)  none.  Stamens  1-3. 
Style  2-3-cleft,  often  with  a  dilated  or  tumid  base,  which  is  deciduous  (except 
in  n.  4)  from  the  apex  of  the  naked  lenticular  or  triangular  achene.  Other- 
wise as  in  Scirpus.  —  Culms  leafy  at  base.  Spikelets  in  our  species  umbelled, 
and  the  involucre  2- 3-leaved.  (Name  compounded  oi/imliria,  a  fringe,  and 
sti/lus,  style,  which  is  fringed  with  hairs  iu  the  genuine  species.) 
*  Sti//e  2<lrft,Jlatttned  and  dilate. ;  achene  lent icuhir  ;  tubercle  soon  deciduous  ; 
spikelets  mani/-JIowcred. 

1.  F.  spadicea,  Vahl,  var.  cast^nea,  Gray.  Culms  (1-2^°  high) 
tufted  from  a  perennial  root,  rlyld,  as  are  the  thread-form  convolute-channelled 
leaves,  smooth;  spikelets  ovate-oblong  becoming  cylindrical,  dark  chestnut- 
color  (2"  thick) ;  stamens  2  or  3  ;  achene  veri/  vilnuteli/  striate  and  reticulated. 
—  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.  July -Sept.  —  Scales 
lighter  colored  than  in  the  tropical  form. 

2.  F.  l^xa,  Vahl.  (1-1.  3,  fig.  1  -.').)  Culms  slender  (2-12'  high)  from 
an  annual  root,  ueak,  grooved  and  Hattish  ;  leaves  llmar,  flat,  rUlate-ilentlcutal^ . 

37 


578  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

glaucous,  sometimes  hairy ;  spikelets  ovate,  acute  (3"  long) ;  stamen  1  ;  acJiene 
conspicuous! jj  6  -  8-rihbed  on  each  side,  and  wiihjiner  cross-lines.  —  Low  ground, 
Penn.  to  ila.,  west  to  111,  and  La.    July  -  Sept. 

*  *  Stijle  3-cleft  and  achene   triangular ;    tubercle  soon    deciduous;    spikelets 

smaller  and  fewer-Jiowered. 

3.  F.  autumnalis,  Roem.  &  Schult.  (PI.  3,  fig.  6-9.)  Annual  (3- 
16'  high),  in  tufts;  culms  flat,  slender,  diffuse  or  erect;  leaves  flat,  acute; 
umbel  compound;  spikelets  oblong,  acute  (1-2"  long),  single  or  2-3  in  a 
cluster ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate ;  stamens  1-3.  —  Low  grounds, 
Maine  to  Fla.,  west  to  111.  and  La. 

*  *  *  Style  S-cleft,Jiliform  and  not  ciliate;  achene  acutely  triangular ;  tubercle 

more  or  less  persistent. 

4.  P.  capillaris.  Gray.  Low  annual,  densely  tufted  (3-9'  high) ;  culm 
and  leaves  nearly  capillary,  the  latter  short ;  umbel  compound  or  panicled ; 
spikelets  (2"  long)  ovoid-oblong;  stamens  2;  achene  minutely  wrinkled,  very 
obtuse.  —  Sandy  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  the  Pacific. 

F.  Vahlii,  Link  (F.  cougesta,  Torr.),  a  diminutive  southern  species,  with 
long  filiform  leaves,  sessile  capitate  spikelets,  narrow  acuminate  scales,  and 
the  style  2-cleft  and  not  ciliate,  has  been  found  in  ballast-sand  along  the  north- 
ern coast. 

8.     SCIRPUS,    Tourn.         Bflrcsh  or  Club-Rlsh.     (PI.  3.) 

Spikelets  several -many-flowered,  solitary  or  in  a  terminal  cluster  which  is 
subtended  by  a  1  -several-leaved  involucre  (this  when  simple  often  appearing 
like  a  continuation  of  the  culm),  terete,  the  scales  being  regularly  imbricated 
all  round  in  many  or  several  ranks,  or  rarely  somewhat  compressed  and  the 
fewer  scales  inclining  to  be  2-ranked.  Flowers  to  all  the  scales,  or  to  all  but 
one  or  two  of  tlie  lowest,  all  perfect.  Periantli  of  3  -  6  mostly  retrorsely  barbed 
or  ciliate  bristles  (not  elongated),  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  mostly  3. 
Style  2-3-cleft,  simple,  not  bulbous  at  base,  wholly  deciduous,  or  sometimes 
leaving  a  tip  or  point  to  the  lenticular  or  triangular  achene.  —  Culms  sheathed 
at  base ;  the  sheaths  usually  leaf-bearing.  Mostly  perennials ;  flowering  in 
summer.     (The  Latin  name  of  the  Bulrush.) 

*  Spikelets  sol itary , few-flowered ,  small,  often  flattish  ;  achene  triangular,  smooth. 
H-  Involucre  a  short  au'l-shaped  bract;  culms  tufted  (3-12'  high),flliform. 

1.  S.  C8espit6sus,  L.  Culms  terete,  wiry,  densely  sheathed  at  base,  in 
compact  turfy  tufts;  the  upper  sheath  bearing  a  very  short  awl-shaped  leaf; 
spikelet  ovoid,  rusty -color ;  involucral  bract  a  rigid-pointed  scale,  resembling 
the  lowest  proper  scale  of  the  spikelet  and  scarcely  surpassing  it ;  bristles  6, 
smoof//,  longer  than  the  abruptly  sliort-pointed  achene.  —  Coast  of  Maine,  al- 
pine summits  of  N.  Eng.,  swamps  of  northern  N.  Y.,  N.  111.,  Minn.,  and  north- 
ward; also  on  Roan  Mt.,  N.  C     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  Clintonii,  Gray.  Culms  acutely  triangular,  almost  bristle-like; 
sheaths  at  the  l)ase  bearing  a  very  slender  almost  bristle-shaped  leaf  shorter 
(usually  very  much  sliorter)  than  the  culm ;  involucral  bract  awl  shaped,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  chestnut-colored  ovate  spikelet,  which  has  pointless  scales ; 
otherwise  as  the  next.  —  Rather  dry  plains,  N.  Y.     June. 


k 


CYPERACE^..        (sedge    FAMILY.)  67S> 

3.  S.  planif61ius,  Muhl.  Cuhns  trianf/ular,tea/i/  athase;  leaves  linear^ 
Jlaty  as  lo7i;/  (IS  the  c.ulin,  aud  like  it  rough-edged ;  involucral  bract  a  bristle- 
tipped  scale  usually  overtopping  the  ovate  or  olilong  chestnut-colored  Kpikelet, 
the  greeu  midrib  of  the  scales  extended  into  sharp  points ;  bristles  upwardly 
liairi/,  as  long  as  the  pointless  achene.  —  Dry  or  moist  ground,  N.  Eng.  to 
Del.,  west  to  western  N.  Y.  aud  Tenn. ;  W.  Mo  {£J.  F.  Bush.). 

■*-  •*-  One-leaved  involucre  more  conspicuous,  and  as  if  continuinrj  the  cuhn. 

4.  S.  SUbtermin^lis,  Torr.  A(|uatic;  culms  (1-3°  long,  thickish-fili- 
forni)  partly  and  the  sljorter  filiform  leaves  wholly  submersed,  cellular;  the 
filiform  green  bract  6-  12"  long,  much  surpassing  the  oblong  spikelet;  scales 
s(jmewliat  pointed ;  bristles  6,  bearded  downward,  rather  shorter  than  the  al>- 
ruptly-pointed  achene.  —  ISlow  streams  and  ponds,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  west  to 
Mich,  and  N.  Ind.  —  Var.  tkujjestuis,  Paine ;  less  tall,  with  firmer  stem  and 
leaves,  and  fruiting  spike  more  turgid.  Growing  cliiefiy  emer.sed;  Herkimer 
Co.,  N.  Y. 

♦  »  Spikelets  clustered  {rarely  only  one),  appcarinr/  lateral,  the  one-leaved  invo- 
lucre resemUintj  and  seething  to  be  a  continuation  of  the  naked  cuhn. 

•*-  Cuhn  sharply  triangular,  stout,  chiefly  from  running  rootstocks  ;  spikelets  many- 
flowered,  rusty  brown,  closely  sessile  in  one  cluster ;  sheaths  at  base  more  or 
less  leaf-'/carinr/. 

5.  S.  piingens,  Vahl.  Kunning  rootstocks  long  and  stout;  culm  sharply 
3-angled  throughout  (1-4°  high)  with  concave  sides;  leaves  1-3,  elongated 
(4-10'  long),  keeled  and  channelled;  spikelets  1  - 6,  capitate,  ovoid,  usually 
long,  overtopped  by  the  pointed  involucral  leaf;  scales  ovate,  sparingly  ciliate, 
2-cleft  at  the  apex  and  awn-pointed  from  between  the  acute  lobes ;  anthers 
tipped  with  an  awl-shaped  minutely  fringed  appendage  ;  style  2-cleJl  (rarely 
3-cleft) ;  bristles  2  -  6,  shorter  tliau  the  obovate  plano-convex  and  mucronate 
smooth  achene.  —  Borders  of  salt  aud  fresli  ponds  and  streams,  throughout 
N.  Am.     (Eu.,  S.  Am.) 

6.  S.  Torr6yi,  Olney.  Rootstocks  slender  if  any  (so  that  the  plant  is 
readily  pulled  uj)  from  the  mud);  culm  3-angled , -with  concave  sides,  rather 
slender  (2-4°  high),  leaf/  at  base  ;  leaves  2  or  3,  more  than  half  the  length  oj 
the  culm,  triangular-channelled,  slender ;  spikelets  1  -4,  oblong  or  spindle-shaped, 
acute,  distinct,  pale  chestnut-color,  long  overtopped  by  the  slender  erect  invo- 
lucral leaf;  scales  ovate,  smooth,  entire,  barely  mucronate;  style  3-cleJl ;  bris- 
tles longer  than  the  unequally  triangular-obovate  very  smooth  long-pninted  achene. 
—  Borders  of  ponds,  brackish  and  fresh,  N.  Eng.  to  Peun.,  Mich.,  and  Minn. 

7.  S.  Oln^yi,  Gray.  Culm  3-wing-angled,  with  deeply  excavated  sides, 
stout  (2-7°  high),  the  upper  sheath  bearing  n  short  triangular  leaf  or  none; 
spikelets  6-12,  closely  capitate,  ovoid,  obtuse,  overtopped  by  the  short  invo- 
lucral leaf ;  scales  orbicular,  smooth,  the  inconspicucnis  mucronate  point 
shorter  than  the  scarious  apex ;  antJiers  with  a  very  short  and  blunt  minuteh/ 
bearded  tip ;  style  2-clpft;  bristles  6,  scarcely  equalling  the  narrowly  obovate 
plano-convex  and  mucronate  achene.  —  Salt  marshes,  S.  New  Eng.  to  Fla., 
west  to  the  Pacific. 

S.  mi-cronXti-s,  E.  Resembling  the  last.  1  -3°  high  ;  spikelets  numerous 
in  a  dense  cluster,  oblong-ovate,  6-8"  long  or  less;  scales  ovate,  mucronate. 


580  CYPERACEiE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

firm,  scarcely  at  all  scarious ;  style  3-cleft ;  achene  smaller,  broadly  obovate. 
—  lu  a  siiigle  locality  in  Delaware  Co.,  Feim. ;  probably  iutroduced  from  8. 
Europe. 

-I-  -i-  Culm  triangular,  tall  and  stout,  from  slender  running  rootstocks  ;  spikelets 
manij-Jiowered,  loosely  umbellate  or  corymbed,  involucellate-br acted. 

8.  S.  Canbyi,  Gray.  Culm  (3  -  5°  high)  3-angled,  usually  sharply  so 
above,  obtusely  below,  the  sheath  at  base  exteuded  iuto  a  loug  sleuder  ti-ian- 
gular  aud  channelled  leaf  (2-4°  long) ;  involucral  leaf  similar  (4-8'  loug), 
continuing  the  culm;  spikelets  oblong  (4-6"  loug),  single  or  souietimes  pro- 
liferously  2  or  3  together,  noddiug  on  the  apex  of  the  5-9  long  filiform  and 
flattened  peduncles  or  rays  of  the  dichotomous  umbel  like  corymb,  or  the  cen- 
tral one  nearly  sessile ;  scales  loosely  imbricated,  oblong  ovate,  acute,  pale, 
thin  and  scarious,  with  a  greenish  nerved  back;  bristles  6,  firm,  furuished 
above  with  spreading  hairs  rather  than  barbs,  equalling  the  sleuder  abrupt 
beak  of  the  obovate-triangular  shining  achene  (1^"  long).  —  lu  a  pond  near 
Salisbury,  Md. 

^_  H_  ^_  Culm  terete,  very  tall  and  stout,  from  a  deep  running  rootstock,  leafless 
or  very  nearly  so;  spikelets  numerous,  clustered  in  a  one-sided  compound 
umbel-like  panicle  longer  than  the  involucral  leaf;  involucellate  bracts  small, 
scale4ike  and  rusty-scarious  ;  scales  of  the  spikelets  rusty  or  cliestnut-broan, 
scarious,  the  midrib  extended  into  a  mucronate  point. 

9.  S.  laciistris,  L.  (Great  Bulrush.)  Culm  3-9°  high,  i-i'  tliick 
at  base ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong  (3  -  4"  long) ;  scales  mostly  a  little  downy  on 
the  back  and  ciliate ;  style  2-cleft ;  achene  pale  aud  dull,  obovate  with  a  nar- 
rowed base,  plano-convex,  mucronate-pointed,  usually  overtopped  by  the  4-6 
sleuder  downwardly  barbed  bristles.  (S.  validus,  Fahl.)  —  Common  every- 
where in  still  fresh  water.     (Eu.,  Asia,  etc.) 

^_  ^_  H_  4_  Culms  slender  from  an  annual  root,  terete,  plano-convex  or  obtusely  tri- 
angular, naked ;  the  sheaths  rarely  bearing  a  short  leaf;  spikelets  few  or 
several  in  a  sessile  cluster,  sometimes  solitary,  much  overtopped  by  the  invo- 
lucral leaf;  bristles  often  few  or  wanting. 

10.  S.  debiliS,  Pursh.  (PI.  3,  fig.  1  -5.)  Culms  obtusely  triangular,  with 
/»omewhat  hollowed  sides,  1-2*^  high,  yellowish-green,  shining;  spikelets  3- 
12,  capitate,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  (3-4"  long),  chestnut-brown;  involucral 
leaf  often  horizontal  at  maturity ;  scales  roundish ;  stamens  3 ;  style  2-3- 
£left;  bristles  6,  stout,  downwardly  barbed,  equalling  or  two  surpassing  the  ob- 
ovate turgidly  plano-convex  (or  bluntly  3-sided)  abruptly  mucronate-pointed 
smoothish  achene.  —  Swamps,  Mass.  to  S.  C,  Minn,  and  Neb.     Aug.,  Sept. 

11.  S.  Smithii,  Gray.  Culms  terete,  slender,  3-12'  high,  often  leaf- 
bearing  from  tlie  upper  sheath,  dull  green  as  are  the  I  -3  oblong-ovate  acute 
spikelets ;  involucral  leaf  always  erect ;  scales  oblong-oval ;  style  2-cleft ; 
bristles  1  or  2  minute  rudiments  or  none;  achene  somewhat  lenticular,  smooth, 
deciduous  with  the  scales.  —  Wet  shores,  Delaware  Bay  to  L.  Ontario,  Mich., 
N.  Ind.,  aud  111.     July. 

12.  S.  supinus,  L.,  var.  Hallii,  Gray.  Culms  f  I  if orm,  5-12'  high; 
upper  sheath  rarely  distinctly  leaf-bearing ;  spikelets  1  -  7  in  a  sessile  or  some- 
times geminately  proliferous  cluster,  ovate-oblong  becoming  cylindrical,  green 


CYPERACE.*:.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  581 

ish;  scales  ovate,  strongly  keeled,  mucronate-pointed  ;  stamens  2  or  3 ;  stvlo 
2-cleft ;  bristles  none  ;  achene  obovatc-orbicniar,  niueroiiato,  plano-convex,  stronghf 
wrinkled  transverselij. —  Wet  sliores,  111.  to  Tex.;  also  found  in  E.  Mas.s. 
{I  1  itching  s).     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Spikelets  in  simple  or   mnsthi   com/wunfl  umbelhde  or  ci/mose-pauiclfd 

clusters,  many-Jlowered,  terete  ;  involucre  of  mostlij  several  flat  leaves  ;  cuhn 

tall,  front  tujlcd  or  running  rootstocks,  triangular,  leaf i/,  sedge-like  :  leaves 

rough  on  the  margin  ;  style  mostly  3-clefi. 

■*-  Spikelets  large  (G-  15"  long) ;  midrib  of  the  scales  extended  beyond  the  mostly 

lacerate  or  two-clef  apex  into  a  distinct  au-n. 

13.  S.  maritimus,  L.  (Sea  Club-Rush.)  Leaves  flat,  linear,  as  long 
as  tlie  stout  culm  (1-3°  high),  those  of  the  involucre  1 -4,  very  unequal; 
spikelets  few-several  iu  a  sessile  cluster,  and  often  also  with  1-4  unequal 
rays  bearing  1-7  ovate  or  oblong-cylindrical  (rusty-brown)  spikelets ;  awns 
of  tlie  scales  soon  recurved;  achene  obovate-orbicular,  compressed, flat  on  one 
side,  convex  or  obtuse-angled  on  the  other,  minutely  pointed,  shining,  shorter  than 
the  1-6  unequal  and  deciduous  (sometimes  obsolete)  bristles.  —  Saline  locali- 
ties, on  the  coast  from  N.  Scotia  to  Fla.,  and  in  the  interior  across  the  conti- 
nent. (Eu.)  —  Yar.  macrostachyos,  Michx. ;  larger,  with  very  tliick  oblong- 
cylindrical  heads  (1  -  I|'  long),  and  longer  involucral  leaf  (often  1°  long). 

14.  S.  fluviatilis,  Gray.  (Kiver  C.)  Culm  very  stout,  3-5'^  liigh  ; 
leaves  flat,  broadly  linear  {}'  wide  or  more),  tapering  gradually  to  a  point, 
the  upper  and  those  of  the  very  long  involucre  very  much  exceeding  the  com- 
pound umbel;  rays  5-9,  elongated,  recurved-spr ending,  each  bearing  1  -  .5 
ovate  or  oblong-cylindrical  acute  paler  heads ;  scales  less  lacerate  and  awns 
less  recurved;  achene  obovate,  sharply  and  exactly  triangidar,  conspicuoush/ 
pointed,  opaque,  scarcely  equalling  the  6  rigid  bristles.  —  Borders  of  lakes  and 
large  streams,  W.  Vt.  to  Conn,  and  Penn.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

•*-  ■*-  Spikelets  very  numerous,  small  {\- 3"  long);  scales  inucronate-pninfed  or 
blunt;  umbel-like  cymose  panicle  irregular,  compound  or  decompound ;  cuhn 
2-5°  high,  unusually  leafy ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  green  and  rather  soft : 
bristles  very  slender,  often  more  or  less  tortuous  and  naked  below. 

15.  S.  Sylvaticus,  L.  Spikelets  lead-colored,  clustered  3  -10  together  at 
the  end  of  the  mostly  slender  ultimate  divisions  of  the  open  decomi)ound  panicle, 
ovoid  or  lance-ovate,  2"  long;  scales  bluntish ;  bristles  6,  downwanlly  barbed 
throughout,  rather  exceeding  the  triangular  short-pointed  achene ;  style  3-cleft. 
—  Along  brooks,  E.  Mass.  to  N.  Y.  and  E.  Penn. 

Var.  digynus,  Boeckl.  Style  2-cleft  and  the  achene  not  at  all  angled  on 
the  back  ;  stamens  2,  and  bristles  4.  (S.  microcarpus,  Presl.)  — N.  Scotia  and 
N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  westward. 

16.  S.  atrbvirens,  Muhl.  Leaves  somewhat  more  rigid;  spikelets  dull 
greenish-brown,  densely  conglomerate  (10-30  together)  into  close  heads,  these  also 
usually  densely  clustered  in  a  less  compound  panicle  ;  scales  pointed  ;  bristles 
sparsely  and  strongly  downwardly  barbed  above  the  middle,  naked  below,  nearly 
straight,  as  long  as  the  conspicuously  pointed  and  obovate-oblong  trianirular 
achene.  —  Wet  meadows  and  bogs,  X.  Scotia  and  N.  Eng.,  west  to  Minn..  Kan., 
and  the  Pacific. 


582  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

17.  S.  polyphyllus,  Vahl.  Culm  usually  more  leafy;  spikelets  yellow- 
brown,  ovate,  becoming  cylindrical,  clustered  3-8  togetlier  in  small  heads  on  the 
short  ultimate  divisions  of  the  open  decompound  umbel ;  scales  mucronate  ;  bi-is- 
tles  6,  usualljj  twice  bent,  soft-barbed  toward  the  summit  only,  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  achene.  —  Swamps  and  borders  of  ponds,  western  N.  Eng.  to 
N.  C,  west  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 

9.    ERIOPHORUM,    L.        Cotton-Grass.     (PI.  3.) 

Bristles  naked,  usually  very  numerous,  often  silky  and  becoming  greatly 
elongated.  Otherwise  as  in  Scirpus.  —  Spikelets  single  or  clustered  or  umbel- 
late, usually  involucrate  with  erect  scale-like  bracts,  upon  a  leafy  or  naked 
stem ;  scales  membranaceous,  1  -  3-nerved.  Style  very  slender  and  elongated, 
3-cleft.  Acliene  acutely  triangular.  (Name  composed  of  fpiou,  wool  or  cotton, 
and  <f)op6s,  bearing.) 

*  Bristles  6,  rust-colored,  becoming  tortuous  and  entangled ;  culm  very  leafy,  bear- 
ing numerous  spikelets  in  an  involucrate  decompound  cymose-panicled  umbel. 

1.  E.  line^tum,  Benth.  &  Hook.  Culm  triangular,  leafy  (1-3°  high); 
leaves  linear,  flat,  rather  broad,  rough  on  the  margins ;  umbels  terminal  and 
sometimes  axillar}',  loose,  drooping,  the  terminal  with  a  1  -3-leaved  involucre 
much  shorter  than  the  long  slender  rays ;  spikelets  oblong,  becoming  cylindrical 
(2-4"  long),  on  thread-like  drooping  pedicels;  bristles  at  maturity  scarcely 
exceeding  the  ovate  green-keeled  pointed  scales ;  achene  sharp-pointed.  (Scir- 
pus lineatus,  Michx.)  — Low  grounds,  western  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  west  to  Minn, 
and  Mo. 

2.  E.  cyperinum,  L.  (PI.  3,  fig.  6  -  lO,  under  Scirpus.)  (Wool-Grass.) 
Culm  nearly  terete  (2-  5°  high) ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  long,  rigid,  those  of 
the  involucre  3-5,  longer  than  the  umbel,  the  rays  at  length  drooping  ;  spikelets 
exceedingly  numerous,  ovate,  clustered,  or  the  lateral  pedicelled,  woolly  at 
maturity  (H-3"  long) ;  the  rust-colored  bristles  much  longer  than  the  pointless 
scales ;  achene  short-pointed.  (Scirpus  Eriophorum,  Michx.)  —  Wet  meadows 
and  swamps,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Iowa.  Exceedingly  variable 
in  the  character  and  size  of  the  umbel,  the  typical  form  having  the  spikelets 
mostly  clustered  in  small  heads.  —  Yar.  laxum  has  the  spikelets  scattered, 
the  lateral  long-pedicelled. 

*  *  Bristles  6,  crisped,  ivhite  ;  spikelet  single,  small ;  involucre  of  o)ie  short  bract. 

3.  E.  alpinum,  L.  (PI.  3,  fig.  l-6.)  Culms  slender,  many  in  a  row 
from  a  running  rootstock  (6-10'  high),  scabrous,  naked;  sheaths  at  the  base 
awl-tipped.  —  Cold  bogs.  Lab.  to  N.  Eng.,  west  to  Minn.     June.     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Bristles  very  numerous,  not  crisped,  forming  dense  cottony  heads  in  fruit. 

-)-  Culm  bearing  a  single  spikelet;  involucre  none. 

4.  E.  vaginatum,  L.  Culms  in  close  tufts  (1°  high),  leafy  only  at  the 
base,  above  with  2  inflated  leafless  sheaths;  root-leaves  long  and  thread-form, 
triangular-channelled  ;  scales  of  the  ovate  spikelet  long-pointed,  lead-color  at 
maturity.  —  Cold  and  high  peat-bogs,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and 
northward.     May,  .June.     (Eu.) 


CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  583 

-*-  -t-  Culm  leafu,  bearing  several  umbellate-clustered  heads,  involucrate. 

5.  E.  Virginicum,  L.  Culm  rigid  (2-4°  high);  leaves  very  narrowly 
liuear,  eluugated,  tiat;  spikelets  nearlj  sessile,  crowded  in  a  dense  cluster  or 
head ;  wool  rustij  or  copper<-olor,  ouly  thrice  the  length  of  the  scale;  stamen  1. 

—  Bogs  and  low  meadows,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Neb.    July,  Aug. 

—  Var.  ALBi  M,  Gray,  lius  the  wool  white.     N.  New  York. 

6.  E.  polyst^chyon,  L.  Culm  rigid  (1-2°  high),  obscurely  triangular; 
leaves  linear, Jlat, or  bart/i/  channelled  below,  triangular  at  the  point;  involucre 
2-3-leaved ;  spikelets  several  (4>-  12),  on  smooth  nodding  peduncles,  some  of 
tliem  elongated  in  fruit;  acliene  obovate ;  ivool  white, \cry  straight  (I'long  or 
more).  —  Bogs,  Newf.  to  Ca.,  Minn,  and  westward.  June,  July.  (Eu.)  —  Var. 
LATir6LiLM,  Cray;  peduncles  rough;  leaves  sometimes  broader  and  flatter. 

7.  E.  gracile,  Koch.  Culm  slender  (1-2°  high),  rather  triangular; 
leaves  slender,  channelled-trianfjnlar,  rough  on  the  angles;  involucre  short  and 
scale-like ,  mostl fi  l-leaved;  peduncles  rough  or  roughish-pubescent ;  spikelets 
3-7,  small,  when  mature  the  copious  white  wool  6  -  9"  long ;  achene  elliptical- 
linear.  —  Cold  bogs,  Newf.  to  N.  J.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Mo.  Scales  in  our  plant 
mostly  light  chestnut  and  about  3-nerved.    June -Aug.     (Eu.) 

10.     FUIRENA,     Kotthoell.         Umhrella-Grass.     (PI.  2.) 

Spikelets  many-Howered,  terete,  clustered  or  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal. 
Scales  imbricated  in  many  ranks,  awned  below  the  apex,  all  Horiferous.  Peri- 
anth of  3  ovate  or  heart-shaped  petaloid  scales,  mostly  on  claws,  and  usually 
with  as  many  alternating  small  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achene 
triangular,  pointed  with  the  persistent  base  of  the  style.  Culms  from  a  peren- 
nial root,  obtusely  triangular.     (Named  for  G.  Fuiren,  a  Danish  botanist.) 

1.  P.  squarrdsa,  Michx.,  var.  hispida,  Chapm.  (PI.  2,  fig.  1-7.) 
Stem  (1-3°  higli)  leafy;  leaves  and  sheatlis  usually  densely  hairy;  spikelets 
ovoid-oblong  (4-  6"  long),  clustered  in  heads,  bristly  with  the  spreading  awns 
of  the  scales ;  perianth-scales  rhombic  or  deltoid-ovate,  with  a  short  thick  awn 
or  point,  the  interposed  mostly  barbed  bristles  shorter  than  the  achene.  — 
Sandy  wet  places,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Ky.  and  Tex. 

Var.  ptimila,  Torr.  Usually  low  (1-6'  high  or  more),  with  1  -6  spike- 
lets ;  perianth-scales  narrowly  to  broadly  oblong  or  ovate,  long-stipitate  and 
attenuate  to  a  long  awn  ;  ])arbed  l)ristles  usually  exceeding  the  achene.  —  Mass. 
to  N.  J.,  Fla.,  and  La. ;  Mich.     The  commonest  form. 

11.     HEMICARPHA,     Nee.s.     (PI.  2.) 

Spikelet,  flowers,  etc.,  as  in  Scirpus,  except  tliat  there  is  a  minute  translu- 
cent scale  (readily  overlooked)  between  the  flower  and  the  axis  of  the  spikelet. 
Stamen  only  one.  Style  2-cleft.  Bristles  or  otlier  periantli  none.  (Name  from 
ifl/xi,  half,  and  Koipcpos,  sfrair  or  chnfi]  in  allusion  to  the  single  inner  scalelet.) 

1.  H.  Subsquarr6sa,  Nees.  Dwarf  or  minute  annual  (1-5'  high) ;  in- 
volucre i-leaved,  as  if  a  continuation  of  tlie  bri.stle-like  culm,  and  usuallv  with 
another  minute  leaf;  spikelets  2-3  (barely  2"  long);  scales  brown,  tipped 
with  a  short  recurved  point.  —  Sandy  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers,  N  Eng.  to 
Fla.,  west  to  the  Pacific. 


584  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

12.     LIPOCARPHA,     R.Br.    (PI.  2.) 

Spikelets  terete,  many-flowered,  in  a  terminal  close  cluster  involucrate  by 
leafy  bracts.  Scales  spatulate,  regularly  imbricated  all  round  in  many  ranks, 
awnless,  deciduous,  a  few  of  the  lowest  empty.  Inner  scales  (bractlets)  2  to 
each  flower,  thin,  one  between  the  scale  of  the  spikelet  and  the  flower,  one  be- 
tween the  latter  and  the  axis  of  the  spikelet.  Bristles  or  other  perianth  none. 
Stamens  1  or  2.  Style  2-3-cleft.  Achene  flattish  or  triangular,  naked  at  the 
tip.  —  Culms  leafy  at  base.  (Xame  formed  of  Kiiros,  fat,  and  Kapcpos,  chaff, 
from  the  thickness  of  the  inner  scales  of  some  species.) 

1.  L.  maculata,  Torr.  Annual;  culm  (4-8'  high)  much  longer  than 
the  linear  concave  leaves;  spikelets  (1  -2"  long)  green  and  dark-spotted;  in- 
ner scales  delicate ;  stamen  one ;  achene  oblong  with  a  contracted  base.  — 
Springy  or  miry  places,  Va.  to  Fla. ;  near  Philadelphia,  probably  adventive. 

13.     RHYNCHOSPORA,     Vahl.        Beak-Rush.     (PI.  4.) 

Spikelets  pauicled  or  variously  clustered,  ovate,  globular,  or  spindle-shaped, 
terete,  or  sometimes  flattish ;  but  the  scales  open  or  barely  concave  (not  boat- 
shaped  nor  keeled) ;  the  loAver  commonly  loosely  imbricated  and  empty,  the 
uppermost  often  subtending  imperfect  flowers.  Perianth  in  the  form  of  bristles 
(mostly  6).  Stamens  mostly  .3.  Achene  lenticular,  globular,  or  flat,  crowned 
with  a  conspicuous  tubercle  or  beak  consisting  of  the  persistent  indurated  base 
or  even  of  the  greater  part  of  the  style.  —  Cliiefly  perennials,  with  more  or  less 
triangular  and  leafy  culms ;  the  spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary  clusters; 
flowering  in  summer.  (Xame  composed  of  pvyxos,  a  snout,  and  cnropd,  a  seed, 
from  the  beaked  achene.) 

§  1.   RHYNCHOSPORA    proper.     Spikelets  terete  or  biconvex,  few- many- 
flowered ;  style  conspicuously  2-cleft,  its  base  only  for  mi  n(]  the  tubercle  of  the 
mostly  lenticular  achene ;  bristles  usually  present,  merely  rough  or  barbed- 
denticulate  {not  plumose). 
*  Achene  transversely  wrinkled  ;  bristles  mostly  6,  upwardly  denticulate. 

1.  R.  Cymosa,  Nutt.  Culm  triangular;  leaves  linear  (^' wide)  ;  cymes 
corymbose,  the  spikelets  crowded  and  clustered ;  achene  round-obovate,  twice 
the  length  of  the  bristles,  four  times  the  length  of  the  depressed-conical  tuber- 
cle.—  Low  grounds,  Penu.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  west  to  N.  Ind.  and  111. 

2.  R.  Torreyana,  Gray.  (PI.  4,  figs.  1-5.)  Culm  nearly  terete,  slender  ; 
leaves  bristle  form  ;  cymes  pauicled,  somewhat  loose,  the  spikelets  mostly  pedi- 
celled ;  achene  oblong-obovate,  longer  than  the  bristles,  thrice  the  length  of  the 
broad  compressed-conical  tubercle.  —  Swamps ;  pine-barrens  of  N.  J.  to  S.  C. 

3.  R.  inexpansa,  Vahl.  Culm  triangular,  slender;  leai-es  narrowly  lin. 
ear;  spikelets  spindle-shaped,  mostly  pedicelled,  in  drooping  panicles;  achene 
ohlnng,  half  the  length  of  the  slender  bristles,  twice  the  length  of  the  triangular- 
subulate  tubercle.  —  Low  grounds,  Va.  to  Ga. 

*  *  Achene  smooth  and  even. 
-f-  Bristles  6,  long  and  conspicuous,  upwardly  denticulate. 

4.  R.  fiisca,  Roem.  &  Schultes.  Culm  6-12'  high;  leaves  brisdeform 
channelled;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  few,  clustered  in  1-3  loose  heads  (dark 


CYPERACEiE.        (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  585 

chestnut-color);  achene  obovate,  half  the  length  nf  the  bristles,  equalling  the  tri- 
angular-sword-shapeil  acute  tubercle,  whicli  is  rough  scrruhite  on  the  niargnis. 
—  Low  gr.»uii(ls,  N.  Hrunswick  to  N.  J.,  west  to  L.  Superior.     (Ku.) 

5.  R.  gracilenta,  Ciray.  Culms  very  slender,  1-2°  high;  leaves  nar- 
rowli/  linear ;  spikelets  ovoid,  in  2  -  4  small  clusters,  the  lateral  long-peduncled  ; 
achene  ovuid,  rather  shorter  than  the  bristles,  about  the  length  of  the  Hat  awl- 
shaped  tubercle.  —  Low  grounds,  southern  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

6.  R.  olig^nthaf  Gray.  Culm  and  leaves  filiform,  6-12'  high;  spike- 
lets  very  few  (1-4),  ovate-oblong ;  bristles  plumose  below  the  middle ;  achene; 
\)bovate-oblong,  bearing  a  conical  tubercle  ^  its  length.  —  Del.  {Canbj)  to  Fla. 

-t-  •»-  Bristles  none,  or  \  -3  and  minute ;  spikelets  pale,  \-Jiowered. 

7.  R.  pallida,  M.A.Curtis.  Culm  (1-2*^  liigli)  acutely  triangular; 
leaves  and  sj)ikelets  as  in  the  next  species,  but  only  a  terminal  dense  cluster, 
which  is  less  white  or  turns  pale  reddish-tawny;  achene  obovate-lenticular, 
tipped  witli  a  minute  depressed  and  apiculate  tubercle ;  the  delicate  bristles 
4-5  times  shorter  or  obsolete.  —  Bogs  in  pine-barrens  of  N.  J.  and  N.  C. 

H-  -t-  t-  Bristles  long,  denticulate  dowmcard,  or  both  ways  in  n.  11. 

■^  Spikelets  white  or  whitish,  becomin;/  tawny  with  afje,  perfecting  only  a  single 

flower ;  stamens  usually  2;  bristles  9-12,  or  even  20. 

8.  R.  ^Iba,  Vahl.  Culm  slender  (1 -2°  high),  triangular  above;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  or  almost  bristle-form ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  densely  crowded 
in  a  head-like  terminal  corymb  and  usually  one  or  two  lateral  ones;  achene 
oblong-obovate  with  a  narrowed  base,  scarcely  longer  than  the  flattened-awl- 
shaped  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  bristles.  —  Bogs,  Newf.  to  Fla.,  west  to  N. 
Ind.,  Minn.,  and  Oregon.     (Eu.) 

-^  ■*-<■  Spikelets  chestnut-colored  or  darker  in  n.  \Q  and  W ,  few  -  several  flowered  ; 
sta}}iens  3;  bristles  usually  6. 

9.  R.  capili^cea,  Torr.  Culm  6-9' high,  slender;  leaves  bristle  form  ; 
spikelets  3-6  in  a  terminal  cluster,  and  commonly  1  or  2  on  a  remote  axillary 
peduncle,  oblong-lanceolate  (pale  chestnut-color,  3"  long) ;  achene  oblong-ovoid, 
stipitate,  very  obscurely  wrinkled,  about //a//' ///e  length  of  the  (6,  rarely  12)  stout 
bristles,  and  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate-beaked  tubercle.  —  Boga  and 
rocky  river-banks,  N.  Vt.  to  I'enn.,  west  to  western  N.  Y.  and  Minn.  — Var. 
LEVistxA,  Hill.     Bristles  perfectly  smooth.     N.  W.  Ind. 

10.  R.  Kniesk6rnii,  Carey.  Culm  6-18'  high,  slender;  leaves  nar- 
rowly linear,  sliort ;  spikelets  numerous,  crowded  in  4-6  distant  clusters,  oblong- 
ovate  (scarcely  1"  long) ;  achene  obovate,  narrowed  at  base,  equalling  the  bristles, 
twice  the  length  of  the  triangular  flattened  tubercle.  —  Pine-barrens  of  N.  J. 
(on  bog  iron  ore  exclusively)  to  Va. ;  rare. 

H.  P.  glomer^ta,  Vahl.  Culm  1-3°  high;  leaves  linear, fat;  spike- 
lets numerous  in  distant  clusters  or  heads  (often  in  pairs  from  the  same  sheath), 
ovoid-oblong ;  achene  obovate,  margined,  narrowed  at  base,  as  long  as  the  lance- 
awl-shaped  flattened  tubercle,  which  equals  the  always  downwardly  barbed 
bristles.  —  Low  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Mich,  and  N.  Ind. 

12.  R.  cephal^ntha,  Gray.  Culm  stout  (2-3°  high);  /carts  narrojr/y 
linear,  fat,  keeled ;  spikelets  very  numerous,  crowded  in  2  or  3  or  more  dense 
globular  heads  which  are  distant  (and  often  in  pairs),  obhng-lanceolate,  dark 


586  CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

brown ;  achene  orbicular-obovate,  margined,  narrowed  at  base,  about  as  long 

as  the  awl-shaped  beak ;  bristles  twice  longer,  stout,  barbed  downward  and 

sometimes  also  upward.  —  Sandy  swamps.  Long  Island  to  N.  J.  and  Fla. 

§2.    CEEATOSCHCENUS.     Spikelets  lanceolate,  acuminate,  in  fruit  Jlattish, 

cymose-panicled ,  of  only  one  perfect  and  1-4  staminate  flowers ;  scales  fe^o ; 

bristles  rigid,  minutely  scabrous  upward ;  style  simple  or  barely  2-toothed, 

filiform  and  gradually  thickened  downicard,  in  fruit  persistent  as  an  exserted, 

slender-awl-shaped,  upwardly  roughened  beak,  several  times  longer  than  the 

smooth  fat  obovate  achene ;  coarse  perennials ;  spikelets  in  flower  Af' ,  in  fruit 

including  the  projectitig  beak  about  1'  long. 

13.  R.  corniculata,  Gray.  (Horned  Rush.)  Culm 3  - 6°  high ;  leaves 
about  6''  wide ;  cymes  decompound,  diffuse ;  bristles  awl-shaped,  stout,  unequal, 
shorter  than  the  achene.  —  Wet  places,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  west  to  S.  Ind.  and  Mo. 

14.  R.  macrostachya,  Torr.  (PI.  4,  fig.  l-4.)  Cymes  decompound, 
or  in  the  northern  form  somewhat  simple  and  smaller,  and  the  spikelets  usually 
more  clustered;  bristles  capillary,  twice  the  length  of  the  achene.  —  Borders  of 
ponds,  Mass.  to  X.  J.  and  Fla. ;  rare. 

14.     CLADIUM,     P.Browne.        Twig-Rush.     (PI.  5.) 

Spikelets  ovoid  or  oblong,  of  several  loosely  imbricated  scales ;  the  lower 
empty,  one  or  two  above  bearing  a  staminate  or  imperfect  flower ;  the  terminal 
flower  perfect  and  fertile.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2.  Style  2-3-cleft,  de- 
ciduous. Achene  ovoid  or  globular,  somewhat  corky  at  the  summit,  or  pointed, 
without  any  tubercle,  in  wliich  it  differs  from  Rhynchospora.  (Diminutive  of 
kAo'Sos,  a  branch,  from  tlie  repeatedly  branched  cyme  of  the  original  species.) 

I.  C.  maris COldes,  Torr.  Perennial;  culm  obscurely  triangular  ( 1  - 2° 
high) ;  leaves  narrow,  channelled,  scarcely  rough-margined  ;  cymes  small;  tht^ 
spikelets  clustered  in  heads  3-8  together  on  2-4  peduncles;  style  3-cleft. — 
Bogs,  N.  Scotia  to  Del.,  west  to  S.  Minn,  and  Iowa.     July. 

15.     SCLERIA,     Berg.        Nut-Rush.     (PI.  5.) 

Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  fertile  spikelets  l-flowered,  usually  intermixed  with 
clusters  of  few-flowered  staminate  spikelets.  Scales  loosely  imbricated,  the 
lower  empty.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achene  globular,  stony,  bony, 
or  enamel-like  in  texture.  Bristles,  etc.,  none.  Perennials,  witli  triangular 
leafy  culms,  mostly  from  creeping  rootstocks ;  flowering  in  summer ;  all  in 
low  ground  or  swamps.  Inflorescence,  in  our  species,  of  terminal  and  axillary 
clusters,  the  lower  clusters  usually  peduncled.  (Name,  cKXripia,  hardness,  from 
the  indurated  fruit.) 

*  Achene  smooth. 

1.  S.  triglomerata,  Michx.  Culm  (l-|-3°  high)  and  broadly  linear 
leaves  roughish ;  fascicles  of  spikelets  few,  the  lowest  peduncled,  the  upper 
someivhat  in  threes;  achene  ovate-globose  or  depressed,  on  an  obscure  crusta- 
ceous  disk.  —  Mass.  and  Vt.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Minn,  and  Tex.  —  Yar.  gracilis, 
Britton,  Culms  slender  (1  -  2°  long) ;  fascicles  few-flowered,  the  lower  (2  - 
3-flowered)  on  very  long  filiform  peduncles;  achene  not  more  than  half  as 
large,  acutish.  —  N.  J. 


CYPERACE.E.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  587 

2.  S.  olig^ntha,  Kll.  Culms  slender,  2°  hip:h,  the  anpjles  somewhat 
winged  ;  Icdrt  s  lined r  (2"  wide),  smooth  excc])t  the  scsiltrous  apex  ;  lateral  f;vs- 
cides  1  or  2,  usually  on  long  exserted  peduncles ;  achene  ovate,  on  a  tuberculate 
disk.  —  Va.  to  Fhi.  and  Tex. 

*  #  Achene  papillose  or  uarti/. 

3.  S.  paucifl6ra,  Muhl.  Smoothish  or  hairy  ;  culm  slender  (9  -  24'  high) ; 
leaves  narrowly  lim-ar;  fascicles  few-flowered,  the  lateral  pedunculate,  sessile, 
or  wanting;  bracts  ciliate ;  achene  globose-ovate;  the  disk  a  narrow  ring 
bearing  3  pairs  of  minute  tubercles.  —  N.  H.  to  Ohio,  south  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

*  *  *  Achene  reticulated  or  wrinkled. 

4.  S.  reticularis,  Michx.  (I'l.  5,  fig.  6-10.)  Culms  slender,  erect, 
scabrous  (1  -21^  high) ;  leaves  linear  (1  -  1^"  wide),  smooth  ;  lateral  fascicles 
1-3,  loose,  remote,  nearly  erect,  on  short  often  included  peduncles ;  bracts  gla- 
brous ;  achene  globose,  rerjnlarli/  reticulated  and  pitted,  not  hairy,  resting  upon 
a  double  greenish  conspicuously  3-lobed  disk,  the  inner  appressed  to  and  de- 
ciduous with  the  achene.  —  E.  Mass.  to  Fla.  —  Var.  pruESCENs,  Britton.  Edges 
of  reticulations  more  or  loss  hairy,  especially  toward  the  apex  ;  lateral  fascicles 
generally  on  longer  peduncles.  I'ine-barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Fla.  —  Var.  ouscura, 
Britton.  Achene  bony,  its  surface  with  very  obscure  reticulations,  nearly 
smooth  at  the  summit.     R.  I.  and  X.  C. 

5.  S.  Torreyana,  "NValpers.  Culms  weak,  diffuse,  slightly  scabrous  or 
smooth ;  leaves  linear  (2-4"  wide),  smooth  ;  lateral  fascicles  loose,  on  more  or 
less  elongated  and  drooping  Jil  if  or  m  peduncles ;  achene  irregularli/  pitted-reticu- 
lated  or  pitted-rugose  icith  the  ridges  sometchat  spiralli/  arranged  and  more  or 
less  hair  11  (sometimes  smooth);  otherwise  as  in  the  last.  (S.  laxa,  Torr.)  — 
Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.  S.  verticillkta,  Muhl.  Smooth  ;  culms  simple,  slender  (4-24'  high) ; 
leaves  narrowly  linear  ;  ya.sr/c/f's  3- 9-flowered,  4- 6,  sessile  in  an  interrupted 
spikelet ;  achene  globose  (Y'  broad),  somewhat  triangular  at  base,  rough- 
u-rinkUd  with  short  elevated  ridges;  disk  obsolete.  —  E.  Mass.  to  Ont.,  Minn., 
and  south  to  the  Gulf. 

16.     CAREX,    Ruppius.        Skdgk.         (By  L.  II.  Bailey.) 

Flowers  unisexual,  destitute  of  floral  envelopes,  disposed  in  spikes;  the 
staminate  consisting  of  three  stamens,  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  or  scale ;  the 
pistillate  comprising  a  single  pistil  with  a  bifid  or  trifid  style,  forming  in  fruit 
fi  hard  lenticular  or  triangular  achene,  which  is  enclosed  in  a  sac  (perigi/ntum) 
formed  by  the  complete  union  of  the  borders  of  a  bractlet  or  of  connate  bract- 
lets  and  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  or  scale.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flow- 
ers borne  in  different  i)arts  of  the  spike  (spike  androgi/vous),  or  in  separate 
spikes  on  the  same  culm,  or  rarely  the  plant  dicccious.  —  Perennial  grnss  like 
herl)s  with  mo.stly  triangular  culms.  .'3-ranked  leaves,  usually  with  rough  mar- 
gins and  keel,  and  spikes  in  the  axils  of  leafy  or  scale-like  bracts,  often  aggre- 
gated into  heads.  An  exceedingly  critical  genus,  the  study  of  which  should 
be  attempted  only  with  complete  and  fully  mature  specimens.  (The  classical 
Latin  name,  of  obscure  signification  ;  derived  by  some  from  Ktlpw,  to  cut,  on  ac- 
count of  the  sharp  leaves  —  as  the  English  name  Shear-grass.)     (PI.  5  and  6.) 


688  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

Synopsis  of  Sections  and  Groups. 

§  1.  CAREX  proper.  Stamiuate  flowers  forming  one  or  more  terminal  linear  or  club-shaped 
spikes  (often  pistillate  at  base  or  apex).  Pistillate  flowers  usually  in  distinct  and  sim- 
ple mostly  peduncled  spikes.  Cross-section  of  perigynium  circular,  obtusely  angled,  or 
prominently  triangular  in  outline.  Style  mostly  3  parted  and  acheue  triangular  or 
triquetrous. 

*  1.  Pliysocarpse.     Perigynium  mostly  straw-colored  at  maturity,  papery  in  texture,  usu- 

ally more  or  less  inflated,  smooth  (sometimes  hairy  in  n.  6),  nerved,  tapering  into  a  beak 
as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  body ;  spikes  few  to  many,  distinct,  comjiactly  flowered  ; 
stigmas  3  (2  in  n.  ]  0). 

■<-  1.  Paucifioros.  Perigynium  greenish,  linear-lanceolate  or  almost  needle  shaped,  not  in- 
flated, strongly  deflexed  at  maturity,  several  times  longer  than  the  inconspicuous  scale  ; 
spike  androgynous,  the  pistillate  flowers  at  base,  few.  —  Sp.  1. 

■>-  2.  Lupv.iiivi:.  Perigynium  green  or  greenish-tawiiy  or  sometimes  yellow,  more  or  less 
inflated  (except  in  n.  2-4),  long,  usually  very  turgid  at  base,  mostly  erect  or  nearly  so, 
very  gradually  attenuate  to  a  long  slenderly  toothed  beak  exceeding  the  scale  ;  spikes  3 
or  more,  the  stamiuate  mostly  1  and  stalked,  the  pistillate  often  sessile,  usually  short 
and  thick,  often  becoming  dark  colored  in  drying.  —  Sp.  2-S. 

—  3.  Vesicarice.     Perigynium  smooth  and  shining,  much  inflated,  at  maturity  straw-colored 

or  sometimes  purple,  beaked  and  conspicuously  short-toothed  (entire  in  n.  10),  usually 
prominently  few-nerved,  much,  shorter  than  in  •<-  2 ;  stamiuate  spikes  commonly  2  or 
more  ;  pistillate  spikes  as  a  rule  long  and  densely  cylindrical.  —  Sp.  9  -  16. 

—  4.  PseudocypercK.    Perigynium  less  inflated,  more  conspicuously  nerved  or  even  costate, 

and  with  more  or  less  setaceous  or  awned  teeth  ;  scale  usually  awned ;  spikes  mostly 
nodding  or  spreading,  comose  in  appearance,  greenish,  greenish-yellow,  or  ochroleucous. 

—  Sp.  17-19. 

■«-  5.  Sqiiar'-osce.  Perigynium  obconic  or  obovoid,  squarrose  in  exceedingly  dense  short 
spikes. —  Sp.  20,  21. 

*  2.  Trachychlsense.     Perigynium  mostly  thick  and  hard  in  texture,  often  scabrous  or 

hirsute,  straight-beaked  ;  pistillate  spikes  compactly  flowered,  mostly  large,  erect  or 
nearly  so  ;  stamiuate  spikes  1  or  more  ;  stigmas  3.     Generally  large  and  coarse. 

•»-  1.  Shortianre.  Terminal  spike  androgynous,  stamiuate  below  ;  perigynium  small,  sca- 
brous, nearly  beakles  •,  entire.  —  Sp.  22. 

1-  2.  Anomalm.  Terminal  spike  all  stamiuate ;  pistillate  spikes  long  and  cylindrical,  mostly 
dense ;  perigynium  broad  and  short,  short-beaked,  the  orifice  very  slightly  notched  or 
entire,  mostly  granulate.  —  Sp.  23. 

•1-  3.  Hirtce.  A  heterogeneous  group,  distinguished  from  -^  2  by  the  longer  and  more  deeply 
cut  beak  (slightly  toothed  m  n.  24),  and  by  the  hairy  perigynium  (smooth  in  n.  25).  — 
Sp.  24  -  27. 

•1-  4.  PalvAlosce.  Staminate  spikes  2  or  more,  long-stalked ;  the  pistillate  2-  several,  usually 
all  peduncled,  long  and  heavy,  loose-flowered,  erect  or  nodding  ;  perigynium  large,  thick 
in  texture,  strongly  nerved,  mostly  smooth,  usually  conspicuously  beaked.  Coarse 
species.  —  Sp.  28,  29. 

*  3.  Microrhyncliae.     Parallel  with  *  2 ;  di.stinguished  in  general  by  the  much  smaller 

and  nearly  or  entirely  beakless  and  mostly  entire-mouthed  perigynium,  which  is  much 
thinner  in  texture  ;  stigmas  2  or  3,  Paludose  and  alpnie  species,  of  various  habit,  mostly 
with  colored  spikes,  often  in  dense  tufts  or  tussocks 

■•-  1.  Atratce.  Terminal  spike  clulvshaped  and  androgyiious  with  the  staminate  flowers  be- 
low (very  rarely  all  staminate  in  n.  32);  pistillate  spikes  mostly  short  and  dark-colored, 
erect  or  drooping  ;  stigmas  3.  —  Sp.  30-32. 

4-  2.  RigidcB.  Mostly  stiflT,  with  short  erect  closely  flowered  spikes,  an  entirely  staminate 
terminal  spike,  dark  colored  scales,  and  bracts  with  purple  or  black  auricles  at  base ; 
stigmas  2  or  3.  —  Sp.  33, 

•*-  3.  Acutcr.  Mostly  larger  and  more  slender,  usually  paludose,  with  green  or  light-colored 
large  and  long  spikes  ;  stigmas  2<3  in  u.  39).    Distinguished  from  ••-  2  mainly  by  habit. 

—  Sp.  34-39. 


CYPERACE^K.        (SKDGE    FAMILY.)  589 

*~  4.  CryptoearfXB.  Lai-ge,  with  nodding  or  drooping  large  sjiikes,  their  dark  scales  very 
loii^'  liud  conspicuous;  stigmas  2.  —  8p.  40,  41. 

^  5.  reiuiutiiuc.  Distinguished  from  ■*-  4  by  the  smaller  size,  Hmalltr  sjiikes,  shejithlesa 
bmcta,  and  whitish,  more  or  less  granulated,  nearly  pointless  perigynium  ;  stigmas  a.  — 
Sp,  42-45. 

•  4.  ]Iyinenochlaent«.  Perigynium  mostly  light  green  or  whitish,  usually  thin  and  mem- 
branous, ol'leii  somewhat  inflated  or  loosely  investing  the  achene,  icmmouly  .smooth 
and  shining  (hairy  in  n.  46,  sometimes  in  n.  47),  slender  or  olilong,  attenuate  to  a  dis- 
tinct or  long  minutely  toothed  straight  beak  (or  beaklcss  or  nearly  so  in  t-  1  and  n.  o6); 
pistillate  spikes  several  or  many,  mostly  loosely  Howered  and  on  tllHorm  nodding  or 
widely  s]>reading  peduncles  ;  bracts  leal-like;  teiininal  .spike  staminate  or  androgynous  ; 
stigmas  '6.     Mostly  rather  tall  and  slender  upland  species. 

•♦-  1.  Virescentes.  Terminal  spike  pistillate  at  top  ;  pistillate  spikes  oblong  or  eylindricai, 
dense,  erect;  perigynium  ovate  or  obovato,  ne-;irly  or  quite  beakless,  olten  hairy.  — JSp. 
4G,  47. 

■»-  2.  Sylvatiar,  Terminal  spike  all  staminate  ;  pistillate  spikes  mostly  long-exserted,  slen- 
der; perigynium  lew-nerved,  contracted  into  a  cylindrical  beak  which  is  longer  than  the 
body. —  tip.  48. 

■t- 3.  Fl^les.  Terminal  spike  all  staminate;  pistillate  spikes  rather  thick  (very  small  in 
n.  50).  more  or  less  drooping;  perigynium  beaked,  few-nerved  or  nerveless,  tawny  or 
whitish.  — «p.  49,  50. 

•t-  4.  Delnles.  Terminal  spike  all  staminate  (occasionally  pistillate  above  in  n.  53);  pistil- 
late spikes  very  narrow  and  slender,  long-e.vserted  and  nodding,  mostly  very  loosely 
flowered;  perigynium  rather  small,  not  turgid,  prominently  beaked.  —  Sp.  51-53. 

•4-  5.  Gracillimoe.  Terminal  spike  pistillate  at  top  ;  pistillate  spikes  habitually  thicker  than 
in  ••-  4  ;  perigynium  ovate-oblong,  more  or  less  turgid  ;  the  beak  short  or  none.  —  Sp. 
54-57. 

■♦-  6.  Grisecp.  Terminal  spike  staminate  ;  perigynium  more  or  less  turgid  or  plump,  often 
glaucous,  scarcely  beaked,  finely  striate  ;  .spikes  erect.  —  Sp.  5S,  59. 

•  5.  Spirostachyje.     Perigynium  smooth  or  minutely  granulated  or  rarely  somewhat  ser- 

rate on  the  margins,  prominently  nerved,  mostly  yellowish,  squarrose,  mostly  beaked 
(entirely  beakless  in  n.  63),  the  orifice  entire  :  staminate  spike  mostly  single  ;  pistillate 
spikes  2-5,  short  (usually  1'  long  or  less),  yellow  or  fuscous,  compactly  flowered  ;  stig- 
mas 3.  —  Medium-sized  species,  growing  in  meadows  and  grassy  swales. 

^  1.  Granulares.  S]»ikes  scattered,  cylindrical,  the  lowest  long-stalked  ;  bracts  erect,  long 
and  leafy  ;  sheaths  short  or  nearly  obsolete.  —  Sp.  60,  61. 

"*-  2.  ExtensT.  Spikes  mostly  approximate  or  aggregated  at  the  top  of  the  culm  (becoming 
remote  in  C  extensa),  the  lowest  1  or  2  subtended  by  a  long  and  leafy  mo.stly  abruptly 
spreading  and  nearly  or  entirely  sheathless  bract.  Terminal  spike  sometimes  andro- 
gynous. —  Sp.  62. 

t- 3  Pnllesccntes.  Spikes  globular  or  short-oblong,  obtuse,  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  ap- 
proximate at  the  top  of  the  culm  ;  bracts  short,  leaf-like,  sheathless  ;  perigynium  entire 
at  the  orifice,  the  beak  none  or  very  short  and  .stout.  — Sp.  6.1,  64. 

•  6.  Drtctylostachyse.     Perigynium  mostly  short  nnd  triangular,  mostly  with  a  short  and 

straight  or  curved  beak,  green  or  greenish,  scarcely  inflated  ;  scales  of  the  pistillate 
sjiikes  mostly  whiti.sli  (.sometimes  dark-colored  in  the  Digitntn'),r>Ttnn  small;  stjuninate 
spike  mostly  one  :  pistillate  spikes  .sliort  (sehlon)  exceeding  1'),  commonly  rather  loosely 
flowered  and  slender  fspike  single  and  jdant  dirpcious  in  n.  S.I) :  brnctfs  sheathing,  tlie 
sheaths  of  en  conspicuous  and  colored.  —  Low  and  lax  or  slender  sy)ecies  inhabiting 
meadows  and  copses. 

■•-  1.  OIiijncarp(r.  Slender  and  narrow-leaved,  with  leafy  bnicts  and  inconspicuous  preen 
sheaths;  perigynium  rounded  on  the  angles,  finely  Jiiany-striate,  often  somewhat  punc- 
tulate  as  in  n.  58,  to  which  the  group  forms  a  transition.  —Hy.  65-67. 

4-  2.  iMriflorfr.  Slender  and  more  or  less  broad-leaved,  with  mostly  leafy  bracts,  green  or 
purple  sheaths,  and  loosely  flowered  sinkes :  perigyninm  mostly  conspicuously  three* 
angled,  with  a  more  or  less  curved  beak  —  Sp.  68-74. 


590  CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

■*-  3.  Panii-cce.  Mostly  stouter  and  narrow-leaved,  with  thinner  spikes  ;  perigynium  often 
strongly  nerved,  not  conspicuously  triangular,  often  somewhat  turgid  ;  bracts  and 
sheaths  various.  —  Sp.  75  -  78. 

•»-  4.  Bicolores.  Small  species  with  a  beakless,  more  or  less  round  or  pyriform  perigynium, 
which  is  commonly  glaucous ;  terminal  spike  androgynous  or  all  staminate ;  stigmas 
mostly  2.  —  Sp.  79. 

■*-  5.  Digitatce.  Low  species  ;  sheaths  membranaceous  or  hyaline  and  colored,  either  not 
prolonged  into  a  bract  or  the  bract  very  short  and  not  foliaceous  ;  perigynium  more  or 
less  three-angled,  often  hairy,  the  beak  straight  or  nearly  so.  —  Sp.  80  -  83. 

*  7.  Spliferidiophorae.     Perigynium  mostly  short  and  rounded,  three-angled  in  the  Tri- 

quetrce,  tirm  or  hard  in  texture,  not  inflated,  hairy  or  scabrous,  the  beak  straight  and 
usually  bifid  ;  staminate  spike  one  ;  pistillate  spikes  short  (1'  long  or  less),  usually  glob- 
ular or  short-oblong,  more  or  less  sessile  and  approximate  or  the  longer  ones  radical 
(spike  single  in  n.  84)  ;  bracts  sheathless,  short,  or  obsolete  ;  stigmas  rarely  two.  —  Low 
species  of  dry  ground,  with  leaves  all  radical. 

-•-  1.  Scirpince.     Spike  one,  unisexual;  plant  dioecious.  —  Sp.  84. 

<•-  2.  Montance.  Spikes  two  to  several,  the  lowest  occasionally  long-peduncled  and  radical ; 
perigynium  rounded,  contracted  above  and  below,  mostly  bearing  two  prominent  ribs, 
more  or  less  hairy.  —  Low  species  of  dry  soils.  —  Sp.  85-91. 

•t-  3.  Triquetral.  Taller ;  sjiikes  mostly  approximate  at  the  top  of  the  culm,  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical ;  perigynium  conspicuously  3-angled.  —  Sp.  92. 

♦  8.  Phyllostachyae.    Perigynium  much  as  in  the  3fo?ita7tcc;  spike  one,  staminate  above  ; 

pistillate  flowers  few,  often  remote,  usually  on  a  more  or  less  zigzag  rhachis  ;  scales  pro- 
longed and  leaf-like.  —  Sp.  93  -  95. 

*  9.  Leptocephal^e.     Perigynium  thin  in  texture,  green,  oblong  or  lanceolate  or  linear  in 

general  outline,  beakless  ;  spike  one,  staminate  above,  thin  and  slender  ;  stigmas  mostly 
three.  —  Small,  slender  and  grass-like.  —  Sp.  96. 

•  10.  Physoceplialae.     Spike  one,  globular  or  short-oblong,  staminate  at  the  apex  ;  peri- 

gynium straw-colored,  paper-like,  more  or  less  inflated ;  stigmas  three.  Leaves  remark- 
ably broad  in  our  species.  —  Sp.  97. 

§  2.  VIGNEA.  Staminate  flowers  few  and  inconspicuous,  borne  at  the  base  or  apex  of  the 
pistillate  spikes.  Pistillate  flowers  in  short  sessile  spikes  (or  spike  single  in  some 
cases),  which  are  commonly  more  or  less  aggregated  into  heads  or  even  pauicled.  Peri- 
gynium plano-convex.  Styles  two  and  achene  lenticular.  —  The  spikes,  especially  the 
uppermost,  usually  have  contracted  bases  when  the  staminate  flowers  are  borne  below 
the  pistillate  ones,  and  empty  scales  at  the  top  when  the  staminate  flowers  are  borne 
at  the  summit. 

»  11.  Acroarrhenae.  Staminate  flowers  borne  at  the  top  of  the  spikes  (or,  in  the  Multi- 
Jlorce  and  Arenaricc,  spikes  often  wholly  staminate  and  the  plants  occasionally  dioecious). 

1-  1.  Fcetidce.  Spikes  tawny  or  brown,  not  elongated,  very  densely  aggregated  into  a  con- 
tinuous globose  somewhat  chaffy  head ;  perigynium  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  nerveless 
or  nearly  so,  mostly  thin  in  texture.  —  Sp.  98,  99. 

V  2.  Vulpince.  Spikes  mostly  yellow  or  tawny  when  mature,  densely  aggregated  or  some- 
times somewhat  scattered  below  or  even  panicled  :  perigynium  thick  in  texture,  spongy 
at  base,  mostly  stipitate,  bearing  very  conspicuous  nerves,  which  converge  below  and 
are  especially  prominent  on  the  outer  side.  —  Sp.  100  - 102. 

t-  3.  Multifior(e.  Heads  various,  mostly  loosely  flowered,  sometimes  a  panicle,  yellow  or 
tawny;  spikes  short  (rarely  longer  than  broad),  staminate  flowers  sometimes  occupy- 
ing whole  spikes  in  the  middle  or  at  the  apex  of  the  head  ;  perigynium  mostly  small 
and  short  and  nearly  nerveless,  or  in  some  species  becoming  nearly  lanceolate  and  more 
or  less  prominently  nerved,  firm  in  texture,  usually  numerous.  —  Sp.  103-108. 

^  4.  Arenarm.  Spikes  longer  than  in  the  last  section,  linear  or  nearly  so,  aggregated  into 
short,  almost  globose  heads  ;  perigynium  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  larger 
and  more  delicate  in  texture  ;  scales  awn-pointed  or  very  acute.  Staminate  floweis 
variously  situated.  —  (C.  arenaria.) 


CYFERACE^.        (SEIXiE    FAMILY.)  591 

t-  .1.  Muhlmbergianre.    Spikes  gi-een  or  nearly  so  when  mature,  aggregated  or  scattered, 

never  in  compound  heads  ;  perigj-nium  mostly  short-ovate,  staminatc  flowers  always  at 

the  top  of  the  spike.  —  Sp.  109  - 114. 
■•-  6.  Dioicrr.    Spike  commonly  one.  small  .  ulants  small  and  slender,  often  dioecious.  —8p. 

115-  117. 
•  12.  Hyparrhenae.    Staminate  flowers  borne  at  the  base  of  the  spikes  (or  in  n.  124  and 

125  variously  situated). 
-•-  1.  Elongatcv.    Spikes  silvery  green  or  sometimes  tawny  when  mature,  distinct,  mostly 

small  ,  perigynium  not  wing-margined  nor  conspicuously  broadened,  mostly  nearly  flat 

on  the  inner  surface.  — Sp.  118-124. 
••-  2.  Ovales.    Spikes  tawny  or  dark,  rather  large,  sometimes  crowded  ;  perigynium  witl>  a 

more  or  less  thin  or  winged  margin,  which  is  mostly  incurved  at  maturity,  rendering 

the  perigynium  concave  inside.  — Sj).  125-1J2. 
■*-  3.  Cj/peroldecP:     Spikes  green,  oblong,  densely  crowded  into  a  short  head  subtended  by 

two  or  three  leafy  bracts  which  are  erect  and  prolonged  from  six  inches  to  a  foot ;  peri- 
gynium linear-lanceolate,  scarcely  margined.  — Sp.  133. 

Artificial  Key. 

Si>ike  1,  staminate  at  top  ;  scales  of  pistillate  flowers  leaf-like     ....     Sp.  93-95 
Spike  I,  scales  not  leaf-like. 

Usually  dioecious  :  stigma  2 115-117 

Stigmas  3.— Perigynium  densely  hairy 84 

Spike  staminate  at  base  ;  pcrigynia  squarrose 21 

Spike  staminate  at  top. — Globose  ;  leaves  broad         ....  97 

Perigynium  nearly  linear,  beakless         .        .      96 
Perigynium  long,  spindle-ohaped        .        .  1 

Spikes  several  or  numerous,  sessile,  spicate  or  capitate  ;  stigmas  2. 
All  in  a  globose  or  ovoid  uninterrupted  head. 

All  staminate  above.  —  Usually  green  at  maturity 112,114 

Usually  yellow  or  tawny  or  brown     .        .        .98,  99,  104,  ICS 

All  staminate  below.  —  Leafy-bracteate 133 

Not  lea fy-bracteate.— Green 118-120 

Usually  tawny  or  brown  .        .     125-182 
Some  or  all  of  the  spikes  distinct  or  the  head  interrupted. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  variously  disposed,  some  of  the  spikes  often  unisexual. 

Head  large  and  long lOS,  C.  arenaria. 

Head  short  or  linear 124   125 

Spikes  staminate  above 100-114 

Spikes  staminate  below 118-133 

Spikes  usually  more  or  less  pedicelled,  the  wholly  or  partially  staminate  spikes  uppermost. 
Terminal  spike  (rarely  the  2  or  3  uppermost)  staminate  only  at  base. 

Stigmas  2 84-38,79 

Stigmas  3  ;  spikes  erect. 

Short  and  squaiTose 20  21 

Not  squarrose 22,  30,  32,  46,  47,  54,  79 

Stigmas  3  ;  spikes  more  or  less  drooping 31,51-53,55-57 

Terminal  spike  or  spikes  staminate. 

Stigmas  2. —  Spikes  spreading  or  pendulous 34,37,40,41 

Sjiikes  erect  or  nearly  so 9-10,34-41,85-91,79 

Stigmas  3  :  sjiikes  siireading  or  ilrooping. 

Perigynium  prominently  3-angied 68-74 

Perigynium  large,  thin,  much  inflated 9-16 

Perigynium  firmer,  not  inflated. 

Beakless 42 -4."^ 

Beaked  or  prominently  pointed. —  Teeth  long,  stiff"  and  sharp    .        .        .       17-19 
Teeth  short  and  thin,  or  none    SO,  31,  39,  48-53 


592  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

Stigmas  3  ;  spikes  erect  or  ascending. 

Perigynium  hairy.  —  Spil<es  very  large,  globose 6 

Spikes  very  small,  sessile  or. nearly  so        .        .       81-83,85-92 

Spikes  cylindrical,  heavy 24-28 

Perigj'nium  granular-roughened 2S 

Perigynium  smooth, 
Thin  and  turgid,  loosely  enclosing  the  achene.  —  Beakless         ...        58,  59 

Beaked        ....     5-17 
yirm  in  texture,  not  inflated, 

Long-beaked,  deeply  toothed 2-4,26,28 

Less  prominently  beaked,  short-toothed,  sharply  3-angled  .        .        .        .69-74 

"Wholly  beakless  and  pointless 68,  59,  63,  78,  79 

Very  small,  black  and  shining ;  leaves  capillary 80 

Culm  and  leaves  thinly  pubescent 64 

Perigynium  more  or  less  pointed  or  beaked. 

Spikes  spreading  or  drooping 51-53,68-70,75 

Spikes  erect 60-62,65-68,71-78 

*  1.  Physocarp.e.  —  -t-  1.  Paucijlbrce. 

1.  C  paueiflbra,  Lightf.  (PI.  5,  fig.  I-I6.)  Very  slender  but  erect, 
6-18'  high;  leaves  very  uarrow,  much  shorter  than  the  culm;  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers  2  -  5  ;  perigynium  at  maturity  easily  detached.  —  Cold  sphag- 
num swamps,  New  Eug.  to  N,  Penn.  and  Minn.;  local.     (Eu.) 

*  1.  —  -1-  2.  LupuRnce. 
++  Teeth  of  the  perigynium  strongly  rejlexed. 

2.  C.  subulata,  Michx.  Green,  very  slender  but  erect,  6' -2°  high; 
leaves  narrow,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  leafy,  sheathing; 
pistillate  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  2-6-flowered;  perigynium  deflexed.  —  Deep 
sphagnum  swamps,  K.  I.  to  E.  Penn.,  and  southward;  very  local. 

-M-  -w-  Teeth  erect  or  spreading. 
=  Whole  plant  yellowish  ;  perigynium  little  or  not  at  all  inflated. 

3.  C.  Michauxiana,  Boeckl.  Slender  but  stiff  and  erect,  1-2°  high; 
leaves  narrow  and  firm,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikes  2-3,  the  lowest 
usually  remote  and  short  peduncled,  the  remainder  aggregated  and  sessile ; 
staminate  spike  small,  wholly  sessile ;  perigynium  not  inflated,  erect  or  spread- 
ing, twice  longer  than  the  blunt  scale.  (C.  rostrata,  Michx.)  —  Bogs  and  lake- 
borders,  mountains  of  N.  H.  and  N.  Y.,  and  westward  to  L.  Superior ;  local. 

4.  C.  folliculata,  L.  Stout,  2-3°  high;  leaves  very  broad  and  flat, 
lax;  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  scattered,  all  but  the  uppermost  prominently  pe- 
duncled; staminate  spike  short-peduncled ;  perigynium  larger,  inflated,  the 
scale  awned  and  nearly  as  long.  —  Cold  swamps,  New  Eng.  to  N.  J.  and  Penn., 
and  west  to  Mich. ;  rather  local. 

=  —  Plant  green  ;  perigynium  much  inflated. 

5.  C.  intumescens,  Eudge.  Slender,  18-30'  high;  leaves  narrow; 
pistillate  spikes  two,  loosely  1-8-flowered,  the  perigynium  erect-spreading, 
not  prominently  many-nerved.  —  Wet  pastures  and  swamps;  common. 

6.  C.  Grayii,  Carey.  Larger  and  stouter;  leaves  broad  and  flat,  3-4" 
wide;  pistillate  spikes  1  or  2,  the  lowest  often  peduncled,  perfectly  glob- 
ular and  compactly  12-30-flowered,  the  perigynium  spreading  or  deflexed 
and  prominently  many-nerved.  —  Meadows  and  copses,  Vt.  to  111.,  and  south 


CYPERACE/E.       (sED(;E    FAMILY.)  503 

to  Oa. ;  rare  eastward.  —  In  var.  iiispfoLLA,  Gray,  tlie  jjeri^yuium  is  sparsely 
liispklulous. 

7.  C.  lupulina,  Muhl.  Very  stout  and  leafy ;  leaves  rather  broad  and 
loose;  pistillate  spikes  2-G,  approximate  at  the  top  of  the  culm,  all  closely 
sessile  or  the  lower  sometimes  slu)rt-pe(lunc'led,  oblong  or  short-cylindrical, 
very  heavy  and  densely  flowered  ;  staminate  spike  small  and  sessile;  peri- 
gynium  large  and  rather  soft,  erect  or  but  slightly  spreading,  giving  the  spike 
a  hop-like  aspect  (whence  the  name).  (C.  lurida,  Bailei/.)  —  !Swamj)s  and  wet 
pastures ;  frequent. 

Var.  peduncul^ta,  Dewey.  Spikes  more  or  less  scattered,  some  or  all 
prominently  ixmIuhcUmI  ;  staminate  spike  usually  conspicuous,  often  long- 
peduucled,  very  variable  in  size ;  perigynium  more  spreading.  (C.  gigautea, 
Rudye.)  —  With  the  species,  but  more  common. 

Var.  polystachya,  Schwein.  &  Torr.  Stouter,  the  leaves  very  broad 
(often  I')  ;  bracts  broad  and  far  exceeding  the  culm ;  pistillate  spikes  4-6, 
all  long  (3-4')  and  cylindrical,  more  or  less  short-peduncled,  somewhat  scat- 
tered, becoming  yellow ;  perigynium  very  large,  ascending.  (C.  lupuliftjrmis, 
Sartw.)  —  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. ;  not  common. 

C.  LUPULiNA  X  RETRousA,  Dudley.  Distinguished  from  C.  lupulina  by  its 
straw-colored  perigynium,  which  is  less  inflated  and  more  spreading,  standing 
at  nearly  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  spike;  scales  acute  to  short-awned, 
rough.  (C.  lurida  X  retrorsa,  Bailey).  —  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  {Dudley),  aud  Lansing, 
Mich.  {Bailey).     Resembles  n.  16. 

8.  C.  grandis,  Bailey.  Distinguished  from  C.  lupulina,  var.  polystachya, 
by  its  much  more  scattered  and  mostly  sliorter  slim  spikes,  which  are  com- 
paratively loosely  flowered ;  perigynium  swollen  below  but  very  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  a  slender  beak  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  body,  spreading  at  right 
angles  or  nearly  so,  never  becoming  yellow;  scales  narrow,  smooth.  (C.  gi- 
gautea of  previ<jus  editions.)  —  Swamps,  Ky.,  Del.,  aud  southward ;  local. 

*  1.  —  +    3.  Vesicarite. 
■M.  Spikes  very  small,  globular  or  shnrt-oldony . 

9.  C.  oligOSp6rma,  Michx.  Very  slender,  but  stiff,  18-30'  high; 
leaves  and  bracts  very  narrow,  becoming  involute;  staminate  spike  single, 
peduncled ;  pistillate  spikes  1  or  2,  sessile  or  the  lowest  very  short-peduncled, 
3-8-flowered;  perigynium  turgid,  short-ovoid,  gradually  contracted  into  a 
very  short  and  minutely  toothed  beak,  prominently  few-nerved,  yellow,  nearly 
twice  longer  than  the  blunt  scale.  —  Deep  swamps  and  borders  of  lakes,  N. 
Eng.  to  Penii.  and  Minn. ;  frequent. 

10.  C.  miliaris,  Michx.  Culm  very  slender  but  erect,  12-18'  high, 
smooth,  or  slightly  rough  above  on  the  angles ;  leaves  almost  filiform,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-2,  exceedingly  narrow,  elevated 
an  inch  or  two;  pistillate  S])ikes  1-3,  the  upper  one  sessile  and  the  lowest 
very  short-stalked,  9"  long  or  less,  the  lower  subtended  by  a  short  leafy  bract ; 
perigynium  very  small,  broad-  or  round-ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  thin  but  firm, 
bearing  a  nerve  on  each  side  but  otherwise  nerveless  or  very  nearly  so,  rounded 
into  a  very  short  terete  entire  or  .somewhat  erose  beak  ;  scales  brown,  lance- 
ovate,  white  tipped,  about  as  long  as  tlie  perigynium.  (C.  rotundata  '.  of  last 
ed.)  —  Outlet  of  Moosehead  Lake,  Maine,  and  uorthward. 

38 


594  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

Var.  major,  Bailey.  Culm  much  stouter  (often  over  2°  high),  thick  and 
very  sharply  angled ;  leaA-es  stout  and  channelled  or  involute ;  staminate  spikes 
short-stalked;  the  pistillate  1-5,  darker,  mostly  longer  and  larger;  scale 
varying  from  wholly  obtuse  to  acutish.  —  Outlet  of  Moosehead  Lake  {Porter), 
and  northward. 

Var.  (?)  aurea,  Bailey.  Taller  and  mostly  stouter  than  the  type;  pis- 
tillate spikes  one  or  two,  often  staminate  at  top,  yellow  or  stramineous;  peri- 
gynium  longer,  gradually  produced  into  a  conspicuous  and  more  or  less 
toothed  beak,  prominently  few-nerved,  yellow,  broader  and  usually  longer 
than  the  blunt  scale.  (C.  pulla,  and  var.  miliaris,  last  ed.)  — Outlet  of  Moose- 
head  Lake  (Smith),  and  northward. 

++  ++  Spikes  much  larger,  cylindrical. 
=  Scales  all,  or  all  but  the  very  lowest,  smooth. 

n.  C  Utriculata,  Boott.  Very  stout  and  robust,  3-4°  high;  leaves 
broad  (4-6")  and  flat,  very  prominently  nodulose,  particularly  below,  spikes 
3-4,  3-6'  long,  very  thick  and  dense  above  but  usually  more  or  less  attenu- 
ate below,  erect  or  nearly  so,  all  but  the  lowest  sessile  or  very  short-stalked ; 
perigynium  ovate,  only  moderately  inflated,  rather  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
short  toothed  beak,  at  maturity  usually  squarrose,  rather  prominently  few- 
nerved,  the  upper  longer  than  the  sharp  scale,  the  lower  shorter  than  or  only 
equalling  the  sharper  or  awned  scale.  (C.  rostrata,  Bailey,  etc.)  —  Swamps, 
everywhere  ;  common.  Passes  imperceptibly  into  var.  minor,  Boott,  which  is 
distinguished  by  its  much  smaller  size,  spikes  2^  long  or  less,  smaller  peri- 
gynium, blunt  scales,  and  narrower  and  little  nodulose  leaves.  With  the 
type. 

12.  C.  monile,  Tuckerm.  Rather  slender  but  erect,  2  -  3°  high,  the  culm 
sharply  angled  and  usually  rough  above  ;  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  the  lowest  one 
or  two  sliort-stalked,  erect  or  spreading,  1-3'  long,  narrowly  cylindrical ; 
perigynium  turgid,  prominently  beaked,  about  10-nerved,  ascending,  longer 
than  the  very  sharp  scale.  (C.  Vaseyi,  Dewey.)  —  Meadows  and  swales; 
common.  —  In  var.  moxstr63a,  Bailey,  the  plant  is  very  slender  throughout, 
and  the  terminal  spike  more  or  less  pistillate,  while  the  remaining  spikes  are 
reduced  to  one  or  two  which  are  very  small  and  loosely  flowered  and  usually 
on  very  long  filiform  peduncles.     E.  Mass.  [Swan). 

13.  C.  Tuckerm^ni,  Dewey.  Differs  from  the  last  chiefly  in  the  com- 
paratively shorter  (1  -2'  long)  spikes,  which  are  much  thicker  (usually  -J'  or 
more) ;  perigynium  greatly  inflated  and  very  thin  and  papery,  the  body  broader 
than  long  (about  3"  thick) ;  scale  thin  and  narrow,  acute,  all  but  the  very 
lowest  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Swamps,  W.  New  Eng. 
to  X.  J.,  and  west  to  Minn. ;  frequent. 

14.  C.  bullata,  Schkuhr.  (PI.  6,  fig.  1 5  -  20.)  Slender,  1  -  2°  high ;  culm 
very  sharply  and  roughly  angled,  thin  but  stiff ;  leaves  narrow,  rough-edged, 
stiff ;  spikes  1  or  2,  remote,  short  and  thick  (rarely  1|'  long),  sessile  or  the  lower 
short-peduncled,  more  or  less  spreading ;  perigynium  turgid  but  very  firm, 
dull  straw  colored  and  shining  as  if  varnished,  prominently  few-nerved,  the  long 
beak  usually  minutely  roughened ;  scale  membranaceous  and  blunt,  about  ^ 
as  long  as  the  perigynium.  —  Swamps  from  E.  Mass.  to  N.  J.  and  E.  Feun., 
and  southward ;  frequent. 


CYPERACE^.        (SEDCJK    FAMILY.)  595 

C.  ni'LiAxA  X  rxRicurATA,  Bailey,  rerigynium  coiisitleralily  smaller  aii(i 
more  spreading,  less  shining;  scales  longer  and  sharper.     (('.  (JLneyi,  lioutt.) 

—  Providence,  R.  I.  {(Jlw-;i). 

15.  C.  retrorsa,  Schwein.  stout,  2-3'^  high;  culm  olttusely  angled 
and  smooth  or  nearly  so;  leaves  broad  and  soft,  roughish,  mucli  longer  than 
the  culm;  spikes  .'J -5,  approximate  uear  the  top  of  the  culm  or  the  low- 
est remote,  all  but  the  lowest  1  or  2  sessile,  1  -  2'  long  and  very  compactly 
Howered,  erect  or  spreading ;  perigyuium  very  thin  and  papery,  much  inflated, 
prominently  nerved,  strongly  reflexed  ;  scale  very  short  and  small.  —  Swamps, 
from  Tenn.  northward,  common. —  In  var.  Hartii,  Gray,  .a  common  mon- 
strous form,  the  spikes  are  more  or  less  scattered  and  pedunded,  loosely  flow- 
ered, and  the  pcrigynium  less  reflexed  or  spreading. 

=  =  Scales  all  routjh-uicned. 

16.  C.  Itiricla,  Wahl.  Varial)le  in  size,  mostly  ranging  from  H-3° 
high,  stout;  cuLu  rather  obtusely  angled  and  smooth;  leaves  long  and  loose, 
rough;  spikes  2-4,  variously  disposed,  the  I  or  2  upper  sessile,  nearly  erect 
or  often  drooping,  very  densely  flowered ;  perigyuium  thin  and  turgid,  often 
somewhat  shining,  rather  lightly  about  10-nerved,  very  long  and  slenderly 
beaked,  ascending;  staminate  spike  single,  scales  linear,  half  as  long  as  the 
perigyuium  or  more.  (C.  tentaculata,  Mu/il.)  —  Swamps,  N.  Eug.  to  S.  HI.,  and 
southwaril ;  al>un(hLnt  eastward.  Very  variable.  —  Var.  okAcilis,  Bailey, 
riant  more  slender;  spikes  2-3,  very  small  and  narrowly  cylindrical  (1' 
long  or  loss,  and  .3"  broad  or  less).      Mts.  of  Vt.,  Penn.,  and  Tenn, 

Var.  flaccida,  Bailey.  Lower,  scarcely  exceeding  12-15'  in  height; 
spikes  2-4,  all  sessile  and  approximate  at  the  to])  of  the  culm,  small  and 
straight  (!'  long  or  less),  dull  brown  or  reddish-brown,  loosely  flowered  and  en- 
tirely lacking  the  dense  and  comose  appearance  of  the  type ;  perigynium  very 
thin  and  much  inflated,  the  body  usually  larger  than  in  the  type  and  more 
gradually  contracted  into  the  beak.  —  N.  Y.  to  N.  J.;  apparently  scarce. 

C.  LURiDA  X  I, i'itlIna,  Bailey.  Very  like  C.  lurida,  but  the  si)ikes  u.su- 
ally  .'ill  approximate  or  only  the  lowest  .separated,  erect  or  spreading,  all  .sessile, 
green  or  greenish,  often  curved  ;  perigyuium  very  long-beaked  and  ascending ; 
staminate  spike  one,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  strongly  resembling  that  of  C. 
lupulina.  {C.  tentaculata,  var.  altior,  Bnott.)  —  Mass.,  Conn.,  and  N.  Y. ;  little 
known.  C.  lupulina  X  retrorsa  is  distingnislied  from  this  by  its  yellow  or 
straw-colored  more  scattered  spikes  which  are  shorter  and  always  straight, 
and  the  loose,  larger  and  more  inflated  perigynia. 

*    1.  —  -»-  4.    Pseudori/penp. 
+H-   Spikes  all  erect  or  ascending. 

17.  C.  Schweinitzii,  Dewey.  Soft  but  erect,  1  -2°  high,  stolon iferous, 
yellowish-green  and  becoming  straw-colored  in  drying;  culm  flattish  and 
smooth;  leaves  broad  (3-4"),  the  radical  longer  than  the  culm,  the  others 
mostly  short;  spikes  3-4,  the  lower  one  or  two  short-pedunded,  narrowly 
long-cylindrical  (1^-3' long,  4"  broad) ;  perigynium  thin  and  somewhat  in- 
flated, prominently  few-nerved,  the  long  beak  short-toothed,  ascending ;  scale 
awned  and  commonly  rough  at  the  tip,  a  little  shorter  than  the  perigynium. 

—  Swamps,  \V.  New  Eng.  to  \.  J.,  and  west  to  Mich. ;  local. 


596  CTPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

.w  ++  Spikes  widely  spreading  or  drooping. 

18.  C.  hystricina,  Muhl.  Slender  but  erect,  1-2°  high;  calm  very 
sharply  augled  and  rough,  at  least  above ;  leaves  rather  narrow,  roughish ; 
spikes  1-3,  borne  near  the  tup  of  the  culm,  the  upper  one  often  sessile,  the 
remainder  on  more  or  less  filiform  stalks,  short  (rarely  1^'  long)  and  com- 
pactly flowered;  perigynium  greenish,  very  strongly  15-20-nerved,  the  very- 
slender  beak  strongly  toothed  ;  scale  linear  and  rough-aAvned,  nearly  or  quite 
as  long  as  the  perigynium.  —  Swales,  throughout ;  frequent.  Often  confounded 
with  n.  16. 

Var.  Dudldyi,  Bailey.  Taller ;  spikes  larger  and  slimmer  (1|-  2^'  long), 
light  straw-colored,  all  secund  and  widely  divaricate  or  nodding  ;  perigynium 
stronger  toothed;  scales  usually  more  prominent.  —  Swales,  Conn.  (  Wright), 
Ithaca,  N.  Y.  (Dudlei/),  Wise.  (Lapham). 

19.  C.  Pseudo-Cyperus,  L.  Tall  and  stout,  2  -  3°  high ;  culm  thick 
and  very  sharply  triangular,  rough  throughout ;  leaves  very  long,  rough-mar- 
gined; spikes  3-5,  all  slenderly  peduncled  and  more  or  less  drooping,  all 
somewhat  contiguous,  long  (mostly  2-3')  and  narrowly  cylindrical,  very  com- 
pactly flowered ;  perigynium  elliptic-lanceolate,  more  or  less  2-edged,  many- 
costate,  the  beak  shorter  than  the  body,  Avith  erect  short  teeth,  strongly  reflexed ; 
scale  very  rough-awned,  about  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Swamps  and 
lake-borders,  N.  Eng.  to  Peun.,  and  Mich. ;  rare.     (Eu.) 

Var.  Americana,  Hochst.  Mostly  stouter,  the  leaves  broader  (about  ^') ; 
spikes  thicker  and  commonly  more  drooping ;  perigynium  longer,  the  beak 
mostly  longer  than  the  body  and  the  teeth  long  and  prominently  spreading. 
(C.  comosa,  Boott.)  —  Swamps;  common. 

*  1.  —  -t-  5.    Squarrbsce. 

20.  C.  Sten61epis,  Torr.  Stout  and  very  leafy,  1-2°  high ;  culm  ob- 
tusely angled,  very  smooth ;  leaves  about  3"  broad,  rough  on  the  nerves,  the 
upper  and  the  bracts  very  much  longer  than  the  culm ;  terminal  spike  often 
pistillate  at  top  ;  other  spikes  3-5,  the  uppermost  sessile  on  the  zigzag  rha- 
chis,  short  (1  -  H'  or  less)  and  evenly  cylindrical,  often  staminate  at  top  ;  peri- 
gvnium  very  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  but  slender  toothed  beak,  shorter 
than  the  long-linear  and  rough  scale.  —  Swamps  and  meadows,  central  Penn., 
to  X.  Ohio,  Avest  and  southward  ;  frequent. 

21.  C.  squarrosa,  L.  Cespitose,  2  -  3°  high ;  culm  sharply  angled,  more 
or  less  rough  above ;  leaves  broad  and  weak,  roughish,  exceeding  the  culm ; 
bracts  much  less  prominent  than  in  the  last;  spikes  1-3,  thick,  the  terminal 
alwavs  two  thirds  pistillate  or  more,  the  remainder  more  or  less  stalked,  erect 
or  slightly  nodding,  globular  or  oblong-cylindric,  brown,  exceedingly  densely 
flowered ;  perigynium  larger,  the  beak  rough ;  scale  short  and  usually  invis- 
ible. —  Bogs,  throughout ;  infrequent. 

*  2.  Trachychl^n^.  —  -t-  1.  Shortiancs. 

22.  C.  Shorti^na,  Dewey.  Tall  and  slender  but  strict,  in  small  clumps, 
2-3°  high;  leaves  about  |'  broad,  flat,  rough  on  the  nerves;  spikes  3-5, 
somewhat  approximate  near  the  top  of  the  culm,  the  lowest  2  or  3  short-pe- 
duncled,  erect,  small  (1'  long  or  less,  and  2"  wide),  evenly  cylindrical,  exceed- 
ingly densely  flowered ;    perigynium   small,   circular    or   round-ovate,   flat, 


I 


CYPERACKyE.        (sKDGK    FAMILY.)  .097 

sliarp-cd^cd,  nerveless,  the  orifice  entire,  ])crfoctly  s<iu;irrose;  scale  tliin  and 
blunt,  al)()Ut  the  leni^th  of  the  perigyuium.  —  Wet  meadows,  8.  I'enn.  and  V'a. 
to  111. ;  rare  eaiitwurd. 

»  2. —  •»-  2.    Andmahe. 

23.  C.  SCabr^ta,  Schwein.  Tall  and  rather  stout,  very  leafy,  1  -  3°  hi^'h , 
culm  sharply  and  very  roughly  angled;  leaves  broad  an<l  flat,  very  rough; 
spikes  3- f),  scattered,  the  upper  1  or  2  sessile,  the  remainder  often  long-pe- 
duncled  and  sometimes  nodding,  1-2'  long,  narrowly  cylindrical  and  com- 
])actly  flowered ;  perigyuium  broadly  ovate,  prominently  few-nerved,  rough, 
the  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body  and  slightly  toothed ;  scale  acute  and 
rough-tipped,  green-nerved,  about  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  perigynium.  — 
Wet  meadows  and  glades,  as  far  west  as  Mich. ;  common  eastward. 

*  2.  —  ■«-  3.    Hula. 

24.  C.  vestita,  Willd.  Stout  and  stiff,  2-3°  high;  culm  sharply  an- 
gled, smooth  or  somewhat  rough ;  leaves  narrow  and  rather  short,  rough- 
ish ;  staminate  spike  1,  rarely  2,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  pistillate  spikes  2-5, 
approximate  and  sessile,  or  rarely  the  lowest  sub-radical,  often  staminate  at 
top,  oblong  or  short-cylindric  (rarely  T  l»)ng),  compactly  flowered;  perigyn- 
ium ovate,  nerved,  stifHy  hairy,  short-beaked,  the  beak  often  purple,  and  white- 
hyaline  at  the  orifice,  which  becomes  more  or  less  s])lit  with  age ;  scale  thin 
and  blunt  or  acute,  shorter  than  the  perigynium.  — Tufted  in  sandy  soils,  from 
N.  Eng.  to  N.  Y.,  and  southward ;  frequent. 

25.  C.  Striata,  :\Iichx.,  var.  br^vis,  Bailey.  Stiff,  U-2|°  high  ;  culm 
sharply  angled,  smooth  or  slightly  rough  above,  mostly  exceeding  tlie  leaves ; 
leaves  narrow  and  stiff,  becoming  involute;  spikes  1  -2,  mostly  closely  sessile, 
considerably  separated  when  two,  short  (rarely  1^'  long)  and  rather  tliick, 
erect ;  perigynium  broad-ovate  with  impressed  nerves,  smooth,  ascending,  short- 
beaked  and  very  short-toothed ;  scale  thin,  obtuse  or  acutish,  mostly  about  \  as 
long  as  the  perigynium.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  N.  J.,  and  southward;  local. 

26.  C.  Houghtonii,  Torr.  Stiff,  1-2°  high,  extensively  creeping; 
culm  rather  sharply  angled,  rough,  exceeding  the  leaves;  leaves  flat  and  very 
siiarp-poiuted ;  spikes  1-3,  sessile  or  the  lowest  short-stalked,  erect,  varving 
from  nearly  globular  to  cylindric  (1^'  long),  compact ;  perigyuium  short-ovate, 
stitily  pubescent,  prominently  nerved  and  toothed  ;  scale  thin-margined,  acute 
or  awned,  shorter  than  tlie  perigynium.  —  Sandy  knolls  and  banks  from  Maine 
to  Minn,  along  our  northern  borders,  and  northwestward;  rather  local. 

27.  C.  filiformis,  L.  Tall  and  very  slender  but  erect,  2-3°  high;  culm 
o])tuse,  smooth;  leaves  very  long,  involute-filiform,  rough;  spikes  1-3,  ses- 
sile, somewhat  scattered,  erect,  short  and  thick  (rarely  over  1'  long) ;  perigyn- 
ium very  short-ovate,  the  teeth  very  short,  the  few  nerves  obscured  by  the 
dense  stiff  hairs ;  scale  thin  and  blunt,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynium.  — 
Bogs,  throughout,  north  of  Penn. ;  frequent.     (Eu.) 

Var.  latif  61ia,  Boeckl.  Culm  mostly  rougli  above ;  leaves  flat,  1  -  2" 
broad  ;  spikes  usually  somewhat  slimmer  and  scales  often  sharper  and  longer. 
(C.  lanuginosa,  Michx.)  —  Swales  and  low  meadows,  throughout;  common. 

C.  HfRTA,  L.  Variable  in  size  (A -2°  high),  widely  cree])ing;  culm  rather 
slender  but  erect,  obtuse  and  smooth  or  slightly  rough  above ;  leaves  soft  antl 


598  CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

flat,  generally  sparsely  hairy  and  the  sheaths  A'ery  hirsute,  rarely  smooth; 
spikes  2-3,  distant,  more  or  less  shortly-peduncled,  erect  or  nearly  so,  IV  long 
or  less  and  rather  loose  ;  perigynium  long-ovate,  nerved,  soft-hairy,  the  promi- 
nent beak  slenderly  toothed  ;  scale  thin  and  green-nerved,  awned,  mostly  a 
little  shorter.  —  E.  'Mass.  to  central  N.  Y.  and  Fenn.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  2.  —  -1-4.   Paludbsce. 

•M-  Teeth  slender,  mostly  spreading. 

28.  C.  trichoc^rpa,  Muhl.  Stout  and  tall,  2-3°  high;  culm  sharply 
angled,  rough  above  ;  leaves  very  numerous,  flat  and  very  rough,  but  not 
hairy,  much  exceeding  the  culm ;  spikes  2-5,  scattered,  the  lower  stalked 
and  more  or  less  spreading,  long  and  heavy  (1  -4')  but  loosely  flowered  at 
base ;  perigynium  long-ovate,  many-costate,  sparsely  short-hairy,  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  membranaceous,  acute  or  acuminate  scale.  —  Marshes  ;  frequent. 

—  Var.  iMBERBis,  Gray.  Mostly  smaller  throughout;  perigynium  smooth ; 
scales  usually  sharper  and  longer.     Drier  places,  N.  Y.  to  Mo. ;  infrequent. 

Var.  Deweyi,  Bailey.  Leaves  narrower,  often  becoming  somewhat  invo- 
lute, smoother;  spikes  short  (seldom  over  H'  long),  all  but  the  lowest  one 
sessile ;  perigynium  smooth,  thick  in  texture,  becoming  polished  with  age,  the 
nerves  impressed ;  scales  sharp,  mostly  a  little  shorter  than  the  perigynium. 

—  Dakota  [Seymoxir),  and  northwestward.     Resembles  small  forms  of  n.  29. 
Var.  aristata,  Bailey.     Mostly  stouter ;  leaves  more  or  less  hairy  on  the 

under  surface  and  sheaths ;  perigynium  usually  longer,  smooth,  the  teeth  longer 
and  more  spreading.     (C.  aristata,  R.  Br.)  —  N.  Eng.  to  Minn. ;  rare  eastward. 

++  ++  Teeth  short,  erect  or  ceri/  nearhj  so. 

29.  C.  riparia,  W.  Curtis.  Very  large  and  stout,  2-4°  high,  stolonifer- 
ous;  leaves  mostly  broad,  flat,  rough,  glaucous,  much  longer  than  the  sharply 
angled  culm ;  spikes  2-4,  scattered  and  all  more  or  less  peduncled,  the  lowest 
often  very  long-stalked,  varying  from  almost  globular  in  starved  plants  to  3  - 
4'  long,  erect  or  the  lower  somewhat  drooping,  loosely  flowered  below ;  peri- 
gynium ovate-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  rather  lightly  many-nerved,  becoming  pol- 
ished, the  beak  short  and  thick ;  scale  varying  from  blunt  to  awned,  shorter  or 
longer  than  the  perigynium.  —  Swales ;  common.     (Eu.) 

C.  ACUTiFORMis,  Ehrh.  Stout,  2-3^  high;  culm  thick  and  sharp,  mostly 
smooth ;  leaves  broad,  flat  and  glaucous,  much  prolonged  ;  spikes  3-5,  all  but 
the  uppermost  peduncled,  spreading  or  drooping,  narrowly  cylindric  (2-3' 
long),  loosely  flowered  below;  perigynium  ovate,  very  strongly  many-nerved, 
the  short  beak  sliglitly  toothed ;  scale  rough-awned  and  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynium. (C.  paludosa,  Gooden.)  —  SAvales,  Dorchester,  and  New  Bedford, 
Mass      (Nat.  from  Eu.)     The  former  station  has  been  recently  destroyed. 

*  3.    MlCRORHTNCH^.  —  -i-  1.  AtrcLtce. 

■w-  Alpine;  plant  small. 

30.  C.  alpina,  Swartz.  Small  and  slender,  |- 2°  high;  culm  thin  and 
obtuse,  smooth  or  roughish,  naked  above ;  leaves  narrow  and  flat,  shorter  than 
the  culm ;  spikes  commonly  3,  sometimes  2  or  4,  aggregated,  globular  and 
very  small,  all  closely  sessile  or  rarely  the  lowest  exceedingly  short-stalked ; 
perigynium  orbicular  or  obovate,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  the  short  beak  sligiitly 
notched,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and  black  mostly  obtuse  scale.  —  Isle 
Royale,  L.  Superior.     (Eu.) 


CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.)  599 

.31 .  C.  atrita,  L.,  var.  OVkta,  Boott.  Very  slender  Imt  erect,  1  -  2°  high  ; 
culm  rather  sharp,  ronghish  ahove ;  leaves  narrow  hut  flat,  shorter  than  the 
culm  ;  spikes 3  -5,  all  but  the  terminal  one  on  slender  stalks  ^-2'  long,  droop- 
ing when  mature,  1'  long  or  less,  ovate-ohlong  or  short-cyliudric,  reddish- 
brown  ;  perigynium  broadly  ovate,  thin  and  puncticulate,  very  short-beaked, 
the  orifice  slightly  notched ;  scale  blunt,  thin-margined,  al)out  as  long  as  the 
perigynium.  (C.  atrata,  Man.)  —  White  Mountains,  N.  H.,  Smugglers'  Notch, 
Vt.  {Brainerd),  and  northward. 

■^  ■*-*■  Palmloae  ;  plant  larcjcr. 

32.  C.  flisca,  All.  Rather  slender  but  stiff,  1-3°  high;  culm  sharp, 
roughish  above;  leaves  very  narrow,  rough,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm; 
spikes  2-4,  the  terminal  rarely  all  staminate,  all  sessile  and  approximate  or 
the  lowest  sometimes  very  short-stalked,  varying  from  globular  to  narrowly 
cylindric  (often  becoming  1^'  long),  dark  brown  or  variegated;  perigynium 
elliptic  and  beakless,  whitish  and  granular,  nearly  nerveless,  the  orifice  entire ; 
staminate  scales  very  long-lanceolate,  the  pistillate  lance-ovate  and  very  sharp, 
conspicuously  longer  than  the  perigynium.  (C.  Buxbaumii,  Wahl.)  —  Bogs, 
throughout;  frequent.     (Eu.) 

*  3.  —  t-  2.  Biyidce. 

33.  C.  vulgaris,  Fries.  Low  and  stiff,  about  1°  or  sometimes  18'  high  ; 
culm  sharp,  smooth  or  rather  rough  above ;  leaves  narrow  and  stiff,  shorter 
than  the  culm,  glaucous-blue ;  staminate  spike  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  spikes  2  - 
4,  all  sessile  or  rarely  the  lowest  very  short-stalked,  short  and  erect  (1'  long  or 
less),  very  densely  flowered  or  sometimes  becoming  loose  below,  the  lowest 
subtended  by  a  bract  1-3'  long ;  perigynium  appressed,  oval  or  round-ovate, 
mostly  finely  striate  toward  the  base,  the  beak  entire  or  very  nearly  so,  bright 
green  until  over-mature ;  scale  ovate  and  very  obtuse,  purple  with  a  faint  white 
nerve,  conspicuously  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  perigynium,  thus  causing 
the  spike  iu  the  growing  plnut  to  assume  a  characteristic  green-and-black  ap- 
pearance. —  Swales  and  low  meadows  along  the  sea-board,  from  Mass.  north- 
ward; common.     (Eu.) 

Var.  strictiformis,  Bailey.  Taller  (1|  -  2^°  high)  and  looser ;  culms  slen- 
der; leaves  long  and  narrow,  lax,  scarcely  glaucous ;  staminate  spike  longer 
peduncled ;  pistillate  spikes  looser  and  often  longer,  mostly  brown  or  tawny- 
green.  (C.  limula,  Man.)  —  Swales  from  E-  Penn.  northward,  near  the  sea- 
board ;  frequent.  Often  confounded  with  n.  34,  but  easily  distinguished  by  the 
non-cespitose  habit,  sheaths  not  fibrillose,  and  the  short  scales  very  obtuse. 

Var.  hyperb6rea,  Boott.  Somewhat  stoloniferous,  low,  often  smaller 
than  the  type;  spikes  shorter  and  mostly  loosely  flowered,  often  becoming 
very  thin;  scales  generally  longer,  giving  tlie  spikes  a  darker  color;  stigmas 
often  3.  (C.  rigida,  var.  (?)  Bigelovii,  Titckcnn.)  —  Alpine  summits  of  N.  II., 
Vt.,  andN.  Y.  ^  (Eu.) 

*  3.  —  -H-  3.  Acuta'. 

•*-*■  Stigmas  2;  scales  not  conspicuously  acute,  or  if  so,  divaricate. 
=  Spikes  erect,  or  rareli/  spreading  in  n.  34. 

34.  C.  Stricta,  Lam.  Tall  and  slender  but  erect,  2-4°  high,  generally 
in  dense  clumps  when  old,  or  rarely  in  small  tufts;  culm  sharp,  rough  above; 


600  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

leaves  long  and  narrow,  rough  on  the  edges,  the  lowest  sheaths  usually  becom- 
ing prominently  fibrillose ;  1  or  2  lowest  bracts  leafy  and  equalling  the  culm ; 
spikes  3-5,  variable  in  size  and  shape,  scattered,  the  lowest  usually  more  or 
less  peduncled  and  clavate  and  the  others  sessile,  erect  or  spreading,  oblong  or 
cylindric  (i-2'  long  and  2-3"  broad),  all  compactly  flowered  above  but  often 
attenuate  at  base  (or  rarely  alternate-flowered  throughout),  the  upper  mostly 
staminate  at  top,  all  greenish-purple  or  pallid ;  perigynium  ovate  and  small, 
tawny,  mostly  lightly  few-nerved  and  somewhat  granular,  the  beak  very  short 
and  commonly  entire ;  scale  obtuse  to  nearly  acute,  about  equalling  the  peri- 
gynium or  a  little  shorter.  —  Swales,  throughout ;  abundant  and  variable. 

Var.  angustata.  Stricter;  spikes  longer  and  narrower  (3-4'  long  and 
about  H"  broad),  never  clavate,  more  approximate  and  always  erect,  the  stami- 
nate portion  usually  much  longer  (often  1  -  2'),  rust-colored ;  scales  narrower 
and  sharper,  mostly  longer  than  the  perigynium.  (C.  angustata,  Boott,  in  part.) 
—  Same  range  as  the  type,  but  less  common. 

Var.  decora,  Bailey.  Usually  smaller ;  basal  sheaths  rarely  fibrillose ; 
spikes  shorter  (seldom  over  V  long),  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  rarely  attenuate 
at  base,  spreading,  the  terminal  staminate  flowers  few,  rust-colored;  bracts 
more  spreading ;  scales  very  sharp  and  spreading,  longer  than  the  perigynium. 
(C.  aperta,  Man.)  — N.  Eng.  to  Wise. ;  rather  rare. 

C.  STRiCTA  X  FiLiFORMis.  Lcavcs  and  culms  vcrv  sleudcr ;  spikes  short 
(r  long  or  less),  sessile  and  compact,  the  upper  1  or  2  scarcely  bracted,  pallid ; 
perigynium  small,  smooth.  —  Keweenaw  Co.,  Mich.  {Fanvell.)  Exactly  inter- 
mediate between  the  two  species. 

35.  C.  aquatilis,  Wahl.  Large  and  stout,  glaucous,  2 -4°  high;  culm 
very  obtuse  and  smooth ;  leaves  exceedingly  long,  broader  than  in  the  last,  the 
bracts  broad  and  prolonged  far  beyond  the  culm ;  spikes  3-5,  1-2'  long,  very 
compact  or  the  lowest  sometimes  attenuate  below,  erect,  thick  (3"  broad  or  less) ; 
perigynium  round-ovate  or  broadly  elliptic,  nerveless,  greenish,  imbricated ; 
scale  obtuse  and  much  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  perigynium.  —  Swamps 
and  lake-margins,  X.  Eng.  to  Minn. ;  not  common.     (Eu.) 

36.  C.  lenticularis,  Michx.  Eather  slender  but  erect,  pale  throughout, 
1-2°  high ;  culm  sharp,  usually  slightly  rough  above ;  leaves  very  narrow, 
numerous,  much  surpassing  the  culm ;  spikes  3  -  6,  more  or  less  aggregated  or 
the  lowest  remote,  the  terminal  androgynous  or  staminate,  mostly  sessile,  erect ; 
perigynium  ovate,  minutely  granular,  brown-nerved,  the  tip  empty  and  entire ; 
scale  pale  and  obtuse,  about  ^  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Gravelly  borders 
of  ponds  and  lakes,  northern  N.  Eng.  to  Minn. ;  mostly  local. 

=  =  Spikes  ividely  spreading  or  drooping. 

37.  C.  torta,  Boott.  Slender  but  erect,  1^-2^°  liigb,  in  clumps,  with  ex- 
ceedingly tough  and  cord-like  roots ;  culm  rather  sharp,  smooth  or  roughish 
above ;  leaves  flat  and  rather  soft,  those  of  the  culm  very  short ;  spikes  3-5, 
mostly  somewhat  approximate  or  the  lower  remote,  the  upper  sessile  and  ascend- 
ing but  the  others  drooping,  long  and  slender  (often  3'  long,  2"  broad  or  less) ; 
perigynium  lance-ovate,  thin  and  green,  nerveless,  the  slim  upper  half  empty 
and  more  or  less  tortuous,  the  beak  entire  or  erose ;  scale  purple-margined  and 
very  obtuse,  sliorter  than  the  perigynium.  —  Cold  banks  and  swamps,  Vt.  to 
N.  C. ;  infrequent. 


I 


CYPERACEiE.        (SKDGE    FAMILY.)  COl 

■M-  -w.  Stigmas  2  ;  scales  long-acute  arid  ascending. 

38.  C.  salina,  Wahl.,  var.  CUSpid^ta,  Wahl.  Rather  stout,  1-2*° 
liigh;  culm  rather  sharp,  smooth ;  leaves  narrow  but  flat;  spikes  2-4,  some- 
what approximate,  tlie  lowest  1  or  2  very  short-stalked,  erect,  short  (l^'  or  less) 
and  rather  thick,  the  lower  subtended  by  leaf-like  bracts  3-4'  long;  perigyn- 
ium  elliptic,  somewhat  granular,  marked  with  2  or  3  nerves  or  nerveless,  the 
miimte  beak  entire ;  scale  brown-margined,  produced  into  a  lighter  and  rough 
awn  nmch  exceeding  the  perigynium.  (C.  salina,  Man.)  —  Salt  marshes,  Mass., 
and  along  the  coast  northward ;  rare  in  the  United  States.  (Eu.)  Anomalous 
forms,  which  appear  to  be  hybrids,  have  been  sejjarated  as 

C  STitfcTA   X  SALiXA,  Kailey.     Spikes  thinner  and  more  .scattered,  more 
inclined  to  be  peduncled ;  scales  blunt  or  short-awned,  little  exceeding  the 
perigNiiium.  —  Near  Boston,  Mass.,  W.  Boott,  Murong. 
■M-  -M-  ++  Stigmas  3. 

30.  C.  prasina,  Wahl.  Slender,  somewhat  flexuose,  1^-2^°  high;  culm 
ratlier  sharp,  smooth ;  leaves  very  narrow,  soft  and  flat,  rough;  spikes  2-3, 
peduncled  and  spreading  or  drooping,  somewliat  approximate,  green,  1-2' 
long,  narrow  and  loosely  flowered  ;  perigynium  pale,  narrowly  triangular-ovate, 
thin,  nearly  nerveless,  produced  into  a  short  but  slender  entire  or  minutely 
toothed  beak;  scale  very  thin  and  acute,  nearly  colorless,  sliorter  than  the 
perigynium.  (C.  miliacea,  Muhl.) — Meadows  and  bogs,  Vt.  to  Mich.,  and 
southward ;  infrequent. 

*  3.  —  •»-  4.      Crgptocdrpce. 

40.  C.  maritima,  O.  F.  Mueller.  Mostly  stout,  1  -  2^°  high ;  culm  sharp, 
smooth  or  rough  above ;  spikes  2-6,  scattered,  all  or  all  but  the  upper  one 
on  very  long  weak  stalks  and  pendulous,  1-3'  long  and  thick  and  busliy, 
usually  staminate  at  top ;  perig}'nium  nearly  orbicular,  pale,  few-nerved  or 
nerveless,  the  beak  very  short  and  entire  or  nearly  so ;  scale  produced  into  a 
greenish  rough  awn  3-8  times  as  long  as  the  perigynium.  —  Salt  marshes  of 
the  coast,  Mass.,  Maine,  and  northward ;  not  common.  Leaves  smooth,  broad 
and  flat.     (Eu.) 

41.  C.  crinita,  Lam.  Robust  and  mostly  stout,  2-4°  high  ;  culm  sharp 
and  rough  or  sometimes  smooth  ;  leaves  about  3"  broad,  flat,  more  or  less 
rough  on  the  nerves  and  margins ;  spikes  3-6,  somewhat  scattered,  all  variously 
peduncled,  mostly  secund,  curved  and  droo])ing  (or  in  small  forms  rarely  nearly 
erect),  1  -4' long,  narrowly  and  evenly  cylindric,  compact  or  attenuate  below, 
often  staminate  at  top ;  perigynium  ovate,  thin  and  puncticulate,  obscurely 
nerved,  the  minute  point  entire;  scale  greenish-l)rown  and  rough-awned,  2-3 
times  as  long  as  the  perigynium.  (C.  gynandra,  Srinrein.)  —  Rwales  ;  com- 
mon. —  Var.  MixoH,  Roott.  Much  smaller  in  all  its  parts,  10-18'  high  ;  leaves 
narrow;  spikes  3-4,  ]V  long  or  less,  loss  drooping;  scal»»s  less  prominent. — 
Maine  to  N.  Y. ;  scarce.     Somewhat  resembles  n.  39. 

C.  crinIta  X  TORTA,  Railcy.  More  slender  than  C.  crinita,  the  leaves  nar- 
rower ;  spikes  nearly  as  slender  as  tlio.se  of  C.  torta ;  scales  blunt  or  simply 
acute  and  little  longer  than  the  perigynium,  or  sometimes  very  short-avNiied. 
—  jNIoist  meadows  near  the  Glen  House,  White  Mts.  {Brainerd).  Might  be 
mistaken  for  drooping-spiked  forms  of  n.  34. 


602  CYPERACEiE,       ( SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

*    3.  —  -t-  5,   Penduhnce. 
++  Spikes  narrowly  cylindrical. 

42.  C.  littoralis,  Schwein.  Somewhat  slender  but  erect,  1-2°  high-, 
leaves  narrow  and  rather  stiff,  flat,  glaucous,  shorter  than  the  sharp  and  nearly 
smooth  culm  ;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  dark  purple,  1  h,'  long  or  less,  the  scales 
obtuse ;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  somewhat  approximate,  on  thread-like  pedun- 
cles, 1-2'  long,  usually  staminate  at  top;  perigyuium  lance-oval,  faintly 
nerved,  the  minute  beak  entire,  mostly  longer  than  the  obtuse  purple  scale; 
bracts  prominently  purple-auricled.  (C.  Barrattii,  Schwein.  ^^  Torr.)  — 
Marshes  near  the  coast,  N.  J.  and  southward ;  rare. 

■*H-  ++  Spikes  globular  or  oblong. 
=  Scales  very  sharp,  prominently  longer  than  the  perigynium. 

43.  C.  Magellanica,  Lam.  Slender  but  erect,  8-18'  high;  leaves  flat 
and  lax,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  culm ;  lowest  bract  as  wide  as  tlie  leaves 
or  nearly  so  and  exceeding  the  culm ;  spikes  2-3,  approximate,  all  slenderly 
stalked  and  drooping ;  perigyuium  orbicular  or  broad-ovate,  nen-ed  in  tlie 
centre,  ^-f  the  length  of  the  scale.  (C.  irrigua,  Smith.) — Deep  swamps, 
throughout,  north  of  Penn. ;  local.     (Eu.) 

=  =  Scales  blunt,  little  exceeding  the  perigyninm. 

44.  C.  rariflora,  Smith.  Very  small  but  stiff,  4  -  10'  high,  someAvhat 
stoloniferous ;  culm  obtuse  and  very  smooth ;  leaves  very  narrow,  becoming 
involute,  shorter  than  tlie  culm;  spikes  1-2,  only  3- lO-flowered,  drooping, 
borne  in  the  axil  of  a  minute  awl-like  and  purple-auricled  bract ;  perigyuium 
ovate,  nearly  pointless,  obscurely  nerved,  mostly  a  little  shorter  than  the  en- 
veloping scale.  —  Mt.  Katahdin,  Maine  (Goodale).     (Eu.) 

45.  C.  limbsa,  L.  Slender  but  rather  stiff,  1-2^  l"gli,  stoloniferous ; 
culm  sharp,  rough  above ;  leaves  very  narrow,  strongly  keeled  or  involute ; 
spikes  1  -2,  nodding  on  short  stalks  or  the  upper  one  erect,  oblong,  springing 
from  the  axil  of  a  very  narrow  bract  which  is  nearh'  always  shorter  than  the 
culm ;  perigyuium  very  short-pointed,  about  the  length  of  the  broad  scale.  — 
Deep  swamps,  throughout,  north  of  Penn. ;  local.     (Eu.) 

*   4.   Htmenochl^n.e.  —  •*-  1.    llrescejites. 

46.  C.  virescens,  Muhl.  Slender,  erect  or  spreading,  1  -  H°  high; 
leaves  very  narrow,  more  or  less  hair^' ;  spikes  3-5,  green,  short-oblong,  all 
somewhat  stalked  and  often  spreading,  compact  (iV'  thick  or  less) ;  perigyu- 
ium ovate  and  costate,  very  hairy,  longer  tlian  the  thin  and  white  acute  scale. 
—  Var.  costIta,  Dewey,  usually  the  commoner  form,  is  taller  (often  reach- 
ing 2^°),  with  spikes  long-cylindric,  i-2'  long,  and  a  stronger  ribbed  perigyn- 
inm. —  Banks  and  copses,  N .  Eng.  to  Mich.,  and  southward ;  common  eastward. 

47.  C.  triceps,  Michx.,  var.  hirsuta,  Bailey.  Usually  stiffer ;  leaves 
hairy;  spikes  2-4  (usually  3),  all  contiguous  or  occasionally  the  lowest  some- 
what removed,  sessile,  short-oblong  or  globular,  green  or  brown  (2  -  3"  thick)  ; 
perigyuium  broad-ovate,  flattish,  very  obtuse,  often  sparsely  hirsute  when 
young  but  smooth  at  maturity ;  staminate  scales  very  sharp ;  pistillate  scales 
acute  or  short-awned,  about  the  length  of  or  shorter  than  the  perigyuium. — 
Dry  copses  and  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  Mo.,  and  southward ;  rare  northward.  —  Var. 


CYPERACE.E.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.)  603 

vSMfxHir,  Porter.  Tall,  slender,  olive-green,  the  leaves  very  long,  very  nearly 
smooth  ;  spikes  small,  globular  or  short-cylindrical  {V  long  or  less),  the  lowest 
often  somewhat  remote,  all  more  inclined  to  be  peduncled  ;  perigyuium  globu- 
lar and  turgid,  brown,  squarrose,  giving  the  spilie  a  characteristic  ])lunip  aj)- 
pearance.  —  Fields  and  woodlands,  southern  N.  J.,  K.  I'cnn.,  and  suutliward  ; 
also  in  Ark. ;  freciuent. 

*  4.  —  H-  2.  Sijlvdticce. 

48.  C.  longirostris,  Turr.  Very  slender  but  erect,  H- 3°  high,  growing 
in  stools ;  leaves  narrow,  Hat,  loose  ;  spikes  3-5,  1-2'  long,  loosely  flowered, 
dropping;  perigyuium  thin,  slightly  inflated,  green,  nearly  nerveless,  spread- 
ing, the  beak  longer  than  the  body,  about  the  length  of  the  aw^ned  scale.  — 
Shady  banks  from  N.  Eng.  to  Neb.,  and  northward;  frequent.  —  Var.  MisoR, 
Boott.  Smaller  and  slenderer;  spikes  9"  long  or  less,  very  narrow  and  very 
loosely  or  even  alternately  few-flowered ;  perigyuium  smaller.  Neb.  and 
westward. 

*  4.  —  -t-  3.  Fle'xUes. 

49.  C.  cast^nea,  Wahl.  Slender  but  erect,  1  -  2^°  high ;  leaves  broad 
and  flat,  hairy,  much  shorter  than  the  rough  culm;  spikes  2-4,  approximate, 
widely  spreading  or  drooping  on  filiform  stalks,  1'  long  or  less,  rather  dense, 
tawny ;  perigyuium  broad-lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  beak  jf  as  long 
as  the  body,  thin,  with  a  nerve  on  each  side,  longer  than  the  light  brown  or 
whitish  acute  thin  scale.     (C.  flexiiis.  Budge.)  —  Banks,  Conn,  to  Minn. ;  local. 

C.  arctXta  X  castAnea,  Bailey.  Leaves  mostly  narrower,  less  hairy  or 
smooth  ;  spikes  very  slender  and  loosely  flowered  (scarcely  over  1"  wide),  erect 
or  drooping,  chestnut  color ;  perigyuium  thin,  long-ovate,  shorter-beaked, 
lightly  nerved,  mostly  surpassing  the  pointed  whitish  scale.  (C.  Knieskeruii, 
DeAceij.)  —  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y. ;  Keweenaw  Co.,  Mich.  (Farwell) ;  N.  Minn. 

50.  C.  capillaris,  L.  Very  slender  but  erect,  2-12'  high  ;  culm  smooth, 
longer  than  the  narrow  flat  or  at  length  involute  leaves;  spikes  2-4,  either 
scattered  or  approximate,  all  more  or  less  long-peduncled  and  drooping,  borne 
in  the  axils  of  conspicuous  sheathing  bracts,  very  small  (3  -  12-flowered) ;  peri- 
gyuium thin,  very  small,  oblong-ovoid,  the  beak  hyaline-lipped,  longer  than 
the  very  obtuse  white  scale.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mts. ;  Cortland, 
N.  Y.,  Alcona  Co.,  Mich.,  and  Point  de  Tour,  L.  Huron.     (Eu.) 

*  4.  —  -1-4.  De'biles. 

+*  Perigi/nium  thin,  rareli/  with  more  than  tivo  prominent  nerves. 

51.  C.  arct^ta,  Boott.  Slender,  erect,  1  -  2°  high  ;  radical  leaves  much 
shorter  tlian  the  culm  and  very  broad  (2i-5"),  flat;  bracts  broad  and  short, 
long-sheathing ;  spikes  3-5,  all  widely  spreading  or  drooping  on  filiform  stalks, 
1-3'  long  and  exceedingly  slender;  perigyuium  short  (2"  long  or  less),  ab- 
ruptly and  conspicuously  stipitate  and  abruptly  contracted  into  a  beak,  3-cor- 
nered,  prominently  nerved,  green,  mostly  sjireading,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
very  sharp  or  cuspidate  scale.  —  Woods  and  copses,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  and  Minn. ; 
common. 

Var.  Fax6ni,  Bailey.  Spikes  shorter  and  usually  short-pcduncled,  erect 
or  nearly  so,  much  more  densely  flowered,  part  of  them  commonly  contiguous 
at  the  top  of  the  culm,  rendering  the  shorter  staminate  spike  inconspicuous; 


604  CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

perigynium  usually  larger.  —  Lisbon,  N.  H.  (Faxon);    Keweenaw  Co.,  Mich, 
(Farwell) ;  extreme  northern  Minn.  (Baileij)  ;  also  in  Canada. 

52.  C.  debilis,  Michx.,  var.  Rudgei,  Bailey.  Very  slender  and  diffuse, 
1  -  2^°  high  (or  rarely  reduced  to  3  -  4' !) ;  leaves  narrow  and  lax,  longer  than 
the  culm ;  spikes  mostly  heavier  than  in  the  last ;  perigynium  much  longer, 
very  gradually  narrowed  at  each  end,  scarcely  angled  and  not  prominently 
nerved,  rusty  when  ripe,  erect,  twice  longer  than  the  obtuse  or  acutish  scale. 
(C.  debilis,  of  last  ed.)  —  Copses,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Mich.,  and  southward;  fre- 
quent east  and  southward.  —  Var.  sxRf ctior,  Bailey.  Usually  taller,  strict ; 
leaves  broader  (about  2"  wide)  and  firmer;  spikes  stiff er,  simply  spreading 
or  even  erect ;  perigynium  mostly  shorter  and  greener,  often  little  exceeding 
the  scale.  White  Mts.  (Faxon).  —  Var.  pubera.  Gray.  Perigynium  usually 
more  slender,  more  nerved  and  minutely  pubescent.  Center  and  Lancaster 
Counties,  Penn.  {Porter,  Lumsden),  and  Bedford  Co.,  Va.  (Curtiss). 

C.  DEBILIS  X  viREscENS,  Bailey.  Plant  slender  and  very  green;  leaves 
fiat,  rough,  mostiy  longer  tlia:i  the  culm,  spikes  2-3,  2'  long,  thin  and  slen- 
der, erect  or  nearly  so,  the  terminal  one  bearing  a  few  pistillate  flowers  at  top ; 
perigynium  exactly  intermediate  between  the  tAvo  species,  lance-ovate,  nerved 
and  slightly  hairy,  short-beaked,  thin,  twice  longer  than  the  scale.  —  Kevere, 
near  Boston,  Mass.  (Faxon). 

•*-*■  ++  Perig ynium  Jirm,  prominentln  man ij -nerved. 

53.  C.  Veuiista,  Dewey,  var.  minor,  Boeckl.  Slender  but  strict,  1^- 
2°  high ',  leaves  narrow  and  strict,  about  as  long  as  the  culm ;  spikes  1-2' 
long,  scattered,  the  upper  usually  ascending,  the  terminal  one  sometimes 
staminate  at  top ;  perigynium  ascending,  the  very  short  and  stout  beak  prom- 
inently toothed,  thrice  longer  than  the  rusty  narrow  scale.  (C.  glabra,  Boott.) 
—  Sphagnous  swamps,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  southward ;  local. 

*  4.  —  -t-  5.  Gracillitnce. 
++  Perigynium  small,  scarcely  turgid. 

54.  C.  aestivalis,  M.  A.  Curtis.  Slender  but  erect,  1  -1^°  high;  leaves 
very  narrow,  flat,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  sheaths  pubescent;  spikes  3-4, 
erect  or  spreading,  1-2'  long  and  very  loosely  flowered,  all  but  the  lowest 
short-stalked ;  perigynium  very  small,  ovate,  scarcely  pointed  and  the  orifice 
entire,  few-nerved,  about  twice  longer  than  the  obtuse  scale.  —  Saddle  Moun- 
tain, W.  Mass.,  and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  N.  C ;  rare. 

55.  C.  gracilliraa,  Schwein.  Tall  and  slender,  sometimes  diffuse,  1^- 
3°  high;  leaves  broad  and  flat  (the  radical  about  3"  wide),  very  dark  and 
bright  green;  spikes  3-4,  scattered,  the  terminal  rarely  staminate,  densely 
flowered  except  at  base,  peduncled  and  drooping,  green ;  perigynium  ovate, 
thin  and  slightly  swollen,  nerved,  obtuse,  orifice  entire,  twice  longer  than  the 
very  obtuse  scale.  —  Woodlands  and  low  meadows,  throughout ;  common.  — 
In  poorer  soil  and  sunny  places,  it  runs  into  var.  ntiMiLis,  Bailey,  and  is  then 
smaller,  has  much  narrower  leaves  and  very  small  erect  spikes  (2-12-flow- 
ered),  and  mostly  smaller  perigynia. 

C.  GRACfLLiMA  X  HiRstjTA,  Bailev.  In  habit  like  var.  humilis;  spikes 
tawny ;  perigynium  like  that  of  C.  triceps,  var.  hirsuta ;  plant  smooth,  or  very 
minutely  pubescent  under  a  strong  lens.  —  Philipstown,  N.  Y.  (Barratt). 


CYPERACE.K.        (sEDGP:    FAMILY.)  605 

C,  GRACfLLiMA  X  iiBKscKNs,  Hailey.  Tall  and  erect;  leaves  narrower 
than  in  the  last,  usually  slightly  hairy  ;  spikes  slender,  erect  or  slightly  sj)rcad- 
int^,  often  staiuinate  at  top  ;  perigyniuni  exactly  intermediate  between  the  two 
species,  ovate,  obscurely  nerved,  sparsely  hairy,  beaked,  about  the  length 
of  the  ovate  ciliate  rough-awned  scale.  (C.  Sullivantii, /j>oo/r)  —  Columbus, 
Ohio  (^ullirant);  Youkers,  N.  Y.  (JC.  C.  Howe),  Stanton,  Del.  (Commons). 
++  ++  PciKijuium  large,  prominently  injiated. 

56.  C.  formbsa,  Dewey.  Slender,  erect,  1  -  2^°  high ;  leaves  flat,  mostly 
rather  broad,  those  of  the  culm  very  short;  spikes  .3-5,  scattered,  oblong  or 
short-cylindrical  (1'  long  or  less),  compact,  all  flexuose  or  drooping;  perigyn- 
ium  ovate,  ])uncticulate,  obscurely  nerved,  short-beaked  with  a  slightlv  notched 
orifice,  all  hut  the  lowest  oue  or  two  twice  longer  than  the  blunt  or  cuspidate 
scale.  —  Woods  aud  copses,  Vt.  to  Mich.;  local. 

r)7.    C.  Davisii,  Schwein.  &  Torr.     Always  taller ;  spikes  heavier ;  peri- 
gy i.iuni  more  inflated,  strongly  nerved  aud  prominently  toothed,  no  longer  or 
shorter  than  the  conspicuously  awned  and  spreading  scale.  —  Wet  meadows, 
W.  Mass.  to  S.  Minu.,  aud  southward;  rare  east  aud  northward. 
*  4.  —  -*-  6.      Grisecv. 

58.  C.  grisea,  Wahl.  Stout,  1  -  2°  high  ;  leaves  broad  (2  -  3")  and  slightly 
glaucous  ;  bracts  broad  and  leaf-like,  diverging,  very  much  exceeding  the  culm  ; 
staminate  spike  small  and  {fissile  ;  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  short  (!'  long  or  less), 
the  highest  two  usually  contiguous  to  the  staminate  spike  and  sessile,  the  others 
somewhat  remote  aud  peduncled,  all  erect,  compact ;  perigynium  oblong,  point- 
less, marked  with  impressed  nerves,  turgid  and  cylindric,  all  but  the  low(st 
longer  than  the  narrow,  cuspidate  or  blunt,  nerved  scale.  —  Moist  grounds, 
throughout,  except  along  our  northern  borders;  common.  —  Var.  angusti- 
f6lia,  Boott.  Much  more  slender ;  leaves  scarcely  half  so  wide,  the  bracts, 
especially,  much  narroAver  and  shorter  and  more  erect;  spikes  slender;  peri- 
gynium scarcely  inflated,  triangular-oblong,  bearing  a  sharp  beak-Like  point, 
2-ranked ;  scale  nerveless,  long-awned  and  spreading.  N.  J.  to  S.  Ohio,  and 
southward ;  common.  —  Var.  o  lobosa,  Bailey.  Low,  3-12'  high,  often  spread- 
ing; spikes  few-flowered,  often  with  but  2  or  3  perigyuia;  perigynium  short, 
inflated,  very  blunt,  nearly  globose  or  obovate ;  scale  short,  not  proiniueutly 
cuspidate  or  the  up|)er  ones  wholly  blunt.     Mo.,  Kan.,  and  southward. 

Var.  (?)  rigida,  Bailey.  Bigid;  leaves  rather  narrow,  long  and  erect; 
staminate  spike  prominently  peduncled;  pistillate  spikes  scattered,  all  more 
or  less  stalked,  conspicuously  2-ranked  ;  perigynium  triangular-oblong,  hard, 
longer  than  the  ciis])idate  ascending  scale.  —  Sellersville,  Penn.,  and  Del. 

59.  C.  glaucod^a,  Tuckerm.  Lax  or  somewhat  strict  (6-18'  high), 
densely  glaucous  ;  leaves  flat,  variable  in  width,  spikes  as  in  n.  58;  perigy- 
nium firm,  not  inflated,  prominently  impressed-ncrved,  glaucous,  longer  than 
the  short-cuspidate  or  blunt  thin  and  ajipressed  scale.  (C.  flaccosperma,  la«t 
ed.)  —  Meadows  and  swamps,  Mass.  to  S.  111.,  and  southward;  local. 

*  5.    Spirostachv^:.  —  ■<-  1.   (hanidares. 

60.  C.  granul^ris,  Muhl.  Erect  or  spreading,  8'- 2°  high,  somewhat 
glaucous;  leaves  flat,  various;  bracts  broad  aud  long,  much  exceeding  the 
culm  ;  spikes  3  -4,  scattered,  all  but  tlie  upper  jjedunclcd,  erect  or  tmc^udina. 


606  CYPEKACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

compact,  short-oblong  to  cylindric,  never  exceeding  Tin  length;  staminate 
spike  small  and  usually  sessile;  perigynium  ovoid,  very  strongly  nerved,  the 
nearly  entire  short  beak  usually  bent ;  scale  thin  and  pointed,  about  ^  the 
length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Moist  grassy  places ;  common.  —  Var.  HaleXna, 
Porter.  Habitually  lower  and  more  slender ;  radical  leaves  very  broad  (3-4") 
and  more  glaucous ;  pistillate  spikes  V  long  or  less,  thinner ;  perigynium  a 
half  smaller,  narrower.     Wise,  to  Ya. ;  infrequent. 

61.  C.  Crawei,  Dewey.  Low,  strict,  stoloniferous  (4-12'  high);  leaves 
narrow ;  bracts  scarcely  exceeding  the  culm ;  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  the  loAvest 
radical  or  nearly  so,  short-peduncled  or  the  upper  sessile,  erect,  compact,  9" 
long  or  less ;  staminate  spike  generally  peduncled ;  perigynium  ovate,  usually 
resinous-dotted,  obscurely  or  fewruerved,  very  short-pointed,  lougei-  than  the 
obtuse  or  short-pointed  scale.  —  Moist  places,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Minn.;  local, 

especially  eastward. 

*  5.  —  4-2.  Exte'nsce. 

C.  EXTENSA,  Gooden.  Slender  but  strict,  1-2°  high;  leaves  involute; 
spikes  about  .3,  the  loAvest  remote  and  short-peduncled,  the  remainder  approx- 
imate and  sessile,  short  (about  V  long)  and  compact;  perigynium  ovate,  very 
strongly  nerved,  ascending,  the  short  stout  beak  sharply  toothed,  longer  than 
the  blunt  brown-edged  scale.  —  Long  Island  and  Coney  Island,  N.  Y. ;  isorfolk, 
Va.,  McMinn.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

62.  C.  flava,  L.  Very  slender  but  strict  and  stiff,  1-2°  high,  yellowish 
througliout ;  leaves  flat  but  narrow,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm ;  staminate 
spike  sessile  or  nearly  so,  usually  oblique ;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  all  contigu- 
ous or  rarely  tlie  lowest  one  remote,  all  but  tli«  lowest  sessile,  short-oblong  or 
globular,  densely  flowei-ed,  the  lowest  subtended  by  a  long  divaricate  bract; 
perigynium  ovate,  produced  into  a  deflexed  beak  as  long  as  the  body,  strongly 
nerved,  thrice  longer  than  the  blunt  scale.  —  Swales  and  wet  meadows,  N.  Eug. 
to  L.  Superior;  rare  westward.  (Eu.) — Yar.  grAminis,  Bailey.  Smaller  and 
green,  6- 12' high ;  leaves  mostly  longer  than  the  culm;  bracts  erect;  peri- 
gynium straight  or  nearly  so,  the  beak  often  rough.  Grassy  places,  probably 
common  and  generally  distributed. 

Yar.  viridula,  Bailey.  Small  and  slender,  very  strict,  green  or  greenish- 
white  ;  leaves  narrow,  equalling'  or  exceeding  the  culm ;  bracts  long  and 
strictly  erect ;  spikes  very  small  or  sometimes  becoming  cylindric,  more  closely 
aggregated ;  perigynium  conspicuously  smaller,  the  beak  very  short  and 
straight.  (C.  (Ederi,  last  ed.)  —  Cold  bogs,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  and  northwest- 
ward ;  local. 

*  5.  —  -)-  3.    Pallesce'ntes. 

■»-*•  Perkjiinium  ichol/y  beakless. 

63.  C.  pallescens,  L.  Slender,  erect,  4' -2°  high,  tufted;  leaves  nar- 
roAV,  flat,  the  lower  slightly  pubescent,  particularly  on  the  sheaths  *,  spikes  2  - 
4,  Y  long  or  less,  deiisely  flowered,  all  but  the  upper  oue  very  shortly  pedun- 
cled, erect  or  spreading ;  perigynium  globular-oblong,  thin  and  very  nearly 
nerveless,  about  the  length  of  the  cuspidate  scale.  —  Glades  and  meadows, 
N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  Wise,  and  L.  Superior;  rare  westward.     (Eu.) 

++  •»-<-  Perigynium  i-erij  stout-beaked. 

64.  C.  Torreyi,  Tuckerm.  Stiff,  1-U°high;  culm  and  leaves  thinly 
pubescent ;  spikes  all  sessile,  very  short ;  perigynium  obovate,  very  strongly 


cvrKUACK,!:.     (ski)(;e  family.)  C07 

many-nerved,  retwse,  the  beak  short  and  straight,  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
mostly  cuspidate  scale.  —  Supposed  to  have  been  collected,  a  half-century  ago, 
in  N.  Y.  by  Torrey,  and  in  I'enn.  i)y  Schwcinitz.  It  «»<iurs  in  the  Kocky 
Mountain  region,  and  high  northward. 

*  G.    DaC'TVLOStXcHY.I;.  —  +-   1.    Olif/ocdrjxr. 
H-i-  Sheaths  smooth. 

65.  C.  COnoidea,  Sclikuhr.  Slender  but  strict,  1  -  U'^  high;  staminate 
sj)ike  long-peduncled  or  rarely  nearly  sessile ;  spikes  2-3,  scattered,  short- 
stalked  or  the  upper  one  sessile  (the  lowest  frequently  very  long-stalked),  ol> 
long  (rarely  1'  long)  and  rather  loosely  flowered,  erect;  perigynium  oblong- 
conical,  impressed-nerved,  gradually  narrowed  to  a  point,  the  orifice  entire; 
scale  loosely  spreading  and  rough-awned,  c(pialling  or  exceeding  the  perigyn- 
ium.—  Moist  grassy  places,  N.  Eng.  to  111.,  and  southward;  rare  westward. 

66.  C.  oligocarpa,  Sclikuhr.  Diffuse,  10-18'  high;  bracts  flat  and 
spreading;  staminate  spike  sessile  or  stalked;  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  stalked 
or  the  uppermost  sessile,  loosely  2  -  8-flowered,  erect ;  perigynium  smpJl,  hard, 
finely  impressed-nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  conspicuous  mostly  oblique 
beak,  the  orifice  entire ;  scale  very  loosely  spreading  and  rough-awned,  longer 
than  the  perigynium.  —  Dry  woods  and  copses,  W.  New  Eng.  to  Mo.,  and 
southward ;  rare  westward.     Often  confounded  with  small  forms  of  n.  58. 

++  ++  Sheaths  pubescent. 

67.  C.  Hitchcockiina,  Dewey.  Erect,  U-20  high;  spikes  2-4,  all 
more  or  less  peduncled,  very  loosely  few-flowered,  erect ;  perigynium  trian- 
gular-ovate, many-striate,  the  strong  beak  prominently  oMique,  shorter  than 
the  rough-aAvned  scale.  —  Rich  Avoods,  W.  New  Eng.  to  111.,  and  southward  to 
Penn.  and  Ky. ;  frequent. 

*  6.  —  M-  2.  La XI florae. 

++  Sheaths  (jrcen. 
=  Perigi/nium  mostlij  obscureli/  triangular,  the  beak  veri/  prominent. 

68.  C.  Iaxifl6ra,  Lam.  Slender  but  mostly  erect,  1  -  2°  high ;  leaves 
rarely  over  2"  wide,  rather  soft ;  staminate  spike  peduncled  or  at  least  con- 
spicuous; pistillate  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  peduncled  or  the  upper  one  sessile, 
loosely  flowered,  cylindric  or  sometimes  reduced  to  slu)rt-oblong,  erect  or  the 
lower  loosely  spreading;  perigynium  obovate,  conspicuously  nerved,  the  short 
entire  beak  much  bent  or  recurved ;  scale  thin  and  white,  blunt  or  cuspidate, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  perigynium.  —  Grassy  places,  throughout ;  common. 
Exceedingly  variable.  —  Var.  vXuiaxs,  Bailey.  Mostly  stouter  than  the  tvpe, 
the  leaves  broader;  pistillate  spikes  ^^-I'long,  the  two  upper  more  or  less 
contiguous  to  the  staminate  spike  and  sessile  or  nearly  so;  bracts  leafy  and 
prolonged.  —  Copses  and  gra.ssy  places,  throughout ;  common.  Counterfeits 
var.  patulifolia.  —  Var.  STni.ixi-LA,  Carey.  Diffuse;  ])istillate  spikes  rarelv 
over  V  long,  the  upper  sessile  and  aggregated  about  the  inconspicuous  stami- 
nate spike,  the  lowest  usually  long-exserted.  Grassy  places,  throughout ;  very 
common.  —  ^^a^.  latif6i.ia,  Boott.  Rather  low;  leaves  ^' broad  or  more; 
5taminate  spike  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  pistillate  spikes  cylindric  and  loose, 
the  upper  one  or  two  contiguous ;  bracts  very  broad.  Deep  rich  woods,  E. 
Mass.  (Deane)  to  Penn.  and  Mich.;  common  westward.  —  Var.  patulifolia, 


608  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

Carey.  Glaucous ;  leaves  3"  broad  or  more ;  staminate  spike  prominent,  mostly 
stalked ;  pistillate  spikes  long  and  alternately  flowered,  scattered  and  pedun- 
cled ;  perigynium  (as  in  the  following  varieties)  elliptic,  attenuate  at  both  ends, 
mostly  less  prominently  nerved,  and  the  beak  not  strongly  recurved.  Open 
places,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich.,  and  southward ;  frequent.  —  Var.  divaricXta, 
Bailey.  Tall  and  stout ;  leaves  narrower ;  staminate  spike  large  and  stalked ; 
pistillate  spikes  scattered,  all  but  the  upper  one  prominently  peduncled,  long ; 
perigynium  very  large,  divaricate,  triangular,  contracted  into  a  stipe-like  base 
at  least  half  as  long  as  the  body.  Near  Washington,  Vasei/.  —  Var.  stylo- 
FLEXA,  Boott.  Very  weak  and  slender ;  leaves  2"  wide  or  less ;  staminate 
spike  usually  peduncled;  pistillate  2-3,  scattered,  few-flowered,  lowest  droop- 
ing ;  perigynium  very  long-pointed.  S.  E.  Penn.,  and  southward ;  frequent. 
=  =  Perigynium  sharphj  triangular,  short,  and  mostly  not  prominently  beaked. 
a.  Spikes  drooping  or  Jlexuose. 

69.  C.  digitalis,  Willd.  Very  slender,  bright  green,  tufted,  6-18'  high ; 
leaves  verv  narrow  (1-2"  wide);  staminate  spike  short  stalked ;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  all  on  filiform  stalks  and  all  but  the  upper  widely  spreading  or 
drooping,  linear,  alternately  flowered;  perigynium  very  small,  impressed- 
nerved,  longer  than  the  acute  whitish  scale.  —  Dryish  woods  and  glades,  N. 
Eng.  to  Mich.,  and  southward  ;  frequent.  —  Var.  copulXta,  Bailey.  Leaves 
much  broader,  and  the  culms  weak  and  reclined ;  spikes  heavier  and  mostly 
shorter ;  perigynium  larger,  very  sharp.  Rich  woods,  central  Mich.,  and 
probably  elsewhere  westward. 

70.  C.  laxieulmis,  Schwein.  Differs  from  the  variety  of  n.  69  chiefly 
in  its  more  cespitose  habit,  its  densely  glaucous-blue  covering,  very  slender 
culm,  and  very  long  and  filiform  peduncles.  (C  retrocurva,  Dewey.)  —  Glades, 
N.  Eng.  to  Mich,  and  Va. ;  rare  westward. 

b.  Spikes  erect. 

71.  C.  ptychoc^rpa,  Steudel.  Low,  glaucous,  3- 10' high;  leaves  flat 
and  rather  broad  (2"  or  more),  much  exceeding  the  culm ;  bracts  leafy  and 
much  prolonged ;  staminate  spike  very  small  and  sessile,  mostly  overtopped 
by  the  upper  pistillate  spike;  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  sessile  or  short-stalked  or 
rarely  the  lowest  long-peduncled,  erect;  perigynium  tawny,  much  as  in  n.  69, 
twice  longer  than  the  very  thin  obtuse  scale.  —  Low  grounds  or  swamps,  E 
Mass.,  N.  J.,  Del.,  and  southward ;  local. 

72.  C.  platyphylla,  Carey.  Low,  spreading,  glaucous,  6-12'  high; 
leaves  Y  broad  or  more,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culms  ;  bracts  with  thin  and 
sharp-pointed  leaf-like  tips  1-2'  long;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  2-3,  scattered,  all  more  or  less  peduncled,  alternately  2-10-flowered  ; 
perigvnium  short,  strongly  many-striate,  about  the  length  of  the  acute  or 
cuspidate  scale.  —  Rich  shady  wools  and  banks,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich.,  and  south- 
ward to  Va. ;  mostly  local. 

73.  C.  Careyana,  Torr.  Tall  and  slender,  mostly  erect,  1-2°  high , 
leaves  bright  green,  firm,  3  -  4"  wide  or  more,  shorter  than  the  long  culm ; 
bracts  leafy,  longer  tlian  in  the  last ;  staminate  spike  heavy  and  stalked ;  pis- 
tillate spikes  2-3  (mostly  2),  the  upper  usually  near  the  terminal  spike,  and 
nearly  sessile,  the  other  remote  and  long-peduncled,  loosely  2  -  8-flowered  ; 


CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMil.i'.)  60'J 

peri^ynium  very  large  and  very  sharply  angled,  the  heak  ohli(|ue,  finely  many- 
nerved,  twice  longer  than  the  sharp  scale.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich., 
and  southward  to  Washington ;  rare. 

++  ++  Sheaths  usually  purple. 

74.  C.  plantaginea,  Lam.  Slender  but  erect,  1-2°  high;  leaves  ^-1' 
hnxul,  very  tirni,  appearing  after  the  flowers  and  persisting  over  winter,  shorter 
than  the  culm;  staniinate  spike  purple  and  clavate,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
.3-4,  scattered,  loosely  few-llowcred,  erect,  the  peduncles  included  in  the  leaf- 
less sheaths ;  perigynium  smaller  than  in  n.  73,  prominently  l)eaked,  about  as 
long  as  the  sharp  scale.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wise,  and  southward ;  local. 

*  6.  —  +-3.  Panlceiv. 
++  Benk  ('ijlindrlcal  and  prominent ;  plant  not  glaucous. 

75.  C.  Saltuensis,  Bailey.  Very  slender  and  more  or  less  diffuse,  strongly 
stoloniferous,  1-1^  higli ;  leaves  narrow  and  soft,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
spikes  2-3,  scattered,  all  peduncled  and  more  or  less  spreading,  loosely  3  -  10- 
flowered;  perigynium  small,  nearly  nerveless,  thin,  the  beak  straight  and 
sliarply  toothed ;  scale  loose,  acute,  sliorter  than  the  perigynium.  (C.  vagi- 
nata,  last  ed.)  —Deep  swamps,  Vt.  to  Minn.;  local. 

76.  C.  polymorpha,  Mulil.  Stout,  1-2^  high;  leaves  rather  broad, 
short;  spikes  1-2,  short-sLalked,  erect,  compact  or  rarely  loose,  usuallv 
staminate  at  the  apex,  lY  long  or  less;  perigynium  long-ovate,  obscurely 
nerved;  the  very  long  and  nearly  straight  beak  oblicpie  or  lipped  at  the  ori- 
fice ;  scale  reddi-^h-brown,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  perigynium.  —  Moist 
meadows,  Mass.  to  N.  C. ;  local. 

t-«-  ++  Beak  .short  or  none ;  plant  often  (jlaucous. 
=  Plants  of  ordinary  habit. 

77.  C.  tetanica,  Sclikuhr.  Rather  slender,  rarely  glaucous,  somewhat 
stoloniferous ;  culm  scabrous,  at  least  above ;  spikes  all  peduncled,  the  upper 
one  very  shortly  so,  pale,  all  more  or  less  attenuate  below,  the  lower  borne  in 
the  axils  of  bracts  3'  long  or  more ;  perigynium  not  turgid,  greenish,  promi- 
nently many-nerved,  the  Ijeak  strongly  bent ;  scale  obtuse  or  abruptly  mucro- 
nate,  all  except  the  lowest  mostly  sliorter  than  the  perigynium.  —  Meadows 
and  borders  of  ponds  from  W.  Mass.  westward ;  common  westward.  —  Yar. 
W06DII,  Bailey.  Very  slender  and  strongly  stoloniferous;  leaves  narrow, 
very  long  and  lax;  spikes  mostly  alternately  flowered  throughout;  scales 
often  sharper.  (C.  Woodii,  Deweij.)  Rich  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  and  south 
to  Washington;  frequent.  —  Yar.  M^adii,  Bailey.  Stiffer;  leaves  mostly 
broader  and  stricter ;  spikes  thick  and  densely  flowered,  not  attenuate  at  base, 
the  upper  one  often  sessile;  perigynium  larger.  (C.  Meadii,  iJeivei/.)  R.  I. 
to  Neb.,  and  southward;  rare  eastward.  —  Yar.  CAnbvi,  Porter.  Stout  and 
stiff ;  leaves  still  broader  (about  2"  wide)  and  flat ;  spikes  thick,  often  ^'  wide ; 
perigynium  long,  straight  or  very  nearly  so;  scale  large,  nearly  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  perigynium.    E.  Penn.  (Canbi/) ;  HI.  and  Wise. ;  little  known. 

C.  p.vNfciEA,  L.  Strict,  often  stiff,  glaucous-blue  1  -  2°  high  ;  culm  smooth  ; 
bracts  1  -  2'  long  ;  sjjikes  1  -3,  scattered,  coK)r('il,  peduncled,  erect,  rather  com- 
pact or  loose  below,  seldom  1'  long  ;  perigynium  ovoid,  vellow  or  ])urplc',  some- 
what turgid,  scarcely  nerved,  the  point  usually  curved,  mostly  longer  than  the 
purple-margined  scjile.  —  Fields,  E.  Mass.  and  R.  I.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

38 


610  CYPERACEiE.       (SEDGE    FAMILY.) 

=  =  Very  strict,  densely  glaucous. 

78.  C.  livida,  Willd.  Culms  18'  high  or  less ;  leaves  narroAv,  often  becom- 
ing involute ;  spikes  1  or  2  and  aggregated  or  approximate,  or  rarely  a  third 
nearly  radical,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  erect,  narrow ;  perigynium  ovoid-oblong, 
nerved,  granular,  beakless,  the  point  straight  or  nearly  so,  orifice  entire ;  scale 
obtuse,  mostly  a  little  shorter  than  the  perigynium.  —  Piue-barrens  of  N.  J., 
and  sphagnum  swamps  northward  to  N.  Eng.  and  L.  Superior ;  local.     (Eu.) 

*  6.  —  H-  4.    Bicolbres. 

79.  C.  aurea,  Nutt.  Low  and  slender,  1°  high  or  less;  bracts  exceeding 
the  culm ;  spikes  2-4,  all  but  the  lowest  usually  approximate,  peduucled  or 
the  upper  one  or  two  sessile,  erect,  loosely  few-flowered  or  sometimes  becoming 
I'  long,  at  maturity  yellow  or  brown,  the  terminal  one  frequently  pistillate 
above ;  perigynium  fleshy  at  maturity,  nerved,  longer  than  the  blunt  scale.  — 
Wet  meadows  and  springy  banks,  throughout;  rather  common. 

*  6.  —  -t-  5.   DigitatcB. 
++  Spikes  two  or  more. 

80.  C.  eblirnea,  Boott.  Exceedingly  slender  and  capillary,  erect,  4-12' 
high,  stoloniferous ;  leaves  shorter  than  the  culm ;  staminate  spike  very  small 
and  very  short-peduncled,  overtopped  by  the  two  upper  pistillate  spikes ;  pistil- 
late spikes  2-4,  approximate  or  the  lowest  remote,  all  stalked,  erect,  2  -  6-flow- 
ered ;  perigynium  very  small,  almost  nerveless,  smooth  and  becoming  black  and 
shining  at  full  maturity ;  scale  white  and  thin,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  perigyn- 
ium. —  Tufted  in  sandy  or  light  soils  from  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.  and  Xeb. ;  frequent. 

81.  C.  Richardsoni,  R.Br.  Bather  stiff,  4-9'  high,  stoloniferous; 
sheaths  short,  purple  or  brown ;  staminate  spike  stout  and  mostly  short-pedun- 
cled ;  pistillate  spikes  1-2,  approximate,  the  very  short  stalks  included,  erect, 
compact,  less  than  ■^'  in  length ;  perigynium  obovoid,  firm,  hairy,  the  very  short 
beak  entire  or  erose ;  scale  brown  with  a  conspicuous  white-hyaline  margin, 
obtuse  or  pointless,  and  longer  than  the  perigynium.  —  Dry  ground,  western 
N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  northwestward ;  rare. 

82.  C.  peduneul^ta,  Muhl.  Low  and  diffuse,  3-10'  high,  forming 
mats ;  leaves  abundant,  very  green,  flat  and  firm,  longer  than  the  weak  culms ; 
staminate  spike  very  small,  with  the  uppermost  pistillate  spike  sessile  at  its 
base;  pistillate  spikes  2-4  on  each  culm,  scattered  and  long-peduncled  from 
green  sheaths,  erect  or  spreading,  many  other  spikes  nearly  or  quite  radical 
and  very  long-stalked,  all  3  -  8-flowered ;  perigynium  triangular-obovate,  smooth 
or  very  slightly  pubescent  above,  the  short  and  nearly  entire  beak  somewhat 
oblique ;  scale  green  or  purple,  truncate  and  cuspidate,  mostly  a  little  longer 
than  the  perigynium.  —  Dry  woods  and  banks,  N.  Eng.  to  Va.  {Kennedy)  and 
Minn. ;  frequent  northward. 

■t-t-  ++  Spike  one  or  rarely  a  rudiment  of  a  second ;  plant  dioecious. 

83.  C.  picta,  Steudel.  Rather  weak,  1°  high  or  less  ;  leaves  flat  and  firm, 
persisting  through  the  Avinter,  at  least  twice  longer  than  the  culm ;  a  sheath- 
ing purple  scale  at  the  base  of  the  spike ;  staminate  spike  about  1'  long,  clavate 
in  anthesis,  the  purple  scales  ending  in  a  very  short  and  blunt  whitish  tip ; 
pistillate  spike  narrower  and  mostly  longer,  the  scales  more  abruptly  contracted 


CYPERACE.«.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  611 

into  a  colored  cusp  and  at  length  deciduous ;  perigynium  ohovate,  much  con- 
tracted below  into  a  stipe-like  base,  very  strongly  nerved,  entirely  pointless, 
hairy  above,  covered  by  the  scale.  (C.  IJoottiana,  lidifli.)  —  In  a  wooded  ravine 
■with  llepatica  and  Kpiga;a,  near  Blooniington,  Ind.  {iJudley) ;  also  Ala.  and  La. 
*  7.   Si'H^:ridi6phok.k.  —  -•-  1.    Scirptnce. 

84.  C.  SCirpoidea,  Michx.  Strict,  the  pistillate  plant  mostly  stiff,  G  -  18' 
high;  leaves  Hat,  sliortor  than  the  culm;  spike  T  long  or  less,  densely  cylin- 
drical, very  rarely  with  a  rudimentary  second  spike  at  its  base;  jjcrigynium 
ovate,  short-pointed,  very  hairy,  about  the  length  of  the  ciliate  purple  scale.  — 
Mountains  of  N.  New  Eug. ;  Drummond's  Island,  L.  Huron.     (Norway.) 

*  7.  —  -1-2.   Montana'. 
■*^  Some  or  all  of  the  culms  lonfjer  than  the  leaves  {or  in  the  tijpe  ofn.  Sb/re- 

qiientlij  shorter). 

=  Staminate  spike   minute,  wholly  or  partial  I  >/  concealed  in  the  head;  leaves 

ahca//s  very  narrow  ;  radical  spikes  often  present. 

85.  C.  deflexa  Ilornem.  Diffuse  and  low,  tufted ;  culms  1  -  G'  high, 
setaceous,  more  or  less  curved  or  spreading,  little  exceeding  or  shorter  than 
the  leaves ;  staminate  spike  exceedingly  minute  and  nearly  always  entirely  in- 
visible in  the  head;  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  2 - .5-flowered,  green,  or  green  and 
brown,  all  aggregated  into  a  head,  the  lowest  one  always  more  or  less  short- 
peduncled  and  subtended  by  a  leafy  bract  ^'  long  or  less ;  radical  spikes  few ; 
porigynium  very  small  and  much  contracted  below,  sparsely  hairy  or  nearly 
smooth,  the  beak  iiat  and  very  short,  mostly  longer  than  the  acutish  scale. 
(C.  NovaB-Angliic,  la.st  ed.,  mostly.)  —  High  mountains  of  N.  II.  and  Vt. 

Var.  Deanei,  Bailey.  Taller  and  lax,  the  culms  6-12'  high  and  some 
or  all  prominently  longer  than  the  longer  and  loose  leaves;  staminate  spike 
umch  larger  (2  -3"  long),  erect  or  oblique,  sessile ;  pistillate  spikes  larger  (4  - 
8-flowered),  less  aggregated  or  the  lowest  usually  separated,  though  rarely  more 
than  \'  apart ;  radical  spikes  usually  numerous ;  bract  mostly  longer.  —  Swales 
or  dryish  places,  high  or  subalpine  regions,  Mt.  Desert,  Maine  {Rand) ;  Essex, 
Mass. ;  N.  H.,  Vt.,  and  N.  Y. ;  scarce.     In  aspect  like  n.  86. 

Var.  m6dia,  Bailey.  Rather  stiff,  4-12'  high,  in  dense  tufts ;  most  of  the 
spikes  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves,  the  staminate  prominent,  erect  (3  - 
5"  long),  sessile  or  very  short-peduncled  ;  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  all  scattered, 
the  uppermost  at  or  near  the  base 'of  the  staminate  spike,  the  lowest  usually 
very  prominently  pedunded  and  subtended  by  a  conspicuous  bract  which  sur- 
passes the  culm,  all  rather  compactly  3  -  8-tlowered,  green,  or  brown  and  green  ; 
radical  spikes  several ;  perigynium  larger,  mucli  like  that  of  short-beaked  forms 
of  n.  90.  —  Keweenaw  Co.,  Midi.  {Farwell);  also  far  westward. 

86.  C.  varia,  Muhl.  Erect,  mostly  strict,  6-15'  high,  tufted  and  some- 
what stoloniferous;  culms  varial)le  in  length,  often  twice  longer  than  the 
leaves;  .staminate  spike  3"  long  or  less;  pistillate  spikes  closely  aggregated, 
or  rarely  somewhat  loosely  disposed  but  never  scattered,  all  strictly  sessile, 
green  ;  radical  spikes  none  ;  lower  bract  usually  j)resent ;  perigynium  longer- 
pointed  than  in  the  last,  about  the  length  of  the  sharp  scale.  (C.  Emmonsii, 
Dewey.) — Banks  and  dry  woods;  frequent.  —  In  var.  colouXta,  Bailey,  the 
scales  are  purple.     Mostly  southward. 


612  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

=  =  Staminate  spike  very  prominent  {or  in  the  variety  of  n.  89  very  small,  but 

the  leaves  broad) ;  radical  spikes  none. 

a.    Scales  smooth. 

87.  C.  NoVSe-Angliae,  Schwein.  Very  slender  and  soft,  erect,  stolon- 
iferous,  6-8'  high ;  culnis  little  longer  than  the  very  narrow  leaves ;  stami- 
nate spike  exceedingly  narrow  (3-8"  long  by  about  ^"  wide),  mostly  minutely 
peduncled ;  pistillate  spikes  2,  or  rarely  3,  the  upper  one  near  the  base  of  the 
staminate  spike,  the  lower  very  short-peduncled  and  removed  i-T  and  sub- 
tended by  a  leaf  V  bract  which  nearly  or  quite  equals  the  culm,  both  rather 
loosely  3  -  6-flowered ;  perigynium  very  narrow,  often  nearly  oblanceolate, 
small,  very  thinly  hairy,  the  beak  sharp  and  prominent ;  stigmas  often  2.  — 
Mountain  swamps  of  W.  Mass.,  and  Mt.  Desert,  Maine  {Rand} ;  rare. 

88.  C.  Pennsylvanica,  Lam.  A  foot  high  or  less,  erect,  strongly  sto- 
loniferous,  forming  large  patches ;  leaves  narrow  and  more  or  less  involute,  dark 
or  dull  green,  mostly  nearly  as  long  as  the  culm ;  staminate  spike  ^'  (rarely  f ') 
long,  usually  dull  brown  or  brown-purple,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so ;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  contiguous  or  the  two  lower  rarely  Y  apart,  all  sessile  and  usually 
dark-colored,  the  lowest  bract  very  short  or  at  least  rarely  prominent ;  peri- 
gynium short-  or  round-ovate,  hairy.  —  Dry  fields ;  our  commonest  species. 

89.  C.  communis,  Bailey.  Habitually  taller  and  stricter,  8- 18' high, 
in  small  tufts,  never  stolon i ferous ;  leaves  proportionately  shorter,  broad 
(about  2"),  flat  and  pale;  staminate  spike  mostly  longer,  often  short-peduncled 
and  usually  paler ;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  scattered  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
culm,  green  or  tawny,  the  lowest  one  or  two  sometimes  peduncled  and  often 
with  prominent  leafy  bracts.     (C.  varia,  last  ed.)  — Dry  hill-sides;  common. 

Var.  Wheeleri,  Bailey.  Mostly  greener,  3-14' high;  leaves  soft  and 
flat  and  much  shorter  than  the  culm ;  staminate  spike  |'  long  or  less,  very 
narrow,  sessile  and  oblique ;  pistillate  spikes  mostly  closer  together.  —  KnoUs 
in  woods,  Ionia  Co.,  Mich.  (  Wheeler),  and  Alcona  Co.  (Bailei/) ;  Middletown, 
Conn.  {Barratt),  and  Cheshire  Co.,  N.  H.  It  has  much  the  aspect  of  n.  86,  but 
is  readily  distinguished  by  the  broad  leaves  and  more  scattered  spikes. 

b.  Scales  rough-cuspidate. 

C.  PR.fecox,  Jacq.  Rather  stiff,  the  culm  sometimes  curved,  3-10'  high; 
leaves  flat,  shorter  than  the  culm ;  staminate  spike  prominently  clavate,  mostly 
sessile;  pistillate  spikes  2-3,  all  contiguous,  sessile  or  the  lowest  very  short- 
peduncled  and  subtended  by  a  bract  scarcely  as  long  as  itself,  all  oblong  or 
sliort-cylindric,  the  lowest  about  6"  long;  perigynium  triangular-obovoid,  the 
very  short  beak  entire  or  erose,  thinly  hispid-hirsute,  about  the  length  of  the 
scale.  —  Fields,  E.  Mass.     (Nat.  from  Eu.  early  in  the  century.) 

•^  ++  Part  or  usuaUij  all  of  the  culms  much  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

90.  C.  umbellata,  Schkuhr.  (PI.  6,  fig.  1 1  -  U.)  Low,  growing  in  small 
and  dense  mats  (1-3'  across) ;  leaves  short  and  often  stiff  (2  -  6'  long),  flat,  the 
earliest  very  narrow  but  the  later  often  2"  broad ;  spikes  all  on  separate  scapes 
which  rarely  exceed  1  -2'  in  length  (or  rarely  one  or  two  short  true  culms), 
usually  densely  aggregated  at  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  hidden  by  the 
leaves,  the  pistillate  spikes  green  or  tawny  and  rather  loosely  few-flowered ; 
perigynium  slenderly  beaked,  toothed,  very  lightly  pubescent,  about  the  length 
of  the  acute  and  often  rough-tipped  scale.  —  Dry  banks  and  knolls,  N.  Eng. 


CYPERACE.E.        (SEDGE    FAMILV.)  613 

to  N.  J.  and  N.  Y.,  and  perhaps  farther  westward  ;  infrequent.  —  Var.  vfciNA, 
Dewey.  Tufts  looser  and  larger;  leaves  longer  (often  l'^  or  more)  and  laxer, 
sometimes  broader ;  some  pistillate  spikes  Ijorne  near  the  base  of  the  stamiuate 
on  a  true  culm  which  is  3  -  8'  high,  one  or  two  on  each  culm.  With  the  spe- 
cies and  farther  westward ;  infrecjuent. 

91.  C.  nigro-margin^ta,  Scliwein.  Leaves  mostly  stifTer  than  in  n.  90, 
often  broader,  and  some  of  the  culms  prolonged ;  perigynium  smooth  or  nearly 
so,  shorter  beaked  ;  scales  purj)le-margined,  giving  the  spikes  a  very  dark  or 
variegated  appearance,  considerably  larger  and  lunger  than  in  the  last.  —  Dry 
hillsides,  N.  J.,  and  soutliward;  local. 

*  7.  —  ■*-  3.   Triquetne. 

92.  C.  pubescens,  Mnhl.  Strict,  1-2°  high,  pubescent  throughout; 
leaves  Hat  and  soft,  shorter  than  the  culm ;  spikes  2-4,  the  lower  1  or  2  short- 
pedunded,  and  about  Y  lt)ng,  loosely  flowered,  erect;  perigynium  very  hairy, 
conspicuously  beaked  and  minutely  toothed,  straight,  about  the  lengtii  of  the 
truncate  and  rough-cuspidate  thin  scale.  —  Copses  and  moist  meadows,  N. 
Eng.  to  Ky.,  and  westward;  frequent. 

*  8.  riiYLLOsxAcinM:. 

93.  C.  Jam^sii,  Schwein.  (PI.  5,  fig.  17-21.)  Diffuse,  6-10'  high; 
leaves  very  narrow  (1"  or  less),  much  surpassing  the  culm  ;  spike  very  small, 
the  staminate  portion  inconspicuous,  the  pistillate  flowers  1  -  3  and  loosely  dis- 
posed ;  perigynium  globular,  produced  into  a  very  long  and  roughened  nearly 
entire  beak ;  scale  narrow,  the  lowest  often  1-2'  long,  the  upper  often  shorter 
than  the  perigynium.  (C.  ISteudelii,  Kunth.)  —  Woods,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  south- 
ward ;  frequent. 

94.  C.  Willdenovii,  Sclikuhr.  Lower,  stiff er,  the  leaves  broader  and 
pale ;  spike  larger,  tlie  pistillate  flowers  3-9,  compact ;  perigynium  bearing 
a  prominent  two-edged  very  rough  beak ;  scales  chaffy,  nerved,  as  broad  as 
and  somewhat  longer  than  the  perigynium,  or  the  lowest  rarely  overtopping 
the  spike.  —  Copses,  Mass.  to  Mich.,  and  southward  ;  rare. 

95.  C.  Backii,  Boott.  Forming  dense  mats;  leaves  still  broader  (2"  or 
more),  very  abundant ;  staminate  flowers  about  3  ;  pistillate  2  -  5  ;  perigynium 
more  gradually  beaked,  smooth  throughout ;  scales  very  broad  and  leaf-like, 
all  exceeding  the  culm  and  entirely  enveloping  the  spike.  —  W.  Mass.  to  Ohio, 
and  far  westward ;  local  and  rare,  especially  eastward. 

*  9.  Lkptooephal.k. 

96.  C.  polytricholdes,  Mnhl.  Capillary,  erect  or  slightly  diffuse,  6- 
18'  high;  leaves  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  2-4"  long,  linear,  the 
staminate  ])ortion  very  small ;  perigynium  thin  and  green,  nerved,  about  twice 
longer  than  the  obtuse  caducous  scale.  —  Bogs;  common. 

*    10.    PHYSOCtPHAL.'E. 

97.  C.  Fr^seri,  Andrews.  Cespitose ;  culm  6-15'  high,  naked  or  the 
lower  portion  included  in  loosely  sheathing  abortive  leaves,  smooth  and  stiff; 
leaves  1'  broad  or  more,  destitute  of  midrib,  very  thick  and  persistent,  jiale, 
1-2°  long;  spike  whitisli;  perigynium  ovoid,  faintly  nerved,  much  longer 
than  the  scale.  —  "Rich  mountain  woods,  Va.  and  southward;  very  local  and 
rare.     A  most  remarkable  i)lant. 


614  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

§2.     VtGNEA.— *   11.   AcROARRHix.E.  — -w   1.    FxtidcB 

98.  C.  chordorhiza,  Ehrh.  Very  extensively  stoloniferous ;  culm 
mostly  erect,  1  - 1^°  long ;  leaves  involute,  shorter  than  the  culm ;  perigyuium 
globular,  very  strongly  nerved,  short-pointed  and  entire,  about  the  length  of 
the  acute  scale.  —  Cold  bogs  and  soft  lake-borders,  Vt.  to  Iowa,  and  north- 
ward; infrequent.      (Eu.) 

99.  C.  Stenoph:^lla,  Wahl.  Stiff,  3-8'  high  ;  leaves  involute  and  shorter 
than  the  culm ;  perigynium  ovate,  flat  on  the  inner  face,  lightly  nerved,  grad- 
ually contracted  into  a  short  and  entire  rough-edged  beak,  tightly  enclosing 
the  achene,  at  maturity  longer  than  the  hyaline  acutish  scale.  —  Dry  grounds, 
Thayer  Co.,  Neb.  {Besseij) ;  Emmet  Co.,  Iowa  {Cratty),  and  westward.    (Eu.) 

*  11.  —  -1-2.   Vulpmce. 
++  Beak  shorter  than  or  about  as  long  as  the  bodi/  of  the  perigi/nium. 

100.  C.  COnjlincta,  Boott.  Strict  but  rather  weak,  U-3i°  high;  culm 
soft  and  sharply  triangular  or  nearly  wing-angled,  becoming  perfectly  flat 
when  pressed ;  leaves  soft,  about  3"  broad ;  head  1  -  3'  long,  interrupted,  often 
nearly  green,  infrequently  bearing  a  few  setaceous  bracts ;  perigynium  lance- 
ovate,  light  colored,  whitish  and  thickened  below,  the  beak  lightly  notched 
and  roughish,  about  equalling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  cuspidate  scale. — 
Swales  and  glades,  N.  J.,  Ky.,  and  westward  ;  usually  rare. 

■*-*■  -^+  Beak  twice  the  length  of  the  bodij  of  the  perigi/nhun  or  longer. 

101.  C.  stipata,  Muhl.  Stout,  1-3°  high,  in  clumps;  culm  rather  soft, 
very  sharp  ;  head  1-3'  long,  rarely  somewhat  compound  at  base,  interrupted, 
the  lowest  spikes  often -|' long ;  perigynium  lanceolate,  brown-nerved,  the  beak 
toothed  and  roughish,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  body,  and  much  longer 
than  the  scale.  —  Swales  ;  common  and  variable. 

102.  C.  crus-corvi,  Shuttlew.  Stout,  glaucous,  2-3°  high;  culm 
rough,  at  least  above ;  leaves  flat  and  very  wide ;  head  much  branched  and 
compound,  3  -  6'  long ;  perigynium  long-lanceolate,  the  short  base  very  thick 
and  disk-like,  the  roughish  and  very  slender  beak  thrice  the  length  of  the  body 
or  more,  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  inconspicuous  scale.  —  Swamps,  S.  Minn 
to  Xeb.  and  Ky.,  and  southward ;  rare  northward. 

*  11.  —  -t-  3.  Midtlforce. 
++  Spikes  conspicuously  panicled. 

103.  C.  decOinp6sita,  Muhl.  Stout,  exceedingly  deep  green,  H-3° 
high,  in  stools ;  culm  very  obtusely  angled,  almost  terete  below ;  leaves  firm, 
channelled  below,  longer  than  the  culm ;  head  2  -  4'  long,  the  lower  branches 
ascending  and  1-2'  long ;  perigynium  very  small,  round-obovate,  few-nerved, 
hard  and  at  maturity  shining,  the  abrupt  short  beak  entire  or  very  nearly  so ; 
scale  acute,  about  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Mich., 
and  southward ;  local. 

•M-  ■*-*■  Spikes  in  a  simple  or  nearly  simple  head. 
=  Leaves  very  narrow  (1"  bi-oad  or  less),  becoming  more  or  less  involute. 

104.  C.  teretiuseula,  Gooden.  Slender  but  mostly  erect,  \l-2^°  high, 
in  loose  stools ;  culm  rather  obtuse,  rough  at  the  top,  mostly  longer  than  the 
leaves ;  head  1-2'  long,  compact  or  somewhat  interrupted,  narrow  (|'  wide  or 


CYPERACE.*:.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  615 

less) ;  peri<^vuium  very  small,  ovate  and  truncate  below,  bearing  a  few  incon- 
spicuous sliort  nerves  on  the  outer  side,  stipitate,  firm  and  at  maturity  blackish 
and  shining,  the  short  beak  lighter  colored ;  scale  chaffy  and  acute,  about  the 
length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Swales,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  and  westward ;  common. 
(Eu.)  —  Var.  raim6sa,  Boott.  More  slender;  head  mostly  longer,  the  upper 
portion  often  somewhat  nodding,  the  spikes  scattered  and  the  lowest  ones 
often  slightly  compound.     N.  Y.,  and  westward ;  common. 

=  =  Leaves  broader  and  Jiat  {occasionally  involute  in  n.  106). 

a.  Scales  very  sharp,  mostly  rough-tipped. 

1.  Perigynium  large  (2"  long  or  more),  nerveless  on  the  imier  face. 

105.  C.  alopecoidea,  Tuckerm.  Stout  but  rather  soft,  2-3°  high; 
culm  ratlier  sharp,  thick  and  soft  in  texture;  leaves  2-3"  wide,  about  the 
length  of  the  culm,  very  green;  head  1^'  long  or  less,  sometimes  green,  and 
occasionally  a  little  compound,  the  spikes  many  and  compactly  or  somewhat 
loosely  disposed  or  the  lowest  often  separate  and  all  mostly  short-oblong; 
perigynium  ovate,  tapering  into  a  rough  beak,  very  prominently  stipitate, 
with  a  few  brown  nerves  on  the  outer  face,  ascending,  about  equalling  or  a 
little  exceeding  the  scale.  —  Open  swales,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  and  Mich.;  local.  In 
aspect  like  n.  101. 

Var.  sparsispic^ta,  Dewey.  Weak,  the  leaves  much  narrower  and  lax  ; 
head  1  -  3'  long  and  linear  or  nearly  so,  the  spikes  smaller  and  separated  or 
scattered.  —  S.  E.  Mich.  (Cooley,  Clark);  little  known. 

108.  C.  gravida,  Bailey.  Lower  and  the  culm  thinner  and  more  sharply 
angled,  1-2°  high  ;  leaves  rather  narrower  and  firmer,  shorter  than  the  culm ; 
head  short,  always  simple,  globular  or  short-oblong,  the  lowest  spikes  rarely 
distinct ;  spikes  few  (4  -  7 ),  globular,  or  broader  than  long ;  perigynium  broadly 
ovate,  nearly  twice  larger,  sessile,  plump  and  somewhat  polished  at  maturitv, 
prominently  spreading.  —  N.  111.  to  Iowa  and  Neb.  —  Var.  laxif6lia,  Bailoy. 
Much  larger,  2-3^°  high;  leaves  broader  (about  j')  and  lax;  head  large  ami 
dense,  ovoid  or  oblong,  scarcely  interrupted.     N.  111.  to  Dak. 

2.  Perigynium  very  S7nall,  mostly  nerved  on  the  inner  face. 

107.  C.  VUlpinoidea,  Michx.  Mostly  rather  stiff,  1-2^°  high;  culm 
very  rough,  at  least  above ;  leaves  various,  mostly  flat  and  longer  than  the 
culm;  head  1-4'  long,  usually  much  interrupted  and  frequently  somewhat 
compound,  varying  from  dull  brown  to  almost  green  at  maturity,  commonly 
provided  with  many  very  setaceous  short  bracts ;  spikes  very  numerous,  as- 
cending and  densely  flowered  ;  perigynium  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  mostly  ascend- 
ing. —  Low  places,  variable ;  very  abundant,  especially  northward. 

b.  Scales  Idunt,  smooth  and  hyaline-tipped. 

108.  C.  SartW^llii,  Dewey.  Stiff  and  strict,  li-2i<^high;  leaves  pro- 
duced into  a  long  slender  point,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm ;  staminate 
flowers  variously  disposed,  frequently  whole  spikes  being  sterile;  head  1  -3' 
long  and  rather  narrow,  the  individual  spikes  usually  clearly  defined,  or  occa- 
sionally the  head  interrupted  below,  tawny-brown ;  perigynium  elliptic  or 
lance-elliptic,  nerved  on  both  sides,  very  gradually  contracted  into  a  short 
beak;  scale  ab^ut  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  (C.  di.sticha,  last  ed.)  — 
Bogs,  central  N.  Y.,  west  and  northward ;  frequent. 


616  CYPERACE^.       (sedge    FAMILY.) 

*  11.  —  -1-4.  Arenarke. 

C.  arexXria,  Linn.  Extensively  creeping,  1°  high  or  less ;  leaves  very 
narrow  and  very  long-pointed,  shorter  than  the  culm ;  head  about  V  long, 
dense  or  sometimes  interrupted,  ovoid  or  oblong ;  spikes  few  to  many,  those 
at  the  apex  of  the  head  usually  staminate,  the  intermediate  ones  staminate  at 
the  summit,  the  lowest  entirely  pistillate  and  subtended  by  a  bract  about  1' 
long ;  perigynium  very  strongly  nerved  on  both  faces,  wing-margined  above, 
sharply  long-toothed,  about  the  length  of  the  scale.  —  Sea-beaches  near  Nor- 
folk, Va.  (McMinn).     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  11.  —  -t-  5.  Muhlenberg iance. 

H-t-  Heads  narrow,  the  spikes  scattered  (or  often  aggregated  in  C.  muricata.) 

=  Perigynium  ahnost  terete. 

109.  C.  tenella,  Schkuhr.  Exceedingly  slender,  6'-2°  high,  in  tufts;  leaves 
flat,  soft,  and  weak,  mosfly  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikes  1-3-flowered,  or 
the  terminal  4  -  6-tlowered,  all  distinct  and  scattered  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
culm,  the  bracts  obsolete  or  the  lowest  present  and  very  short ;  perigynium 
elliptic-ovate,  very  plump,  finely  nerved,  the  minute  beak  entire,  longer  than 
the  white  scale,  usually  at  length  splitting  and  exposing  the  blackish  achene. 
—  Cold  swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Penu.,  and  far  westward ;  common.     (Eu.) 

=  =  Perigynium  Jiattish. 

110.  C.  rosea,  Sdikuhr.  Always  slender  and  weak,  erect,  1-2^°  high, 
exceeding  the  narrow  leaves;  spikes  5-8,  6- 14-flowered,  the  upper  3-4  ag- 
gregated, the  otliers  3  -  9"  apart,  the  lowest  usually  with  a  setaceous  bract ; 
perigynium  lance-ovate,  thin  and  shining,  nerveless,  scarcely  margined,  rough 
on  the  edges  above,  perfectly  squarrose,  very  green,  about  twice  longer  than 
the  translucent  wliite  scale.  —  Rich  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Minn,  and  Neb. ;  fre- 
quent.—  Var.  radiXta,  Dewey.  Lower  and  much  more  slender,  the  culms 
sometimes  almost  capillary ;  spikes  2  -  5,  scattered,  2  -  4-flowered ;  perigynium 
mostly  narrower  and  more  ascending.    Open  places  and  drier  woods ;  common. 

Var.  Texensis,  Torr.  Very  slender  but  strict,  1°  high  or  less;  spikes 
3-4,  all  contiguous  or  the  lower  ones  approximate,  2  -  6-flowered ;  perigynium 
lanceolate,  the  base  prominently  spongy,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  conspicuousb^ 
divaricate.  —  Dry  places,  S.  111.  (Schnerk),  and  southward. 

Var.  retroflexa,  Torr.  Often  rather  stiff,  1  -H°  high;  spikes  4-8,  the 
upper  ones  aggregated,  the  lo\yer  1  or  2  separated  and  commonly  subtended 
by  a  conspicuous  bract,  often  brownish ;  perigynium  ovate,  smooth  through- 
out, very  prominently  corky  and  SAvollen  at  tlie  base,  which  is  frequently  con- 
tracted almost  to  a  stipe,  at  maturity  usually  widely  spreading  or  reflexed ;  scale 
brownish  and  sharp,  at  length  deciduous.  (C.  retroflexa,  J/hA/.)  —  Copses, 
throughout;  rare  northward. 

111.  C.  sparganioides,  Muhl.  Stouter,  stiff ;  culm  2 -3°  high;  leaves 
very  broad  (usually  I'  or  more)  and  flat,  their  sheaths  conspicuously  clothing 
the  base  of  the  culm ;  spikes  6-10,  the  2  or  3  upper  ones  contiguous,  the  remain- 
der entirely  separate,  very  green,  oblong  or  short-cylindric,  the  lowest  often 
compound,  all  truncate  at  top ;  perigynium  ovate,  wing-margined,  rough  on 
the  short  beak,  often  obscurely  nerved  on  the  outer  face,  considerably  longer 
than  the  rough-pointed  scale.  —  Rich  woods ;  frequent. 

C.  MURICATA,  L.  Culm  1  -2°  high,  rough,  longer  than  the  narroAV  leaves; 
spikes  5-10,  variously  disposed,  but  usually  some  of  them  scattered,  frequently 


CYPEKACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  G17 

nil  aorjrre^ated,  rarely  tawny;  perigynium  heavy,  ovate,  thin  and  shining, 
ncrvfk'ss,  the  long  beak  minutely  rougli.  spreading,  a  little  longer  than  tlio 
sharp  green  or  brownisli  scale.  —  Dry  fields,  E.  Mass.,  where  it  is  connnou, 
and  sparingly  south  and  westward  to  V'a.  and  Ohio.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•M-  ++  Heads  shurt-oblony  or  globular,  the  spikes  all  ayyreyated,  or  only  the  lowest 

one  or  two  separate. 

=  Plant  very  stiff  throughout. 

112.  C.  Muhlenb6rgii,  Schkuhr.  Pale,  growing  in  small  tufts,  1-2^'^ 
high ;  culms  much  ])rolonged  beyond  the  few  narrow  and  at  length  involute 
leaves;  head  f  long  or  less,  the  individual  spikes  clearly  defined;  spikes 
globular,  4  -  8  ;  ])erigynium  nearly  circular,  very  strongly  nerved  on  both 
faces,  broader  than  the  rough-cusj)idate  scale  and  about  as  long.  —  Open  ster- 
ile soils;  frequent.  —  Var.  exeuvis,  Boott.  Perigynium  nearly  or  entirely 
nerveless.     JSoutheasteru  N.  Y.,  and  southward ;  rare. 

=  =  Plant  strict  but  not  stiff. 

113.  C.  cephaloidea,  Dewey.  Lax,  very  green,  2-3°  high;  leaves 
broad  (2-3")  and  thin,  shorter  than  the  long  culm  ;  head  rather  loose,  f  long 
or  more,  all  but  the  very  uppermost  s])ikes  clearly  defined  ;  perigynium  ovate, 
entirely  nerveless,  long  rough-pointed,  spreading,  twice  longer  than  the  very 
tliin  scale  or  more.  — Shady  banks,  W.  Mass.  to  Mich.;  frequent. 

114.  C.  cephalophora,  Muhl.  Mostly  smaller  and  stricter,  pale ;  leaves 
half  as  wide  or  less ;  head  small,  rarely  Y  lt)"ff,  globular  or  very  short-oblong, 
never  interrupted,  the  lower  1  or  2  spikes  usually  bearing  a  very  setaceous 
short  bract ;  perigynium  twice  smaller  than  in  the  last,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  rough-cuspidate  scale.  —  Dry  and  mostly  sterile  knolls ;  common. 

Var.  angUStifolia,  Boott.  Low,  8' high  or  less;  leaves  very  narrow ;  head 
smaller,  usually  tawny;  perigynium  mostly  broader.  —  West  and  southward ; 
rare. 

*  11.  —  t-  G.  Dioicce. 

++  Perigynium  nen^eless  or  very  nearly  so. 

115.  C.  capitata,  L.  Rigid,  3'-l°  high;  leaves  filiform,  shorter  than 
the  culm ;  head  globular,  uniformly  staminate  above,  brown,  very  small ;  peri- 
gynium broadly  ovate,  very  thin,  whitish,  prominently  beaked,  erect  and  ap- 
pressed,  longer  than  the  very  thin  and  obtuse  scale.  —  Alpine  summits  of  the 
White  Mountains.     (Eu.) 

•M-  ++  Perigynium  prominently  nerved. 

IIG.  C.  gyn6crates,  Wormsk.  Stiff  but  very  slender,  3-6'  high,  dice 
cious ;  leaves  filiform  and  setaceous,  al)0ut  the  length  of  the  culm;  spike  ob. 
long,  2-4"  long;  perigynium  elliptic-ovate,  nearly  terete,  stipitate,  widely 
spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity,  1  or  2  sometimes  borne  at  the  base  of  the 
staminate  spike.  —  Cold  sphagnum  swamp.s,  Penu.,  north  and  westward;  local, 
particularly  southward. 

117.  C.  exilis,  Dewey.  Very  stiff,  slender.  1  -2*^  higli  ;  leaves  involute- 
filiform  and  very  stiff,  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  spike  varying  from  almost 
glo1)ular  to  cylindrical  (frequently  1'  long),  either  unisexual  or  the  sexes  vari- 
ously placed,  very  rarely  a  sup])lementary  spike  at  base ;  perigynium  elliptic- 
ovate,  flattish,  stipitate  and  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  strongly  brown-nerved 


018  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

on  the  outer  face,  rather  faintly  nerved  on  the  inner,  rough-edged  above, 
sharply  toothed,  spreading,  a  little  longer  than  the  scale.  —  Cold  swamps  and 
lake-borders,  N.  Eng.  and  eastern  N.  Y.  to  N.  J. ;  rare. 

*  12.  Hyparrhen.e.  —  -t-  1,  ElongatcB. 

■w-  Perigijnium  very  sharp-margined,  firm,  often  thickened  at  base,  spreading  in 

open  and  at  maturity  stellate  spikes. 

118.  C.  echinata,  Murray,  var.  cephalantha,  Bailey.  Rather  stiff 
but  slender,  1-2°  high ;  leaves  very  narrow  and  involute,  about  the  length  of 
the  culm ;  spikes  5-8,  approximate  or  even  aggregated  into  a  head,  green, 
compactly  15  -30-flowered,  short-oblong  or  nearly  globular ;  perigynium  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rough  on  the  margins  above,  nerved  on  both  faces,  spreading  or 
reflexed  at  maturity,  the  beak  long  and  prominent,  longer  than  the  sharp 
white  scale.  (C.  stellulata,  last  ed.)  —  E.  Penn.  (Porter)  to  Mass.  [Morong), 
and  westward  to  L.  Superior;  rare.  —  Var.  conferta,  Bailey.  Very  stiff; 
spikes  contiguous  or  scattered,  spreading,  short-oblong  or  globular,  dense; 
perigynium  broadly  ovate  or  even  nearly  round-ovate,  very  strongly  nerved, 
reflexed  or  widely  spreading.  Near  the  sea-coast;  uncommon.  The  peri- 
gynia  resemble  those  of  n.  112.  —  Var.  microstachys,  Boeckl.  Mostly  very 
slender ;  spikes  few,  3  -  1 0-flowered,  usually  tawny  ;  perigynium  small,  lance- 
ovate,  nerved  on  the  outer  face  but  usually  nerveless  on  the  inner,  erect  or 
spreading,  the  beak  rather  long  or  prominent.  (C.  scirpoides,  Schkuhr.  C. 
sterilis,  Willd.)  Swales,  throughout ;  very  common  and  variable.  —  Var.  an- 
gustXta,  Baile}-.  Exceedingly  slender;  spikes  few  and  very  few-flowered, 
mostlv  all  contiguous  ;  perigynium  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  twice  the 
length  of  the  scale  or  more.     N.  Y.,  Vt.,  and  northward ;  rare. 

++  ++  Perig i/nium  scarcely  sharp-margined,  thin  in  texture,  not  thickened  at  base, 

mostly  in  closely  flowered  and  rounded  or  oblong  spikes. 

=  Perigynium  ovate  or  nearly  so,  the  beak  short  or  none. 

a.  Bracts  not  prolonged. 

119.  C.  canescens,  L.  Stiff  and  rather  stout,  1  -  2|°  high,  glaucous  and 
pale  throughout,  growing  in  stools;  spikes  4-8,  globular  or  oblong,  very 
densely  20-50-ttowered,  approximate  or  somewhat  scattered  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  culm,  usually  prominently  contracted  below  with  the  staminate 
flowers ;  perigynium  short-ovate,  silvery-white  and  minutely  puncticulate, 
never  thickened  at  base,  faintly  few-nerved,  smooth  throughout,  ascending, 
the  beak  very  short  and  entire ;  scale  obtuse  or  acutish,  about  the  length  of 
the  perigynium.  —  Cool  swamps  and  bogs,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  west  and  north- 
ward ;  frequent  northward.     (Eu.) 

Var.  vulgaris,  Bailey.  Very  slender,  lower,  not  glaucous,  in  small  and 
loose  tufts ;  spikes  smaller  and  usually  fewer,  loosely  flowered ;  perigynium 
mostly  more  beaked,  prominently  spreading.  —  Mostly  in  drier  places ;  very 
common.     Perigynium  much  shorter  than  in  any  form  of  n.  118. 

Var.  alpicola,  Wahl.  Low  and  stiff,  or  at  lower  altitudes  becoming  some- 
what slender,  seldom  much  over  1°  in  height ;  spikes  small,  globular  or  nearly 
so,  dense,  w-ell  defined  and  brown  or  tawny  ;  perigynium  as  in  the  type,  ascend- 
ing. (C.  vitilis.  Fries.)  —  Mountains  from  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  sparingly  along 
our  northern  boundary,  and  far  westward.     (Eu.) 


CYPERACE^.        (SEDCiK    FAMILY.)  610 

Var.  polystachya,  Boott.  Erect  and  mostly  strict,  not  glaucous,  1^  -  2^^ 
high,  soiireely  LiilLtd  ;  leaves  very  lax  and  ext;eediug  the  culm  ;  si)ike8  oblong, 
more  or  less  aggregated  iu  au  ohlong  interrupted  head,  the  lowest  1  or  2  sub- 
tended by  short  scale-like  bracts;  perigyniuin  somewhat  spn.'ading.  (C.  arcta, 
Boott.)  Low  woods,  N.  New  Kng.  to  N'.  Minn, ;  rare.  IvLsenibles  C  echinat;i, 
var.  cephalantha. 

120.  C.  Norvegica,  Willd.  Low  and  stiff,  but  rather  slender,  1°  high 
or  less;  leaves  very  narrow,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm ;  spikes  3-5,  some- 
what scattered,  brown,  globular  or  oblong,  compactly  many-tlowered,  the 
terminal  one  long-contracted  below  with  the  staminate  Howers;  perigynium 
very  short-ovate,  thick,  the  beak  rough,  a  little  longer  than  the  very  obtuse 
S  ule.  —  Salt  marshes,  Maine,  and  northward,  rare.     (Hu.) 

12L  C.  tenuiflbra,  Wahl.  Very  slender  and  diffuse,  l-I^^^  'I'g'',  i« 
tufts;  leaves  very  narrow  and  lax,  shorter  than  the  tiliform  culm;  spikes  2- 
4,  all  loosely  few-Howered  and  silvery-green,  and  aggregated  into  a  small 
globular  head  ;  perigynium  elliptic,  obscurely  nerved,  smooth,  beakless,  spread- 
ing, about  the  length  of  the  white  thin  scale.  —  Bogs,  N.  isevv  Lug.  to  N. 
Minn. ;  local.     (Eu.) 

b.  Bracts  much  prolonged,  the  lowest  2-3'  long. 

122.  C.  trisperma,  Dewey.  (PI.  G,  fig.  1-5.)  Exceedingly  slender,  in 
small  and  loose  tufcs,  the  weak  reclining  culms  1-2°  long;  leaves  soft  and 
narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikes  2-3,  1 -3'  apart,  silvery -green,  2-3- 
fiowered ;  perigynium  very  thin,  finely  nerved,  the  beak  entire  or  nearlv  so  ; 
scale  acute,  very  thin,  usually  shorter  than  the  perigynium.  —  Cold  bog.s, 
throughout;  common  northward. 

=  =  Pen'gi/niiim  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate. 

123.  C.  Deweyana,  Schwein.  Weak,  1-1^°  high  ;  leaves  flat  and  soft, 
shorter  than  the  culm,  yellowish-green  ;  spikes  3-G,  mostly  oblong  or  some- 
times but  2-3-flowered,  loose,  the  upper  ones  contiguous  but  the  lower  1  or  2 
usually  considerably  separated  on  the  zigzag  rhachis  and  mostly  subtended 
by  a  bract,  all  silvery-green ;  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate  or  narrower,  verv 
thin  in  texture,  nerveless,  somewhat  thickened  l>elow  on  the  outer  face,  the 
long  beak  rough;  scale  very  thin,  acute  or  cuspidate,  about  the  length  of  the 
perigynium.  —  Dry  woods;  common. 

124.  C.  bromoides,  Schkuhr.  Lax,  1-2°  high,  in  dense  stools;  leaves 
very  narrow^  about  as  long  as  the  culm;  staminate  flowers  variously  situated 
in  the  head,  sometimes  a  few  spikes  wholly  sterile,  rarely  the  plants  dioecious  ; 
spikes  3-G,  o]»long  or  short-cylindric,  erect,  silvery -tawny  or  brown ;  peri- 
gynium linear-lanceolate,  firm  esjjecially  at  the  ba.se,  i)rominently  nerved,  the 
long  and  roughened  beak  toothed  ;  scale  sharp,  shorter  than  the  perig)-uium. 
—  Open  bogs ;  common. 

*  12.  — -»-  2.  OvMcs. 

++  Perigijninni  ovate-lanceolate,  with  winged  margins. 

125.  C.  Sicc^ta,  Dewey.  Extensively  creeping,  1  -  2°  high,  erect ;  leaves 
firm,  narrow,  about  the  length  of  the  culm;  staminate  flowers  variously  situ- 
ated, usually  some  of  the  spikes  wholly  sterile;  spikes  3-5,  aggregated  or 
separated,  ovoid  or  short-oblong,  silvery-browu ;  perigynium  firm,  nerved  uu 


620  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

both  faces,  the  long  beak  rough  and  toothed,  the  margins  prominent  or  some- 
times very  narrow ;  scale  acute,  about  the  length  of  the  perigynium.  —  Sandy 
fields  and  banks,  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio,  west  and  northward ;  frequent. 
H-f  ■*•+  Perigpiium  ovate-Ian ceolaie  or  narrower,  scale-like,  with  little  distinction 
between  body  and  margin. 

126.  C.  Muskingumensis,  Schwein.  Eobust,  erect,  2-3°  high ;  leaves 
many  and  lax,  loosely  sheathing,  those  on  the  sterile  shoots  crowded  near  the 
top,  all  flat  and  long-pointed;  spikes  6-12,  contiguous,  erect,  narrowly  cylin- 
dric  (often  1'  long),  becoming  light  brown  and  presenting  a  dried  appearance, 
very  densely  flowered;  perigynium  linear-lanceolate  (3'"' long),  prominently 
nerved,  ciliate  on  the  white  margins  above,  appressed,  twice  the  length  of  the 
scale  or  more.  (C.  arida,  Schwein.  S^  Torr.)  —  Woods  and  copses,  Mich,  and 
Ohio  to  111.  and  Wise. ;  local. 

127.  C.  tribuloldes,  Wahl.  Stout  and  erect,  2-3°  high;  leaves  nar- 
rower than  in  the  last,  loosely  sheathing ;  spikes  6-15,  aggregated  into  an 
oblong  or  somewhat  interrupted  heavy  head,  short-oblong  or  sometimes  nearly 
globular,  green  or  tawny-green,  compact,  not  narrowed  above ;  perigynium 
linear-lanceolate  (3"  long),  obscurely  nerved,  erect  but  the  points  conspicuous, 
rough-margined,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  scale.  (C.  lagopodioides, 
Schkuhr.) — Open  swales;  frequent.  —  Var.  turbXta,  Bailey.  Culm  softer 
and  often  lax ;  the  leaves  broader ;  spikes  more  loosely  disposed^  forming  a  head 
1-2'  long,  which  is  slender  and  more  or  less  interrupted  but  always  erect, 
green,  becoming  tawny,  If  at  all,  only  when  the  perigynia  begin  to  fall,  obovate- 
oblong  {\  to  rarely  ^'"long),  contracted  below ;  perigynium  ascending  and  more 
appressed,  the  points  therefore  not  conspicuous.  Woods,  throughout ;  rare. 
—  Var.  REDUCTA,  Bailey.  Very  slender,  1-2°  high,  the  culm  projecting  be- 
yond the  leaves ;  spikes  2-10,  small  and  nearly  globular  (usually  less  than  3" 
broad),  all  usually  distinct,  the  lowest  separated,  brown,  especially  at  maturity, 
the  head  often  flexuose ;  perigynium  small,  tlie  points  spreading  and  conspicu- 
ous.    Copses,  N.  Eng.  to  Dak. ;  infrequent. 

Var.  Bebbii,  Bailey.  Stiff  or  rather  slender,  erect,  1-2|°  high;  head 
dense,  ovoid  or  oblong  (|-|'  or  very  seldom  1'  long),  the  lowest  spike  only 
rarely  distinct,  straw-colored  ;  spikes  small  (3"  long  or  less),  their  axes  ascend- 
ing ;  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  head  small  or  none  ;  points  of  the  small  perigynium 
conspicuous.     (C.  Bebbii,  Olnei/.)  —  Dry  low  grounds,  throughout;  common. 

Var.  cristata,  Bailey.  Stout  and  stiff,  1^-3°  high;  head  more  or  less 
open  or  at  least  the  lower  1  or  2  spikes  commonly  distinct,  V  long  or  more, 
green ;  spikes  larger  than  in  the  last  and  almost  exactly  globular,  their  axes 
more  divergent  or  fully  horizontal ;  bracts  usually  conspicuous,  sometimes 
one  of  them  foliaceous ;  perigynium  spreading,  the  points  more  conspicuous. 
(C.  cristata,  Schwein.)  —  Moist  ground,  throughout  from  Penn.  northward; 
common. 

128.  C.  SCOparia,  Schkuhr.  Bather  slender  but  erect,  1  -  2^°  high ;  leaves 
very  narrow,  shorter  tlian  the  culm  ;  head  short  and  comparatively  thick,  always 
tawny  or  brown,  bractless  or  nearly  so ;  spikes  3  -  8,  all  contiguous  or  bunched, 
ovate-oblong,  always  prominently  narrowed  or  cone-shaped  above,  ascending ; 
perigynium  as  in  n.  127,  but  erect  or  ascending.  —  Open  swales,  throughout; 
common  eastward. 


CYPERACE.^.        (sedge    FAMILY.)  G21 

Var.  minor,  Boott.  Much  smaller,  6-10'  high,  the  leaves  very  narrow; 
head  very  small  and  darker  brown ;  spikes  very  small  (2  -  4"  long).  —  Rocky  and 
sterile  places,  northward ;  frequent. 

++  ++  4-*.  Peri(jjnium  ovate  or  broader,  thickened  in  the  middle,  wing-margined 

{in  u.  129  viarginless). 

—  Head  silvery-brown,  silvery-green,  or  silvery-whitish. 

129.  C.  adlista,  Boott.  Very  stiff  and  stout,  1^-2^°  high,  in  dense  tufts ; 
head  very  heavy,  erect,  varying  from  glol)ular  to  oblong,  silvery-brown  ;  spikes 
5-  10,  globular  and  heavy,  all  aggregated  or  sometimes  distinct,  the  lowest  1 
or  2  subtended  by  a  short  and  very  broad-based,  nerved  and  pointed  bract ; 
perigyuium  broadly  ovate,  wingless  or  very  nearly  so,  plump,  shining,  nerved 
on  the  outer  face  but  nerveless  on  the  inner,  filled  by  the  large  achene ;  scale 
acute,  about  the  length  of  the  perigyuium.  {C\  j  inguis,  Bailey.)  —  Dry  and 
mostly  hard  soils,  Mt.  Desert,  Maine  {Grecnleaf),  and  northward,  and  Craw- 
ford Co.,  Mich.  {B(uley),  to  X.  Minn.,  and  far  northwestward;  local. 

130.  C-  fdenea,  Willd.  Slender,  erect  or  the  top  of  the  culm  flexuose, 
1-2°  high ;  head  long  and  weak,  often  nodding ;  spikes  5-8,  small,  nearly 
globular  and  much  contracted  below,  silvery-green,  alternately  disposed ;  peri- 
gyuium varying  from  ovate  to  long-ovate,  very  thin,  much  longer  than  the 
small  achene,  prominently  rough-margined,  strongly  many-nerved  on  both 
faces,  especially  on  the  small  inner  face;  bracts  entirely  wanting  or  inconspic- 
uous. (C.  adusta,  last  ed.)  —  Dryish  copses,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  and  Minn. ;  not 
common.  —  Var.  perplexa,  Bailey.  Mostly  taller  and  stouter ;  spikes  larger 
and  less  attenuated  or  even  truncate  below,  approximate  or  even  aggregated, 
the  head  erect  or  nearly  so  and  the  lowest  bract  occasionally  prominent;  peri- 
gyuium tliicker  and  firmer  in  texture.    N.  Eng.  to  Minn.;  infrequent. 

131.  C.  silicea,  Olney.  Stiff,  1 -2°  high,  in  clumps;  leaves  very  narrow, 
becoming  involute,  not  exceeding  the  culm;  head  1-3'  long,  usually  flexuose 
or  nodding  above  the  middle  at  maturity ;  spikes  5-8,  silvery-white  or  silvery- 
tawny  at  full  maturity,  all  more  or  less  separated,  ovate,  conspicuously  con- 
tracted below  and  cone-shaped  above,  erect  on  the  culm;  perigyuium  very 
broad-ovate  and  very  thin,  obscurely  nerved,  appressed,  about  as  long  as  the 
acute  colorless  scale.  (C.  foenea,  var.  sabulonum,  last  ed. ;  C.  straminea,  var. 
moniliformis,  Tuckerm.)  —  Sands  of  the  sea-shore,  Maine  to  N.  J.;  frequent. 

=  =  Head  dull  brown  or  green  (usually  somewhat  silvery  in  var.  foenea  ofn.  132). 

132.  C.  straminea,  Willd.  Very  slender,  erect,  but  the  top  of  the  culm 
often  flexuose,  1-3°  liigh;  leaves  narrow  and  long-pointed,  stiff,  shorter  than 
the  culm ;  spikes  3-8,  tawny,  very  small  (2-3"  broad),  globular  or  sometimes 
a  little  tapering  below  from  the  presence  of  many  staminate  flowers,  usually  all 
entirely  distinct  on  the  very  slender,  often  zigzag  or  flexuose  rhachis ;  bracts 
none,  or  only  the  lowest  conspicuous;  perigyuium  .>imall  and  ovate,  nerved  on 
both  faces  but  never  unusually  prominently  nervcil  on  the  inner  face  (as  is  the 
perigyuium  of  u.  130),  the  ])oints  spreading  and  rather  conspicuous;  scale 
acute,  about  the  length  of  the  perigyuium.  {C.  straminea,  var.  tenera,  last 
ed.) — Dryish  copses  and  fields;  common.     Immensely  variable. 

Var.  mir^bilis,  Tuckerm.  Culm  long  and  mostly  weak,  often  4°  high, 
much  longer  than  the  loose  leaves ;  spikes  4-8,  larger,  usually  all  contiguous) 


622  CYPERACE^.        (sedge    FAMILY.) 

or  occasionally  the  lowest  1  or  2  separate,  spreading,  loosely  flowered,  tawny 
or  frequently  greenish;  perigynium  narrowly  ovate,  thin,  longer  than  the 
scale,  the  points  much  spreading  and  very  conspicuous.     (C.  mirabilis,  Dewey.) 

—  Shady  places,  throughout ;  frequent. 

Var.  brevior,  Dewey.  (PI.  6,  fig.  6-10.)  Culm  always  stiff,  li-2i° 
high,  longer  than  the  stiff  long-pointed  leaves ;  spikes  3-8,  all  distinct,  con- 
tiguous or  more  or  less  separated,  large  (3-5"  broad),  globular,  the  head 
always  short  and  erect ;  perigynium  orbicular  or  ovate-orbicular,  often  cor- 
date at  base,  mostly  very  broadly  winged.  (C.  straminea,  and  vars.  typica, 
hyalina,  and  Meadii,  last  ed.)  —  Dry  soils,  throughout ;  common. 

Var.  aperta,  Boott.  Culm  slender  but  strict  below  the  head,  1-2°  high, 
grooving  in  dense  tufts ;  leaves  very  narroAv,  usually  much  shorter  than  the 
culm ;  spikes  4-6,  large,  heavy,  much  contracted  below,  usually  all  separated, 
becoming  rusty,  disposed  in  a  weak  or  nodding  head;  perigynium  narrowly 
ovate.  —  Bogs,  throughout;  rare  westward.  Transition  to  n.  128,  from  which 
the  ovate  perigynia  distinguisli  it. 

Var.  invlsa,  W.  Boott.  Culm  very  slender,  weak  above  ;  leaves  very  nar- 
row wath  exceedingly  long  thin  points,  about  the  length  of  the  culm ;  spikes 
small  (3"  broad  or  less),  ovate,  variously  disposed  in  dense  or  open  heads  or 
sometimes  the  lowest  remote  or  even  subradical,  rusty,  the  lower  ones  sub- 
tended by  filiform  bracts  2-5'  long.  —  Swales  near  the  sea-board,  Maine  to 
Del. ;  infrequent.     Apt  to  be  confounded  with  n.  128. 

Var.  al^ta,  Bailey.  Culm  very  stiff,  1^-3^  high,  longer  than  the  stiff 
leaves ;  spikes  very  large,  oblong  or  conical,  always  pointed,  usually  all  con- 
tiguous, green  or  sometimes  becoming  tawny ;  perigynium  orbicular  or  orbic- 
ular-obovate,  very  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  beak  which  is  prominent 
in  the  spike.  (C.  alata,  Torr.)  —  Swales,  Mass.  to  111.,  and  southward ;  rare 
and  uncharacteristic  far  inland. 

Var.  cumulata,  Bailey.  Culm  very  stiff,  2-3°  high,  greatly  exceeding 
the  firm  leaves ;  spikes  5  -  30,  all  aggregated  or  densely  capitate,  green,  widely 
divergent,  pointed  above,  very  abruptly  contracted  or  even  truncate  at  base, 
very  densely  flowered ;  perigynium  small,  broad,  very  obscurely  nerved,  the 
points,  inconspicuous. — Dry  grounds,  Penn.  to  N.  Eng.,  and  northward ;  rare. 

Var.  foenea,  Torr.  Culm  very  stiff,  longer  than  the  leaves,  1-2°  high; 
spikes  4-8,  contiguous  or  separated,  never  densely  aggregated,  prominently 
contracted  both  above  and  below,  very  densely  flowered,  green,  or  often  silvery- 
green.  (C.  foenea,  last  ed.,  excl.  vars.;  not  Willd.) — Near  the  sea-coast; 
frequent. 

C.  LEPOKiNA,  L.    Distinguished  from  C.  straminea,  var.  brevior,  as  follows : 

—  Usually  lower ;  spikes  rusty-brown,  ovoid  or  oblong,  erect  or  appressed,  more 
or  less  contracted  both  above  and  below,  contiguous  in  an  interrupted  head  V 
long  or  less ;  perigynium  lance-ovate,  thin,  very  narrowly  margined,  erect  and 
appressed,  obscurely  nerved.  —  About  Boston  {W.  Boott,  Morong).  (Adv- 
from  Eu.) 

*  12.  —  •»-  3,   Cyperoidece. 

133.  C.  syehnocephala,  Carey.  Erect,  3- 18' high, leafy;  head^-T 
long ;  perigynium  very  slender,  faintly  nerved,  5-6  times  longer  than  the  ex- 
ceedingly small  achene,  mostly  a  little  longer  than  the  sharp  scale.  —  Glades, 
central  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  far  westward ;  rare. 


F 


I 


GRAMINE^.       ((iUASS    FAMILY.)  623 

Order  J20.  ORAMINE^E.  (Gkass  Family.) 
Grasses,  icith  usually  hollow  stems  (culms)  closed  at  the  joints,  alternate 
2-ranked  leaves,  their  sheaths  split  or  open  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade ; 
the  hypogynous  jlowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  imbricated  2-ranked  glumes, 
forming  a  1  -  man y-Howered  spikelet ;  the  lower  glumes  (1  or  usually  2) 
empty,  the  succeeding  flowering  glumes  enclosing  each  a  somewhat 
smaller  and  usually  thinner  scale  (called  the  palet)  and  2  or  3  very  mi- 
nute hyaline  scales  (lodicules)  at  the  base  of  the  flower.  Stamens  1-6, 
commonly  3  ;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  the  cells  distinct.  Styles  mostly 
2  or  2-parted ;  stigmas  hairy  or  feathery.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled. 
forming  a  seed-like  grain  (caryopsis)  in  fruit.  Embryo  small,  on  the 
outside  and  at  the  base  of  the  floury  albumen.  —  Roots  fibrous.  Sheath 
of  the  leaves  usually  more  or  less  extended  above  the  base  of  the  blade 
into  a  scarious  appendage  (ligule).  Spikelets  paniclcd  or  spiked.  Palet 
usually  2-nerved  or  2-keeied,  enclosed  or  partly  covered  by  the  glume. 
Grain  sometimes  free  from,  sometimes  permanently  adherent  to,  the 
palet.  —  A  vast  and  most  important  family,  as  it  furnishes  the  cereal 
grains,  and  the  principal  food  of  cattle,  etc.  The  terms  flowering  glume 
and  palet  are  now  adopted  in  place  of  the  outer  and  imier  palets  of  pre- 
vious editions,  while  for  convenience  the  term  flower  is  often  retained 
for  the  flower  proper  together  with  the  enclosing  flowering  glume.  (See 
Plates  7-15.) 

Series  A.  Spikelets  jointed  upon  the  pedicel  below  the  glumes,  of  one  ter- 
minal perfect  flower  (sometimes  a  lower  staminate  or  neutral  flower  in 
n.  5),  or  some  or  all  of  the  l-flowered  spikelets  unisexual  in  n.  10-12. 
Glumes  4  (rarely  only  2  or  3). 

Tribe  I.  PANICE.E.    Spikelets  of  one  perfect  flower,  in  spikes  or  panicles.    Flowering 

glume  awuless,  in  fruit  more  rigid  tlian  the  empty  glumes. 
«  Spikelets  in  2-4  ranks  on  a  more  or  less  flattened  rhauhis.  —  See  also  n.  5  (§  Digitaria). 
-*-  Rhachis  produced  beyond  the  upper  sjiikelet ;  glumes  3. 

1.  Spartina.    Spikelets  much  flattened  laterally  in  2  close  ranks. 

■*-  -t-  Rhachis  not  jiroduced  above  the  upper  spikelet  (rarely  in  n.  3). 

2.  Beckmannia.    Spikelets  obovate,  in  2  close  rows.    Glumes  3  (or  4),  strongly  concave, 

carinate. 

3.  Paspaliim.    Spikelets  plano-convex,  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Glumes  3  (rarely  2). 

4.  £rlocliloa.     Spikelets  i)lano-convex,  lanceolate,  with  a  basal  callus,  short-pedicelled. 

*  *  Spikelets  irregularly  paniculate  or  spicate. 

5.  Panicum.    Spikelets  ovate,  not  involucrate  nor  the  i)edicels  bristly.     Glumes  4,  the 

lowest  usually  small  or  minute. 
G.  Setaria.    Spikelets  in  dense  cylindrical  spikes  or  panicles,  the  i^edicels  bristle-bearing. 

7.  Cenchrus.    Spikelets  (1  -5)  enclosed  in  a  globular  sjoiiy  bur-like  involucre. 

8.  Amphicarpuin.     Spikelets  of  2  kinds,  one  in  a  terminal  panicle,  the  other  subter- 

ranean on  radical  peduncles. 
Tribe  II.   ORYZK.^.    Spikelets  unisexual  or  perfect,  in  loose  panieles,  with  only  3 
glumes  (in  our  genera)  and  palet  none.     Stamens  often  6. 

9.  L,eersia.    Flowers  perfect.     Spikelets  much  flattened.     Glumes  carinate. 
10.  Zizania*    Spikelets  unisexual.    Glumes  convex,  narrow. 


624  GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.) 

Tribe  III.  MAYDEJE.  Spikelets  of  a  single  perfect  or  unisexual  or  rudimentary 
flower,  ill  jointed  spilces,  in  pairs  at  each  joint,  mostly  imbedded  in  the  thick  rhachis. 

11.  Tripsacum.    Spikelets  monoecious,  the  staminate  above  in  the  spike. 

12.  Kottboellia.    One  spikelet  of  each  pair  sterile  and  shortly  pedicelled,  the  other  fei-tile, 

sessile  and  sunk  in  the  rhachis. 
Tribe  IV.    ANDKOPOGONE^.    Spikelets  in  pairs  or  threes  on  the  (usually  jointed 
and  bearded)  rhachis  of  a  spike  or  branches  of  a  panicle,  one  sessile  and  fertile,  the  lat- 
eral pedicelled  and  often  sterile  or  rudimentary;  2  upper  glumes  smaller  and  hyaline, 
that  of  the  fertile  flower  mostly  awned. 

13.  Erianthus.    Spikelets  in  pairs,  spicate,  all  alike  fertile,  involucrate  with  a  silky  tuft. 

14.  Anclropogon.    Spikelets  spicate,  in  pairs,  the  pedicellate  sterile  or  rudimentary; 

rhachis  bearded. 

15.  Chrysopogon.    Spikelets  in  open  panicles,  in  pairs  or  threes,  only  the  sessile  fertile. 

Series  B.  Ehachis  of  the  spikelet  usually  jointed  above  the  persistent  lower 
glumes  (jointed  below  the  glumes  only  in  n.  19,  31,  and  36).  Spikelets 
1  -  many-flowered,  the  uppermost  flowers  often  imperfect  or  rudimentary. 

Tribe  V.  PHALAKIDE^.  Glumes  5,  only  the  uppermost  fertile,  the  2  middle  ones 
rudimentary  or  empty  or  staminate ;  palet  1-nerved.  Panicle  mostly  contracted  and 
spike-like. 

16.  Phalaris.    Middle  glumes  mere  rudiments  each  side  of  the  shining  triandrous  flower. 
17    Anthoxanthum.    Middle  glumes  empty,  awned  on  the  back.     Stamens  2. 

18.  Hierochloe.     Middle  glumes  triandrous.     Fertile  flower  diandrous. 

Tribe  VI.  AGKOSTIDE^.  Glumes  3  ;  flower  solitary,  perfect  (rarely  a  rudimentary 
or  perfect  second  flower  in  n.  23  and  32  -  34) ;  palet  2-uerved. 

*  Flowering  glume  with  a  terminal  awn  (none  in  n.  22),  closely  embracing  the  grain  in  fruit ; 

spikelets  in  panicles  or  loose  spikes,  the  rhachis  not  produced  beyond  the  flower  (except 
in  n.  24  and  a  single  species  of  n.  23).  —  Stipe.e. 

■^~  Fruiting  glume  firm  and  indurated,  with  a  callus  at  base  (none  in  n.  22). 

19.  Aristida.    Awn  3-fld,  the  branches  divaricate.    Callus  acute. 

20.  Stipa.     Awn  simple,  twisted.     Callus  mostly  acute. 

21.  Oryzopsis.    Awn  simple,  straight,  deciduous.     Flower  oblong;  callus  short,  obtuse. 

22.  Milium.    Awn  none.     Flower  small,  ovoid,  without  callus. 

■t-  ••-  Fruiting  glume  thin  and  membranous  ;  outer  glume  smaller  or  minute. 

23.  Muhlenbergia.    Flower  mostly  hairy  at  base,  the  glume  mucronate  or  awned. 

24.  Brachyelytrum,    Rhachis  produced  into  a  bristle  above.     Outer  glumes  very  small, 

the  flowering  one  long-awned.     Stamens  2. 

*  *  Flowering  glume  awnless  or  short-awned,  loosely  embracing  the  grain,  thin,  the  lower 

glumes  complicate-carinate  ;  spikelets  in  dense  spike-like  panicles,  the  rhachis  not  pro- 
duced. —  Phleoidej?. 

25.  Heleochloa.     Awns  none.     Spikes  short  and  scarcely  exserted. 

26.  Plilemn.    Glumes  somewhat  truncate,  mucronate  or  short-awned.     Spike  cylindric. 

27.  Alopecurus.     Lower  glumes  united  at  base,  the  flowering  awned  on  the  back.     Palet 

none.     Spike  cylindric. 

*  *  *  Glumes  membranous,  the  lower  rarely  strongly  complicate,  the  flowering  with  a  dor 

sal  awn  or  awnless  ;  spikelets  variously  panicled.  —  Agroste^. 
•i-  Flowering  glume  1-  (rarely  3-)  nerved,  awnless ;  grain  loosely  enclosed  or  naked. 

28.  Sporobolus.    Culms  wiry  or  rigid.    Leaves  involute. 

•I-  •*-  Flowering  glume  3  -  5-nerved,  mostly  awned  ;  grain  enclosed. 
++  Rhachis  not    roduced  above  the  single  flower. 

29.  Agrostis.    Spikelets  in  an  open  panicle. 

80.  Polypogon.    Empty  glumes  long-awned.    Panicle  spike-like. 

31.  Ciiina.    Spikelets  flattened,  in  a  loose  panicle.     Palet  1-nerved.     Stamen  1. 


GRAMINEiE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  625 


++  -H-  Rhachis  bearing  a  rudimentary  second  flower  or  short  bristle  (except  in  species  of 

n.  33). 
32.  Apera.     Flmvering  glutiie  bifid,  awned.     Panicle  very  loose  and  delicate. 
3:i.  Calaiuagrostis.     Flowera  hairy-tufted  at  base.    Glume.s  menibranaceoua.    Palet  thln. 
■  'A.  Aininophila.     Spilcelets  large.     Flowci-s  hairy-tufted   al  ba.so.     Glumes  and   palet 

cliaitaceous. 
Tribe  VII.    AVENEiE.    Spikelets  2 -several-flowered,  panicled,  the  rhachis  or  base 
of  the  flowei-s  often  bearded  ;  upper  flower  imperfect  or  rudiment«iry  (except  in  n.  37). 
Flowering  glume  bearing  a  twisted,  bent  or  straight  awn  on  its  back  or  liclow  the  apex. 

•  One  of  the  flowers  staminate  only. 

35.  Arrhenatheruiu*     Lower  flower  staminate,  long-awned ;  middle  flower  perfect,  nearly 

awnless;  tlie  upper  rudimentary. 

36.  Holcus.     Flowers  2,  the  lower  perfect,  awnless,  the  upper  staminate,  awned. 

*  *  Flowers  all  perfect  or  the  uppermost  usually  rudimentary. 

37.  Aira.    Spikelets  very  small,  in  a  diflfuse  panicle.     Flowers  2,  perfect,  awned  toward 

the  base. 

38.  Deschampsia.    Spikelets  2-flowered,  with  a  hairy  rudiment     Glumes  thin-scarious, 

tlic  flowering  one  erose-truncate,  awned  near  the  uiiddle. 

39.  Trisetutn.    Spikelets  2 -several-flowered.     Flowering  glume  thin,  compressed,  cari- 

nate,  2-toothed,  awned  above  by  the  excurrcnt  mid-nerve. 

40.  Avena.    Spikelets  2-. several-flowered.     Flowering  glume  hard  and  firm,  rounded  on 

the  back,  5-9-nerved,  the  mid-nerve  long-excurrent  at  or  below  the  2-toothed  apex. 

41.  Danthonia.    As  Avena,  hut  the  3  middle  nerves  of  the  flowering  glume  running  into 

a  flattish  twi.sted  awn  from  between  the  teeth. 
Tribe  VIII.    CHLORIDES.     Spikelets  2 -several-flowered  with  one  or  more  of  the 
upper  flowers  imperfect  (flower  1  and  perfect  in  n.  45),  arranged  In  2  rows  upon  tho 
rhachis  of  a  1-sided  spike. 

*  Spikelets  with  one  perfect  flower. 

42.  Cynodon.    Spikes  3-5,  slender,  digitate.    Flower  and  the  rudiment  awnless. 

43.  Ctenium.    Spike  solitary,  terminal.     Flowers  4-6,  the  middle  one  perfect 

44.  Gymnopog:on.    Spikes  flliform,  racemose.    Spikelets  remote,  of  a  perfect  flower  and 

an  awned  rudiment. 

45.  Scliedoiinardus.    Spikes  3  -  9,  slender,  scattered,  distant.     Spikelets  small,  1-flow- 

ered,  awiiles.s, 

46.  Bouteloua.    Spikes  scattered  (rarely  1  and  terminal),  dense.    Glume  of  perfect  flower 

3-toothed.     Rudimentary  flowers  1-3-awned. 

*  •  Spikelets  with  two  or  more  perfect  flowers  ;  a%vns  none. 

47.  Eleusine.    Spikes  digitate,  dense. 

48.  Leptochioa.    Spikes  racemose,  slender.    Spikelets  small,  alternate. 

•  *  ♦  Spikelets  dioecious;  spikes  small,  very  dissimilar, 

49.  Buchloe.     Pistillate  spikes  capitate,  sessile,  the  spikelets  1-flowered  ;  staminate  spikes 

(2  or  3)  on  a  peduncle,  the  spikelets  2-3-flowered. 
Tribe  IX.     FESTUCE.E.      Spikelets  few  -  many- flowered,  panicled,  the  uppermost 
flowers  often  imi>erfect  or  abortive.    Glumes  pointless  or  the  flowering  ones  tipped  with 
a  straight  awn  or  bristle. 
»  Flowering  glume  1  -3-nerved,  2 -3-toothed.     Rhachis  short-bearded  or  glabrous. 

50.  Triodia.     Rhachis  of  the  spikelet  bearded.    Nerves  of  the  flowering  glume  3,  villous, 

at  least  the  middle  one  more  or  less  excurrent. 

51.  Diplachne.     Rhachis  glabrous.     Glume  1- 3-nerved,  with  2  small  teeth,  and  a  short 

awn  in  the  cleft. 
•  •  Glume  3-nerved,  entire  or  2-tootlied  and  mucronatc  between  the  teeth.     Rhachis  and 
flowers  long-villous.     Tall  reeds  with  ample  panicles. 

52.  Phragniites.    Spikelets  3-7-flowered:  lowest  flower  naked,  staminate  or  neutraL 

Glume  entire. 

53.  Arundo.    As  u.  52,  but  flowers  all  perfect.    Glume  bifid. 

40 


626  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

*  *  *  Glume  3-nerved,  the  nerv'es  (at  least  the  mid-nerve)  excurrent ;  spikelets  few,  in  the 

axils  of  floral  leaves. 

54.  Munroa.    Low  or  prostrate  much-branched  annual. 

*  *  *  *  Glume  3-  (rarely  1-)  nerved,  obtuse  or  acute,  awnless  ;  rhachis  and  flower  naked. 

55.  Koeleria.    Panicle  contracted.    Spikelets  2  -  4-flowered.    Glumes  compressed-keeled, 

acute  or  mucronate. 

56.  !Eatonia.     Panicle  slender,  more  or  less  dense.    Spikelets  2-flowered.    Glumes  very 

dissimilar,  usually  obtuse,  the  upper  empty  one  enclosing  the  flowers. 

57.  Eragrostis.    Spikelets  flattened,  2 -many-flowered.    Glumes  acute  or  acutish.     Palet 

persistent. 

*  *  *  *  *  Glume  3-5-nerved,  obtuse  or  abrupt-cuspidate;  sjiikelet  3-5-flowered;  upper 

sterile  flowers  convolute  around  each  other. 

58.  Melica.    Glumes  5-nerved  or  more,  scaiious,  obtuse.     Panicle  sinijile  or  nearly  so. 

59.  Diarrliena.    Glumes  3-nerved,  coriaceous,  the  flowering  one  abruptly  cuspidate.    Pan- 

icle loosely  few-flowered, 

*  «♦**#  Flowering  glume  5-nerved  or  more  (sometimes  obscurely  so).     Only  the  ter 

minal  flower  abortive,  or  none. 
-t-  Glumes  more  or  less  strongly  compressed  and  carinate  (ventricose  in  n.  63). 

60.  Uniola.    Spikelets  broad,  flat  and  2-edged,  in  usually  loose  panicles.    Glumes  coria- 

ceous, acute,  the  3-6  lower  ones  empty. 

61.  Disticlilis.    Dioecious.    Spikelets  large,  flattened,  in  a  close  panicle.    Empty  glumes 

2,  acute. 

62.  Dactylis.    Panicle  contracted  in  1-sided  clusters.     Glumes  herbaceous,  awn-pointed, 

rough- ciliate  on  the  keel. 

63.  Briza.    Sjiikelets  heart-shaped,  in  lax  panicles.    Glumes  roundish,  ventricose,  scarious- 

margined. 

64.  Poa.    Spikelets  small,  flattened,  ovate  to  lance-ovate,  in  a  loose  panicle.    Flowering 

glumes  membranous  and  scarious-margined,  pointless,  usually  webl.y  or  pubescent 
toward  the  base. 

65.  Graph epliorum.    Spikelets  compressed,  in  a  loose  panicle,  the  hairy  jointed  rhachis 

produced  into  a  hairy  pedicel.     Glumes  thin-membranous,  faintly  nerved,  entire, 
H-  -t-  Glumes  convex  on  the  back,  not  carinate  (or  somewhat  so  in  n.  70). 

66.  Scolocliloa.    Spikelets  subterete,  in  a  lax  panicle,  the  rhachis  villous  at  the  base  of 

the  flowers,  ending  in  a  naked  pedicel.     Glumes  coriaceous,  prominently  7-nerved, 
toothed  at  the  apex.     In  water. 

67.  Glycerin.    Spikelets  terete  or  flattish.     Flowering  glumes  scarious  at  the  usually  blunt 

summit,  prominently  5- 7-nerved. 

68.  Puccinellia.     Mainly  as  Glyceria,  but  the  glumes  obsoletely  5-nerved. 

69.  Festuca.    Spikelets  terete  or  flnttish.     Flowering  glume  acute,  pointed  or  awned  at  the 

tip,  few-nerved.     Styles  terminal. 

70.  Bromus*    Glume  rounded  or  keeled  on  the  back,  mostly  awned  below  the  2-cleft  tip, 

5  -  9-nei  ved.    Styles  scarcely  tenninal. 

Tribe  X.  HORDE.^.  Sjiikelets  1  -several-flowered,  sessile  on  opposite  sides  of  a  zig- 
zag jointed  channelled  rhachis,  forming  a  spike.  Empty  glumes  sometimes  abortive  or 
wanting.    Uppermost  flower  imperfect  or  abortive. 

*  Spikelets  single  at  each  joint  of  the  solitary  spike. 

71.  Liolium.    Spikelets  many-flowered,  placed  edgewise  on  the  rhachis  of  the  spike,  with 

one  empty  glume. 

72.  Agropyrum.     Spikelets  3- several-flowered,  placed  flatwise  on  the  rhachis.     Empty 

glumes  2,  right  and  left. 

73.  L,epturiis.    Spikelets  small,  1  -2-floAvered  ;  emjity  glumes  1  or  2.    Spike  very  slender, 
»  *  Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  solitary  spike  ;  the  empty  glumes  side  by  side  in 

front  of  the  spikelets  (none  or  rudimentary  in  n.  76.} 

74.  Hordeum.    Spikelets  1-flowered,  8  at  each  joint,  the  lateral  ones  usually  sterile. 


GRAMINEJE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.)  627 

7-1.  Elymus.    Spikelets  1  -  several-flowered,  all  perfect  and  similar. 

7G.  Asprella.    !Si)ikelets  few-flowered,  somewLat  pedicelled,  1-3  at  each  joint     Glumes 

none  or  small  and  deciduous. 
Tribe  XI.    BAMBUSEiE.    Tall  woody  reeds,  the  flat  leaves  with  a  short  petiole  jointed 

upon  tlic  slicath.     Spikelets  few-  many-flowered,  flattened,  in  panicles  or  racemes. 
77.  Arundiiiaria.    Flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back,  many-nerved,  acuminate  or 

bristle-pointed  ;  empty  glumes  very  small. 

1.     SPARTINA,     Schreber.        Cord  or  MAnsn  Grass.     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  very  much  flattened  laterally,  jointed  and  sessile  in  2 
ranks  on  the  outer  side  of  a  triangular  rhachis.  Glumes  3,  unequal,  lanceo- 
late, .strongly  compressed-keeled,  acute  or  bristle-pointed,  mostly  rough-bristly 
on  the  keel ;  palet  thin,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  flowering  glume.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  long,  more  or  less  united.  —  Terennials,  with  simple  and  rigid  often 
reed-like  culms,  from  extensively  creeping  scaly  rootstocks,  racemed  spikes, 
very  smooth  sheaths,  and  long  tough  leaves  (whence  the  name,  from  (nrapTivq, 
a  cord,  such  as  was  made  from  the  bark  of  the  S])artiuin  or  Broom). 

*  Spikelets  coiiipactlfi  imbricated   very  rou(/h-hispid  on  the  keels;  spikes  (2-4' 

lonr/)  more  or  less  peduncled ;  culm  and  elongated  leaves  rigid. 

1.  S.  cynosuroides,  Willd.  (Fresh-water  Coru-Grass.)  Culm  rather 
slender  (2-6°  high)  •  leaves  narrow  (2-4°  long,  Y  wide  below  or  less),  taper- 
ing to  a  very  slender  point,  keeled,  flat,  but  quickly  involute  in  drying,  smooth 
except  the  margins;  spikes  5-20,  scattered,  sj)reading;  rhachis  rough  on  the 
margins ;  glumes  aivn-pointed,  especially  the  middle  one  (its  awn  about  ^  long), 
strongly  serrulate-hispid  on  the  keel,  the  lower  equalling  the  upper,  whose  strong 
midrib  abruptly  terminates  below  the  membranous  apex.  —  Banks  of  rivers 
and  lakes,  or  in  ricli  soil,  especially  northward.     Aug. 

2.  S.  polystachya,  Willd.  (Salt  Reed-Grass.)  Culm  tall  and  stout 
(4  "  9°  high,  often  1'  in  diameter  near  the  base) ;  leaves  broad  (|  -  V),  roughish 
xinAerneath,  as  Avell  as  the  margins;  spikes  20 - 50,  forming  a  dense  oblong  ra- 
ceme (purplish) ;  glumes  barely  mucronate,the  lower  half  the  length  of  the  flower- 
ing one,  of  which  the  rough-hispid  midrib  reaches  to  the  apex.  —  Salt  or 
brackish  marshes,  within  tide-water,  especially  southward. 

3.  S.  jlineea,  Willd.  (Rush  Salt-Grass.)  Culms  low  (1-2°  high)  and 
slender ;  leaves  narrow  and  rush-like,  strongly  involute,  very  smooth  ;  spikes  1-5, 
on  very  short  peduncles,  the  rhachis  smooth  ;  glumes  acute,  the  lower  scarcely 
half  the  length  of  the  middle  one,  not  half  the  length  of  the  upper.  —  Salt 
marshes  and  sea-beaches.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Sjn'kelets  loosely  imbricated,  or  somewhat  remote  and  alternate,  the  keels  only 

slightly  hairy  or  roughish  nnder  a  lens  ;  spikes  sessile  and  erect,  sojl ;  leaves, 
rhachis,  etc.,  very  smooth;  culm  rather  succxdent. 

4.  S.  Stricta,  Koth.  (Salt  Marsh-Grass.)  (PI.  9,  fig.  1-3.)  Culm 
1  -4°  high,  leafy  to  the  top ;  leaves  soon  convolute,  narrow  ;  spikes  few  (2-4), 
the  rhachis  slightly  projecting  beyond  the  crowded  or  imbricated  spikelets; 
glumes  acute,  very  unequal,  the  larger  l-nerved,  a  little  longer  than  the 
flower.  —  Salt  marshes,  Penn.,  etc.  —  Odor  strong  and  rancid.     (En.) 

Var.  glabra,  Gray.  Culm  and  leaves  longer  ;  spikes  5- 12  (2 -3' long); 
81)ikelets  imbricate-crowded.  —  Common  on  the  coast. 


628  GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.) 

Var.  alternifldra,  Gray.  Spikes  more  slender  (3  -  5'  long),  and  the  spike- 
lets  remotish,  barely  overlapping,  the  rhachis  continued  into  a  more  conspic- 
uous bract-like  appendage ;  larger  glume  indistinctly  5-nerved ;  otherwise  as 
in  the  preceding  form,  into  which  it  passes.  —  Common  with  the  last ;  also 
Onondaga  Lake,  J.  A.  Paine. 

2.  BECKMANNIA,  Host.  (PI.  15.) 
Spikelets  jointed  upon  the  pedicels,  1  -2-flowered  (only  one  fertile),  obovate 
and  laterally  compressed,  imbricated  in  2  rows  upon  one  side  of  the  angled 
rhachis  of  a  spike.  Glumes  3  or  4,  the  2  lower  strongly  concave  and  carinate, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  the  1  or  2  flowering  glumes  narrower,  lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate  and  a  little  exserted,  becoming  rather  rigid  and  with  the  thin  palet 
enclosing  the  oblong  grain.  —  A  stout  erect  subaquatic  perennial,  with  the 
short  spikes  erect  and  simply  spicate  or  in  a  strict  narrow  panicle.  (Named 
for  John  Beckmann,  professor  of  botany  at  Goettiugen.) 

1.  B.  erucseformis,  Host,  var.  unifl6ra,  Scribn.  Glumes  3  and  spike- 
lets  1-flowered;  spikes  (6"  long  or  less)  panicled.  —  N.  W.  Iowa,  W.  Minn., 
and  westward.  The  Old  World  form,  which  also  is  found  in  the  far  north- 
west, has  2-flowered  spikelets. 

3.    PASPALUM,    L.        (PI.  13.) 
Spikelets  spiked  or  somewliat  racemed,  in  2-4  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flat- 
tened or  filiform  continuous  rhachis,  jointed  upon  very  short  pedicels,  plano- 
convex, awnless,   1-flowered.     Glumes  3   (rarely  only  2),  the  terminal  one 
flowering.     Flower  coriaceous,  mostly  orbicular  or  ovate,  flat  on  the  inner 
side,  convex  on  the  outer.     Stamens  3.    Spikes  one  or  more,  at  or  toward  the 
summit  of  an  elongated  peduncle.     {Uaa-iraKos,  a  Greek  name  for  Millet.) 
*  Spikes  with  a  (1")  broad  and  thin  membranaceous  oi- foliaceous  and  keeled 
rhachis,  the  incurved  margins  partly  enclosing  the  small  two-rowed  spikelets. 
(Smooth,  aquatic,  or  nearly  so,  decumbent  or  floating.) 

1.  P.  fltlitans,  Kunth.  Annual;  leaves  lanceolate,  flat  (3 - 8"),  broad ; 
spikes  numerous  in  a  raceme,  the  rhachis  somewhat  projecting  beyond  the 
minute  and  slightly  pubescent  spikelets  into  a  tapering  point,  scabrous  on  the 
back.  —  River-swamps,  Va.  to  S.  111.,  Mo.,  and  southward.     Sept.,  Oct. 

2.  P.  Walteri^num,  Schultes.  Perennial;  leaves  linear,  short ;  spikes 
3-7,  the  loAvest  partly  included  in  the  sheath  of  the  uppermost  leaf,  the  rha- 
chis blunt;  spikelets  glabrous.  —  Low  or  wet  grounds,  N.  J.  (Cape  Ma}', 
Nuttall)^  Del.,  and  southward. 

*  *  Spikes  with  a  narrow  wingless  rhachis  ;  perennials,  or  mostly  so. 
^Spikelets  very  obtuse,  orbicular;  spikes  one  terminal  and  often  1-5  lateral. 

3.  P.  setaceum,  Michx.  Calm  ascending  or  decumbent  (1 -2°  long), 
slender;  leaves  (2"  wide,  flat)  and  sheaths  clothed  with  soft  spreading  hairs; 
spikes  very  slender  (2-4'  long),  smooth,  mostly  solitary  on  a  long  peduncle,  and 
usually  one  from  the  sheaths  of  each  of  the  upper  leaves  on  short  peduncles  or  in- 
cluded ;  spikelets  (i"  wide)  narrowly  2-rowed.  —  Sandy  fields ;  common  from 
E.  jNIass.  to  111.,  and  southward.     Aug. 

4.  P.  Iseve,  Michx.  (PI.  13,  fig.  1-3.)  Bright  green,  sparingly  villous, 
rather  stout ;  stems  somewhat  decumbent ;  leaves  and  spikes  widely  spread- 


GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  629 

iiig;  spikes  (2-4)  approximate,  2-4'  long,  smooth  or  nearly  so;  spikelets 
about  r'  wide,  2-ro\\x'd. — Moist  soil,  S.  New  Eng.  to  Ky.,  and  southward. 

5.  P.  Floridanum,  Michx.  Stout,  erect,  3-6°  high,  glaucous  ;  sheaths 
and  leaves  more  or  less  villous,  the  latter  and  the  spikes  erect  or  ascending ; 
spikes  (2-5)  broader,  2-5'  long,  the  smooth  spikelets  nearly  2"  broad,  in  2 
rows.  —  Moist  soil ;  Del.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 

-»-  H-  Spikelets  acute  ;  spikes  several,  racemose. 

6.  P.  dilat^tum,  Poir.  Stout,  erect,  2-5''  high,  villous  at  the  top  of  the 
sheath;  spikes  low  on  a  naked  peduncle,  erect,  2-3'  long;  spikelets  1"  long 
or  more,  the  lower  glume  soft-villous  on  the  margin.  —  Va.  to  Tex. 

-«-■»-  -I-  Spikelets  acute;  spikes   always  a  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  naked 

peduncle. 

7.  P.  distichum,  L.  (Joint-Grass.)  Nearly  glabrous,  rather  glaucous ; 
cul.ns  acjcending  (about  1°  high)  from  a  long  creeping  base;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  (2-3'  long) ;  peduncle  usually  short;  spikes  short  and  closely-flow- 
ered (9"  -2'  long),  often  slightly  separated  ;  rhachis  flat  on  the  back  ;  spikelets 
ovate,  slifjhtli]  pointed  (barely  1^"  long),  approximate  on  one  side  of  the  rhachis. 

—  Wet  fields,  Va.  and  southward.    July -Sept. 

8.  P.  Elliottii,  Watson.  Culms  ascending  (1  -  2^°  high)  from  a  creeping 
base  ;  leaves  lanceolate  (3  -  6'  long,  4  -  6"  wide) ;  spikes  slender,  rather  sparsely 
flowered  (1-4'  long),  both  sessile  upon  the  long  slender  peduncle ;  spikelets 
ovate-lanceolate  (2"  long),  on  nearly  opposite  sides  of  the  rhachis.  (Milium 
paspalodes,  Ell.    P.  Digitaria,  Chapm.;  not  Poir.)  —  Va.  and  southward. 

4.    ERidCHLOA,    HBK.        (PI.  15.) 

Spikelets  ovate,  subsessile  or  shortly  pedicelled  upon  one  side  of  the  rhachis 
of  a  spike,  with  a  callus  at  base  and  jointed  on  the  pedicel,  1-flowered.  Glumes 
3,  the  2  empty  ones  slightly  unequal,  membranaceous,  acute,  the  flowering  one 
shorter,  indurated,  obtuse,  enclosing  the  free  grain.  —  Coarse  tufted  grasses, 
with  flat  leaves,  the  spikes  more  or  less  scattered  along  a  common  peduncle, 
and  the  pedicels  and  rhachis  of  the  spike  usually  pubescent  or  hairy  (hence 
the  name,  from  epiov,  wool,  and  x^<^«>  grass). 

1.  E.  polyst^chya,  HBK.  Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  2°  high  ;  spikes 
6-  12,  erect  or  ascending,  1  -  2'  long,  forming  a  compound  spike  3-6'  long; 
spikelets  glabrous,  very  shortly  pedicelled,  oI)long-lanceolate,  nearly  2"  long. 

—  S.  Kan.  to  Tex.  and  Mex. 

5.    PANICUM,    L.        Panic-Grass.    (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  jointed  upon  the  pedicels,  ovate,  panided,  racemcd,  or  sometimes 
spiked,  not  involucrate,  with  one  perfect  and  sometimes  a  second  lower  rudi- 
mentary or  staminate  flower.  Glumes  4,  but  the  lower  one  usually  short  or 
minute  (rarely  even  wanting),  and  the  third  empty  or  sterile,  membranaceo- 
herbaceous.  Upper  flower  jierfect,  closed,  coriaceous  or  cartilaginous,  usually 
flattish  parallel  with  the  glumes,  awnless  (except  in  §  3),  enclosing  the  free 
and  grooveless  grain.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose,  usuallv  ])ur]>le.  (An 
ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Italian  Millet,  P.  Italicum  (now  Setaria  Italica),  of 
uncertain  origin  and  meaning.) 


G30  GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.) 

§  1.  DIGITARIA.     Spikelets  crowded  2-3  together  in  simple  and  mosdy  1- 
sided  clustered  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  wholly  awnless  and  pointless, 
1-Jlowered  ;  lower  ylume  minute  or  obsolete  or  wanting  ;  annual,  often  purplish. 
*  Spikes  erect ;  the  rhachis  filiform  and  nearly  terete. 

1.  P.  flliforme,  L.  Culms  very  slender  (1-2°  high),  upright;  lower 
sheaths  hairy ;  spikes  2-8,  alternate,  approximate,  filiform ;  spikelets  oblong, 
acute  (V  long);  lower  glume  almost  wanting.  — Dry  sandy  soil,  Mass.  to 
N.  J.  along  the  coast,  to  Iowa,  Neb.,  and  southward.    Aug. 

*  *  Spikes  spreading  ;  the  rhachis  fiat  and  thin. 

P.  glAbeum,  Gaudin.  Culms  spreading,  prostrate,  or  sometimes  erect 
(.5-12' long),  glabrous;  spikes  2- &,  widely  diverging,  nearly  digitate ;  spike- 
lets ovoid  (about  1"  long) ;  upper  empty  glume  equalling  the  fiower,  the  lower 
almost  icanting .  —  Cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places;  common,  especially 
southward;  sometimes  appearing  indigenous.    Aug.,  Sept.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

P.  saxguixAle,  L.  (Commox  Crab-  or  Fixger-Gkass.)  (PI.  13,  fig. 
1  -  3.)  Culms  erect  or  spreading  (1-2°  high);  leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous 
or  hairy;  spikes  4: -\^,  spreading,  digitate;  spikelets  oblong  ( H"  long) ;  sec- 
ond glume  half  the  length  of  the  fiower,  the  lower  one  small.  —  Cultivated  and 
waste  grounds.     Aug. -Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  PANICUM  proper.     Spikelets  scattered,  in  panicles,  awnless. 
*  Panicle  elongated  and  racemose,  wand-like  or  pyramidal;  the  numerous  and 

usually  pointed  spikelets  short-pedicelled,  excepting  n.  3  and  4. 

•\- Sterile  flower  none  ;  lower  glume  short ;  spikelets  ^-l^  long ;  annuals  except 

u.  4;  leaves  fiat;  sheaths  fiattened. 

++  Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout ;  spikelets  appressed,  short-pedi celled. 

2.  P.  proliferum,  Lam.  Culms  usvially  thickish  and  rather  succulent, 
branched,  geniculate  and  ascending  from  a  procumbent  base ;  sheaths  flat- 
tened; ligule  ciliate ;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  compound,  pyramidal,  the 
slender  primary  branches  at  length  spreading;  spikelets  pale  green,  rarely 
purplish ;  lower  glume  broad,  ^  to  |  the  length  of  the  upper,  which  is  little 
longer  than  the  flowering  one.  —  Marshy  river-banks  and  shores,  especially  if 
brackish,  but  also  in  the  interior,  from  Mass.  to  Iowa,  and  southward.  Aug. 
t-i-  ++  Hispid  or  hairy  on  the  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower;  spikelets  mostly  scattered 

on   slender  pedicels  in  an  ample,  loose,  at  length  very  effuse  panicle;  culms 
mostly  branched  from  the  base,  erect  or  ascending  (10-20'  high). 

3.  P.  capillare,  L.  (Old-witch  Grass.)  (PI.  13,  fig.  4,  5.)  All  the 
sheaths  and  usually  the  leaves  copiously  hairy  or  hispid ;  panicle  mostly  very 
compound,  the  branches  divaricate  when  old ;  spikelets  from  ovoid  to  narrowly 
oblong,  pointed ;  lower  glume  half  the  length  of  the  upper  empty  one,  which  is 
longer  than  the  elliptical  obtuse  perfect  fiower.  —  Sandy  soil  and  cultivated 
fields  everywhere.  Aug.  -  Oct.  —  Varies  extremely  in  size  and  appearance, 
the  culms  erect  and  simple,  or  decumbent,  geniculate  and  branched ;  in  de- 
pauperate forms  the  spikelets  only  f",  in  the  larger  forms  U"  in  length. 

4.  P.  autumnale,  Bosc.  Root  perennial  (? ),  loAver  sheaths  and  margins 
of  the  small  narrow  leaves  more  or  less  hairy,  otherwise  glabrous,  except  some 
bristly  hairs  in  the  main  axils  of  the  very  effuse  capillary  panicle,  its  much 
elongated  divisions  sparingly  branched,  or  even  simple  and  terminated  with 
solitary  sy7/«J/e-shaped  spikelets;  lower  glume  minute  :  perfect  fiower  lanceolate- 


GRAMINEiTi:.        ((iUASS    FAMILY.)  G31 

oblong  and  pointed,  nearly  eqiialliug  tlie  lance-oblong  ohtnsisli  empty  glumes. 
—  Saud-liills,  Jll.  to  Minn.,  JMo.,  and  southward. 

H-  -1-  iSterile  Jiowcr  rudimentary  (staminate  in  n.  7),  its  f/lume  fully  twice  the 
Itwjth  of  the  lower  (]lume ;  spikelets  small  (1  or  H"  long);  root  perennial. 

5.  P.  Anceps,  Michx.  Culms  flat,  upright  (2-4°  high);  leaves  rather 
liroadly  linear  (1-2°  long,  4 - 5"  wide),  smooth;  panicle  contracted-pyrami- 
dal; spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed,  a  little  curved;  second  glume  5-7- 
nerved ;  neutral  flower  one  third  longer  than  the  perfect  one.  —  Wet  sandy 
soil,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  S.  111.,  and  soutlnvard.  Aug.  —  Sj)ikelets  larger  and 
Itranclics  of  the  ])aiii(lc  longer  and  narrower  than  in  the  next. 

ti.  P.  agrostoides,  iMulil.  Culms  Jlattmcd,  upright  {2  -4°  h\}^\\)  ;  loaves 
long,  and  with  tlie  sheaths  smooth  ;  panicles  terminal  and  often  lateral,  pyram- 
idal (4-8'  long);  spikelets  racemose,  crowded  and  one-sided  on  the  spread- 
ing Iiranclies,  ocaje-oblong,  acute  (purplish) ;  second  glume  b-nerved,  longer  than 
the  neutral  flower;  perfect  flower  shorter,  bearded  at  the  apex. —  Wet  mead- 
ows and  shores,  E.  Mass.  to  Minn.,  Neb.,  and  common  soutiiward.     Aug. 

7.  P.  Curtisii,  Cliapm,  Culms  stout,  3  - 4°  high,  often  rooting  below; 
mostly  glabrous;  panicle  slender,  simple,  spike-like  (6-8' long),  the  spikes 
appressed ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  acute ;  lower  glume  half  the  length  of  the 
5-uerved  second  one.  —  Ponds,  Del.  to  Fl.  and  Tex. 

-<-  -I-  -*-  Sterile  flower  staminatc  ;  lower  glume  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
next;  spikelets  large  (2-2^^"  long),  ocate,  pointed,  as  are  the  glumes,  etc.; 
perennials,  glabrous,  with  tall  or  stout  and  rigid  upright  culms. 

8.  P.  virgatum,  L.  (PI.  13,  fig.  8,  9.)  Tall  (3-5°  high) ;  leaves  very 
long,  flat ;  ligule  silky-bearded  ;  branches  of  the  compound  loose  and  large  pani- 
cle (9' -2°  long)  at  length  spreading  or  drooping ;  spikelets  scattered,  usually 
purplisli.  —  Moist  sandy  soil ;  common.     Aug. 

9.  P.  am^rum,  Ell.  Culms  (1^°  high  or  more)  sheathed  to  the  top; 
h'drra  inrohile,  glaucous,  coriaceous,  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  contracted  pan- 
irle,  the  simj)le  racemose  branches  of  which  are  appressed;  spikelets  pale. — 
Sandy  shores,  Cimn.,  Va.,  and  southward.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  The  northern  form 
(var.  MINUS,  Vasey  &  Scribn.)  somewhat  smaller  tliau  the  southern. 

*  *  Panicle  short  or  small,  loosely  spreading  or  diffuse  ;  perennials. 
•4-  Sterile  flower  none  ;  spikelets  warty  roughened. 

10.  P.  verrucdsum,  Muhl.  Smooth;  culms  branching  and  spreading, 
very  slender  (1  -2°  long),  naked  above;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  (2-3"  wide), 
shining;  branches  of  the  diffuse  panicle  capillary,  few-flowered;  spikelets 
dark  green,  oval,  acute,  f  h^ng ;  lower  glume  {  as  long  as  the  faintly  nerved 
second.  —  Sandy  swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Va.,  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

-I-  -»-  Lower  {sterile)  flower  neutral,  or  in  n.  \2and  sometimes  in  n.  11  staminatc, 

the  palet  scarious  and  sometimes  small  and  inconspicuous. 

-M.  Culm4eaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  wider,  with  0-15  principal  jicnrs  {obscurt 

or  none  in  n.  17). 

=  Spikelets  1-1^"  long. 

11.  P.  xanthophysum,  Gray.  Culm  simple,  or  at  length  branched 
near  the  base  (9-  15'  high) ;  sheaths  hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate,  very  acute  (4-6' 


632  GRAMINEiE.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

long  by  Y  wide),  not  dilated  at  the  ciliate-bearded  clasping  base,  smooth  except 
the  margins,  stronglij  ^-\\-nerved ;  panicle  long-ped uncled,  very  simple,  the 
appressed  branches  bearing  a  few  round ish-obovate  spikelets  (about  1^'^  long)  ; 
lower  glume  ovate,  acutish,  ^  - -^  the  length  of  the  9-nerved  second.  —  Dry 
sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Fenn.,  Wise,  Iowa,  and  northward;  rare.  June.  —  Yel- 
lowish-green ;  spikelets  minutely  dov\'ny ;  sterile  flower  sometimes  staminate. 

12.  P.  latifolium,  L.  Culm  (l-a'^high)  smooth;  the  joints  and  the 
throat  or  margins  of  the  otherwise  smooth  sheaths  often  bearded  with  soft  woolly 
hairs  ;  leaves  broadly  oblong-lanceolate  from  a  heart-clasping  base  (often  1'  wide), 
taper-pointed,  11  -  15-nerved,  smooth,  or  sparingly  downy-hairy ;  panicle  more 
or  less  exserted  (2  -  3'  long),  usually  long-peduncled,  the  branches  spreading ; 
spikelets  obovate,  l^"  long,  downy;  lower  glume  ovate,  not  half  the  length  of 
the  many-nerved  second ;  sterile  flower  often  (not  always)  with  3  stamens.  — 
Moist  thickets ;  common.     June  -  Aug. 

13.  P.  clandestinum,  L.  (PI.  13,  fig.  6,  7.)  Culm  rigid  (1-3°  high), 
very  leafy  to  the  top,  at  length  producing  appressed  branches,  the  joitits  naked ; 
sheaths  rough  with  papiiice  bearing  very  stiff  and  spreading  bristly  hairs  ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  from  a  heart-clasping  base,  very  taper-pointed ;  lateral  and 
usually  also  the  terminal  panicle  more  or  less  enclosed  in  the  sheaths,  or  with 
the  terminal  one  at  length  long-peduncled;  —  otherwise  resembling  n.  12; 
but  the  spikelets  more  ovoid,  often  smooth  ;  the  lower  flower  (always  ? )  neutral. 
—  Low  thickets  and  river-banks,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  southward. 
June  -  Sept. 

14.  P.  viscidum,  Ell.  Culms  stout,  upright  or  ascending,  at  length 
much  branched,  leafy  to  the  top,  densely  velvety-downy  all  over,  as  also  the 
sheaths,  with  reflexed  soft  and  often  clammy  hairs,  except  a  ring  below  each 
joint;  leaves  likewise  velvety,  lanceolate  {j/  wide),  11  -  13-nerved ;  panicle 
spreading,  the  lateral  ones  included;  spikelets  obovate,  1  or  l^"  long,  downy; 
the  roundish  lower  glume  scarcely  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  7-nerved  sec- 
ond one.  —  Damp  soil,  N.  J.  to  Va.,  and  southward.     Aug. 

15.  P.  SCOpkrium,  Lam.  Culms  upright,  at  length  much  branched  and 
reclining  (1-2°  long),  roughish ;  leaves  lanceolate  (3-5' long  by  ^-i' wide), 
rather  faintly  9-nerved,  hairy  or  smooth,  fringed  on  the  whole  margin  or  next 
the  base  with  long  and  stiff  spreading  hairs,  the  sheaths  bristly  throughout  with 
similar  hairs;  panicle  open,  nearly  simple,  bearing  few  tumid-obovate  hairy  or 
smoothish  spikelets  about  U"  long ;  lower  glume  roundish,  about  half  or  a 
quarter  of  the  length  of  the  upper  one.  (F.  pauciflorum,  Ell.)  —  Wet  mead- 
ows and  copses,  E.  :Mass.  to  Minn.,  Avest  and  southward.     June,  July. 

16.  P.  commutatum,  Schultes.  Rather  slender,  erect,  1-2°  high, 
nearly  glabrous;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  (3-6'  long),  the  margins  to- 
ward the  base  and  the  sheaths  sparsely  ciliate  ;  panicle  spreading,  often  short- 
peduncled;  spikelets  scattered,  glabrous,  oblong,  acutish,  little  more  than  1' 
long;  loiver  glume  ovate,  often  acute.  — N.  Y.  to  Fla.  — A  frequent  variety 
with  smaller  spikelets  (not  \"  long)  approaches  the  next,  and  has  also  been 
contused  with  F.  dichotomum.  —  Ont.  to  Va.  and  southward. 

=  ^=  Spikelets  less  than  V  long. 

17.  P.  nitidum,  Michx.  (Lam.?)  Resembles  the  last;  leaves  rather 
thick  and  the  principal  nerves  very  obscure  or  none  except  at  the  base ;  pan- 


GRAMINE.E.        (grass    FAMILY.)  633 

icle  hroad,  more  slender  ;  spikolets  smaller  (if  long),  broadly  ovate  and  very 
obtuse;  lower  glunio  very  obtuse.  (P.  yj)lueruc;irpoii,  /:,'//.) — N.  Y.  to  Ga., 
and  westward. 

18.  P.  micrOC^rpon,  Muhl.  Iviko  tiie  last;  the  broadly  lanceolate 
leaves  nearly  similar,  but  usually  longer  (8'  long  or  less),  distinctly  nerved; 
panicle  soon  exserted  on  a  slender  peduncle,  rather  narrower,  with  numerous 
slender  branches  and  very  many-flowered  (3  -  V  long) ;  spikelets  about  ^" 
long,  ovoid,  smooth  or  smoothish ;  lower  glume  orbicular  and  very  small. — 
Dry  or  moist  tliickets,  I'enn.  to  Mich.,  Neb.,  and  southward.     July -Sept. 

•^  ++  Culm-leaves  linear  or  soinetimcs  narrowly  lanceolate  [basal  often  lanceolate) ; 
primarij  Jicrvcs  ojten  indistinct  or  none;  spikelets  small. 

19.  P.  depauper^tum,  Muhl.  Culms  simple  or  branched  from  the 
base,  forming  close  tufts  (G-12'  high),  terminated  by  a  simple  and  few-flow- 
ered contracted  panicle,  often  much  overtopped  by  the  narrowly  linear  and 
elongated  (4-7')  upper  leaves ;  spikelets  ^  -  U"  long,  oval-obovate,  commonly 
pointed  when  young ;  lower  glume  ovate.  —  Varies,  with  the  leaves  involute, 
at  least  when  dry  (P.  involutum,  Torr.),  and  with  the  sheaths  either  beset 
with  long  hairs  or  nearly  smooth  ;  the  panicle  either  partly  included,  or  on  a 
long  and  slender  peduncle.  —  Dry  woods  and  hills;  rather  common.    June. 

20.  P.  consanguineum,  Kunth.  Culms  slender,  1-2^  high,  often  de- 
cumbent and  rooting  below ;  nearly  glabrous  or  the  sheaths  and  leaves  some- 
what pubescent  or  villous;  panicle  small,  with  rather  few  spreading  few- 
flowered  branches  ;  spikelets  1  -  H"  lo"g)  ohlong-obovate,  acutish.  —  Dry  woods, 
Norfolk,  Va.,  and  south  to  Fl.  and  Tex. 

21.  P.  dichotomum,  L. !  Culms  (8' -2°  high)  at  first  mostly  simple, 
hearing  a  more  or  less  exserted  spreading  compound  panicle  (1  -3'  long),  and 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate  flat  leaves  (those  tufted  at  the  root  usually  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  very  short,  thickish) ;  but  commonly  branching  later  in  the 
season,  the  branches  often  clustered,  and  bearing  nearly  simple  and  included 
small  panicles ;  spikelets  |  - 1"  long,  elliptical,  obtuse,  downy  or  smooth ; 
lower  glume  roundish.  —  Common  everywhere.  Very  variable  both  in  habit 
and  in  the  amount  of  villosity  (depending  upon  the  soil,  exposure,  season,  etc.), 
so  that  it  is  difficult  to  specify  any  well  defined  varieties.  The  more  conspic- 
uous forms  are  (a)  commune,  with  simple  culms  erect  or  ascending,  and  leaves 
subcrect,  usually  pale  green — (b)fasciculatu)n,  with  clustered  leafy  branches 
and  short  peduncles,  a  common  autumnal  state  —  and  (c)  grdcile,  the  culms 
lax,  very  slender  and  elongated,  with  rather  distant  spreading  leaves  (usually 
bright  green),  and  mostly  long-pedunculate  panicles. 

22.  P.  laxiflbrum,  Lam. !  Closely  resembling  the  last  species,  in  its 
several  forms  ;  distinguished  by  the  larger  acutish  spikelets  (nearly  or  quite 
1"  long).  —  Common. 

§  3.  ECHINOCHLOA.  Spikelets  imhricated-spiked  on  the  branches  of  the 
simple  or  cov\pound  raceme  or  panicle,  usualhj  rough  with  oppressed  stiff 
hairs;  lower  palet  of  the  sterile  fower  awl-pointed  or  awned. 

P.  Crus-gAlli,  L.  (Barnvard-Grass.)  Root  annual ;  culms  stout, 
branching  from  the  base  (1-4'^  higli)  ;  leaves  lanceolate  (^' wide  or  more), 
rough-margined,  otherwise  with  the  sheatlis  smooth;  spikes  alternate  (1 -3' 
long),  crowded  in  a  dense  panicle ;  glumes  ovate,  abruptly  pointed ,  glumo 


634  GRAMINEiE.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

of  the  neutral  flower  bearing  a  rough  awn  of  variable  length.  —  Varies 
greatly ;  sometimes  awnless  or  nearly  so ;  sometimes  long-aicned,  especially 
in  the'  var.  hispidum^  a  very  large  and  coarse  form  Avith  the  sheaths  of  the 
leaves  very  bristly.  —  Moist,  chiefly  manured  soil ;  the  variety  in  ditches,  espe- 
cially of  brackish  water  ;  possibly' indigenous.    Aug.  -Oct.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

6.  SET  ARIA,     Beauv.        Bristly  Foxtail  Grass.     (PL  13.) 

Spikelets  altogether  as  in  Panicura  proper,  and  awnless,  but  with  the  short 
peduncles  bearing  below  the  joint  of  the  spikelet  solitary  or  clustered  bristles 
resembling  awns  ( but  not  forming  an  involucre).  Inflorescence  a  dense  spiked 
panicle,  or  a])parently  a  cylindrical  spike.  —  Annuals,  in  cultivated  or  manured 
grounds,  with  linear  or  lanceolate  flat  leaves.     (Name  from  seta,  a  bristle.) 

*  Bristles  single  or  in  pairs,  roughened  or  barbed  doicnward. 

S.  VERTiciLLATA,  Beauv.  Spike  cylindrical  (2-3'  long,  pale  green), 
composed  of  apparently  whorled  short  clusters;  bristles  short,  adhesive. — 
Near  dwellings.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Bristles  in  clusters,  roughened  or  barbed  upward. 

S.  GLAtrcA,  Beauv.  (Foxtail.  Pigeox-Grass.)  (PI.  13,  fig.  1,  2.)  Spike 
ci/lindrical,  dense,  tawnij  ijellow  (2-4'  long);  bristles  6-11  in  a  duster,  much 
longer  than  the  spikelets ;  perfect  flower  transversely  wrinkled.  —  Very  com- 
mon, in  stubble,  etc.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

S.  viRiDis,  Beauv.  (Greex  Foxtail.  Bottle-Grass.)  Spike  nearly 
ci/lindrical,  more  or  less  compound,  green  :  bristles  few,  longer  than  the  spikelets; 
jioirer  striate  lengthwise  and  dotted.  —  Cultivated  grounds.     (Adv.  from  VjXX.) 

S.  Italica,  Kunth.  Spike  compound,  interrupted  at  base,  thick,  nodding 
(6-9'  long),  yellowish  or  purplish  ;  bristles  2  or  3  in  a  cluster,  either  much  longer 
or  else  shorter  than  the  spikelets.  —  Cultivated  under  the  name  of  Millet,  or 
HuxGARiAX  or  Bexgal  Grass  ;  rarely  spontaneous.    (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

7.  CENCHRUS,     L.        Hedgehog-  or  Bur-Grass.     (PI.  14.) 

Spikelets  as  in  Panicum,  awnless,  but  enclosed  1  to  5  together  in  a  globular 
and  bristly  or  spiny  involucre,  which  becomes  coriaceous  and  forms  a  decidu- 
ous hard  and  rigid  bur;  the  involucres  sessile  in  a  terminal  spike.  Styles 
united  below.     (An  ancient  Greek  name  of  vSetaria  Italica.) 

1.  C.  tribuloides,  L.  Annual;  culms  branched  and  ascending  (1°  liigh 
or  less) ;  leaves  flat;  spike  oblong,  of  8-20  spherical  heads;  involucre  prickly 
all  over  with  spreading  and  barbed  short  spines,  more  or  less  downy,  enclosing 
2  or  3  spikelets.  —  Sandy  soil,  on  river  banks,  etc.     Aug.  —  A  vile  Aveed. 

8.     AMPHICARPUM,    Kunth.        (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  jointed  upon  the  pedicels,  1-flowered,  oblong  or  ovoid,  of  two 
kinds ;  one  kind  in  a  terminal  panicle,  deciduous  from  the  joint  without  fruit, 
although  the  flower  is  perfect ;  the  other  kind  solitary  at  the  extremity  of 
slender  runner-like  radical  peduncles  (more  or  less  sheathed  toward  the  base), 
much  larger  than  the  others,  perfect  and  fertile,  subterranean,  fertilized  in  the 
bud.  Glumes  3,  nearly  equal,  5-nerved  in  the  panicle,  many  nerved  in  the  fer- 
tile spikelets  ;  palet  a  little  shorter ;  all  becoming  indurated  and  enclosing  the 
very  large  grain.  Stamens  3  (small  in  the  radical  flowers).  Stigmas  plumose, 
deep  purple.     (Name  from  a/j.(plKapTros,  doubly  fruit-bearing.) 

1.  A.  Purshii,  Kunth.  Annual  or  biennial  (?),  erect,  1-4°  high;  leaves 
lanceolate,  copious  on  the  lower  part  of  the  culm,  hispid,  especially  on  the 


GKAMINK.i:.        ((IKASS    FAMILY.)  635 

sheaths;  panicle  strict,  naked  ;  grain  ovoid  or  oblong  (2-3"  long),  terete. — 
Moist  sandy  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     Sept. 

9.    LEERS  I  A,     Swart/,.         Wiiitk  Grass.     (PI.  7.) 

Flowers  crowded  in  one-sided  panided  spikes  or  racemes,  perfect,  but  those 
in  tlio  o])en  panicles  nstially  sterile  by  the  al)ortion  of  the  ovary,  tlmse  cnchtsod 
in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves  close-fertilized  in  the  bud  and  ])roliHc.  Spik<dets 
1-Howered,  flat,  more  or  less  imbricated  over  each  other,  jointed  uj>()n  the  short 
j)edicels.  Glumes  2,  chartaceous,  strongly  flattened  laterally  or  conduplicate, 
awnless,  bristly-ciliate  on  the  keels,  closed,  nearly  erjual  in  length,  but  tlie 
lower  much  broader,  enclosing  the  flat  grain.  I'alet  none.  Stamens  1-6. 
Stigmas  feathery,  tiie  hairs  branching.  —  Perennial  marsh  grasses;  the  flat 
leaves,  sheaths,  etc.,  rough  upward,  being  clothed  with  very  minute  hooked 
l)rickles.  (Named  after  John  Daniel  Leers,  a  German  botanist.) 
*  Spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  rather  looschj  crowded. 

1.  L.  Virginica,  Willd.  (White  Grass.)  Panicle  simple ;  the  spikelets 
closelji  appressed  on  the  slender  branches,  around  which  they  are  partly  curved 
(U"  long) ;  stamens  2  (a  third  imperfect  or  wanting) ;  glumes  sparingly  ciliate 
(greenish-white).  —  Wet  woods;  Maine  to  Minn.,  and  southward.     Aug. 

2.  L.  oryzoides,  Swartz.  (Rice  Cut-grass.)  (PI.  7,  fig.  1-3.)  Panicle 
dil/useli/  branched ;  spikelets  flat,  rather  spreading  (2^-3"  long);  stamens  3; 
glumes  strongly  bristly-ciliate  (whitish).  —  Very  wet  places;  Mass.  to  Minn., 
and  southward ;  common.     Aug.     (Eu.)     • 

*  *  Spikelets  broadlij  oral,  imbricatelij  covering  each  other  (2|-3"  lo7ig). 

3.  L.  lenticularis,  Michx.  (Catch-fly  Grass.)  Smoothish;  panicie 
sim])le ;  glumes  very  flat,  strongly  bristly-ciliate  (said  to  close  and  catch  flies) ; 
stamens  2;  otherwise  like  the  preceding.  —  Low  grounds,  Va.,  111.,  and 
southward. 

10.    ZIZANIA,     Gronov.        Water  or  Ixdian  Rice.    (PI.  7.) 

FloAvers  monoecious ;  the  staminate  and  pi.><til]ate  both  in  1-flowered  spike- 
lets in  the  same  panicle.  Glumes  2,  subtended  by  a  small  cartilaginous  ring, 
herbaceo-membranaceous,  conve.x,  awnless  in  the  sterile,  the  lower  one  tipped 
with  a  straight  awn  in  the  fertile  spikelets.  Palet  none.  Stamens  6.  Stig- 
mas ])eucil-form.  —  Large,  often  reed-like  water-grasses.  Spikelets  jointed 
upon  the  club-shaped  pedicels,  very  deciduous.  (Adopted  from  (^iCdviov,  the 
ancient  name  of  some  wild  grain.) 

1.  Z.  aquatica,  L.  (Indian  Rice.  Water  Oats.)  (PI.  7,  fig.  1  -4.) 
Annual;  culms  3-9°  high;  leaves  flat,  2-3°  long,  linear-lanceolate;  lower 
branches  of  the  ample  pyramidal  yw»/r/r  staminate,  spreading ;  the  upper  erect, 
jiistillate ;  lower  glume  long-awned,  rough;  styles  distinct;  grain  linear,  slen- 
«ler,  6"  long.  —  Swampy  borders  of  streams  and  in  shallow  water;  common, 
especially  northwestward.     Aug. 

2.  Z.  mili^cea,  Michx.  I'erennial;  panicle  diffuse,  ample,  the  s/a?H/na/< 
and  pistillate  flowers  intermixed ;  awns  short;  styles  united;  grain  ovate.— 
Penn.  (?),  Ohio,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  Leaves  involute. 


636  GRAjnNE^.     (grass  family.) 

11.     TRIP  SAC  UM,   L.        Gama-Grass.    Sesame-Grass.     (PI.  14.) 

Spikelets  monoecious,  in  jointed  unilateral  spike.s,  staminate  above  and  fertile 
below.  Staminate  spikelets  in  pairs,  sessile  at  each  triangular  joint  of  the 
narrow  rhacliis,  both  alike,  2-fiowered,  longer  than  the  joints ;  glumes  4,  cori- 
aceous, the  lower  (outer)  one  nerved,  the  second  boat-shaped,  the  upper  with 
the  palets  very  thin  and  membranaceous,  awnless ;  anthers  opening  by  2  pores 
at  the  apex.  Pistillate  spikelets  2-flowered  (the  lower  flower  neutral),  single 
and  deeply  imbedded  in  each  oblong  joint  of  the  cartilaginous  thickened  rha- 
chis,  occupying  a  boat-shaped  recess  which  is  closed  by  the  polished  and  carti- 
laginous ovate  outer  glume,  the  inner  glume  much  thinner  and  pointed,  the 
upper  with  the  palets  very  thin  and  scarious,  pointless.  Styles  united ;  stig- 
mas very  long  (purple),  hispid.  Grain  ovoid,  free.  —  Culms  stout  and  tall, 
solid,  from  very  thick  creeping  rootstocks.  Leaves  broad  and  flat.  Spikes  ax- 
illary and  terminal,  separating  spontaneously  into  joints  at  maturity.  (Name 
from  rpi fico,  to  rub,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  polished  fertile  spike.) 

1.  T.  dactyloides,  L.  Spikes  (4  -  8' long)  2  -  3  together  at  the  summit 
(when  their  contiguous  sides  are  more  or  less  flattened),  and  also  solitary  from 
some  of  the  upper  sheaths  (when  the  fertile  part  is  cylindrical) ;  in  var.  mo- 
nostAchyum,  the  terminal  spike  also  solitary.  —  Moist  soil,  from  Conn,  to 
Penn.  and  Fla.,  near  the  coast,  and  from  111.  southward.  Aug.  —  Culm  4-7° 
high ;  leaves  like  those  of  Indian  Corn.  This  is  one  of  our  largest  and  most 
remarkable  Grasses ;  sometimes  used  for  fodder  at  the  South. 

12.  ROTTBCELLIA,  L.  f.  (PI.  15.) 
Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  a  terete  slender  spike,  awnless ;  one  im- 
perfect or  rudimentary  on  a  short  and  thick  appressed  pedicel ;  the  other  ses- 
sile and  imbedded  in  an  excavation  of  the  joint  of  the  rhachis,  1-flowered  or 
rarely  with  a  second  staminate  flower.  Glumes  4,  obtuse,  the  outer  hard  and 
cartilaginous,  with  a  transverse  depre.ssion  next  the  base,  the  inner  one  boat- 
shaped  and  membranaceous,  the  2  upper  thin  and  delicate.  Stamens  3.  St3'les 
2.  —  Tall  or  coarse  perennials,  with  rigid  stems,  and  single  cartilaginous  spikes 
terminating  the  stem  and  axillary  branches,  chiefly  subtropical.  (Named  for 
Prof.  C.  F.  Rottboell,  an  excellent  Danish  botanist,  who  wrote  much  upon 
Graminese,  Cyperace«,  etc.) 

1.  R.  rugosa,  Nutt.  Culm  flattish,  2-4°  high;  leaves  linear;  spikes 
1-2'  long,  the  lateral  ones  on  short  clustered  branches  in  the  axils,  often 
partly  included  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves;  sterile  flower  neutral;  lower 
glume  transversely  rugose.  —  Low  pine-barrens,  from  S.  Del.  ( W.  M.  Canhy) 
southward  near  the  coast.     Sept.  -  Oct. 

13.     ERIANTHUS,     Michx.        Woolly  Beard-Grass.     (PI.  14.) 

Spikelets  spiked,  in  pairs  upon  each  joint  of  the  slender  rhachis,  one  sessile, 
the  other  pedicelled,  both  1-flowered,  alike.  Glumes  4,  the  2  lower  nearly 
equal,  one  4-5-nerved,  the  other  many-nerved;  the  2  upper  hyaline,  one 
empty,  the  upper  awned  from  the  tip.  Stamens  3.  Grain  free.  —  Tall  and 
stout  reed-like  perennials,  with  the  spikes  crowded  in  a  panicle,  and  clothed 
with  long  silky  hairs,  especially  in  a  tuft  around  the  base  of  each  spikelet 
(whence  the  name,  from  ^piov,  wool,  and  &v6os,  flower). 


GKAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.)  637 

1.  E.  saccharoides,  Miclix.  (IM.  u,  fig.  1,2.)  Culm  (4-G°  high) 
woolly-beank'd  at  the  joints;  panicle  contracted ;  the  silk ;i  hairs  long  r  than  the 
spikelets,  shorter  than  the  awn  ;  stamens  2.  (E.  alopecuroides,  Kll.)  —  Wet 
piiic-barrciip,  from  N.  J.  and  111.  southward ;  rare.     tSept.,  Oct. 

2.  E.  brevib^rbis,  Miilix.  Culm  (2 - 5°  high), somewhat  beardod  at  the 
nii])or  joints;  jtanicle  rather  open;  silky  hairs  shorter  than  the  spikelets. — 
L(»w  grounds,  Va.,  and  southward. 

14.     ANDROPOQON,    IJoyen.         Beard-Grass.     (Tl.  14.) 

Sj)ikflets  in  pairs  ujion  each  joint  of  the  slender  rhachis,  spiked  or  racemed, 
one  of  them  pedicelled  and  sterile  (staminate,  pistillate  or  neutral),  often  a 
mere  vestige,  the  other  sessile,  1-flowered  and  fertile;  lower  glume  the  larger, 
coriaceous  and  nerved,  blunt,  the  second  carinate  and  acute,  the  2  upper  hya- 
line, the  dowering  glume  awned  from  the  tip.  Stamens  1  -3.  Grain  free. — 
Coarse,  mostly  rigid  perennials,  mostly  in  sterile  or  sandy  soil ;  with  lateral 
or  terminal  spikes  commonly  clustered  or  digitate  ;  the  rhachis  hairy  or  plu- 
mose-bearded, and  often  the  sterile  or  staminate  flowers  also  (whence  the 
name,  composed  of  avi)p,  man,  and  iruyuv,  beard). 
*  Spikes  digitate,  thickish,  short-bearded ,  the  sterile  spikelet  staminate  ;  stamens  3. 

1.  A.  furcatUS,  Muhl.  (PI.  U,  fig.  1-3.)  Tall,  3-4°  high,  rigid,  the 
naked  summit  of  the  culm  (and  usually  some  lateral  branches)  terminated  by 
2-5  rigid  spikes;  spikelets  approximate,  appressed ;  hairs  at  the  base  of  the 
fertile  spikelet,  on  the  rhachis  and  on  the  stout  pedicel  of  the  awnless  stami- 
nate spikelet  short  and  rather  sparse ;  awn  of  fertile  Hower  long  and  bent; 
leaves  flat,  roughish,  the  lower  ones  long.  ("A.  proviucialis,  Lam.")  —  Com- 
mon in  dry  sterile  soil.     Aug.  -  Oct. 

*  *  Spikes  with  slender  often  zigzag  rhachis,  silky -villous, 
■«-  Single  and  scattered  along  the  branches,  with  the  silky  hairs  shorter  than  the 
Jlowers ;  sterile  spikelet  conspicuous  but  mostly  neutral;  the  fertile  triandrous. 

2.  A.  scop^rius,  Michx.  Culms  slender  (1 -3°  high),  with  numerous 
paniculate  branches;  lower  sheaths  and  narrow  leaves  hairy;  spikes  slender, 
scattered,  mostly  peduncled  (1-2'  long),  very  loose,  often  purplish,  silky  with 
lax  dull-white  hairs  ;  sterile  spikelet  awn-pointed  or  awnless ;  the  fertile  about 
half  the  length  of  its  twisted  or  bent  awn.  —  Dry  ground.     July -Sept. 

3.  A.  maritimus,  Chapm.  Smooth  and  glaucous ;  culms  ascending 
from  creeping  rootstocks,  1  -  H*^  high;  leaves  rather  rigid,  divaricate,  their 
compressed  sheaths  imbricated ;  panicle  short ;  peduncles  included  within 
the  conspicuous  bracts ;  rhacliis  and  ])edicels  cojnously  ciliate  with  spreading 
hairs;  glumes  larger,  3-4"  long.  —  Sandy  sea-coast;  Cape  May,  and  south 
to  Fla. 

-^  -t-  /n  pairs  or  clustered ;  the  copious  soft-silky  hairs  much  longer  than  the  flow- 
ers;  sterile  spikelet  a  small  neutral  rudiment  (in  n.  4  and  .')),  or  altogether 
wanting  on  the  very  plumose-hairy  pedicel ;  fertile  flower  munandrous,  its 
awn  capillary ;  leaves  narrow,  the  lower  or  their  sheaths  often  rather  hairy. 

4.  A.  arg^nteus,  Ell.  Smooth;  culms  rather  slender  (1-3°  high); 
spikes  ill  pairs  (rarely  in  fours)  on  short  mostly  exserted  and  loosely  panicn- 


638  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

late  peduncles,  densely/  flowered  (1-2'  long),  very  silky  loith  long  bright  ichite 
hairs.    (A.  argyrasus,  Schultes.)  —  Md.  to  Va.,  near  the  coast,  and  southward. 

5.  A.  Elliottii,  Chapm.  Closely  resembling  the  last;  sheaths  and  leaves 
villous ;  upper  nodes  of  the  branches  densely  bearded.  —  Md.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.  A.  Virginicus,  L.  Culm  flattish  below,  slender  (2-3°  high),  spar- 
ingly short-branched  above,  sheaths  smooth ;  spikes  2  or  3  together  in  distant 
oppressed  clusters,  shorter  than  their  sheathing  bracts,  weak  (1'  long),  the  spike- 
lets  loose  on  the  filiform  rhachis,  the  soft  hairs  dull  white.  (A.  dissitiflorus, 
Michx.  A.  vaginatus.  Ell.,  a  form  Avith  larger  and  inflated  sheaths.)  —  Sandy 
soil,  E.  Mass.  to  Va.,  111.,  and  southward.     Sept.,  Oct. 

7.  A.  macrourus,  Michx.  Culm  stout  (2-3°  high),  bushy -branched  at 
the  s»?rtm/f,  loaded  witli  very  numerous  spikes  forming  thick  leafy  clusters; 
sheaths  rough,  tlie  uppermost  hairy ;  flowers  nearly  as  in  the  preceding ;  the 
sterile  spikelet  of  each  pair  wholly  wanting,  its  pedicel  slender  and  very  plu- 
mose.—  Low  and  sandy  grounds,  N.  Y,  to  Va.,  near  the  coast,  and  soutliward. 

8.  A.  laguroides,  DC.  Culms  slender,  tall,  the  elongated  })eduncle 
hearing  numerous  sessile  spikes  in  a  spike-like  panicle  2-4'  long;  spikes 
slender,  1'  long  or  more,  very  silky ;  spikelets  glabrous,  the  sterile  a  narrow 
convolute  empty  glume.  —  Central  Kan,  to  Tex.  and  Mex. 

-*-  4-  -1-  Spikes   digitate-clustered ,  very  silky ;  sterile  spikelet  larger  than  the 

fertile  one. 

9.  A.  Hallii,  Hackel.  Culm  stout,  2-3°  high ;  lateral  peduncles  few, 
scarcely  exserted  from  the  sheaths ;  spikes  2-5,  1-3'  long,  dense ;  spikelets 
3  -  4"  long.  —  Central  Kan.  to  Dak.,  and  Avestward. 

15.    CHRYSOPOGON,    Trim        (PL  14.) 

Spikelets  in  pairs  on  the  ramifications  of  an  open  panicle  (those  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches  in  threes),  the  lateral  ones  pedicellate,  sterile  or  often  reduced 
merely  to  their  pedicels ;  only  the  sessile  middle  or  terminal  one  fertile,  its 
glumes  coriaceous  or  indurated,  sometimes  awnless ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in 
Andropogon.    Stamens  3.    (Name  composed  of  xp^(^os,gold,  and  iruyay,  beard.) 

1.  C.  nutans,  Benth.  (Ixdiax  Grass.  Wood-Grass.)  Root  perennial ; 
culm  simple  (3-5°  high),  terete ;  leases  linear-lanceolate,  glaucous ;  sheaths 
smooth;  panicle  narrowly  oblong,  crowded  or  loose  (6-  12'  long) ;  the  perfect 
spikelets  at  length  drooping  (yellowish  or  russet-brown  and  shining),  clothed 
especially  toward  the  base  with  fawn-colored  hairs,  lanceolate,  shorter  than 
the  twisted  awn ;  sterile  spikelets  small  and  imperfect,  deciduous,  or  reduced 
to  a  mere  plumose-hairy  pedicel.  (Andropogon  avenaceus,  Michx.  Sorghum 
nutans.  Gray.)  —  Dry  soil;  common,  especially  southward. 

16.  PHALARIS,  L.  Canary-Grass.  (PI.  13.) 
Spikelets  croAvded  in  a  clustered  or  spiked  pahLle,  1-flowered.  Glumes  5, 
the  third  and  fourth  reduced  to  mere  rudiments  (a  scale  or  a  pedicel),  one  on 
each  side,  at  the  base  of  the  floAvering  glume  and  palet,  Avhich  are  flattish, 
RAvnless  and  shining,  shorter  than  the  equal  boat-shaped  and  keeled  persistent 
empty  glumes,  finally  coi-iaceous  or  cartilaginous,  and  closely  enclosing  the 
flattened  free  and  smooth  grain.  Stamens  3.  —  Leaves  broad,  mostly  flat. 
(The  ancient  name,  from  (pa\6s,  shining,  alluding  to  the  shining  seed.) 


cntAMINE.E.        ((iUASS    FAMILY.)  639 

§  1.  PIIALARIS  proper.     Panicle  very  dense,  spike4ike ;  glumes  winrj-keeled. 

P.  Canauiknsis,  L.  (Canakv-Grass.)  Aniiuiil,  1 -2°  liiu^h  ;  spike  oval; 
emptv  i^luiiu's  white  with  fi^rcen  veins,  tlie  rudinn'iitarv  ones  small  luueeolate 
scales.—  Waste  jilaees  and  roadsides;  rare.     (Adv.  Ironi  Kii.) 

§  :i.  l)f(iKAl'Il  IS.  Panicle  hranrhed,  the  ^lusters  uj)en  in  antlit^sis;  (jltitncs 
nut  wiu()((l  on  the  bark. 
1.  P.  arundinacea,  L.  (Rekd  C.)  (I'l.  l.*5,  fi<;.  l,  2.)  Perennial, 
2-4°  high;  leaves  flat  (.'3-5''  wide);  glumes  open  at  flowering,  .3-uerved, 
thriie  the  length  of  the  fertile  flower;  rudimentary  glumes  reduced  to  a  mi- 
nute hairv  scale  or  pedicel.  —  AVet  grounds;  common,  especially  northward. 
June,  July.  —  Var.  pfcTA,  the  leaves  striped  with  white,  is  the  familiar  Kib- 
bon-Grass  of  the  gardens.     (Ku.) 

17.     ANTHOXANTHUM,    L.        Sweet  Verxal-Grass.     (PI.  1.3.) 

S])iki']<'ts  spiked-j)anicled,  l-tlowered.  Glumes  o,  the  third  an.l  fourth  emjjty, 
liairy,  2-li)hed  and  awned  on  the  hack,  tlic  flowering  glume  and  palct  small, 
hyaline  and  ohtuse ;  hasal  glumes  persistent,  very  thin,  acute,  keeled,  tlie 
lower  half  as  long  as  the  upi)er.  Stjuamuhe  none.  Stamens  2.  Graiu  ovate, 
adhereut.     (Name  compounded  of  6.i'Qos,Jloir('r,  and  6.vQu)v,  ufjlowers.     L.) 

A.  odouXtum,  L.  Spikelets  (brownish  or  tinged  with  green)  spreading  at 
flowering-time;  one  middle  glume  bearing  a  bent  awn  from  near  its  base,  the 
other  short-awned  below  the  tip.  —  Mejidows,  pastures,  etc.  Low  slender 
perennial;  very  sweet  scented  in  drying.     May -July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

18.     HIEROCHLOE,     Gmelin.        Holy  Grass.     (I'l.  13.) 

Spikelets  3-flowered,open-panicled,the  Uvo  lower  (lateral)  flowers  staminate 
only,  3-audrous,  sessile,  the  carinate  glumes  often  awned  on  the  middle  of  the 
back  or  near  the  tip,  the  up])ermost  flower  perfect,  short-pedicelled,  scai'cely 
as  long  as  the  others,  2-androus,  awnless.  Basal  glumes  persistent,  carinate, 
acute,  somewhat  3-nerved,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  spikelet.  —  Perennials; 
leaves  flat.  (Name  composed  of  hp'^s,  sacred,  and  x^oi?  .V''^'^  >'  these  sweet- 
scented  grasses  being  strewn  before  the  church-doors  on  saints'  days,  in  the 
North  of  Europe.) 

1.  H.  borealis,  Poem.  &.  Schultes.  (Vaxilla  or  Seneca  Grass.)  (PI. 
13,  fig.  I,  2.)  Panicle  somewhat  one-sided,  pyramidal  (2-5'  long) ;  peduncles 
smooth ;  staminate  flowers  with  the  glume  mucronate  or  bristle-j)ointe(l  at  or 
near  the  tip;  rootstock  creeping.  —  Moist  meadows,  chiefly  northward  near 
the  coast  and  along  the  Great  Lakes.  May.  — Culm  1  -2°  high,  with  short, 
lanceolate  leaves.  Spikelets  chestnut-color;  the  staminate  flowers  strongly 
liairy-fringcd  on  the  margins,  and  the  fertile  one  at  tlie  tip.     (Eu.) 

2.  H.  alpina,  Koem.  &  Schultes.  Panicle  contracted  (1-2' long);  one 
of  the  staminate  flowers  with  its  glume  barely  pointed  or  short-awned  near 
the  tip,  the  other  long-awned  from  below  the  middle ;  lowest  leaves  very  uar- 
Tow.  —  Alpine  mountain-tops,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  and  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

19.    ARISTIDA,    L.        Triple-awxed  Grass.    (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  not  jointed  on  the  pedicels.  Outer  glumes  unequal, 
often  bristle-pointed;  the  flowering  glume  tipped  with  three  awns;  the  palet 
much  smaller.    Otherwise  much  as  iu  Stipa.  —  Culms  branching;  leaves  nar- 


640  GRAMINE.«.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

row,  often  involute.    Spikelets  in  simple  or  panicled  racemes  or  spikes.    Grain 
linear.     All  grow  in  sterile,  dry  soil,  and  all  ours  have  the  awns  naked  and 
persistent,  and  flower  late.     (Name  from  arista,  a  beard  or  awn.) 
*  Aw7is  separate  to  the  base,  not  jointed  with  the  glume. 
-t-  Awns  very  unequal ;  the  much  shorter  or  minute  lateral  ones  erect,  the  elongated 
middle  one  horizontal  or  turned  dowmvard ;  low  (5-18'  high)  and  branch- 
ing, mostly  tufted  annuals,  and  the  spikelets  in  nearly  simple  spikes. 
++  Middle  awn  more  or  less  coiled. 

1.  A.  ramosissima,  Engelm.  Culms  much  branched;  spikes  loose, 
usually  exserted ;  lower  glumes  6-10"  long,  exceeding  the  upper,  usually 
rather  strongly  3-5-nerved;  middle  awn  V  long,  soon  abruptly  hooked-re- 
curved, the  lateral  ones  1 -3"  long.  — Dry  prairies  of  111.,  Ky.,  and  Mo. — 
Also  var.  uniaristXta,  Engelm.,  with  the  lateral  awns  wanting. 

2.  A.  basiramea,  Engelm.  Spikes  closer,  mostly  enclosed  at  base,  at 
all  the  lower  nodes  (even  to  the  base  of  the  culm)  very  short  and  sessile ;  lower 
glumes  4  -  8"  long,  mostly  thin  and  1-nerved  or  rather  faintly  3-nerved ;  middle 
awn  very  slender,  6"  long,  the  lateral  2"  long.  —  111.  to  Neb.  and  Minn. 

3.  A.  dichotoma,  Michx.  (Poverty  Grass.)  Culms  low,  very  slen- 
der, much  branched  throughout,  ascending ;  spikelets  in  narrow  strict  simple 
or  compound  spikes;  lower  glumes  nearly  equal  (3-4"  long),  longer  than  the 
flowering  glume  and  fully  equalling  its  minute  lateral  awns  (or  unequal  and 
shorter,  in  var.  CuRxfssii,  Gray),  the  soon  reflexed  middle  awn  about  as  long. 
—  Dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  fields ;  common,  Maine  to  111.,  and  southward. 

++  ++  Middle  awn  nearly  sti'aight  {not  coiled). 

4.  A.  gracilis,  Ell.  Culms  slender,  erect  (6-18'  high),  naked  above  and 
terminating  in  a  slender  raceme-  or  spike-like  virgate  panicle ;  lower  glumes 
1-nerved,  about  the  length  of  the  upper,  the  exserted  lateral  awns  varying  from 
one  third  to  fully  half  the  length  of  the  horizontally  bent  middle  one :  or  in 
var.  depat'perXta,  from  one  fifth  to  one  third  its  length.  —  Sandy  soil,  coast 
of  Mass.,  and  from  111.  southward.  —  Middle  awn  3  -  9"  long  in  the  ordinary 
forms,  but  not  rarely  shorter,  and  very  variable  often  on  the  same  plant. 

•)-  H-  Awns  all  diverging  and  alike,  or  the  lateral  ones  moderately  shorter, rarely 

at  all  coiled. 
•M.  Glumes  equal  or  the  middle  one  longer. 

5.  A.  Strieta,  Michx.  Culms  (2-3°  high)  densely  tufted  from  a  peren- 
nial root,  bearing  a  (1°)  long  spiked  panicle ;  leaves  involute-thread-form,  long, 
rigid,  sometimes  downy ;  awns  about  the  length  of  the  glumes  (6")  or  the  lat- 
eral one  third  shorter.  —  Va.  and  southward. 

6.  A.  oligantha,  Michx.  Culms  (6-20' high)  tufted  from  an  annual 
root,  bearing  a  loosely  feiv-Jlowered  raceme;  leaves  short,  somewhat  involute 
when  dry;  lower  glume  3-5-nerved  (nearly  1'  long)  ;  nivns  capillary,  H-3' 
long,  much  exceeding  the  slender  spikelet.  —  Va.  to  111.,  and  common  south- 
westward. 

7.  A.  purpurea,  Xutt.  Perennial ;  culms  (1°  high  or  less)  densely  tufted, 
spreading;  leaves  revolute  and  filiform,  short;  panicle  loose,  of  rather  few 
slender-pedicellate  spikelets;  lower  glumes  thin,  1-nerved,  loose,  the  outer 


GRAMTNE.f:.        (r.RASS    FAMTI.V.)  C41 

about  half  the  length  of  the  inner,  wliich  is  8-  10  '  lon^;;  awns  2-4"  long  — 
IMinn.  and  Dak.  to  Tex.  —  Very  variable. 

■<-*  ■*-*■  Middle  f/lume  shelter  than  the  lower ;  perennials,  simple-stemmed,  2  -  4'^ high. 

8.  A.  purpurascens,  I'oir.  (PI.  8.)  Glabrous;  leaves  long,  rather 
iuv(»lute;  sijikt-kts  in  a  (10-18')  long  spiked  panicle;  lower  glumes  1-nerved; 
aims  much  longer  than  the  spikelet,  the  middle  one  about  1'  long.  —  Mass.  to 
Micii.,  Minn.,  and  southward  ;  common. 

9.  A.  lan^ta,  Poir.  Tall  and  stout;  leaves  tardily  involute,  rojK/Zj  above, 
rigid;  sheaths  woolly ;  panicle  (1  -2°  long)  spike-like  or  more  compound  and 
open;  glumes  l-nerved,  6-8"  long;  middle  awn  1'  long.  —  Del.  to  Fla. 

♦  *  Awns  united  below  into  one,  jointed  icith  the  apex  of  the  glume ;  root  annual. 

10.  A.  tubercul6sa,  Nutt.  Culm  branched  l)elow  (6-18'  high),  tumid 
at  the  joints ;  panicles  rigid,  loose,  the  branches  in  pairs,  one  of  them  short  and 
about  2-riowered,  the  other  elongated  and  several-tlowered  ;  lower  glumes  (T 
long,  including  their  slender-awned  tips)  longer  than  the  upper,  which  is 
tipped  with  the  common  stalk  (about  its  own  length)  of  the  3  equal  diver- 
gently-bent awns  (H-2'  long)  twisting  together  at  tlie  base.  —  Sandy  soil,  E. 
Mass.  to  N.  J. ;  also  Wise,  Minn.,  and  southward. 

20.     STIPA,     L.        Feather-Grass.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  terete ;  the  flower  falling  away  at  maturity  (with  the 
conspicuous  obconical  bearded  and  often  sharp-pointed  callus)  from  the  mem- 
branaceous persistent  lower  glumes.  Fertile  glumes  coriaceous,  cylindrical- 
involute  and  closely  embracing  the  smaller  palet  and  the  cylindrical  grain, 
having  a  long  and  twisted  or  tortuous  simple  awn  jointed  with  its  apex. 
Stamens  mostly  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  —  Perennials,  with  narrow  involute 
leaves  and  a  loose  panicle.  (Name  from  o-tutttj,  tow,  in  allusion  to  the  flaxen 
appearance  of  the  feathery  awns  of  the  original  species.  In  our  species  the 
awn  is  naked.) 

*  Callus  or  base  of  the  Jlower  short  and  blunt;  lower  glumes  pointless. 

1.  S.  Richardsdnii,  Link.  Culm  (1^-2°  high)  and  leaves  slender; 
panicle  loose  (4-5'  long),  with  slender  few-flowered  branches;  lower  glumes 
nearly  equal,  oblong,  acutish  (2^-4''  long),  about  equalling  the  pubescent 
linear-oldong  fertile  one,  Avhich  bears  a  tortuous  awn  6-9"  long.  —  Pleasant 
Mountain,  near  Sebago  Lake,  Maine,  Mt.  Marcy,  N.  Y.,  north  shore  of  L. 
Superior,  Mont.,  and  northward. 

«  *  Callus  pnngentlji  pointed,  at  maturiti/  villous-bearded ;  Jloxcering  glume  sleri' 
der  and  minutelij  bearded  at  the  tip ;  empty  glumes  taper-pointed. 

2.  S.  aven^cea,  L.  (Black  Oat-Grass.)  (PI.  8.)  Culm  slender  (1 - 
2*^  high);  leaves  ahnost  bristle-form;  panicle  ojien ;  fertile  glume  blackish, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  lower  ones  (about  4"  long) ;  the  awn  bent  above,  twisted 
below  (2-3'  long).  —  Dry  woods,  S.  New  Eng.  to  Wise,  and  southward. 

3.  S.  sp^rtea,  Trin.  (Porcupine  Grass.)  Culm  rather  stout  (U- 3" 
high) ;  panicle  contracted ;  fertile  glume  linear,  f-l'  long  (including  tiie  long 
callus),  pubescent  below,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  slender  subulate-pointed 

41 


642  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

greenish  lower  glumes ;  the  twisted  strong  awn  (3|  -  7'  long),  pubescent  below, 
rough  above.  —  Plains  and  prairies,  from  111.  and  N.  Mich,  northwestward. 

4.  S.  viridula,  Trin.  Culms  clustered,  1  - 3°  high  or  more;  panicle 
narrow  and  usually  dense,  6-18'  long;  glumes  very  thin,  3-4"  long;  fertile 
glume  usually  somewhat  silky,  with  a  short  callus ;  awn  1'  long,  slender,  gla- 
brous or  a  little  pubescent  below.  —  W.  Minn.,  Dak.,  and  southwestward. 

21.     O  R  Y  Z  d  P  S I  S,    Michx.        Mountain  Rice.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  nearly  terete.  Lower  glumes  herbaceous  or  thin-mem- 
branaceous,  several-nerved,  nearly  equal,  commonly  rather  longer  than  the 
oblong  flower,  which  is  deciduous  at  maturity,  and  with  a  very  short  obtuse 
callus  or  scar-like  base.  Flowering  glume  coriaceous,  at  length  involute  so 
as  closely  to  enclose  the  equal  palet  and  the  oblong  grain ;  a  simple  untwisted 
and  deciduous  awn  jointed  on  its  apex.  Stamens  3.  Squamulffi  2  or  3,  con- 
spicuous. Stigmas  plumose.  —  Perennials,  with  rigid  leaves  and  a  narrow 
raceme  or  panicle.  Spikelets  greenish,  rather  large.  (Xame  composed  of 
opu^a,  rice,  and  o/is,  likeness,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  that  grain.) 

*  Sti/les  distinct,  short ;  culm  leafj  to  the  summit;  leaves  broad  and  flat. 

1.  O.  raelanoearpa,  Muhl.  Leaves  lanceolate,  taper-pointed ;  sheaths 
bearded  in  tlie  throat ;  panicle  simple  or  sparingly  branched ;  awn  thrice  the 
lengtli  of  the  blackish  glume  (nearly  1'  long).  —  Rocky  woods,  N.  Eug.  to 
Penn.,  Minn.,  Mo.,  and  westward.     Aug.  —  Culm  2-3°  high. 

*  *  Styles  united  below,  slender ;  culms  tufted,  naked  ;  leaves  concave  or  involute. 

2.  O.  asperifdlia,  Michx.  (PI.  8,  fig.  I,  2.)  Culms  (9-18'  high),  with 
sheaths  bearing  a  mere  rudimentary  blade,  overtopped  by  tlie  lo?ig  and  rigid 
linear  leaf  from  the  base ;  very  simple  panicle  or  raceme  few-flowered ;  awn 
2-3  times  the  length  of  the  rather  hairy  whitish  glume.  —  Hillsides,  etc.,  in  rich 
woods ;  commoU;  N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  northward.  May.  —  Leaves  without 
keels,  rough-edged,  pale  beneath,  lasting  through  the  winter.  SquamuljB 
lanceolate,  almost  as  long  as  the  palet ! 

3.  O.  Canadensis,  Torr.  Culms  slender  (6-15'  high),  the  lowest 
sheaths  leaf-bearing;  leaves  involute-thread-shaped;  panicle  contracted  (1 -2' 
long),  the  branches  usually  in  pairs;  glume  pubescent,  whitish  ;  aivn  short  and 
very  deciduous,  or  wanting.  —  Rocky  hills  and  dry  plains,  Maine  to  W.  New 
Eng.,  the  m.ountains  of  Penn.,  Wise,  Minn.,  and  northward ;  rare.  May.  — 
Glumes  1  -  2"  long,  sometimes  purplish. 

22.     MILIUM,     Tourn.        Millet-Grass.     (PI.  13.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  diffusely  panicled,  not  jointed  with  their  pedicels,  con- 
sisting of  2  equal  membranaceous  convex  and  awnless  persistent  glumes,  with 
a  coriaceous  awnless  flowering  glume  and  narrow  palet.  Stamens  3.  Stig- 
mas branched-plumose.  Grain  not  grooved,  enclosed  in  its  glume  and  palet, 
all  deciduous  together.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Millet,  which  how- 
ever belongs  to  a  different  genus,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

1.  M.  efFusum,  L.  Smooth  perennial,  3-6°  high;  leaves  broad  and 
flat,  thin  ;  panicle  spreading  (6  -  9' long) ;  flower  ovoid-oblong.  —  Cold  damp 
woods  and  mountain  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  111.,  and  northward.    June.    (Eu.) 


I 


GRAMIXE.E.        (<;KA.SS    FAMILY.)  C43 

23.     MUHLENBERGIA,     Schreher.        Drop-seed  G.    (PI.  8. ) 

Spikolets  l-flowered,  in  contraeted  or  rarely  in  open  panicles.  Empty  glinne.s 
mostly  acute  or  bristle-jioiuted,  persistent,  usually  thin;  the  lower  rather 
smaller  or  minute.  Flower  very  short  stalked  or  sessile,  tl»e  glume  and  palet 
usually  minutely  bearded  at  base,  herbaceous,  deciduous  with  the  enclosed 
grain,  often  etpial,  the  glume  3-uerved,  mucrouate  or  awned  at  the  apex. 
Stamens  .3.  (Dedicated  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Henrij  Muhlenberg,  a  distinguished 
American  botanist  of  the  early  part  of  this  century.) 

§1.    MUHLENBERGIA  proper.     Panicles  contracted  or  glomerate,  on  byanrh- 

ing  rigid  culms  from  scaltf  creeping  rootstocks ;  leaves  short  and  narrow. 

*  Fluiririug  glume  barely  mucronate  or  sharp-pointed. 

1.  M.  SObolifera,  Triu,  Culms  ascending  (I -2*^  high),  rarely  branch- 
ing ;  the  simple  contracted  panicle  very  slender  or  filiform  ;  lower  glumes  barely 
pointed,  almost  equal,  one  third  shorter  than  the  Jlower ;  flowering  glume  ab- 
ruptly short-mucronate,  efjualliug  the  palet.  —  Open  rocky  woods,  Mass.  to 
Midi.,  ^liuu.,  and  southward.     Aug.  —  S])ikelets  less  than  \"  loug. 

2.  M.  glomerata,  Trin.  Culms  upright  ( 1  -3°  high),  sparingly  branched 
or  simple;  ]>anicle  (2-3'  long)  oblong-linear,  contracted  into  an  interrupted 
glomerate  spike,  long-peduucled,  the  branches  sessile ;  glumes  awned,  nearly 
equal,  aud  (with  the  bristle-like  awn)  about  twice  the  length  of  the  unequal 
very  acute  flowering  glume  and  palet.  —  Bogs  aud  wet  rocks,  common,  espe- 
cially northward.  Aug.  —  Var.  ram6sa,  Vasey.  A  stout  strict  much-branched 
leafy  form,  the  lower  glumes  but  little  longer  than  the  flower.     111.  to  Dak. 

3.  M.  Mexicana,  Trin.  Culms  ascending,  much  branched  (2-3°  high) ; 
panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  often  included  at  the  base,  contracted,  the  branches 
densely  spiked-clustered,  liueav  (green  and  purplisli);  lower  glumes  awnless, 
sharp-pointed,  unequal,  the  upper  about  the  length  of  the  very  acute  flowering 
one.  —  Low  grounds  ;  common.     Aug.     Varies  with  more  slender  panicles. 

*  *  Flowering  glume  hristle-awned  from  the  tip  ;  flowers  short-pedicelled. 

•*- Lower  glumes  long  and  bristle-pointed. 

4.  M.  sylv^tica,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (PI.  8,  fig.  1,  2.)  Culms  ascending,  much 
branched  aud  diffusely  spreading  (2-4°  long);  contracted  panicles  densely 
many-floivered ;  lower  glumes  almost  equal,  bristle-pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  the 

flowering  one,  which  bears  an  awn  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  spikelet. 
—  Low  or  rocky  woods;  common.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5.  M.  ambigua,  Torr.  Culms  a.scending,  clustered  and  branching,  1° 
high  ;  panicles  contracted,  densely  many-flowered  ;  spikelet  2-flowered,  the  up- 
per flower  like  the  lower  and  perfect,  or  more  frequently  reduced  to  a  mere 
awn  at  the  luise  of  the  lower  flower ;  lower  glumes  nearly  equal,  long-pointed  ; 
flowering  glume  villous,  as  long  as  tlie  lower  and  ecjualling  the  palet,  its  awn 
nearly  twice  longer.  —  Minn,  (shore  of  Elysian  Lake,  Waseca  Co..  Geyer).  — 
A  remarkable  s])ecies,  a])proaching  Brachyelytrum  in  the  structure  of  the 
spikelet,  but  with  wholly  the  habit  of  Muhlenbergia. 

M-  H-  Lower  glumes  short  or  minute,  not  or  scarcely  pointed. 

6.  M.  Willden6vii,  Trin.  Culms  upright  (3°  high),  slender,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched ;  contracted /;a«i'c/t  slender,  loosely  flowered ;  loicer  glumes 


644  GKAMINEiE.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

slightly  unequal,  short-pointed,  half  the  length  of  the  flowering  one,  which  bears 
an  awn  3-4  times  the  length  of  the  spikelet.  —  Rocky  woods ;  rather  com- 
mon.    Aug. 

7.  M.  diffusa,  Schreber.  (Drop-seed.  Nimble  Will.)  (PI.  8,  fig. 
3-5.)  Culms  diffusely  much  branched  (8-18'  high);  contracted  pan/c/es 
slender,  rather  loosely  many-flowered,  terminal  and  lateral ;  empty  glumes 
extremely  minute,  the  lower  obsolete,  the  upper  truncate ;  awn  once  or  twice 
longer  than  the  flowering  glume.  —  Dry  hills  and  woods,  from  S.  New  Eng. 
to  Mich.,  Iowa,  and  southward.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Spikelets  only  V  long. 

§  2.   TRICHOCHLOA.     Panicle  very  loose  and  open,  the  long  branches  and 
pedicels  capillary  ;  leaves  7iarrow,  often  convolute-bristle  form. 

8.  M.  eapillaris,  Kunth.  (Hair-Grass.)  Culm  simple,  upright  (2° 
high)  from  a  fibrous  root ;  panicle  capillary,  expanding  (6  -  20'  long,  purple) ; 
empty  glumes  unequal,  the  lower  mostly  pointless,  the  upper  more  or  less 
bristle-pointed,  one  third  or  half  the  length  of  the  long-awned  flowering  glume. 
—  Sandy  soil,  W.  New  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  southAvard.  Sept. — 
Pedicels  1-2'  long,  scarcely  thicker  than  the  awns,  which  are  about  1'  long. 

24.    BRACHYELYTRUM,    Beauv.        (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  with  a  conspicuous  filiform  pedicel  of  an  abortive  sec- 
ond flower  about  half  its  length,  nearly  terete,  few,  in  a  simple  appressed  ra- 
cemed  panicle.  Lower  glumes  unequal,  persistent,  usually  minute,  or  the 
lower  one  almost  obsolete.  Flowering  glume  and  palet  chartaceo-herbaceous, 
involute,  enclosing  tlie  linear-oblong  grain,  somewhat  equal,  rough  with  scat- 
tered short  bristles,  the  first  5-nerved,  extended  into  a  long  straight  awn,  the 
palet  2-pointed  ;  the  awn-like  sterile  pedicel  partly  lodged  in  the  groove  on  its 
back.  Stamens  2  ;  anthers  and  stigmas  very  long.  —  Perennial,  with  simple 
culms  (1-3°  high)  from  creeping  rootstocks,  downy  sheaths,  broad  and  flat 
lanceolate  pointed  leaves,  and  spikelets  -J'  long  without  the  awn.  (Name  com- 
posed of  fipaxvs,  short,  and  eKvrpov,  husk,  from  the  minute  glumes.) 

1.  B.  aristatum,  Beauv.  Rocky  woods;  common.  June.  —  Var.  En- 
gelmAnni,  Gray,  is  a  western  form,  Avith  the  second  glume  aAvn-pointed, 
nearly  half  the  length  of  the  flowering  one. 

25.     HELEOCHLOA,     Host.        (PI.  7.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  crowded  in  a  dense  spike  or  spike-like  panicle.  Lower 
glumes  persistent,  membranaceous,  acute,  ciliate-carinate,  awnless  ;  flowering 
glume  similar,  a  little  longer,  and  a  little  exceeding  the  palet.  Stamens  3.  — 
Low  cespitose  annuals ;  spike  often  scarcely  exserted  from  the  upper  sheath. 
(Name  from  eAos,  a  meadow,  and  x^oa,  grass.) 

H.  schcexoIdes,  Host.  Usually  nearly  prostrate  and  tufted ;  leaves  rather 
rigid,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point;  spike  oblong,  thick,  7-20"  long.  (Crypsis 
schcenoides.  Lam.)  —  Waste  places,  N.  J.  to  Del.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

26.     PHLEUM,    L.        Cat's-tail  Grass.     (PI.  7.) 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  in  a  very  dense  cylindrical  spike-like  panicle.  Lower 
glumes  persistent,  membranaceous,  folded-cariuate,  subtruncate,  mucronate  or 
short-awned  ;  flowering  glume  hyaline,  shorter,  truncate.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.  —  Perennials.     (From  0A,ewy,  a  Greek  name  for  a  kind  of  reed.) 


I 


CJKAMINE.i:.        ((JUASS    FAMII.V.)  G4'> 

P.  PRATEN8E,  L.  (TiMOTiiv.  IIeki»'.s-Gkas8  ill  Now  Eiig.  and  N.  Y.) 
Tall;  spike  lonfjo/Iindricai ;  lower  glumes  ciliate  on  the  hack,  tipped  with  a 
short  hristi(\  —  Moailows,  commonly  cultivated  for  hay.     (Nat.  fronj  Ku.) 

1.  P.  alpinum,  L.  Low;  spike  ovate-oblong;  lower  glumes  strongly 
ciliate  on  the  hack,  tipped  with  a  rough  aicn  about  their  own  Imrjth.  —  Alpine 
tops  of  the  White  ^lountains,  N.  II.,  and  high  northward.     (Ku.) 

27.     ALOPECURUS,     L.        Foxtail  Gkass.     (PI.  7.) 

Spikelets  I -flowered,  jointed  on  the  pedicel.  Lower  glumes  boat-shaped, 
strongly  compressed  and  keeled,  nearly  equal,  united  at  base,  equalling  or  ex- 
ceeding the  flowering  glume,  which  is  awned  on  the  back  behjw  the  middle  ; 
palct  mostly  wanting  !  Stamens  .3.  Styles  mostly  united.  Stigmas  long  and 
feathered.  —  Clusters  contracted  into  a  cylindrical  and  soft  dense  spike ;  peren- 
nial.    (Name  from  aKdjirr]^,  fox ,  and  obpd,  tail,  from  the  shape  of  the  spike.) 

A.  TRATENsis,  L.  (Mkadow  FoxTAii..)  Cului  U])right,  Smooth  (2°  high) ; 
the  ui)per  leaf  much  shorter  than  its  inflated  sheath  ;  spike  stout,  H  -  2^'  long ; 
Jlowerinq  (jlume  ctpiallinij  the  acute  lower  cjlumes  ;  awn  tJserted  mure  than  half 
its  length,  twistrd.  —  Meadows  and  pastures,  eastward.    May.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

A.  genicclAtis,  L.  (Floating  F.)  (PI.  7,  fig.  1 -4.)  Culm  ascending, 
often  bent  at  the  lower  joints ;  upper  leaf  as  long  as  its  sheath  ;  spike  slender, 
1-2'  long;  foirering  glnme  rather  shorter  than  the  obtuse  lotcer  glumes,  the  awn 
from  near  its  base  and  projecting  from  half  to  twice  its  length  beyond  it.  —  Moist 
meadows,  eastward.     June -Aug.     (Nat.  from  P^u.) 

Var.  aristulatus,  Torr.  The  awn  very  slender  and  scarcely  exserted. 
(A.  aristulatus,  Michx.)  —  In  water  and  wet  places;  common.    June- Aug. 

28.     SPORCS BOLUS,    R.Br.        Drop-seed  Grass.    Rush-Grass. 

(PI.  7.) 
Spikelcts  small,  1-  (rarely  2-)  flowered,  in  an  open  or  contracted  or  spiked 
panicle.  Lower  glumes  persistent,  1  -  3-nerved,  not  awned  or  pointed,  the 
lower  smaller ;  flowering  glume  of  the  same  texture  as  the  lower  ones 
(membranaceo-chartaceous)  aiul  usually  longer  than  they,  naked,  awnless  and 
mostly  pointless,  I-nerved  (rarely  somewhat  3-nerved) ;  pulet  similar,  2-nerved. 
Stamens  chiefly  3.  Stigmas  simply  feathery.  Grain  globular  to  oblong  or 
cylindrical,  deciduous,  often  very  thin,  containing  the  loose  seed.  —  Culms 
wiry  or  rigid.  Leaves  involute,  the  throat  usually  bearded,  and  sheaths  often 
enclosing  the  panicles.  (Name  from  airopd,  seed,  and  pdWoj,  to  cast  forth.) 
♦  Panicle  contracted,  of  en  simple  ;  grain  oval  or  oblong  ;  perennial,  except  n.  2. 

1.  S.  asper,  Kunth.  Culms  tufted  (2-4°  high);  lowest  leaves  very 
long,  rigid,  rough  on  the  edges,  tapering  to  a  long  involute  and  threa<l-like 
point,  the  upper  short,  involute ;  sheaths  partly  or  at  first  wholly  enclosing 
the  contracted  panicle;  flower  much  longer  than  the  unequal  lower  glunus; 
grain  oval  or  oblong.  (Vilfa  s^\)cxii,  Beauv.) — Sandy  fields  and  dry  hills, 
especially  southward.  Sept. —  Spikelets  2-3"  long.  Flowering  glume  and 
palet  rough  above,  smooth  or  hairy  below,  the  palct  tapering  upward,  acute, 
and  one  half  to  twice  longer  th;\u  the  glume,  or  else  obtuse  and  e(iualled  or 
even  considerably  exceeded  by  the  glume ! 

2.  S.  vaginae fl6rus,  Vasey.  (PI.  7,  fig.  4,  5.)  Culms  slender  (6-12' 
high),  ascending;  leaves  involute-awl-shaped  (1-4' long);  panicles  simple 
and  spiked,  the  lateral  and  often  the  terminal  concealed  iu  the  sheaths ;  Jiower- 


646  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

ing  glume  and  palet  somewhat  equal,  acute,  about  the  length  of  the  nearly  equal 
lower  glumes,  only  \  longer  than  the  oval  grain.  (Vilfa  vagiu^flora,  Torr.) 
—  Barren  and  sandy  dry  fields ;  common,  especially  southward.     Sept. 

3.  S.  CUSpidatUS,  Torr.  Erect  culms  and  appressed  leaves  more  slen- 
der than  in  the  preceding ;  panicle  exserted,  very  simple  and  narrow ;  spike- 
lets  smaller,  the  \o^yeT glumes  acuminate,  little  shorter  than  the  cuspidate  upper 
one.  (Vilfa  cuspidata,  Torr.)  —  Maine  (on  the  St.  John's  River,  G.  L.  Good- 
ale)  ;  also  Iowa,  INIinn.,  and  common  westward. 

4.  S.  depauperatus,  Vasey.  Resembling  n.  3,  but  the  culms  decum- 
bent at  base  and  matted,  the  leaves  short  and  usually  widely  spreading,  and 
the  lower  glumes  barely  acute,  not  half  the  length  of  the  upper  one.  —  W. 
Minn,  to  Kan.,  and  southwestward. 

5.  S.  Virginicus,  Kuuth.  Culms  tufted,  slender  (5-12'  long),  often 
procumbent,  branched ;  leaves  convolute,  rigid;  palets  rather  shorter  than  the 
nearly  equal  acute  glumes.  (Vilfa  Virgiuica,  Beauv.)  —  Sandy  seashore,  Vir- 
ginia (Clayton)  and  southward.  —  Spikelets  much  smaller  and  more  numerous 
than  in  the  others. 

6.  S.  minor,  Vasey.  Culms  tufted,  very  slender,  geniculate  and  ascend- 
ing, simple,  1^  high;  leaves  short  and  narrow;  peduncles  little  exserted  from 
the  sheaths  ;  spikelets  (li-2"  long)  in  a  very  narrow  simple  compressed  pan- 
icle (1-2'  long),  not  crowded;  glumes  and  palet  nearly  equal,  acute  or  some 
what  acuminate.  —  Va.  to  I  f.  C,  Tenn.  and  Tex. 

S.  txDicus,  R.  Br.  Culms  stout,  erect,  2 -3"^  high;  leaves  elongated,  at- 
tenuate; panicle  very  narrow,  6-18'  long,  the  densely  crowded  spikelets  ^" 
long.  —  On  ballast,  and  naturalized  southward.     (From  Trop.  Am.) 

*  *  Panicle  pyramidal,  open;  glumes  very  unequal;  grain  globose,  utricular f 

perennials. 

7.  S.  jlinCGUS,  Kunth.  Leaves  involute,  narrow,  rigid,  the  lowest  elon- 
gated; culm  (1-2°  high)  naked  above,  bearing  a  narrow  loose  panicle; 
empty  glumes  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  the  lower  one  half  as  long  as,  the  upper 
equallinq,  the  nearly  equal  flowering  glume  and  palet.  —  Dry  soil,  Penn.  to 
Wise,  and  Minn.,  and  (chiefly)  south  to  Fla.  Aug.  —  Spikelets  1-2"  long, 
shining. 

8.  S.  heterolepis,  Gray.  Leaves  involute-thread -form,  rigid,  the  lowest  as 
long  as  the  culm  (1-2°)  which  is  naked  above;  panicle  very  loose;  empty 
qlumes  very  unequal;  the  lower  aivl-shaped  (or  bristle-pointed  from  a  broad 
base)  and  somewhat  shorter,  the  upper  ovate-oblong  and  taper-pointed  and  longer, 
than  the  equal  flowering  glume  and  palet.  —  Dry  soil.  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  to  Minn., 
Neb.,  and  Mo.  Aug.  —  Plant  exhaling  an  unpleasant  scent  (Sullivant),  stouter 
than  the  last,  the  spikelets  thrice  larger.  Utricle  1"  in  diameter,  shining, 
thick  and  coriaceous ! 

9.  S.  cryptandrus,  Gray.  (PI.  7,  fig.  1-3.)  Culm  2-3°  high;  leaves 
flat,  pale  (2"  wide)  ;  the  pyramidal  lead-colored  po/uc/e  bursting  from  the  ujj- 
per  sheath  which  usually  encloses  its  base,  its  spreading  branches  hairy  in  the 
axils;  spikelets  1"  long;  upper  empty  glume  lanceolate,  rather  acute,  tivice  the 
length  of  the  lower  one,  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  flowering  glume  and  palet; 
sheaths  strongly  bearded  at  the  throat.  —  Sandy  shores,  coast  of  New  Eng. 
and  of  the  Great  Lakes,  Minn,  to  Kan.,  and  westward.    Aug.,  Sept. 


GRAMINE.*:.       (grass    FAMILY.)  C17 

10.  S.  airoides,  Torr.  Culm  tufted,  often  stout,  erect,  ^-3'^  hipli  ; 
leaves  .strongly  revolute  and  attenuate,  rather  rigid  ;  panicle  oj>en  and  diffuse, 
I)roadly  pyramidal,  glabrous;  spikelets  solitary  on  slender  pedicels,  1"  long; 
lower  glumes  unequal,  rather  obtuse.  —  Neb.  to  Tex.,  and  westward, 

S.  Asi'i:KiF6Lirs,  Thurb.,  a  .similar  but  smaller  species,  with  thinner  and 
shorter  leaves  very  rough  on  the  margin,  tlie  intiorescence  scabrous,  and  spike- 
lets  smaller,  with  the  glumes  nearly  etjual,  is  very  common  westward,  and  prob- 
ably occurs  within  our  limits  —  as  also  S.  coxFtrsrs,  Vasey  (S.  ramulosus  of 
authors,  not  Kuiith),  a  low  slender  annual,  with  very  sliort  culms  and  a  deli- 
cate diffuse  panicle,  the  very  small  spikelets  (^"  long)  on  filiform-davate 
])edicels. 

*  *  *  Kmptij  rjlumrs  almost  equal;  j>anide  racemose-elonr/ated,  oppn,  the  prcli- 
eels  capillary ;  sheatlis  naked  at  the  throat ;  sj>ikelets  not  uvj'requentl ij  two- 
Jiuirered :  perennial. 

11.  S.  COmpressuS,  Kunth.  Very  smooth,  leafu  to  the  top  ;  culms  tufted, 
stout,  vcri/  jlat :  sheaths  Hatteued,  much  longer  than  the  internodes;  leaves 
erect,  narrow,  conduplicate-channelled  ;  empty  glumes  acutish,  about  one  third 
shorter  than  the  obtuse  Howering  one.  —  Bog.s,  on  Long  Island  and  in  the 
pine-barrens  of  N.  J.  Sept.  —  Forming  strong  tussocks,  1-2°  high.  Panicle 
8-12   long  ;  si)ikclets  V  long,  purplish. 

12.  S.  serotinus,  Gray.  Smooth;  culms  very  slender,  fattish  (8-15' 
h\^h),  few-leaved  ;  leaves  very  slender,  channelled  ;  panicle  soon  much  exserted, 
the  diffuse  capillary  branches  scattered ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  flower.  —  Sandy  wet  places,  Maine  to  N.  J.  and  Mich.  Sept.  — 
A  very  delicate  grass ;  the  spikelets  half  a  line  long. 

29.  AGROSTIS,  L.  Bekt-Grass.  (PI.  7.) 
Spikelets  1-fiowered,  in  an  open  panicle.  Empty  glumes  somewhat  e(|ual, 
or  the  lower  rather  longer,  usually  longer  than  the  flowering  one,  pointless. 
Flowering  glume  and  palet  very  thin,  pointless,  naked;  the  first  3-5-nerved, 
frequently  awned  on  the  back ;  the  palet  often  minute  or  none.  Stamens 
chiefly  3.  Grain  (caryopsis)  free.  —  Culms  usually  tufted,  slender ;  root  com- 
monly perennial.     (Name  from  aypos,  ajield,  the  place  of  growth.) 

§  1.   AGTvOSTIS  proper.     Palet  manifest,  but  shorter  than  the  glume. 

A.  Alba,  L.  (Fiorix  or  "White  Bext-Grass.)  Kootstocks  creeping 
or  stoloniferous ;  culms  \-2°  high,  often  decumbent  at  base;  leaves  short, 
flat,  the  ligule  long  and  acute ;  jjanicle  contracted  after  flowering,  greenish, 
pur])lish  or  brownish,  the  I)ranches  sliglitly  rougli ;  flowering  glume  nearlv 
equalling  tlie  em])ty  ones,  3-nerved,  rarely  short-awned.  th(^  ])alft  aliout  half  as 
long.  —  Meadows  and  fields,  a  valuable  grass;  naturalized  from  ICu.  and  cul- 
tivated, and  ])erhaps  native  north  and  westward. 

Var.  vl'lgAius,  Thurb.  (Ri;i>  Tor.  IIehi>'s-Grass  of  Penn.,  etc.)  (PI.  7, 
fig.  1,  2.)  Panicle  more  or  less  sjireading  after  flowering;  ligule  shoi-t  and 
truncate.  (A.  vulgaris.  With.)  —  Low  meadows  and  pastures;  nat.  from  Eu. 
and  cultivated,  also  perhaps  indigenous. 

1.  A.  arachnoides,  Ell.  Culms  (1°  high)  and  leaves  very  slender; 
panicle  open,  weak  and  drooping;  glumes  nearly  equal,  rougliish  on  the  keel 
and  margins,  the  flowering  glume  shorter,  with  2  minute  bristles  at  the  trun- 
cate apex  and  a  long  exceedingly  delicate  awn  on  the  back  above  the  middle ; 
palet  minute.  —  Mo.  to  Ky.,  Tenn.,  and  S.  Car. 


648  GRAMINE.E.        (gRASS    FAMILY.) 

2.  A.  exarata,  Trin.  Culms  erect,  1-2°  high;  leaves  mostly  erect; 
panicle  narrow,  crowded,  greenish,  the  rays  mostly  flower-bearing  to  the  base  ; 
spikelets  1^-  2"  long ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  acute,  the  flowering  ones  shorter, 
sometimes  awued  above  the  middle.  —  Wise.  (Vasey)  to  Sask.,  and  far 
westward. 

§  2.    TRICHODIUM.     Palet  abortive,  mmute,  or  none. 

3.  A.  elata,  Trin.  Culms  firm  or  stout  (2 -3°  high);  leaves  flat  (1-2" 
wide) ;  upper  ligules  elongated  (2-3"  long) ;  spikelets  crowded  on  the  branches 
of  the  spreading  panicle  above  the  middle  (H"  long) ;  flowering  glume  awnlcss, 
slightly  shorter  than  the  rather  unequal  lower  ones ;  the  palet  wanting.  — 
Swamps,  N.  J.  and  southward.     Oct. 

4.  A.  perennans,  Tuckerm.  (Thix-Grass.)  Culms  slender,  erect  irom 
a  decumbent  Ijase  (1  -  2°  high) ;  leaves  flat  (the  upper  4-6'  long,  1  -2'''  wide) ; 
panicle  at  length  diffuselij  spreading,  pale  green ;  the  branches  short,  divided 
and  flower-bearing  from  or  below  the  middle  ;  floivering  glume  awnless  (rarely 
short-awned),  shorter  than  the  unequal  lower  ones ;  the  palet  minute  or  ob- 
solete.—  Damp  shaded  places.  July,  Aug.  — Spikelets,  etc.,  as  in  n.  5,  into 
which  it  seems  to  vary. 

5.  A.  SCabra,  WiUd.  (Hair-Grass.)  (PI.  7,  fig.  3.)  Culms  very  slen- 
der, erect  (1-2°  high) ;  leaves  short  and  narrow,  the  lower  soon  involute  (the 
upper  1-3' long,  less  than  1'' wide) ;  joanic/e  very  loose  and  divergent,  pur- 
plish, the  long  capillar  g  branches  flower-bearing  at  and  near  the  apex;  flowering 
glume  awnless  or  occasionally  short-awned  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  rather 
unequal  very  acute  empty  ones ;  the  palet  minute  or  obsolete ;  root  biennial  ? 

—  Exsiccated  places ;  common.  June  -  Aug.  —  Remarkable  for  the  long  and 
divergent  capillary  branches  of  the  extremely  loose  panicle  ;  these  are  whorled, 
rough  with  very  minute  bristles  (under  a  lens),  as  also  the  keel  of  the  glumes 
Spikelets  V  long.  A  dwarf  mountain  form  occurs,  growing  in  tufts  in  hol- 
lows of  rocks,  etc.  —  A  variety  (?)  from  about  the  White  Mountains, etc.  (var. 
montana,  Turl-erm.),  lias  a  more  or  less  exserted  awn. 

6.  A.  canina,  L.  (Brown  Bent-Grass.)  Culms  8' -2°  high;  root- 
leaves  involute-bristle-form,  those  of  the  culm  flat  and  broader ;  panicle  loose ; 
lower  glumes  slightly  unequal,  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute,  the  flowering  one 
exsertly  aicned  on  the  back  at  or  below  the  middle;  spikelets  brownish  or  pur- 
plish, rarely  pale  or  greenish  ( 1  -  1-|"  long).  —  Meadows,  sparingly  naturalized 
eastward.  A  mountain  form  Avith  shorter  and  more  spreading  panicle  (A. 
Pickeringii  &  A.  concinna,  Tuckerm.,  A.  canina,  var.  alpina,  Oakes,  &  Ed.  2, 
and  essentially  A.  rubra,  L.  ex  Wahl.,  and  A.  borealis,  Hartm.)  is  indigenous 
on  mountain-tops,  Maine  to  N.  Y. ;  also  an  ampler  form  in  the  Alleghanies  of 
Penn.  and  southward  (A.  rupe'stris.  Chapman,  etc.).     July -Aug.     (Eu.) 

30.     POLYPOGON,     Desf.        Beard-Grass.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  in  a  contracted,  mostly  spike-like  panicle.  Empty 
glumes  nearly  equal,  long-awned,  much  longer  than  the  membranaceous 
flowering  one  whicli  is  commonly  short-awned  below  the  apex.  Stamens  3. 
Grain  free.    (Name  composed  of  ttoAu,  much,  and  Trcoy^u,  beard.) 

P.  MoNSPELiENSis,  Dcsf.  Pauicle  interrupted;  lower  glumes  oblong,  the 
awn  from  a  notch  at  the  summit,  the  flowering  one  also  awned;  root  annual. 

—  Isles  of  Shoals  {Robbi7is),  ballast  heaps,  and  southward.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


GRAMINK.I-:.        (grass    FAMILY.)  649 

31.  CINNA,  L.  Wood  Ueei>-Gka88.  (PI.  8.) 
Splkelcts  1 -flowered,  muoh  flattened,  crowded  in  an  open  flaccid  panicle. 
Empty  glumes  j)ersiatent,  lanceolate,  acute,  strongly  keeled,  rough  serrulate 
on  the  keel ;  the  lower  rather  smaller,  the  upper  a  little  exceeding  the  flower, 
which  is  manifestly  stalked,  smooth  and  naked  ;  flowering  glume  much  like 
the  lower,  longer  than  the  palet,  usually  short-awned  or  mucronate  on  the 
back  below  the  pointless  apex.  Stamen  one,  opposite  the  1-nerved  palet! 
Grain  linear-oblong,  free.  —  A  perennial,  rather  sweet-scented  grass,  with 
simple  and  upright  somewhat  rced-like  culms  (2-7°  high),  bearing  an 
ample  compound  terminal  panicle,  its  branches  in  fours  or  fives ;  the  broadly 
linear-lanceolate  flat  leaves  (4-G"  wide)  with  conspicuous  ligules.  Spikelets 
green,  often  purplish-tinged.  (From  Kivua,  a  name  in  Dioscorides  for  a  kind 
of  grass.) 

1.  C.  arundin^cea,  L.  (PI.  8,  fig.  l,  2.)  Panicle  6- 15' long,  rather 
dense,  the  branches  and  pedicels  spreatling  in  flower,  afterward  erect;  spike- 
lets  2^-3"  long ;  awn  of  the  glume  either  obsolete  or  manifest.  —  Moist  wood« 
and  shaded  swamps;  rather  common.     July,  Aug. 

2.  C.  pdndula,  Trin.  Panicle  loose  and  more  slender,  the  branches  nearly 
capillary  and  drooping  in  flower;  pedicels  very  rough;  glumes  thinner,  the 
lower  less  unequal;  spikelets  li-2"long;  palet  obtuse.  (C.  arundinacea, 
var.  pendula,  Gray.)  — Deep  damp  woods,  N.  New  Eug.  to  Lake  Superior  and 
northward,  and  on  mountains  southward.     (Eu.) 

32.    APERA,    Adans. 

With  the  characters  of  Agrostis ;  distinguished  by  the  presence  of  a  second 
rudimentary  flower  in  the  form  of  a  short  bristle,  and  by  the  2-toothed  palet 
little  shorter  than  the  flowering  bifid  glume,  which  is  dorsally  awned.  —  A 
rather  late  annual,  with  narrow  flat  leaves,  and  a  contracted  or  spreading  pan- 
icle with  numerous  filiform  branches  and  very  numerous  small  shining  spike- 
lets.    (Name  from  6.ir-qpos,  u)imainieri ;  application  obscure.) 

A.  spiCA-vKNTi,  Beauv.  Spikelets  -J  -  1"  long.  —  Sparingly  naturalized. 
(Nat.  from  Eu.) 

33.     CALAMAGROSTIS,     Adans.        Reed  Bknt-G.     (PI.  8.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  and  (in  our  species)  often  with  a  pedicel  or  rudiment 
of  a  second  abortive  flower  (rarely  2-flowered),  in  an  open  or  spiked  panicle. 
Lower  glumes  mostly  membranaceous,  keeled  or  boat-shaped,  often  acute, 
commonly  nearly  equal,  and  exceeding  the  flower,  which  bears  at  the  ba.'^e 
copious  white  bristly  hairs;  flowering  glume  thin,  bearing  a  slender  awn  on 
the  back  or  below  the  tip,  or  sometimes  awnless ;  the  palet  mostly  shorter. 
Stamens  3.  Grain  free.  —  Perennials,  with  running  rootstocks,  and  mostly 
tall  and  simple  rigid  culms.  (Name  compounded  of  KuKa/xos,  a  reed,  and 
dyp6(rTis,  a  grass.) 

§  1.  DEYEUXIA.  Rudiment  of  a  second  floirer  present  in  the  form  of  a  plu- 
mose or  hairy  small  pedicel  behind  the  palet  {veri/  rarely  more  derelojyed  and 
having  a  glume  or  even  stamens)  ;  glumes  membranaceous,  or  the  floicering 
one  thin  and  delicate,  the  latter  3  -  b-nerved  and  awn-bearing. 

*  Panicle  loose  and  open,  ei'en  after  flowering  ;  the  mostly  purple-tinged  oi-  lead- 
colored  strigose-scabrous  glumes  not  closing  in  fruit ;  copious  hairs  of  thr 


650  GRAMINEiE.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

rhacliis  about  equalling  the  Jlowering  glume,  not  surpassed  by  those  of  the 
rudiment;  awn  delicate,  straight. 

1.  C.  Canadensis,  Beauv.  (Blue-Joixt  Grass.)  (PL  8,  fig.  1,  2.) 
Culm  tall  (3-5°  high);  leaves  flat  when  fresh,  glaucous;  panicle  oblong; 
glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  1|-  1^"  long;  aun  from  near  the  middle  of  the 
upper  glume,  not  exceeding  and  scared u  stouter  than  the  basal  hairs.  (Dey- 
euxia  Canadensis,  Hook,  f.)  —  Wet  grounds;  common  northward.    July. 

2.  C.  LangsdorfS.!,  Trin.  Spikelets  larger,  2-^ -3"  long;  g/wTnesZanceo- 
l ate  or  oblong-lanceolate  and  gradually  taper-pointed;  awn  stouter;  otherwise 
like  the  preceding.  (Deyeuxia  Langsdorffii,  Kunth.)  —  Mountains  of  N.  New 
Eng.,  L.  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Panicle  strict,  its  short  branches  appressed  or  erect  after  Jlowering,  and  the 
glumes  mostly  closed  ;  Jlowering  glume  less  delicate,  roughish,  sometimes  of  as 
Jirm  texture  as  the  lower  ;  awn  stouter. 

H-  Leaves  narrow,  inclined  to  be  involute;  awn  straight. 

3.  C.  Stricta,  Trln.  Panicle  glomerate  and  lohed,  strict,  2-4'  long; 
glumes  H-2"  long,  ovate-oblong,  not  acuminate;  hairs  scarcely  or  little 
shorter  than  the  flower,  and  as  long  as  those  of  the  rudiment ;  awn  from  the 
middle  of  the  thin  flowering  glume  or  lower,  and  barely  exceeding  it.  (Dey- 
euxia neglecta,  Kunth  1 )  —  Mountains  of  N.  New  Eng.,  Lake  Superior,  and 
north  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

4.  C.  Lapponica,  Trin.  Culm  and  rootstocks  stouter  than  in  C.  stricta; 
the  narrow  panicle  less  dense,  and  purplish  spikelets  larger ;  glumes  fully  2" 
long,  tapering  to  a  point;  awn  from  much  below  the  middle  of  the  glume, 
stout.  (Deyeuxia  Lapponica,  KuiUh.)  —  Isle  Eoyale,  Lake  Superior,  to  Lab., 
north  and  westAvard.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

■»-  -t-  Leaves  broader,  Jiat ;  awn  stouter,  bent,  divergent,  or  twisted  ichen  dry. 

5.  C.  conf inis,  Tsutt.  Tall;  panicle  elongated  (4-6'),  its  rather  slender 
branches  spreading  at  Jlowering-time,  afterward  appressed ;  glumes  lance- 
oblong,  very  acute,  2"  long,  pale;  hairs  ofthejiower  copious,  equal,  slightly  or 
one  third  shorter  than  the  thin  flowering  glume  and  than  those  of  the  rudi- 
ment ;  awn  borne  much  below  the  middle  of  the  glume,  somewhat  surpassing 
it;  grain  glabrous.  (Deyeuxia  confinis,  Krnith.)  —  Swamps,  N.  and  W.  JseAv 
York  (especially  Penn  Yan,  Sartwell)  and  Penn. ;  Minn.,  and  westward.    July. 

6.  C.  Nuttalliana,  Steud.  Cu]mstont  (3-5"^  high);  panicle  contracted 
and  spike-like ;  glumes  lanceolate  and  tapering  into  slender  awl-shaped  tips, 
3"  long;  hairs  on  the  lower  side  scanty  and  barely  half  the  length  of  the  Jirm 
and  keeled  Jlowering  glume,  on  the  other  side  longer  and  equalling  the  copious 
tuft  on  the  summit  of  the  rudiment ;  awn  borne  half-way  between  the  middle 
and  the  tapering  tip  of  the  glume,  stout,  not  twisted  ;  grain  bearded  at  the  top. 
(Deyeuxia  Nuttalliana,  Vasey.)  —  Moist  grounds,  E,  Nbav  Eng.  to  Penn.,  Va., 
and  southward.     Aug. 

7.  C.  Porteri,  Gray.  Culm  slender  (2-4°  high);  a  woolly-bearded  ring 
at  the  junction  of  the  broadly  linear  leaves  with  the  sheath ;  panicle  long  and 
narroiv,  with  the  branches  appressed ;  glumes  lanceolate,  acute,  pale,  2  -  2^" 
long;  hairs  of  tlie  Jioiver  and  of  the  short  rudiment  scanty,  and  both  reaching 
about  to  the  middle  of  the  flower  behind  the  palet,  but  very  short  or  none  at  the 


GRAMINE.1^.        ( GRASS    FAMILY.)  651 

base  of  the  firm-wembmnareous  Jlowerhtf/  glume,  wliith  bears  near  its  base  a 
twisted  aim  of  its  own  length.  (])eyeuxia  I'orteri,  I'aseij.)  —  Dry  •woods, 
rulj)it  Kocks  and  vicinity,  Huntingdon  Co.,  I'enn.,  Pro/.  T.  C.  Porter. 

8.  C.  Pickeringii,  Gray.  Culm  l  -  1^°  h\frh  ■  leaves  short ;  jxinick  py- 
ramidal, purjjlish;  glumes  ovate-oblong,  bluntish  or  bluntly  pointed  (1^-2" 
long)  ;  hairs  both  of  thtjiower  and  of  the  rudimdd  verji  short  and  scanty,  one 
fourth  or  fifth  the  length  of  the  flower,  none  behind  the  obtuse  flowering  glume, 
which  bears  between  its  middle  and  base  a  short  stout  (straight  or  bent,  not 
twisted)  awn.  (l)eyeuxia  Pickeringii,  ]''(isei/.)  —  White  Mts.,  in  the  alpine 
region  of  Mt.  Washington,  and  a  mure  luxuriant  form  with  smaller  spikelets 
at  Echo  Lake,  Franconia;  Audover,  Mass.  (J.  liobiuson) ;  Cape  Breton. 

§2.  CALAMOVf  LFA.  Rudiment  of  second  flower  wantitu/ ;  (jlumes  and 
palet  rather  rlmrtaceous,  compressed-keeled ;  flowering  glume  \-nerved,  en- 
tireli/  awnless ;  palet  strongly/  2-keeled  ;  panicle  at  length  open  and  loose. 

9.  C.  brevipilis,  Gray.  Branches  of  the  diffuse  pyramidal  panicle  cap- 
illary (purplish);  empty  glumes  ovate,  nmcronate ;  the  upper  .<;lightly,  the 
lower  nearly  one  half  sliorter  than  the  flowering  glume  aud  palet,  which  are 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  hairs  and  bristlij-bearded  along  the  keels. 
(Ammophila  brevipilis,  Benlh.)  —  Sandy  swamps,  pine-barrens  of  N.  J. ;  rare. 
Sept.  —  Culm  2-4°  high;  leaves  nearly  flat;  spikelets  2"  long. 

10.  C.  longifblia,  Hook.  Culm  (l -4"^  high)  stout,  from  thick  running 
rootstocks;  hares  rigid,  elongated,  involute  above  and  tapering  into  a  long 
thread-like  point ;  panicle  at  first  close,  becoming  open  and  pyramidal,  the 
branches  smooth ;  glumes  lanceolate,  the  upper  as  long  as  the  flower,  the  lower 
^  shorter ;  the  copious  hairs  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  naked  flower.  (Am- 
mophila longifolia,  Benth.)  —  Sands,  along  the  upper  Great  Lakes,  from  111. 
and  Mich,  to  Dak.,  Kan.,  and  westward.      Aug.  —  Spikelets  2^-3"  long. 

34.  AMMdPHILA,  Host.  (PI.  1.5.) 
Spikelets  large,  in  a  contracted  spike-like  panicle,  l-flowered,  with  a  pedicel- 
like rudiment  of  a  second  flower  (plumose  above),  the  flower  hairy-tufted  at 
base.  Empty  glumes  .scariou.s-chartaceous,  lanceolate,  compre.'^.sed-keeled, 
nearly  equal ;  flowering  glume  and  palet  similar,  a  little  shorter,  the  glume 
.')-ncrved,  slightly  mucronate  or  obscurely  awned  near  the  tip,  the  palet  2- 
keeled.  —  A  coarse  perennial  maritime  species,  with  running  rootstocks. 
(Name  from  fi^^os,  sand,  and  <pi\^o),  to  love.) 

1.  A.  arundin^cea,  Host.  (Ska  SAvn-RKF.n.)  Culm  stout  and  rigid 
(2-3°  high)  from  Arm  running  rootstocks  ;  leaves  long,  soon  involute  ;  panicle 
contracted  into  a  dense  cylindrical  spike  (5 -9' long);  spikelets  5 -G"  long; 
hairs  only  one  third  of  the  length  of  the  flower.  (Calamagrostis  arenaria. 
Roth.)  —  Sandy  beaches,  N.  J.  to  Maine  and  northward,  and  on  the  Great 
Lakes.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

35.    ARRHENATHERUM,     Beauv.        Oat-Grass.    (PI.  12.) 

Spikelets  open-panicled,  2-flowcrod,  with  the  rudiment  of  a  third  flower;  the 
middle  flower  perfect,  its  glume  barely  bristU'-i)()int('(l  from  near  the  tijj;  the 
lowest  flower  staminate  only,  Itcarin^  a  long  Itent  awn  below  the  middle  of 
the  back  (whence  the  name,  from  &pf>-ni',  masculine,  an<l  ad-ffp,  awn)  ; —  other- 
Avise  as  in  Avena,  of  which  it  is  only  a  jieculiar  modification. 


Qo2  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

A.  avenXceum,  Beauv.  Root  perennial;  culm  2-4°  high;  leaves  broad, 
flat ;  panicle  elongated  ;  glumes  scarious,  very  unequal.  —  Meadows  and  lots  ; 
absurdly  called  Grass  of  the  Andes.     May -July.     (Xat  from  Eu.) 

36.     HOLCUS,    L.  (partly).        Meadow  Soft-Grass.     (PI.  12.) 

Spikelets  crowded  in  an  open  panicle,  2-flowered ;  the  boat-shaped  membra- 
naceous glumes  enclosing  and  much  exceeding  the  remotish  flowers.  Lower 
flower  perfect,  its  papery  or  thin-coriaceous  glume  awnless  and  pointless ;  the 
upper  flower  staminate,  otherwise  similar,  but  bearing  a  stout  bent  aAvn  below 
the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Styles  plumose  to  the  base.  Grain  free.  (A  name  in 
Pliny  for  a  kind  of  grass,  from  uAkos,  attractive,  of  obscure  application.) 

H.  lanAtus,  L.  (Velvet-Grass.)  Perennial,  goft-dowuy  and  pale;  pan- 
icle oblong ;  upper  empty  glume  mucronate-awued  under  the  ajjex ;  awn  of 
the  staminate  flower  curved.  —  Moist  meadows.     June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

37.     A  IE.  A,     L.         Hair-Grass. 

Spikelets  very  small,  in  an  open  diffuse  panicle,  of  2  perfect  contiguous  flow- 
ers. Glumes  thin-membranaceous,  the  two  lower  persistent,  nearly  equal,  acute, 
keeled ;  the  flowering  ones  obscurely  nerved,  acutely  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  bear- 
ing a  slender  twisted  awn  below  the  middle.  Stamens  3.  Styles  plumose  to 
the  base.  Grain  oblong,  adnate.  —  Low  annuals^  with  short  setaceous  leaves 
(An  ancient  Greek  name  for  Darnel.) 

A.  CARYOPHVLLEA,  L.  Culuis  5-10'  high,  bearing  a  ren/  diffuse  panicle 
of  purplish  and  at  length  silreri/  scarious  spikelets.  —  Dry  fields,  Nantucket ; 
also  Newcastle,  Del.,  W.  M.  Canhi/.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

A.  PR.ECOx,  L.  Culms  tufted,  3-4'  high  ;  branches  of  the  small  and  dense 
panicle  appressed ;  awn  from  below  the  middle  of  the  glume.  —  Sandy  fields, 
N.  J.  to  Va. ;  rare.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

38.    DESCHAMPSIA,    Beauv.        (PI.  12.) 

Spikelets  small,  panicled,  of  2  perfect  flowers  and  the  hairy  pedicel  or  rudi 
ment  of  a  third  (rarely  staminate) ;  rhachis  hairy.  Empty  glumes  persistent, 
membranaceous  and  shining,  carinate,  acute,  nearly  equal ;  flowering  glumes 
toothed  or  erose-denticulate  at  the  truncate  summit,  usually  delicately  3-5- 
nerved,  Avith  a  slender  twisted  awn  near  or  below  the  middle.  Grain  oblong, 
free.  —  Eoot  perennial.  (Named  for  Jjoiselenr-Deslongchamps,  a  French  bot- 
anist.) 

*  Empti/  glumes  someivhat  shorter  than  thejiowers. 

1.  D.  flexu6sa,  Trin.  (Common  Hair-Grass.)  (PI.  12,  fig.  1-3.) 
Culms  slender,  nearly  naked  (1-3°  high)  above  the  small  tufts  of  involute 
bristle-form  root-leaves  (1-6' long);  branches  of  the  small  spreading  panicle 
capillary;  awn  longer  than  the  palet,  ot  length  bent  and  twisted.  (Aira  flexuosa, 
L.)  —  Dry  places;  common.     Jun-^.     (Eu.) 

2.  D.  caespitosa,  Beauv.  Culm  tufted  (2-4°  high);  leaves  flat,  linear; 
panicle  pyramidal  or  oblong  (6'  long) ;  awn  straight,  barely  equalling  the  glume. 
(Aira  cajspitosa,  L.)  —  Shores  of  lakes  and  streams;  N.  Eng.  to  Penu.,  Mich., 
and  northAvard.     June,  July.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Emptif  glumes  longer  than  the  flowers,  1-1\"  long. 

3.  D.  atropurpurea,  Scheele.  Culms  8-15'  high,  weak;  leaves  flat, 
rather  wide ;  panicle  of  few  spreading  branches ;  awn  stout,  twice  longer  than 
the  nerveless  truncate  ciliolate-deuticulate  glume.  (Aira  atropurpurea,  Wahl.) 
—  Alpine  summits  of  N.  H.  and  X.  Y.,  to  Lab.  and  northward.    Aug.    (Eu.) 


GRAMINE.E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.)  653 

39.  TRISETUM,     IVrsoon.        (IM.  12.) 

Spikelets  2 -sevoral-ttowered,  often  in  a  contracted  panicle;  the  flowering 
glume  conipresseii-keeled,  of  about  the  same  thin-niemhrunaceous  texture  as 
the  empty  glumes,  hearing  a  bent  or  Hexuous  (rarely  twisted)  awn  at  or  helow 
the  sharply  2-t(jothed  or  2-pointed  apex  (whence  the  name,  from  tris,  tiiree, 
and  S(tn^  a  bristle) ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  A  vena.     Ours  are  perennials. 

1.  T.  subspicatum,  lieauv.,  var.  moUe,  Gray.  (PI.  12,  fig.  1,  2.) 
Minuteli/  soj\-(lijicnij ;  imnicle  dense,  mncli  cuntracUd,  oblong  or  linear  (2-3' 
/ong) ;  glumes  about  the  length  of  the  2-3  smooth  flowers;  awn  dorsal,  di- 
verging, much  exserted.  —  Mountains  and  rocky  river-bauks,  N.  New  Eng.  to 
L.  Superior,  and  northward.    July.  —  About  1°  higli ;  leaves  flat,  short.    (Ku.) 

2.  T.  pallistre,  Torr.  Smooth ;  panicle  rather  long  and  narrow  (.5'  long), 
loose,  the  branches  capillar  ij ;  spikelets  JJ  at  (3"  long);  lower  glumes  shorter 
than  the  two  smooth  lanceolate  flowers ;  the  upper  flower  on  a  slightly  hairy 
joint  of  the  rhachis,  with  a  slender  spreading  or  bent  awn  next  the  short  2- 
pointed  tip,  the  lower  commonly  aicnless  or  only  mucronate-pointed.  —  Low 
grounds,  southern  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  southward.  June.  —  Culm  slender,  2-3° 
high;  leaves  flat,  short;  spikelets  yellowish-white,  tinged  with  green. 

40.  AVENA,     Tourn.        Oat.     (PI.  12.) 

Spikelets  2 -many -flowered,  panicled  ;  the  flowers  herbaceo-chartaceous,  or 
becoming  harder,  of  firmer  texture  than  the  large  and  mostly  unequal  enjpty 
glumes ;  the  uppermost  flower  imperfect ;  rhachis  and  base  of  the  flower  often 
bearded.  Flowering  glume  rounded  on  the  back,  mostly  5-11-nerved,  bear- 
ing a  long  usually  bent  or  twisted  awn  on  the  back  or  between  the  two  acute 
teeth  at  the  apex,  proceeding  from  the  mid-nerve  only.  Stamens  3.  Grain 
oblong-linear,  grooved  on  one  side,  usually  hairy  at  least  at  the  top,  free,  but 
invested  by  the  palet.     (The  cla.ssical  Latin  name.) 

*  Spikelets  large  (1'  long) ;  annual. 

A.  fAtca,  L.  Eesembling  the  common  oat  {A.  sativa),  the  few  spikelets 
in  a  loose  panicle,  mostly  pendulous;  flowering  glumes  covered  with  long 
brownish  hairs  and  bearing  a  bent  awn  1-2'  long.  —  Wise,  Minn.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

*  *  Smnlier-floivered  perennials. 

1.  A.  striata,  Michx.  (PI.  12,  fig.  1,2.)  Glabrous  and  smooth  through- 
out, slender  (1  -2°  high) ;  leaves  narrow;  ligule  short,  truncate ;  panicle  sim- 
ple, loose;  spikelets  (6"  long)  ou  capillary  pedicels,  3-6-flowered,  much 
exceeding  the  scarious-margined  purple  acute  empty  glumes;  loiccr  glume  1-, 
upper  3-nerved  ;  rhachis  smooth ;  jlowcrs  short-bearded  at  base ;  flowering  glume 
7-nerved,  much  longer  than  the  ciliate-f ringed  palet  (4"  long),  mostly  shorter 
than  its  soon  bent  or  divergent  awn,  which  rises  just  below  the  tapering  very 
shari)ly  cuspidate  2-cleft  tip.  —  Rocky,  shaded  hills,  N.  New  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  and 
northwestward.     June. 

2.  A.  Smithii,  Porter.  Taller  (2|  -  4^°  high ) ,  rather  stout ;  leaves  broadly 
linear  (3  -  6"  wide)  and  taper-pointed,  flat,  and  with  the  sheaths  and  culm  re- 
trorsclji  scabrous;  ligule  elongated,  acute;  panicle  larger  (6-12'  long),  the 
few  branches  at  length  spreading;  empty  glumes  slightly  purjilish,  the  lower 
3-nerved,  the  upper  5-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  nerves ;  rhachis  minutely  hispid , 


654  GRAMIXE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

Jloicers  (3-5)  naked  at  base;  awn  straight,  ^-^  the  length  of  the  7-nerved 
glume.  —  iST,  Mich,  and  Isle  Royale,  L.  Superior.     April,  May. 

41.  DAN  TH  ONI  A,  DC.  Wild  Oat-Grass.  (PI.  12.) 
Flowering  glume  (oblong  or  ovate,  rounded-cylindraceous,  7  -  9-nerved)  bear- 
ing between  the  sharp-pointed  or  awn-like  teeth  of  the  tip  an  awn  usually  com- 
posed of  the  3  middle  nerves,  which  is  flattish  and  spirally  twisting  at  base ; 
otherwise  nearly  as  in  Avena.  Empty  glumes  longer  than  the  imbricated 
flowers.  Ours  perennials,  1-2°  high,  Avith  narroAv  and  soon  involute  leaves, 
hairy  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat,  and  a  small  simple  panicle  or  raceme  of 
about  7-flowered  spikelets.     (Named  for  Danthoine,  a  French  botanist.) 

1.  D.  spicata,  Beam-.  (Fl.  12,  fig.  1-3.)  Culms  tufted,  low;  leaves 
short,  very  narroAv;  spikelets  few,  3-5''  long?  subspicate ;  floicering  glume 
loose!  1/  hairif,  its  teeth  short  and  pointless.  —  Dry  and  sterile  or  rocky  soil. 

2.  D.  sericea,  Nutt.  Culms  taller  and  not  tufted  (1  - 3°  high) ,  terete ; 
leaves  larger,  ai  hast  the  sheaths  silk y-v ill ous ;  spikelets  more  numerous  and 
panicled,  6-9"  long;  flowering  glume  verij  silkjj-villous,  tipped  with  slender 
aicn-pointed  teeth.  —  Dry  or  moist  sandy  soil,  southern  Mass.,  N.  J.,  and  south- 
ward ;  rare.     June. 

3.  D.  COmpressa,  Aust.  Culms  slender,  2°  high,  somewhat  compressed, 
paler  and  subcaniculate  on  the  narrower  side ;  leaves  elongated,  very  narrow, 
villous  only  at  the  summit  of  the  sheath;  spikelets  G-12,  loosely  panicled,  5" 
long ;  flowering  glume  loosely  hairy  or  pubescent,  the  teeth  very  loug-awned. 
—  Dry  banks;  Yt.  (Pringle) ;  E.  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Fenn.,  and  mountains  of  X.  C. 

42.     CYNODON,    Kichard.       Bermuda  or  Scutch-Grass.     (Fl.  9.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  a  mere  naked  short-pedicelled  rudiment  of  a  sec- 
ond flower,  imbricate-spiked  on  one  side  of  a  flattish  rhachis ;  the  spikes  usually 
digitate  at  the  naked  summit  of  the  flowering  culms.  Empty  glumes  keeled, 
pointless,  rather  unequal ;  flowering  glume  and  palet  pointless  and  awnless, 
the  glume  larger,  boat-shaped.  Stamens  3.  —  Low  diffusely  branched  and 
extensively  creeping  perennials,  with  short  flattish  leaves.  (Xame  composed 
of  Kvcav,  a  dog,  and  oSovs,  a  tooth.) 

C.  Dactylon,  Pers.  Spikes  3  -  5  ;  flowering  glume  smooth,  longer  than 
the  blunt  rudiment.  —  Fenn.,  and  southward,  where  it  is  cultivated  for  pas- 
turage.    (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

43.  CTENIUM,  Fanzer.  Toothache-Grass.  (Fl.  9.) 
Spikelets  densely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flat  curved  rha 
chis  of  the  solitary  terminal  spike.  Glumes  persistent ;  the  loAver  (interior) 
much  smaller ;  the  other  concave  below,  bearing  a  stout  recurved  awn,  like  a 
horn,  on  the  middle  of  the  back.  Flowers  4-6,  all  but  one  neutral ;  the  one 
or  two  loAver  consisting  of  empty  awned  glumes,  and  the  one  or  two  uppermost 
of  empty  awnless  glumes ;  the  perfect  flower  intermediate,  its  glume  membra- 
naceous, awned  or  mucronate  below  the  apex  and  densely  ciliate  toward  the 
base,  3-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  {'Same  Kreviov,  a  small  comb, 
from  the  pectinate  appearance  of  the  spike.) 

1.  C.  AmerieanurQ,  Spreng.  Culm  (3-4°  high  from  a  perennial  root) 
simple,  pubescent  or  roughish ;  larger  glume  warty-glandular  outside,  con- 
spicuously awned.  —  Wet  pine-barrens,  S.  Ya.  and  southward.  —  Taste  very 
pungent. 


GRAMINE.f:.       (grass    FAMILY.)  655 

44.    GYMNOPOGON,    Beauv.        (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  of  oue  perfect  iluwer,  and  the  rudiment  of  a  second  (consisting  of 
an  awn-like  pedicel  mostly  bearing  a  naked  bristle),  sessile  and  remotely  alter- 
nate on  long  filiform  rays  or  spikes,  which  form  a  crowded  naked  ra<eme. 
Glumes  lance-awl  shaped,  keeled,  almost  etjual,  rather  longer  than  the  mem- 
branaceous flowering  glume,  wliich  is  cylindrical-involute,  with  the  midrib 
])r()duced  from  just  below  the  2-cleft  apex  into  a  straight  and  slender  bristle- 
like awn;  palet  nearly  as  long,  with  the  abortive  rudiment  at  its  base.  Star 
mens  3.  Stigmas  pencil-form,  purple.  —  Root  perennial.  Leaves  short  and 
Hat,  tliickish,  1-3'  long.  (Name  compo.sed  of  yv/jLuos,  naked,  and  vuyuv,  a 
luard,  alluding  to  the  reduction  of  the  abortive  (lower  to  a  bare  awn.) 

1.  G.  racem6sus,  Beauv.  (PI.  9,  fig.  1,  2.)  Culms  clustered  from  a 
short  rootstock  (1°  high),  wiry,  leafy;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  spikes Jlower- 
bearinrj  to  the  base  (5-8'  long),  soon  divergent;  awn  of  the  abortive  flower 
shorter  than  its  stalk,  equalling  the  pointed  glumes,  not  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  awn  of  the  fertile  flower.  —  Sandy  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ya.,  and 
soutlnvard.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  G.  brevifblius,  Trin.  Filiform  spikrs  hnrj-peduncled,  i.  e.  Jiower- 
bcarinfj  only  above  the  middle ;  flowering  glume  ciliate  near  the  base,  short- 
awned  ;  arm  of  the  abortive  Jlower  obsolete  or  minute;  glumes  acute.  —  Sussex 
Co.,  Del.,  and  southward. 

45.  SCHEDONNARDUS,  Steud.  (PI.  11.) 
Spikelets  small,  acuminate,  1 -flowered,  appressed-sessile  and  scattered  along 
one  side  of  the  slender  rhachis  of  the  distant  sessile  and  divaricately  spreading 
spikes.  Empty  glumes  persistent,  narrow,  acuminate,  more  or  less  unequal, 
the  longer  usually  a  little  shorter  than  the  rather  rigid  acuminate  flowering 
one.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  linear.  —  A  low  slender  annual, 
branching  from  the  base,  with  short  narrow  leaves.  (Name  from  axf 5o*/,  near, 
and  Nnrdns,  from  its  resemblance  to  that  genus.) 

1.  S.  Texanus,  Steud.  Stem  (6-20'  long)  naked  and  curved  above» 
bearing 3- 9  racemosely  disposed  thread-like  and  triangular  sj)ikes  1  -3'  long; 
spikelets  1|"  long.  (Lepturus  paniculatus,  Nutt.)  —  Open  grounds  and  salt- 
licks, 111.  to  :Mont.,  Col.,  and  Tex.     Aug. 

46.  BOUTELOXJA,  Lagasca.  ]\rrsKfT-GR.\ss.  (PI.  9.) 
Spikelets  crowded  and  closely  sessile  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flattened 
rhachis,  comprising  one  perfect  flower  below  and  one  or  more  sterile  (mostly 
neutral)  or  rudimentary  flowers.  Glumes  convex-keeled,  the  lower  one  shorter. 
Perfect  flower  with  the  3-nerved  glume  3-toothed  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  the  2- 
nerved  palet  2-toothed ;  Jhe  teetli,  at  least  of  the  former,  pointed  or  subulate- 
awned.  Stamens  3;  anthers  orange-colored  or  red.  —  Kudimentary  flowers 
mostly  1-3-awned.  Spikes  solitary,  racemed  or  spiked;  the  rhachis  some- 
what extended  beyond  the  si)ikelets.  (Named  for  Claudius  Boutelou,  a  Span- 
ish writer  upon  floriculture  and  agriculture.) 

§  1.  CHONDROSIUM.  Spikes  pectinate,  of  ven/  mam/  spikelets,  oblong  or 
linear,  ven/  dense,  solitarij  and  terminal  or  few  in  a  raceme  ;  sterile  Jlowers 
1  -3  on  a  short  pedicel,  neutral,  consisting  q/'I  -3  scales  and  awns. 


656  GRAMINEiE.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

1.  B.  oligOStachya,  Ton-.  Glabrous,  perennial  (6-12'  high);  leaves 
very  narrow ;  spikes  1  -  5,  the  rhachis  glabrous;  glumes  all  sparingli/  soft-hairy, 
the  lobes  awl-pointed;  ster  He  flower  copiously  villous-tufted  at  the  summit  of 
the  naked  pedicel,  its  3  awns  equalling  the  larger  glume.  —  N.  W.  Wise,  to 
Dak.,  and  south  to  Tex.  and  Mex.  —  Glumes  obscurely  if  at  all  papillose  along 
the  keel,  the  middle  lobe  of  the  flowering  one  2-cleft  at  the  tip.  Sterile  flow- 
ers often  2,  the  second  mostly  a  large  awnless  scale,  becoming  hood-like  and 
coriaceous. 

2.  B.  hirsilta,  Lag.  Tufted  (8-20' high),  perennial;  leaves  flat,  I ance- 
Unear,  papilluse-hairy  or  glabrous  ;  spikes  1  -4 ;  upper  empty  glume  hispid  with 
strong  bristles /ro??i  dark  warty  glands ;  flowering  glume  pubescent,  3-cleft  into 
awl-pointed  lobes  ;  sterile  flower  and  its  pedicel  glabrous,  the  3  awns  longer  than 
the  glumes  and  fertile  flower.  —  Sandy  plains,  111.,  Wise,  Minn.,  and  south- 
westward  to  Mex. 

§  2.  ATHEROPOGOX.  Spikes  short,  numerous  in  a  long  and  virgate  one- 
sided spike  or  raceme,  spreading  or  reflexed,  each  of  few  (4-  12)  spikelets ; 
sterile  flowers  neutral,  rudimentary. 

3.  B.  racerabsa,  Lag.  (PI.  9,  fig.  1,  2.)  Culms  tufted  from  perennial 
rootstocks  (1-3°  high) ;  sheaths  often  hairy ;  leaves  narrow ;  spikes  ^  oi'  less 
in  length,  nearly  sessile,  20  -  60  in  number  in  a  loose  general  spike  (8-15' 
long) ;  flowers  scabrous ;  glume  of  the  fertile  with  3  short  awl-pointed  teeth ; 
sterile  flower  reduced  to  a  single  small  awn,  or  mostly  to  3  awns  shorter  than 
the  fertile  flower,  and  I  or  2  small  or  minute  scales.  (B.  curtipendula.  Gray.) 
—  Dry  hills  and  plains,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  and  south  to  Tex.  and  Mex. 
Julv-Sept.  —  Passes  by  transitions  into  var.  arist6sa,  with  spikes  shorter; 
sterile  flower  of  a  large  saccate  glume,  awned  at  the  2-cleft  tip  and  from  the 
literal  nerves,  the  middle  awn  exserted,  and  with  a  rudiment  of  a  palet.  —  111. 
(Geyer),  and  southward. 

47.     ELEUSINE,     Gaertu.       Ckab-Grass.     Yard-Grass.     (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  2  -  6-flowered,  with  a  terminal  imperfect  flower  or  naked  rudi- 
ment, closely  imbricate-spiked  on  one  side  of  a  flattish  rhachis ;  the  spikes 
digitate.  Glumes  membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  flowering  glume 
and  palet  awnless,  the  glume  ovate,  keeled,  larger  than  the  palet.  Stamens  3. 
Pericarp  (utricle)  containing  a  loose  wrinkled  seed.  —  Low  annuals,  with  flat 
leaves,  and  flowers  much  as  in  Poa.  (Name  from  'E\evaiv,  the  town  where 
Ceres,  the  goddess  of  harvests,  was  worshipped.) 

E.  IxDiCA,  Gaertn.  (Dog's-tail  or  AVire  Grass.)  (PI.  9,  fig.  1-6.) 
Culms  ascending,  flattened;  spikes  2-5  (about  2'  long,  greenish);  glumes 
pointless;  terminal  flower  a  mere  rudiment.  —  Yards,  etc.,  chiefly  southward. 
(Nat.  from  Ind.  ?) 

E.  ^GYPTiACA,  Pers.  (PI.  9,  fig.  1-4,  as  Dactyloctenium.)  Culms  often 
creeping  at  base ;  leaves  ciliate  at  base  ;  spikes  4  -  5  ;  ^OAver  glume  awned  and 
the  flowering  one  pointed.  (Dactyloctenium  iEgyptiacum,  Willd.)  —  Culti- 
vated fields  and  yards,  Va.,  111.,  and  southward.     (Adv.  from  Afr.  1  j 

48.     LEPTOCHLOA,    Beauv.        (PI.  15.) 

Spikelets  3  -  many-flowered  (the  uppermost  flower  imperfect),  loosely  spiked 
on  one  side  of  a  long  filiform  rhachis ;  the  spikes  racemed.  Glumes  mem- 
branaceous, keeled,  rarely  awned,  nearly  equal ;  flowering  glume  3-nerved 


GKAMINK.K.        (gRASS    FAMTT.V.)  6o7 

sometimes  simply  awned,  larger  than  the  palct.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Seed 
doselv  enclosed.  —  Ours  annuals.  Leaves  Hat.  (Name  composed  of  KfirTos, 
slender,  and  x^<^«»  r/rasa,  from  the  long  attenuated  spikes.) 

1.  li.  mucron^ta,  Kunth.  Sheaths  hairy;  spikes  numerous  (20-40, 
2-4'  in  kMi<;th),  in  a  l(jng  panicle-like  raceme  ;  spikelct.s  small;  glumes  more 
or  less  mucronate,  nearly  ecjualling  or  exceeding  the  .'J-4  awnless  ll(jwers. — 
Fields,  V'a.  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  southward.     Aug. 

49.     BUCHLOE,     Kngelm.        Blfi-alo  Gkass.     (I'l.  15.) 

Spikelets  dioecious  (rarely  mona?cious),  very  unlike;  the  .staminate  2-3- 
flowered,  sessile  in  2  rows  in  short  1 -sided  spikes,  the  empty  glumes  blunt, 
1 -nerved,  very  unequal,  the  flowering  larger,  3-nerved,  a  little  exceeding  the 
2-nerved  palet ;  fertile  spikelets  1-flowered,  in  a  contracted,  capitate,  1-sided 
spike,  the  large  outer  glumes  indurated,  3-fid  at  the  apex,  united  at  base  and 
resembling  an  involucre,  the  inner  (lower)  much  smaller  and  membranaceous, 
or  in  the  lowest  spikelet  resembling  the  outer;  flowering  glume  narrow,  hya- 
line, bifid  or  nearly  entire,  enclosing  the  2-nerved  palet.  Styles  di.'^tinct. 
Grain  ovate,  free.  —  A  perennial,  creeping  or  stoloniferous,  with  narrow  flat 
leaves;  staminate  spikes  (2-3)  in  a  pedunculate  spike,  the  pistillate  pair  ses- 
sile in  the  broad  slieaths  of  the  u])per  leaves.  (Name  a  contraction  of  Buba- 
lochlo^,  from  ^uv^aXos,  buffalo,  and  x^^^?,  .9''<'5*'-) 

1.  B.  dactyloides,  Engelm.  Low  (3-8'  high)  and  broadly  tufted; 
sterile  spikes  3-6"  long,  the  fertile  heads  3"  long.  —  Plains  of  the  Sask.  to 
Minn.,  Kan.,  and  Tex.     One  of  the  most  valuable  grasses  of  the  plains. 

50.    TRIODIA,     K.Br.        (PL  10.) 

Spikelets  3  -  12-flowered,  somewhat  terete,  the  rliachis  with  bearded  joints; 
terminal  flower  abortive.  Empty  glumes  unequal ;  flowering  glumes  mem- 
branaceous or  somewhat  chartaceous,  much  larger  than  the  2-tootlied  palet, 
convex,  2-3-tootlied  or  cleft  at  the  apex,  conspicuously  hairy -bearded  or  vil- 
lous on  the  3  strong  nerves,  of  which  the  lateral  are  marginal  or  nearly  so 
and  usually  excurrent,  as  is  the  mid-nerve  especially,  into  a  short  cusp  or  awn. 
Stamens  3.  Stigmas  dark  purple,  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  nearly  gibbous. — 
Leaves  taper-pointed  ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat.  Panicle  simple  or  com- 
pound ;  the  spikelets  often  racemose,  pur))lisli.  (Name  from  rpi-,  three,  aniX 
o5o  's,  a  tooth,  alluding  to  the  flowering  glume.) 

§  1.  TRIODIA  proper.  Glumes  shorter  than  the  rroirdeei  Jiowers,  the  JJowerinij 
one  S-cAispidate  bi/  the  projection  of  the  nerves,  and  usually/  with  intermediate 
membranaceous  teeth  :  palet  naked. 

1.  T.  ctiprea,  Jacq.  (Tall  Kkd-top.)  Perennial;  culm  upright  (3  -  5*^ 
high),  very  snjooth,  as  are  the  flat  leaves;  panicle  large  and  compound,  tiie 
rigid  capillary  brandies  spreading,  naked  below ;  spikelets  very  numerous, 
5-7-fl()wered,  shining,  ])urple  (4"  long);  the  flowering  glumes  hairy  toward 
the  base,  their  points  almost  equal,  scarcely  exceeding  the  intermediate  teeth, 
thus  appearing  .5-toothed.  (Tricuspis  seslerioides,  Torr.)  —  Dry  or  sandy 
fields,  southern  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  and  southward.  Aug.  — A  showy  grass,  with 
the  spreading  panicle  sometimes  1°  wide. 

42 


65B  GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.) 

§2.  TRIPLASIS.     Glumes  much  shorter  than  the  somewhat  remote  flowers  ; 
flowering  (jlume  and  palet  strongly  fringe-bearded,  the  glume  2-cleft  at  the 
summit,  its  mid-nerve  produced  into  an  awn  between  the  truncate  or  awn- 
pointed  divisions. 
2.   T.  purpurea,  Hack.     (Sand-Gkass.)     Culms  many  in  a  tuft  from 
the  same  annual  root,  ascending  (6-12'  high),  with  numerous  bearded  joints ; 
leaves  involute-awl  shaped,  mostly  short ;  panicles  very  simple,  bearing  few 
2-5-flowered  spikelets,  the  terminal  one  usually  exserted,  the  axillary  ones 
included  in  the  commonly  hairy  sheaths;  awn  much  shorter  than  the  glume, 
seldom  exceeding  its  eroded-truncate  or  obtuse  lateral  lobes.     (Tricuspis  pur- 
purea, Gray.)  — In  sand,  Mass.  to  Va.  along  the  coast,  and  southward;  also 
L.  Erie,  near  Buffalo,  and  111.     Aug.,  Sept.  —  Plant  acid  to  the  taste. 

51.    DIPLACHNE,    Beauv.        (PI.  9.) 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  narrow,  erect  and  scattered  along  the  slender 
rhachis  of  the  long  spicate  spikes ;  flowers  all  perfect  or  the  uppermost  stami- 
nate.  Empty  glumes  membranaceous,  carinate,  acute,  unequal;  flowering 
glume  slightly  longer,  1  -  3-nerved,  2-toothed,  and  mucronate  or  shortly  awned 
between  the  teeth.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Grain  free.  —  Coarse  grasses, 
with  narrow  flat  leaves,  and  several  or  many  slender  spikes  sessile  upon  an 
elongated  peduncle.  (Name  from  ZnrX'jos,  double,  and  axv-q,  in  the  sense  of 
chafl\  with  reference  to  the  2-lobed  glume.) 

1.  D.  fascicularis,  Beauv.  Smooth;  leaves  longer  than  the  geniculate- 
decumbent  and  branching  culms,  the  upper  sheathing  the  base  of  the  panicle- 
like spike,  which  is  composed  of  many  strict  spikes  (3-5' long);  spikelets 
slightly  pedicelled,  7  -  11-flowered,  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glumes; 
flowers  hairy-margined  toward  the  base,  the  glume  with  2  small  lateral  teeth 
and  a  short  awn  in  the  cleft  of  the  apex.  (Leptochloa  fascicularis,  Gray.)  — 
Brackish  meadows,  from  R.  I.  southward  along  the  coast,  and  from  III.  south- 
ward on  the  Missi.ssippi.     Aug. -Sept. 

52.     PHRAGMITES,     Trin.         Reed.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  3  -  7-floAvered ;  the  flowers  rather  distant,  silky-villous  at  base,  and 
with  a  conspicuous  silky -bearded  rhachis,  all  perfect  and  3-androus,  except 
the  lowest,  which  is  either  neutral  or  with  1-3  stamens,  and  naked.  Glumes 
membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  lanceolate,  keeled,  sharp-pointed, 
very  unequal ;  flowering  glume  and  palet  membranaceous,  slender,  the  glume 
narrowly  awl-shaped,  thrice  tlie  length  of  the  palet.  Squamulag  2,  large. 
Stj'les  long.  Grain  free.  —  Tall  and  stout  perennials,  with  long  running  root- 
stocks,  numerous  broad  leaves,  and  a  large  terminal  panicle.  {^payfi'iTes, 
growing  in  hedges,  which  this  aquatic  grass  does  not.) 

1 .  P.  comraunis,  Trin.  Panicle  loose,  nodding ;  spikelets  3  -  5-flowered  ; 
flowers  equalling  the  beard.  —  Edges  of  ponds.  Sept.  —  Looks  like  Broom- 
Corn  at  a  distance,  5  - 12°  high;  leaves  2'  wide.     (Eu.) 

53.    ARUNDO,    L. 

Flowers  all  perfect ;  flowering  glume  bifid,  short-awned  oetween  the  teeth. 
Otherwise  as  Phragmites.     (The  Latin  name  of  the  species.) 


I 


GUAMINE.t:.        ((;UA.SS    FAMILY.)  G50 

A.  DibxAX,  L.  Very  tall  (10-18°) ;  spikelets  3 -4-flowered.  — Closely  re- 
senibliiig  Pliragmites  coininunis.  Cultivated  for  ornament,  and  naturalized 
in  Bedford  Co.,  Va.     (.1.  IL  Curtiss.)     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

54.     MtJNROA,    Torr.        (PL  15.) 

vSpikelets  usually  3-flowered,  few  (2  -  4)  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of 
floral  leaves ;  flowers  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  abortive.  Empty  flumes 
lanceolate,  acute,  hyaline  and  1-uerved  ;  flowering  glumes  larger,  3-nerved, 
rather  rigid,  the  mid-nerve  stout,  excurrent,  the  lateral  ones  scarcely  so. — 
Low  or  jtrostrate  many-stemmed  annuals,  fasciculately  branched,  with  crowded 
short  flat  rigid  or  jmngent  leaves,  tlie  short  slieaths  strongly  striate.  (Named 
for  the  English  agrostologist,  Maj.-Gen.  WiUiam  Munro.) 

1.  M.  squarrosa,  Torr.  (Uaucous,  simewhat  pubescent  and  villous  at 
the  nodes  or  glabrous ;  leaves  3  -  12"  long.  —  Dry  plains,  central  Kan.  to  Dak., 
west  to  Mont.,  Utah,  and  New  Mex, 

55.    KCELERIA,    Pers.        (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  3-7-flowered,  crowded  in  a  dense  and  narrow  spike-like  panicle. 
Glumes  membranaceous,  compressed-keeled,  obscurely  3-uerved,  barely  acute, 
or  the  flowering  glume  often  mucronate  or  bristle-pointed ;  the  empty  ones 
moderately  unecjual,  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet.     Stamens  3.     Grain  free. 

—  Tufted  with  simple  upright  culms,  the  sheaths  often  downy;  allied  to  Dac- 
tylis  and  Poa.     (Named  for  Prof.  G.  L.  Koeler,  an  early  writer  on  Grasses.) 

1.  K.  cristata,  Pers.  Culms  1  -2°  high ;  leaves  flat,  the  lower  sparingly 
hairy  or  ciliate ;  panicle  narrowly  spiked,  interrupted  or  lobed  at  base ;  spike- 
lets 2  -  4-flowered  ;  flowering  glume  acute  or  mucronate.  —  Var.  grAcilis, 
Gray,  with  a  long  and  narrow  spike,  the  flowers  usually  barely  acute.  —  Dry 
hills,  Penn.  to  111.  and  Kan.,  thence  north  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

56.    EATONIA,    Kaf.        (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  usually  2-flowered,  with  an  abortive  rudiment  or  pedicel,  numer- 
ous, in  a  contracted  or  slender  panicle,  very  smooth.  Empty  glumes  some- 
what equal  in  length,  but  very  dissimilar,  a  little  shorter  than  the  flowers ; 
the  lower  narrowly  linear,  keeled,  1-nerved  ;  the  upper  broadly  obovate,  folded 
ronnd  the  flowers,  3-nerved  on  the  back,  not  keeled,  scarious-margined.  Flow- 
ering glume  oblong,  obtuse,  compressed-boat-shaped,  naked,  chartaceous ;  the 
palet  very  thin  and  hyaline.     Stamens  3.     Grain  linear-o])long,  not  grooved. 

—  Perennial,  tall  and  slender  grasses,  with  simple  tufted  culms,  and  often 
sparsely  downy  sheaths,  flat  lower  leaves,  and  small  greenish  (rarely  purjdish) 
spikelets.  (Named  for  Prof.  Amos  Eaton,  author  of  a  popular  Manual  of  the 
Botany  of  the  United  States,  which  was  for  a  long  time  the  only  general 
work  available  for  students  in  this  country,  and  of  other  popular  treatises.) 

*  Upper  emptji  glume  roundtd-ohovate  and  verij  ohfnse  ;  panicle  usuallt/  dense. 
1.  E.  obtusata,  Gray.  (PI.  10.)  Panicle  dense  and  contracted,  somewhat 
interru])te(l,  rarely  .slender ;  the  spikelets  crowded  on  the  short  erect  branches  ; 
upper  glume  rough  on  the  back;  flowers  lance-oblong. —  Dry  soil,  N.  Penn.  to 
ila.,  Mich.,  and  far  westward.     June,  July. 


G60  GRAMINE^.       (grass    FAMILY.) 

*  *  Glume  narrower,  sometimes  acutish  ;  panicle  more  loose  and  slender. 

2.  E.  Pennsylvanica,  Gray.  Leaves  mostly  3  -  6' long ;  panicle  long 
and  slender,  loose,  the  racemose  branches  lax  and  somewhat  elongated  ; 
glumes  thin  and  broadly  scarious,  the  lowest  half  the  length  of  the  flower, 
very  narrow,  the  upper  obtuse  or  bluntly  somewhat  pointed;  the  2  (rarely  3) 
flowers  lanceolate,  with  pointed  glumes.  —  Varies,  with  a  fuller  panicle,  6-8' 
long,  Avith  the  aspect  of  Cinna  (var.  mXjor,  Torr.) ;  and,  rarely,  with  the  lower 
palet  minutely  mucronate-pointed !  —  Moist  woods  and  meadows ;  common. 

3.  E.  Dudleyi,  Vasey.  Culms  very  slender;  leaves  shorter,  1  -2'  long; 
panicle  very  slender,  the  branches  few,  short  and  mostly  appressed ;  empty 
glumes  nearly  equal,  the  lower  oblong,  the  upper  l)roadly  elliptical,  apiculate ; 
flowering  glumes  shorter  than  in  n.  2,  acutish.  —  Long  Island  to  central  N.  Y., 
south  to  S.  C. 

57.    ERAGRdSTIS,    Beauv.        (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  2  -  70-flowered,  nearly  as  in  Poa,  except  that  the  flowering  glume 
is  but  3-  (rarely  1-)  nerved,  not  webby -haired  at  the  base,  and  is  deciduous; 
palet  persistent  on  the  rhachis  after  the  rest  of  the  flower  has  fallen.  —  Culms 
often  branching.  Leaves  linear,  frequently  involute,  and  the  ligule  or  throat 
of  the  sheath  bearded  with  long  villous  hairs.  Panicle  various.  (Name  from 
?\p,  spring,  and  aypoaris,  a  grass.) 

*  Prostrate  and  creeping,  much  branched ;  root  annual ;  spikelets  flat,  imper- 
fectlji  dioecious,  clustered,  almost  sessile,  in  the  more  fertile  plant  almost  capitate. 

1.  E.  r^ptans,  Nees.  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  10-30-flowered;  flow- 
ers lance-ovate,  acute ;  leaves  short,  almost  awl-shaped.  —  Gravelly  river- 
borders  ;  common.     Aug.  —  Flowering  branches  2-5'  high. 

*  *  Diffusely  spreading,  or  the  floicering  culms  ascending,  low  (6-15'  high), 

annual ;  spilelets  often  large,  flat,  forming  a  narrow  crowded  panicle. 

E.  MixoR,  Host.  Slieaths  often  hairy  ;  leaves  flat,  smooth  ;  spikelets  short- 
pedicelled,  lance-  or  oblong-linear,  8-20-flowered,  lead-colored  (2-5"  long); 
flowers  ovate,  obtuse,  the  lateral  nerves  becoming  evident,  and  keel  smooth. 
( E.  poa3oides,  Beauv.)  —  Sandy  waste  places,  eastward  ;  rare.    (Xat.  from  Eu.) 

E.  -aiAjor,  Host.  Sheaths  mostly  glabrous ;  spikelets  larger  (3 -10"  long), 
becoming  linear,  whitish  when  old,  10-50-flowered  ;  flowers  more  spreading, 
their  glumes  larger,  with  very  strong  lateral  nerves  and  rough  on  the  keel. 
(E.  poajoides,  var.  megastachya,  Grajj.)  —  Similar  situations,  and  more  com- 
mon.    Aug.  —  Emits  a  sharp,  unpleasant  odor.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Erect,  or  in  group  -*-  diffusely  spreading  and  ascending ;  panicle  open, 

its   branches    capillari/ ;   spikelets  proportionally  small,  sometimes   minute. 
{Number  of  flowers  in  the  spikelet  very  variable,  according  to  age,  etc.) 
•t-  Annual ;  culms  slender,  branching  and  decumbent  or  spreading  at  base;  leaves 
narrow,  flat,  soft';  branches  of  the  narrow  panicle  rather  short  and  thickly- 
flowered,  not  bearded  in  the  axils,  or  sometimes  the  lowest  sparingly. 

E.  pil6sa,  Beauv.  (PI.  10,  fig.  1-4.)  Panicle  elongated-oblong,  with 
rather  erect  branches  (except  at  flowering-time) ;  spikelets  5-12-flowered  (2- 
4"  long,  purplish-lead-color),  becoming  linear,  about  equalling  their  pedicels  ; 
empty  glumes  (small)  and  flowering  ones  obtuse,  the  latter  broadly  ovate,  l-nerred 
(lateral  nerves  obsolete).  —  Sandy  or  gravelly  waste  places,  S.  New  Eng.  to  111., 
and  southM-ard.     Aug.  —  Plant  6- 12' high.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


GRAMINE.i:.        («;RA.SS    FAMILY.)  601 

2.  E.  Fr^nkii,  Meyer.  Much  branched  and  diffuse  (3  -  8'  high) ;  panicle 
ovate-obloiig,  nitlier  dense,  spreading ;  spikelets  2  -  b-Jiowered  ( 1  -  1|"  long),  on 
slender  pedicels ;  glumes  veri/  acute;  the  ^/lowering  one  orate,  acute,  TAthcr  oh- 
scurcly  3-nerved.  —  Low  or  sandy  ground,  8.  Ponn.  In  Kan.,  and  soutlnvcst- 
ward.     Aug. 

3.  E.  Plirshii,  Schradcr.  Sparingly  branched  at  tlie  decumbent  base, 
tlien  erect  (A -2°  high);  panicle  elongated,  the  branches  widely  spreading, 
very  loose ;  spikelets  5  -  l8-Jlowered,  oblong-lanceolate,  at  length  linear  (2  - 4^" 
long),  mostlij  much  shorter  than  their  capillar ij  pedicels;  glumes  all  ovate  and 
acute,  or  the  flowering  ones  acutish,  3-neri'ed.  —  Sandy  or  sterile  open  grounds, 
Penn.  to  Mo.,  and  southwestward ;  also  introduced  northward. 

■'.-  -t-  Culms  simple,  or  branching  only  at  the  veri/  base,Jirm,  erect,  mostly  form- 
ing thick  tufts  ;  leaves  very  long ;  panicle  very  large,  compound,  often  longer 
than  the  culm,  with  elongated  loosely  flowered  branches,  their  axils  often 
bearded.     (Doubtful  perennials,  or  n.  5  annual.) 

4.  E.  tenuis,  Gray.  Panicle  virgately  elongated  ( 1  -  2^°  long),  very  loose, 
the  spreading  branches  bearded  in  some  of  the  lower  axils,  their  remote  divisions 
and  long  diverging  pedicels  capillary;  spil^elets  2-G-  (sometimes  7 -12-)  flow- 
ered, pale  or  greenish;  lower  glumes  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped ,  very  acute  (1^- 
2"  long),  membranaceous,  as  are  the  oblong-lanceolate  acute  flowers ;  flowering 
glume  distinctly  3-nerved ;  the  upper  ciliate-scabrous. —  Sandy  soil,  Ohio  to  111., 
Kan.,  and  southward.  Aug. -Oct.  —  Leaves  rather  rigid,  H-2°  long,  gla- 
brous or  sparingly  hairy ;  tlie  slieaths  hairy  or  glabrous ;  the  throat  strongly 
bearded  ;  flowers  much  larger  than  in  the  next,  fully  1^"  long. 

5.  B.  capillaris,  Nees.  Panicle  widely  expanding,  usually  much  longer 
than  the  culm,  its  spreading  branches  (mostly  naked  in  the  axils)  and  long 
diverging  pedicels  capillary;  spikelets  rather  terete,  very  small,  2-4-flowered, 
greenish  or  purplish  ;  glumes  and  fowers  ovate, acute  (less  than  1"  long) ;  fow- 
cring glume  ohi^curely  3-nerved,  scarcely  keeled  ;  the  palet  rough-ciliate.  —  Sandy 
dry  soil  and  fields  ;  common,  especially  .southward.  Aug.,  Sept.  —  Leaves  and 
sheaths  very  hairy,  or  nearly  glabrous;  the  former  about  1°  long,  not  rigid; 
panicle  1  -  2*^  long,  soon  diffuse. 

6.  E.  pectinkcea,  Gray.  Panicle  rvidely  difl)ise,  its  rigid  divergent  main 
l)ranches  bearded  in  the  axils  ;  the  capillary  pedicels  more  or  less  appressed  on 
the  secondary  branches  ;  spikelets  fat,  5-  15-flowered,  becoming  linear,  purple 
or  purplish ;  glumes  and  flowers  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acutish ;  fowering 
glume  strongly  3-nerved ;  palet  hirsute<iliate.  —  Leaves  long,  rigid,  mostly  hairy, 
the  sheaths  especially  so;  plant  1-3°  high;  spikelets  2-3"  long,  1"  wide, 
closely  flowered.  —  Var.  spectAbilis,  Gray.  Leaves  and  sheaths  mostly  gla- 
brous; branches  of  the  panicle  (the  lower  reflexed  with  age)  and  pedicels 
shorter ;  spikelets  ratlier  larger.  —  Sandy  dry  ground,  from  E.  Ma^is.  near  the 
coast,  and  from  Ohio  and  111.,  southward.     Aug. -Oct. 

7.  E.  campestris,  Trin.  Glabrous  or  the  sheaths  villous  at  the  throat ; 
culm  short,  bearing  an  elongated  and  very  open  panicle  with  divaricate  branches 
bearded  at  base;  s}>ikelcts  linear,  flat,  8-  12-flowered,  sessile  or  nearly  so  along 
the  branchlets;  glumes  very  acute  or  acuminate,  3-nerved,  roughish  on  the  keel ; 
palet  minutely  ciliate.  (E.  pectinacea,  var.  refracta,  t'hapm.  Poa  refracta. 
Ell.)  —  Del.  and  Md.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 


662  GRAMINE^.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

58.  ME  Lie  A,  L.  Melic-Grass.  (PI.  10.) 
Spikelets  2  -  8-flowered ;  the  1  -3  upper  flowers  imperfect  and  dissimilar,  con- 
volute around  each  other,  and  enwrapped  by  the  upper  fertile  flower.  Empty 
glumes  usually  large,  scarious-margined,  convex,  obtuse ;  the  upper  7-9- 
nerved.  FloAvering  glume  papery-membranaceous,  dry  and  sometimes  indu- 
rating with  age,  rounded  or  flattish  on  the  back,  5 -many-nerved,  scarious  at 
the  entire  blunt  summit.  Stamens  3.  —  Perennials  with  soft  flat  leaves.  Pan- 
icle simple  or  sparingly  branched ;  the  rather  large  spikelets  racemose-one- 
sided.    (An  old  Italian  name  for  Sorghum,  from  mel,  honey.) 

1.  M.  mutica,  Walt.  (PI.  10.)  Slender,  with  usually  narrow  leaves,  the 
panicle  often  reduced  to  a  simple  raceme ;  lower  glumes  nearly  equal  and 
almost  equalling  the  spikelet;  fertile  flowers  usually  2;  flowering  glumes 
broad,  smooth,  obtuse.  —  Rich  soil,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  west  to  Wise,  Iowa,  and  Tex. 

2.  M.  diffusa,  Pursh.  Taller,  2^  -  4°  high,  with  mostly  broader  leaves 
and  a  more  usually  compound  and  many-flowered  panicle ;  lower  glumes  more 
unequal,  the  outer  very  broad ;  fertile  flowers  usually  3 ;  flowering  glumes 
somewhat  scabrous  and  more  acute.  (M.  mutica,  var.  diffusa,  Graij.)  —  Penn. 
to  111.,  and  southward. 

59.    DIARRHENA,    Raf.        (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  several-flowered,  smooth  and  shining,  one  or  two  of  the  uppermost 
flowers  sterile.  Emjjty  glumes  ovate,  much  shorter  than  the  flowers,  coria- 
ceous ;  the  lower  much  smaller ;  flowering  glume  ovate,  convex  on  the  back, 
rigidly  coriaceous,  its  3  nerves  terminating  in  a  strong  and  abrupt  cuspidate 
or  awl-shaped  tip.  Squamulae  ovate,  ciliate.  Stamens  2.  Grain  very  large, 
obliquely  ovoid,  obtusely  pointed,  rather  longer  than  the  glume,  the  cartilagi- 
nous shining  pericarp  not  adherent  to  the  seed.  —  A  nearly  smooth  perennial, 
with  running  rootstocks,  producing  simple  culms  (2-3°  high)  with  long  linear- 
lanceolate  flat  leaves  toward  the  base,  naked  above,  bearing  a  few  short-pedi- 
celled  spikelets  (2  -  3"  long)  in  a  very  simple  panicle.  (Name  composed  of 
Sis,  two,  and  appr]v,  man,  from  the  two  stamens.) 

1.  D.  Americana,  Beauv.  Shaded  river-banks  and  woods,  Ohio  to  111., 
and  southward.     Aug. 

60.     UNI  OLA,     L.        Spike-Grass.     (PL  11.) 

Spikelets  closely  many-flowered,  very  flat  and  2-edged ;  3-6  of  the  lowest 
glumes  empty,  lanceolate,  compressed-keeled  ;  flowering  glume  coriaceo  mem- 
branaceous, strongly  laterally  compressed  and  keeled,  striate-nerved,  usually 
acute  or  pointed,  entire,  enclosing  the  much  smaller  compressed  2-keeled  palet 
and  the  free  laterally  flattened  smooth  grain.  Stamen  1  (or  in  U.  paniculata 
3).  —  Upright  smooth  perennials,  growing  in  tufts  from  strong  creeping  root- 
stocks,  with  broad  leaves  and  large  spikelets  in  an  open  or  spiked  panicle. 
(Ancient  name  of  some  plant,  a  diminutive  of  unio,  unity.) 

*  Spikelets  large  (|-2'  long),  ovate  or  oblong,  ^  -  ZO-flowered ;  panicle  open. 

1.  XT.  paniculata,  L.  (Sea  Oats.)  Culm  and  panicle  elongated  (4 - 
8°  high) ;  leaves  narrow,  when  dry  convolute  ;  spikelets  ovate,  short-pedicelled ; 
glumes  glabrous,  bluntish,  several  of  the  lower  sterile  ;  stamens  3.  —  Sand-hills 
on  the  sea  shore,  S.  Va.  and  southward. 


I 


(jRAMiNK.i:.      ((;kass  family.)  663 

2.  U.  latifblia,  Michx.  (PI.  Il.fii:.  l-.J)  Culm  2-4'^  high;  panicle 
loose;  leaves  broad  and  flat  (nearly  V  wide) ;  spikeltts  at  length  oblong,  hang- 
ing  on  long  pedicels ;  glumes  acute,  ciliate  on  the  keel,  all  hut  the  lowest  with 
perfect  monandrous  flowers.  —  Shaded  slopes,  S.  Teun.  to  111.,  and  southward. 

*  *  Sj>i/celets  small ;  panicle  contracted,  wand-like  ;  perfect  Jlowers  long-pointed. 

3.  U.  gracilis,  Michx.  Culm  3°  high,  slender;  spikelets  short-pedicelled 
(2-3"  long),  hroadly  wedge-shaped,  acute  at  base,  4  -  S-floicered ;  glumes  ovate 
and  divergently  beaked,  long,  the  3  lowest  empty. —  Sandy  soil,  from  Long 
Island  to  Va.,  near  the  coast,  and  southward.     Aug. 

61.  DISTICHLIS,     Raf.        8pike-Gra!?s.    (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  and  numerous  flowers  compressed,  crowded  in  a  densely  spiked  or 
capitate  panicle.  (Jlumes  herbaceous  or  membranaceous,  the  lower  faintly 
many-nerved ;  flowering  glumes  rather  coriaceous,  laterally  much  flattened, 
faintly  many-nerved,  acute.  Ovary  stalked.  —  Flowers  dicecious,  rather  large. 
Leaves  crowded,  involute,  usually  rigid.    (Name  from  Sicttixos,  tao-ranked.) 

1.  D.  maritima,  Raf.  Culms  tufted  from  creeping  rootstocks  (9-18' 
higli) ;  spike  oblong,  flattened  (T  long) ;  spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  .5  -  10-flow- 
ered ;  glumes  smooth  and  naked;  grain  pointed.  (Brizopyrum  spicatum, 
Hook.)  —  Salt  marshes  and  sliores.  Aug.  —  Glumes  of  the  pi.stillate  flowers 
more  rigid  and  almost  keeled ;  stigmas  very  long,  plumose ;  the  staraiuate 
glumes  smaller  and  somewhat  rounded  on  the  back. 

62.  DACTYLIS,     L.        Orchard  Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  several  flowered,  crowded  in  one-sided  clusters,  forming  a  branch- 
ing dense  panicle.  Glumes  all  herbaceous,  keeled,  awn-pointed,  rougli-ciliate 
on  the  keel ;  the  flowering  one  5-nerved,  the  ui)per  most  commonly  smaller 
and  thinner.  Stamens  3.  Grain  lance-oblong,  acute,  free.  —  Stout  tutted  per- 
ennial ;  leaves  keeled.  (Dacti/los,  a  name  in  1  liny  for  a  grass  with  digitate 
spikes,  from  Sa/cTuAos,  ajinger.) 

D.  ur.oMKK.VrA,  L.  Rough,  rather  glaucous  (3°  high);  leaves  broadly 
linear ;  branches  of  the  panicle  naked  at  base  ;  spikelets  3  -  4-flowereil.  —  Fields 
and  yards,  especially  in  shade.     June.     (Xat.  from  Ku.) 

63.     BRIZA,     L.        Quaking  Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  flattish-tumid ;  the  flowers 
closely  imbricated.  Glumes  roundish,  uneiiual,  purplish,  verv  concave  or 
ventrii'ose,  3 -5-nerved;  tlie  flowering  ventricose  on  the  Imck,  hfart-shaj)eil  at 
the  l)ase,  j)a[)ery-nienibranaceous  and  becoming  drv,  scarious-niargined,  ol>- 
scurely  many-nerved  ;  the  palet  much  smaller,  ovate,  flat.  Stamens  3.  Stig- 
mas branched-plnmose.  Grain  flattened  parallel  with  the  glumes,  adhering  to 
the  palet.  —  Leaves  flat ;  ]»anicle  loose,  diffuse,  with  large  showy  spikelets  often 
drooping  on  delicate  pedicels.     (Bp(^o,  the  (ireek  name  of  a  kiiid  of  grain.) 

B.  MEDIA,  L.  Panicle  erect,  the  branches  spreading;  spikelets  . 5  - 9-flow- 
ered  (3"  long) ;  lower  glumes  shorter  than  the  flrst  flowering  one;  root  per- 
ennial.—  I'astures;  sparingly  eastward.     June.     (Adv.  from  Ku.) 

64.     POA,     L.        Mkadow-Gkas.s.     Speak-Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  laterally  compressed,  several-  (2- 10)  flow- 
ered, in  an  open  panicle.     Empty  glumes  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers,  the 


604  GR AMINES.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

lower  smaller ;  flowering  glume  membrauaceo-herbaceous,  with  a  delicate  sca- 
rious  margiu,  compressed-keeled,  pointless,  5-nerved  (the  intermediate  nerves 
more  obscure  or  obsolete),  the  principal  nerves  commonly  clothed  with  soft 
hairs  at  and  toward  the  often  cobwebby  base ;  palet  membranaceous,  2-toothed. 
Stamens  2  or  3.  Stigmas  simply  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free.  —  Culms 
tufted,  from  perennial  roots,  except  n.  1.  Leaves  smooth,  usually  flat  and 
soft.     {U6a,  an  ancient  Greek  name  for  grass  or  fodder.) 

*  Low  and  spreadmfj  (3-6'  high)  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root,  flaccid; 

branches  of  the  short  panicle  single  or  in  pairs. 

P.  ANNUA,  L.  (Low  Spear-Gkass.)  Culms  flattened;  panicle  often  1- 
sided,  usually  short  and  pyramidal,  sometimes  more  slender  (P.  cristata, 
Chapm.) ;  spikelets  crowded,  very  short-pedicelled,  3-7-flowered.  —  Culti- 
vated and  waste  grounds,  everywhere.     April -Oct.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Low;  the  culms  (6-20'  long)  geniculate-ascendinrj  from  a  running  rootstock , 

rigid,  verij  much  flattened ;  panicle  simple  and  contracted. 

P.  coMPRESSA,  L.  (Wire-Grass.  English  Blue-Grass.)  (PI.  10,  fig. 
1-4.)  Pale,  as  if  glaucous;  leaves  short;  panicle  dense  and  narrow,  some- 
what one-sided  (1  -  3'  long),  the  short  branches  mostly  in  pairs  ;  spikelets  almost 
sessile,  3- 10-flbwered,  flat.  —  Dry,  mostly  sterile  soil,  in  waste  places;  rarely 
in  woods.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  *  Low  alpine  or  alpestrine  species,  erect,  in  perennial  tufts. 

•1-  Soft  and  flaccid,  smooth  or  nearlij  so,  even  to  the  branches  of  the  panicle  ;  leaves 

short  and  flat,  short-pointed ;  ligule  elongated. 

1.  P.  alpina,  L.  Culms  rather  stout  (8  -  14'  high) ;  leaves  broadly  linear, 
especially  those  of  the  culm  ( 1|  -  2'  long,  H  -  3"  wide)  ;  panicle  short  and  broad ; 
spikelets  broadly  ovate,  3  -  9-flowered  (about  3"  long) ;  flowering  glume  vil- 
lous on  the  midrib  and  margins.  —  N.  Maine  (?),  Isle  Koyale  and  north  shore 
of  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  laxa,  Haenke.  Culms  slender  (4  -  9'  high) ;  leaves  narrow ;  panicle 
somewhat  raceme-like,  narrow,  often  one-sided  and  nodding ;  spikelets  2  -  4-flow- 
ered,  one  half  smaller.  —  Alpine  mountain-tops  of  Maine,  N.  H.,  and  N.  New 
York,  and  high  northward.     (Eu.) 

-*-  -*-  More  strict  and  rigid,  roughish,  especiallg  the  panicle ;  ligule  short. 

3.  P.  nemoralis,  L.  Culms  6  -  20'  high  ;  leaves  narrow,  short,  soon  in 
volute ;  branches  of  the  panicle  2-5  together,  very  scabrous ;  spikelets  purplish 
(or  sometimes  pale),  2-5-flowered;  lower  glumes  ovate-lanceolate  and  taper- 
pointed,  the  flowering  lanceolate,  somewhat  webby  at  base,  villous  on  the  keel 
and  margins  below  the  middle,  its  nerves  obscure.  (P.  ca?sia,  Smith.)  ^  The 
more  common  form  has  a  usually  narrow  somewhat  nodding  panicle,  wit\  short 
ascending  branches,  the  small  pale  or  purplish  spikelets  2-flowered.  Lab.  to 
N.  Maine  and  N.  Vt. ;  Lake  Champlain  (Pringle) ;  N.  shore  of  L.  Superior 
to  N.  Iowa,  and  westward.  —  A  form  with  somewhat  stouter  and  stricter  habit, 
the  darker  or  often  pale  spikelets  3-5-flowered  (P.  cassia,  var.  strictior.  Gray), 
corresponds  nearly  to  the  European  P.  casia.  High  mountains  of  N.  H.  and 
Vt.,  and  Gardner's  Island,  L.  Champlain  ( C.  E.  Faxon),  Isle  Royale  and  N. 
shore  of  L.  Superior,  and  westward.  —  Also  a  form  with  the  branches  of  the 
short  panicle  broadly  divaricate;  N.  Wise.  [Laphavi).     (Eu.) 


CIRAMINK.*:.        ((JKASS    FAMILY.)  GO.") 

*  «  ♦  ♦  Taller  (1  -3°)  meadow  or  woodland  grasses;  panicle  open. 
■»-  SpikeJets  mosdy  vcrij  numerous  and  croicded  on  the  rather  short  rough  branches 
{usualli/  in  Jives)  oj^  the  oblong  or  pyramidal  panicle,  green,  or  sometimes 
violet-tinged ;  Jiowers  acute,  crowded,  more  or  less  webbed  at  base. 

4.  P.  ser6tina,  Ehrhart.  (False  Red-top.  Fowl  Meadow-Grass.) 
Culms  tufted  without  running  rootstocks ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  soft  and 
smooth;  ligules  elongated ;  apikelets  2-4-  (rarely  5-)  flowered  (1-2"  long),  all 
short-pedicelled  in  an  elongated  panicle,  often  tinged  with  dull  purple ;  Howers 
and  glumes  nuTTOw;  Jlowcring  glume  very  obscurely  nerved.  —  Wet  meadows 
and  low  banks  of  streams;  common,  especially  northward.  July,  Aug.  —  A 
good  grass  for  moist  meadows.     (Ku.) 

5.  P.  pratensis,  L.  (Jink  Gkass.  Spear  Grass.  Kentucky  Blue- 
Grass.)  C-ulms  sending  off  copious  running  rootstocks  from  the  base,  and  the 
sheaths  smooth  ;  ligule  short  and  blunt ;  panicle  short-pyramidal ;  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered,  crowded,  and  mostly  almost  sessile  on  the  branches,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
ovate ;  flowering  glume  5-7ierved,  hairy  on  the  margins  as  well  as  keel.  —  Common 
in  dry  soil ;  imported  for  pastures  aud  meadows.  Indigenous  in  mountain  re- 
gions from  N.  Peun.  to  New  Eng.,  and  northward.     May -July.     (Eu.) 

P.  triviAlis,  L.  (KouGHisii  Meadow-Gkass.)  Culmscrect  from  a  some- 
what decumbent  base,  but  no  distinct  running  rootstocks;  s/u-(tt/ts  and  It  ores 
more  or  less  rough  ;  ligule  oblong,  acute  ;  panicle  longer  or  with  the  brahches 
more  distant;  spikelets  mostly  3-tlowered,  broader  witwaTd;  flou-ering  glume 
prominently  5-nerved,  naked  at  the  margins ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  the  preced- 
ing. —  Moist  meadows,  etc.    July.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

•»-  •*-  Spikelets  fewer  and  more  scattered,  on  slender  pedicels;  plants  soft  and 
smooth,  flowering  early.     (No  running  rootstocks,  except  in  n.  10.) 

•*•*■  Spikelets  small  (1  -2"  long),  pale  green,  rather  loosely  2-4flowered ;  flowers 
oblong,  obtuse ;  flowering  glume  scarcely  scarious-tipped ;  culm-leaves  lance- 
linear,  acute,  1  -3'  long. 

6.  P.  sylvestris,  Gray.  Culm  flattish,  erect ;  branches  of  the  oblong- 
pyramidal  panicle  short,  numerous,  in  fives  or  more;  flowering  glumes  villous 
on  the  keel  its  whole  length,  and  on  the  margins  below  the  middle,  sparingly 
webbed  at  base.  —  Rocky  woods  and  meadows,  western  N.  Y.  to  Wise,  Kan., 
and  southward.     June. 

7.  P.  d^bilis,  Torr.  Culms  terete,  weak ;  branches  of  the  small  panicle 
few  and  slender  (the  lower  1^-2'  long  to  the  few  spikelets),  in  pairs  and  threes ; 
flowers  very  obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous,  except  a  sparing  web  at  base.  —  Rocky 
woodlands,  R.  I.  to  Penn.  and  Wi.sc.     May. 

•*-*■  ++  Spikelets  2"  long,  light  green  ;  oblong-lanceolate  flowers  and  glumes  acute, 

8.  P.  alsbdes,  Gray.  Leaves  rather  narrowly  linear,  acute,  the  upper- 
most (2^-i'  long)  often  sheathing  the  base  of  the  narrow  and  loose  panicle, 
the  capillary  branches  appressed  when  young,  mostly  in  threes  or  fours ;  flow- 
ering glume  very  obscurely  nerved,  villous  on  the  keel  below,  and  with  a  narrow 
cobwebby  tuft  at  base,  otherwise  glabrous.  —  Woods,  on  hillsides,  N.  Eng.  to 
Fenu.  and  Va.,  west  to  Wise.     May,  June. 

■M-  +H.  ++  Spikelets  larger  (3-4"  long),  pale  green,  rarely  purple-tinged,  few  and 
scattered  at  the  ends  of  the  long  capillary  branches  (mostly  in  pairs  or 
threes)  of  the  very  diffuse  panicle  ;  flowers  3-6,  loose,  obl&ng  and  obtuse,  as 


GQQ  GRAMiNE.t:.      (grass  family.) 

is  the  larger  glume ;  Jioivering  glume  conspicuously  scarious  at  the  apex, 
villous  below  the  middle  on  the  keel  and  margins;  culms  Jlattish,  smooth. 

9.  P.  jaexuosa,  Muhl.  (uut  of  Wahl.)  Culms  1-3°  high,  tufted,  its 
leaves  all  linear  (2-5'  long),  gradually  taper-pointed ;  panicle  very  effuse  (its 
branches  2-4'  long  to  the  4 -  6-flowered  spikelets  or  first  ramification) ;  flow- 
ering glume  prominendy  nerved,  no  web  at  the  base.  —  Dry  woods,  Penn.  and 
Del.  to  Ky.,  and  southward.     Feb.  -  May.  —  Near  the  last. 

10.  P.  brevifolia,  Muhl.  Culms  1  - 1^°  high  from  running  rootstocks, 
2-3-leaved,  the  upper  leaves  very  short  (i-  2'  long),  lanceolate,  all  abrupdy  cus- 
pldate-tipped ;  branches  of  the  short  panicle  mostly  in  pairs ;  spikelets  3-4- 
^oweved  ;  floicering  glume  rather  obscurely  nerved,  cobwebby  at  base.  —  Rocky 
or  hilly  woodlands,  Penn.,  Va.,  and  sparingly  westward  to  Ky.  and  111.  April, 
May.  —  Culm  scarcely  surpassing  the  long  root-leaves. 

65.    GRAPHEPHORUM,    Desv.        (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  compressed,  the  rhachis  pilose  on  one  side,  jointed, 
produced  above  the  flowers  into  a  hairy  pedicel.  Em])ty  glumes  thin-membra- 
naceous,  acute,  carinate,  mostly  nearly  equalling  the  remote  flowers ;  flowering 
glume  thin  and  membranaceous  or  scarious,  convex,  scarcely  keeled,  faintly 
nerved,  entire,  pointless  and  awnless.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  Ovary 
glabrous.  —  Perennial,  with  linear  flat  leaves,  their  sheaths  closed  at  base,  the 
spikelets  in  a  loose  panicle.  (Named  from  ypatpls,  a  pencd,  and  (pepw,  to  bear, 
from  tlie  terminal  hairy  pedicel.) 

1.  G.  melicoideum,  Desv.  Culm  1-2°  high;  leaves  roughish;  pan- 
icle open;  glumes  unequal,  lanceolate,  their  midrib  and  the  pedicels  rough.  — 
N.  Maine,  N.  Vt.,  Upper  Mich.,  and  northward  ;  rare.  —  Var.  mXjus,  Gray,  is 
a  luxuriant  form,  2-3°  high,  with  ampler  panicle;  borders  of  a  swamp,  Ma- 
comb Co.,  Mich.     Aug. 

66.     SCOLOCHLOA,    Link.        (PI.  15  ) 

Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  subterete.  Rhachis  hairy  at  the  base  of  the  flowers, 
ending  in  a  naked  pedicel.  Empty  glumes  concave,  membranaceous,  unequal, 
the  outer  3-uerved,  acute,  the  inner  5-nerved,  toothed  at  the  apex,  nearly  equal- 
ling the  flowers ;  flowering  glume  more  rigid,  prominently  7-nerved,  toothed 
at  the  apex ;  nerves  all  parallel.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  Ovary  hairy. 
—  Tall  perennials,  growing  in  water,  with  loosely  sheathing  leaves,  and  spike- 
lets in  a  lax  panicle.     (Name  probably  from  (t/cwAos,  a  prickle,  and  x^oa,grass.) 

1.  S.  festucacea,  Link.  Stout,  3-4°  high,  smooth;  leaves  rough  on 
the  margins ;  panicle  suberect ;  spikelets  3  -  4"  long.  (Festuca  borealis. 
Hook.)  —  Emmet  Co.,  Iowa  [Cratty),  and  northward. 

67.     GLYCERIA,    R.Br.        Manna-Grass.     (PL  10.) 

Spikelets  terete  or  flattish,  several  -  many-flowered ;  the  flowers  mostly  early 
deciduous  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  rhachis  into  joints,  leaving  the  short  and 
unequal  1  -3-nerved  membranaceous  lower  glumes  beliind.  Flowering  glume 
and  palet  naked,  of  a  rather  firm  texture,  nearly  equal ;  the  glume  rounded  on 
the  back,  scarious  (and  sometimes  obscurely  toothed)  at  the  blunt  or  rarely 


GRAMINE.*:.        (crass    FAMILY.)  667 

acute  summit,  glabrous,  prominently  5-7-nerved,  the  nerves  parallel  and  sep- 
arate. Squamulae  flesliy  and  trumatc,  or  none.  Stamens  commonly  2.  Styles 
present;  stigmas  conipoundly  plumose.  Ovury  smootli.  Grain  oblong,  free, 
the  furrow  very  narrow  or  none.  —  Perennial  .sni(K)th  marsh  gnu5.ses,  mostly 
with  creei)ing  bases  or  rootstocks;  spikelets  i)anicled.  (Name  from  y\vK€fi6s, 
awctt,  in  allusion  to  the  taste  of  the  grain.) 

*  Spikelets  ovate,  oblong,  or  liitearohlonfj,  I  -3"  in  Inigth, 
-V-  At  length  nodding  in  an  open  panicle,  Jlatlish  laterallij  but  turgid. 

1.  G.  Canadensis,  Trin.  (Rattlesnake-Grass.)  Culm  stout,  2-3° 
high;  leaves  long,  roughish;  panicle  oblong-pyramidal,  at  length  drooping; 
spikelets  ovate,  at  length  very  broad  and  tumid,  Briza-Iike,  2"  long,  pale,  with 
purplish  glumes ;  flowering  glume  acute  or  blunt-pointed,  firm,  with  not  very 
prominent  nerves,  longer  than  the  rounded  palet.  —  Bogs  and  wet  places ;  com- 
mon from  Teun.  to  E.  Kau.,  and  northward.    July. 

•*-  •*-  Erect  in  a  narrow  contracted  panicle,  somewhat  flattened  and  turgid. 

2.  G.  obtiisa,  Trin.  Culm  stout,  1-2°  high,  very  leafy;  leaves  long, 
smooth;  panicle  narrowlij  oblong,  dense  (3 -5' long);  spikelets  3-7-flowered, 
2-3"  long;  flowering  glume  obtuse.  —  Bogs,  E.  New  Eng.  to  Penn.  und 
southward,  near  tlie  coast. 

3.  G,  elongata,  Trin.  Leaves  very  long  (1°  or  more),  rough;  panicle 
narrowly  racemose,  elongated  (1°  long),  recurving ;  the  branches  and  3-4-flow- 
ered  spikelets  oppressed ;  flowering  glume  obtuse.  —  Wet  woods,  N.  Eng.  to 
Mich.,  Minn.,  and  northward;  Roan  Mt.,  N.  C.  (Scribner).    July- Aug. 

■♦-•<-•♦-  Diffuse ;  flower-glume  truncate-obtuse,  strongly  7 -nerved ;  palet  2-tootked. 

4.  G.  nervita,  Trin.  (Fowl  Meauow-Grass.)  (PI.  10,  fig.  1-3.) 
Culm  erect,  1-3°  high;  leaves  rather  long;  branches  of  the  loose  panicle 
capillary,  a<  length  drooping,  the  numerous  small  spikelets  {\  -  2"  long,  commonly 
purplish)  ovate-oblong,  Z-l-^Qwevad.  —  Moist  meadows ;  common.    June. 

5.  G.  pallida,  Trin.  Culms  slender,  1 -3°  long,  ascending  from  a  creep- 
ing base ;  leaves  short,  shar])-pointed,  pale ;  branches  of  the  rather  simple  panicle 
slender,  erect-spreading,  rougli ;  the  spikelets  usually  flsiv,  somewhat  aj>pressed, 
oblong-linear,  5-9-flowered  (pale,  2-3"  long);  flowering  glume  minutely  5- 
toothed ;  the  palet  lanceolate,  conspicuously  2-toothed.  —  Shallow  water ;  Maine 
to  Va.,  west  to  Ky.,  Ind.,  and  Mich. ;  common,  especially  northward.     July. 

6.  G.  gr^ndis,  Watson.  (Rekd  Meadow-Grass.)  Culm  stout,  up- 
right, 3-5°  high ;  leaves  large  (I  -2°  long,  ^-Y  wide) ;  panicle  much  branched, 
ample  (8-15'  long),  the  numerous  branches  ascending,  spreading  with  age  ;  spike- 
lets oblong  or  linear-oblong,  3- G-^OMvered  (usually  purpHsli,  2-3"  long) ;  /?ou;- 
ering  glume  entire.  (G.  aquatica  of  Amer.  authors.)  —  Wet  grounds ;  N.  Eng. 
to  western  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  westward. 

«  *  Spikelets  linear  (^-  1'  long),  pale,  appressed  on  the  bratiches  of  the  long  7iar- 
row  racemose  panicle,  terete  except  during  anthesis ;  palets  minutely  roughish, 
the  upper  2-toof  he  d ;  squamulce  unilateral  or  united  ;  ligule  long;  culm  flat- 
tened (1  -5°  high),  ascending  from  a  rooting  base,     ((ilyceria,  R.  Br.) 

7.  G.  fluitans,  R.Br.  Panicle  1°  long;  the  simple  branches  appressed, 
finally  spreading  Ijelow  ;  leaves  short  and  rather  broad,  very  smooth  ;  spikelets 


6t)B  GRAMINE.E.       (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

7  - 13- flowered ;  flowering  glume  oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  scarious  tip  acntish,  entire 
or  obscurely  3-lobed,  usually  rather  longer  than  the  blunt  palet.  —  Shallow 
water;  common.     June -Aug. 

8.  G.  acutifl6ra,  Torr.  Spikelets  5-12-flowered,  few  and  scattered; 
fioivering  glume  oblong -lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  long  tapering  point  of  the 
palet.  —  Wet  placets,  Penn.  to  Maine;  rather  rare.  June.  —  Resembles  the 
last;  but  the  erect  leaves  smaller,  the  separate  flow^ers  twice  the  length  (4" 
long),  and  less  nerved. 

68.    PUCCINELLIA,    Pari.        (PL  15.) 

Charact^ers  as  in  Glyceria,  but  the  flowering  glumes  inconspicuously  or  ob- 
soletely  5-nerved ;  squamulas  thin  and  distinct ;  stigmas  sessile  and  simply  plu- 
mose; grain  compressed,  often  broadly  furrowed.  —  Mostly  saline  species; 
perennial.     (Named  for  Prof.  Benedetto  Puccinelli,  an  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  P.  maritima.  Pari.  (Goose-Grass.  Sea  Spear-Grass.)  Root 
stoloniferous ;  culms  erect,  1  -  1^°  high;  leaves  involute,  acute  or  pungent ;  lower 
branches  of  the  narrow  panicle  often  solitary  or  in  pairs,  oppressed  or  more  or 
less  spreading ;  spikelets  3  -  6"  long,  oblong  or  linear,  4  -  9-floAvered ;  flower- 
ing glqmes  rounded  at  the  summit,  1^"  long.  (Glyceria  maritima,  Wahl. 
Atropis  maritima,  Griseb.)  —  Marshes  along  the  coast;  not  rare,  and  some- 
what variable  in  the  form  of  the  panicle  and  size  of  the  glumes.     (Eu.) 

Var.  (?)  minor,  Watson.  Culms  low  and  slender,  from  very  slender 
creeping  rootstocks ;  leaves  very  narrow  and  involute ;  ligule  long ;  panicle 
short  and  very  narrow;  spikelets  2 - 4-floAvered,  the  flowers  \"  long  or  less. — 
Shore  of  Mt.  Desert  Island  {E.  L.  Rand);  Labrador  {J.  A.  Allen).  — Froha- 
bly  rather  a  form  of  the  western  P.  airoides  (Poa  airoides,  Nutt.). 

2.  P.  distans.  Pari.  Not  stoloniferous;  culms  rather  stout,  geniculate 
below;  leaves  mostlg  flat,  short;  ligule  short;  lower  branches  of  the  panicle 
in  fours  or  fives,  usually  more  or  less  naked  at  base,  soon  spreading  and  at 
length  deflexed;  spikelets  2  -  3"  long,  3  -  6-flowered  ;  flowering  glume  trun- 
cate-obtuse, ^-1"  long.     (Glyceria  distans,  WaU.     Atropis  distans,  Griseb.) 

—  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast  and  on  ballast;  apparently  much  rarer  than 
the  last,  and  perhaps  not  native.     (En.) 

«9.     F  E  S  T  IT  C  A,     L.        Fescue-Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  3 -many-flowered,  panicled  or  racemose;  the  flowers  not  webby 
at  base.  Lower  glumes  unequal,  mostly  keeled.  Flowering  glumes  charta- 
ceous  or  almost  coriaceous,  roundish  (not  keeled)  on  the  back,  more  or  less 
3  -  .5-nerved,  acute,  pointed,  or  often  bristle-awned  from  the  tip,  rarely  blunt ; 
the  palet  mostly  adhering  at  maturity  to  the  enclosed  grain.     Stamens  1-3. 

—  Flowers,  and  often  the  leaves,  rather  dry  and  harsh.  (An  ancient  Latin 
name  of  some  kind  of  grass,  of  uncertain  meaning.) 

*  Flowers  awl-shaped,  bristle-pointed  or  aivned  from  the  tip;  panicle  contracted. 

-»-  Annuals  or  biennials,  slender,  5-18'  high  ;  leaves  convolute-bristle-form. 

"F.  MvtTRUs,  L.  Panicle  spike-like,  one  sided  ;  spikelets  about  5-flowered; 
lower  glumes  \  ery  unequal ;  awn  much  longer  than  the  flowering  glume,  fully 
6"  in  length ;  stamen  1 .  —  Dry  fields,  Nantucket,  Mass.,  to  l^el.,  and  south- 
ward.   J<4y-     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


GRAMINE.E.        ((.RASS    FAMILY.)  669 

1.  F.  ten611a,  Willd.  Panicle  spike-liko,  one-sided,  or  more  compound 
and  open;  spikolcts  7  -  13-flowered;  awn  1-3"  Ion;/  or  more,  usudlli/  shorter 
than  or  about  equalling  the  glume;  stamens  2. —  Dry  sterile  soil,  esjicciallj 
southward.     June,  July. 

-t-  •«-  Perennial,  tufted,  6-24'  high;  stamens  .3. 

2.  F.  OVina,  L.  (Sheep's  Fescle.)  Glaucous,  ^-2°  high  ;  leaves  mostly 
radical,  very  narrow  and  convolute;  panicle  somewhat  one-sided,  short,  usu- 
ally more  or  less  compound,  open  in  flowering;  spikelets  3-8-flowered  ;  awn 
not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  flower,  often  much  shorter  or  almost 
wanting.  —  Indigenous  iu  northern  New  Kng.,  about  Lake  Superior,  and 
northward;  naturalized  farther  south  as  a  pasture  grass.  June. —  Varies 
greatly.  —  Var.  vivfi'ARA,  L.  (which  with  us  has  running  rootstocks),  a  state 
with  the  spikelets  partially  converted  into  leaf,  ^hoots,  is  found  on  the  alpine 
summits  of  the  White  Mts.,  and  high  uorthwara.  —  Var.  dukiuscula,  Koch, 
is  a  tall  form,  with  spikelets  rather  larger,  usu.ally  in  a  more  compound  paui- 
de ;  culm-leaves  often  flat  or  less  convolute,  aud  the  lower  with  their  sheaths 
either  smooth  or  hairy.  New  Eng.  to  Va.,  aud  westward,  as  a  naturalized 
plant,  and  indigenous  northward.  A  native  form  of  this  variety  with  a  lax 
panicle,  2-4-flowered  spikelets,  and  slender  awns  nearly  as  long  as  the  glume 
(var.  rubra,  of  last  ed.),  is  found  on  Keweenaw  Teniusula  (Robbins)  and  Isle 
Koyale,  L.  Superior  {Oilman).     (Eu.) 

*  *  Flowers  oblong  or  lanceolate,  awnless  or  nearly  so  (1^-4"  long)  ;  grain  often 
free!     {Root  perennial ;  culms  mostlij  tall ;  leaves  flat.) 

3.  F.  nutans,  Willd.  Culm  2-4°  high,  naked  above;  leaves  broadly 
linear,  taper-pointed,  dark  green,  often  rather  hsuiry ;  panicle  of  several  long 
and  slender  spreading  branches,  mostly  in  pairs,  droopii%g  when  old,  rough, 
naked  below,  bearing  near  their  extremity  a  few  ovate  3-5-flowered  spikelets 
(3"  long)  on  pretty  long  pedicels ;  flowers  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  close  to- 
gether, coriaceous,  smooth,  very  obscurely  5-nerved.  —  Rocky  woods  and  copses. 
July.  —  A  common  form  with  the  panicle  more  or  less  contracted  and  some- 
what erect  has  been  distinguished  as  F.  Shortii. 

F.  eiAtior,  L.  (Taller  or  Meadow  Fescue.)  (PI.  10,  fig.  1  -3.)  Pani- 
cle narrow,  contracted  before  and  after  flowering,  erect,  with  short  branches ; 
spikelets  crowded,  5  -  lO-flowered  ;  flowers  rather  remote,  oblong-lanceolate; 
flowering  glume  5-nerved,  scarious-margined,  blunt,  acute,  or  rarely  with  a 
distinct  but  very  short  awn.  —  The  type  is  large,  3-4°  high  ;  spikelets  about 
6"  long,  in  an  ample  and  compound  panicle.  Rich  grass-land.  —  Var.  pra- 
TENSis,  Gray  (F.  pratensis,  Iluds.),  is  lower  (1  -3°  high),  witli  a  simpler  or 
close  panicle  of  smaller  or  narrower  spikelets,  and  abounds  in  grass-lands. 
June -Aug.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

F.  oiGANTiiA,  Vill.  Erect,  glabrous.  3  -  4°  high  ;  leaves  bright  green,  3-  G" 
broad  ;  panicle  very  loose,  nodding  ;  spikelets  3-()-liow('red  ;  llowering  glumes 
3"  long,  with  a  slender  awn  of  twice  the  lengtli.  —  Of  rare  occurrence  near  the 
coast.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

70.     B  ROM  US,     L.        Brome-Grass.     (PI.  10.) 

Spikelets  5 -many-flowered,  panicled.  Glumes  unequal,  membranaceous  ; 
the  lower  1  -  5-,  the  upper  3  -  9-uerved.     Flowering  glume  either  convex  on 


fi70  GRAMINE.*:.        (grass    FAMILY.) 

the  back  or  compressed-keeled,  5  -  9-nerved,  awued  or  bristle-pointed  from 
below  the  mostly  2-cleft  tip ;  palet  at  length  adhering  to  the  groove  of  the 
oblong  or  linear  grain.  Stamens  3.  Styles  attached  below  the  apex  of  the 
ovary.  —  Coarse  grasses,  with  large  spikelets,  at  length  drooping,  on  pedicels 
thickened  at  the  apex.  (An  ancient  name  for  the  Oat,  from  $p6fj.os,food.) 
§  1.  Flowering  glume  oblong,  turgid,  and  convex  on  the  back;  the  flowers  imbri- 
cated over  one  another  before  expansion  ;  lower  emptg  glume  distinctli/  3-5- 
nerved,  the  upper  5-9-}ierved. 

*  Perennial ;  indigenous.     Lower  glume  strongly  3-nerved,  the  upper  5-nerved. 

1.  B.  K^lmii,  Gray.  (Wild  Chess.)  Culm  slender  (H-3°  high); 
leaves  and  sheaths  conspicuously  or  sparingly  hairy ;  panicle  simple,  small 
(3-4'  long) ;  spikelets  drooping  on  capillary  peduncles,  closely  7  -  12-flowered, 
densely  silky  all  over ;  awn  only  one  third  the  length  of  the  lance-oblong 
flower ;  flowering  glume  7  -  9-nerved,  much  longer  and  larger  than  the  palet. 
—  Dry  ground,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  Mo.,  Minn.,  and  northward.     June,  July. 

*  *  Annuals  or  biennials,  introduced  into  grain-fields,  or  rarehj  in  waste  grounds, 

B,  SECALiNus,  L.  (Cheat  or  Chess.)  (PI.  10,  fig.  1,  2.)  Panicle  spread- 
ing, even  in  fruit,  the  drooping  peduncles  little  branched ;  spikelets  oblong- 
ovate,  turgid,  smooth,  of  8-10  rather  distant  flowers;  glume  rather  longer 
than  the  palet,  short-awned  or  awnless ;  sheaths  nearly  glabrous.  —  Too  com- 
mon in  wheat-fields.     June,  July.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

B.  MOLLIS,  L.  (Soft  Chess.)  Whole  plant  downy;  panicle  more  erect, 
contracted  in  fruit;  spikelets  con/ra/-ot"afe,  somewhat  flattened  ;  flowers  closely 
imbricated ;  glume  acute,  equalling  the  awn.  —  Wheat-fields,  N.  Y.  to  Va.'; 
scarce.     June.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

B.  race.m6sus,  L.  (Upright  Chess.)  Very  similar  to  the  last,  but  nearly 
glabrous  or  the  sheaths  sometimes  hairy ;  glumes  glabrous  and  shining. 
(Adv.  from  Eu.) 

§  2.  Flowering  glume  somewhat  convex,  but  keeled  and  laterally  more  or  less  com- 
pressed, at  least  above ;  flowers  soon  separating  from  each  other  ;  lower  empty 
glume  \-nerved,  the  upper  Z-nerved,  or  with  an  obscure  additional  pair. 
*  Perennial,  tall  (3-5°  high) ;  flowers  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

2.  B.  cili^tUS,  L.  Panicle  compound,  very  loose,  the  elongated  branches 
at  length  divergent,  drooping;  spikelets  7  -  12-flowered ;  flowering  glume 
tipped  with  an  awn  -J-f  its  length,  silky  with  appressed  hairs  near  the  mar- 
gins, at  least  below  (or  rarely  naked),  smooth  or  smoothish  on  the  back ;  — 
or,  in  var.  purgans,  Gray,  clothed  all  over  with  short  and  fine  appressed 
hairs.  —  River-banks  and  moist  woodlands;  common.  July,  Aug.  —  Culm 
and  large  leaves  (3  -  6"  wide)  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy ;  the  sheaths  in  the 
larger  forms  often  hairy  or  densely  downy  near  the  top.  Variable,  comprising 
several  forms. 

B.  ASPER,  L.  Culm  slender  and  panicle  smaller;  spikelets  5-9-flowered; 
glume  linear-lanceolate,  scarcely  keeled,  hairy  near  the  margins,  rather  longer 
than  the  awn  ;  sheaths  and  lower  leaves  hairy  or  downy.  —  N.  Brunswick  to 
Mich,  and  Ky.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

*  *  Annual  or  biennial;  flowers  slender;  palet pectinate-ciliate  on  the  nerves. 

B.  STERiLis,  L.  Culm  glabrous;  leaves  rather  downy;  panicle  open; 
spikelets  on  elongated  nearly  straight  simple  peduncles,  of  5-9  rather  distant 
7-nerved  roughish  linear-awl-sliaped  loug-awned  flowers  (awn  1'  long). — 
Waste  places  and  river-banks,  E.  i.lass.  to  Penn. ;  rare.    June.    (Nat.  from  Eu.) 


GRAMiNP:.f:.      ((;ka.S8  family.')  671 

B.  tect6ium,  L.  Leaves  short;  panicle  lax,  somewhat  Isided,  the  more 
miinernus  pubescent  spikelets  ou  very  slender  curving  pedicels.  —  More  com- 
mon, N.  Kug.  to  I'enu.  and  N.  Y.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

71.     liOLIUM,     L.         I).vKNi:r..     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  solitary  ou  each  joint  of  tiie  contiimous  rhachis, 
placed  edgewi.se;  emj)ty  glumes,  except  in  the  terminal  spikelet,  onlv  one 
(the  upper)  and  external.  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Agroj)yrum.  (Ancient 
Latin  name.) 

L.  I'KUENNK,  L.  (Common  Darnel,  Ray- or  Hvi:-Gk.\ss.)  Root  peren- 
nial ;  fjlume  shorter  than  thr  spikelet ;  Jiotrers  8-  1.').  awnless  or  sometimes  short- 
awned.  —  Fields  and  lots;  eastward.     June.     (Nat.  from  Eu.) 

L.  TEMULENTUM,  L.  (Beahdei)  Daunel.)  Root  anuual ;  culm  taller; 
outer  (jlnme  full ji  equalling  the  5  -  7-flowered  spikelet ;  awn  lomjer  than  the  jlower 
{V  long).  —  Grain-fields;  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

72.  AGROPYRUM,  Gaertn.  (PI.  11.) 
Spikelets  3- many-flowered,  compressed,  2-ranked,  alternate  on  opposite 
sides  of  a  solitary  terminal  spike,  single  at  each  joint  (the  lowermost,  or  all, 
rarely  in  pairs)  and  sessile  with  the  side  against  the  axis.  Glumes  trans- 
verse (i.  e.  right  and  left),  nearly  equal  and  opposite,  lanceolate,  herbaceous, 
nerved.  Flowering  glumes  rigid,  convex  on  the  back,  .5-7-nerved,  pointed 
or  awned  from  the  tip;  palet  flattened,  bristly-ciliate  on  the  nerves,  adherent 
to  the  groove  of  the  grain.  Stamens  3.  —  Our  species  rather  coarse  perennials, 
of  difficult  definition.  (Name  from  ayp6s,  ajield,  and  wvp6s,  wheat.) 
*  Multipli/ing  hj  long  running  rootstocks ;  aivn  shorter  than  the  Jlower  or  none. 

1.  A.  ripens,  Beauv.  (Couch-,  Quitch-,  or  Qiick-Grass.)  Spikelets 
4-8-jlou-ered,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  glumes  3-7-nerved;  rhachis  glabrous, 
but  rough  on  the  edges ;  awns  when  present  straight ;  leaves  flat  and  often 
roughish  or  pubescent  above.  (Triticum  repens,  L.)  —  Nat.  from  Europe  in 
cultivated  grounds,  fields,  etc.,  and  very  troublesome  ;  indigenous  in  some  of 
its  forms  northwestward  and  on  the  coast,  —  Varies  greatly.  The  ordinary 
form  has  a  narrow  spike,  with  3-5-fiowered  spikelets,  the  glumes  merely 
acute  and  rigid-cuspidate,  or  acuminate,  or  short-awned.  A  tall  form,  rather 
bright  green,  bears  awns  nearly  as  long  as  the  glumes.  Other  forms  abound, 
especially  ou  or  near  the  coast.  A  maritime  variety,  much  resembling  var. 
glaucum,  Z?o/s.s.  (A.  glaucum,  /?.  <j-  S.),  with  large  crowded  .5- 10-flowered 
spikelets  and  glumes  very  blunt  or  mucronate,  glaucous  and  the  leaves 
rather  rigid  and  pungent,  occurs  on  the  coa.st  of  Maine  (Cape  Elizabeth, 
Tuckerman).  In  the  more  usual  form  of  this  variety,  with  the  large  spikes 
often  elongated  (3-9')  and  the  leaves  less  rigid,  the  glumes  are  acuminate 
or  rarely  short-awned.  The  rhachis  or  the  whole  inflorescence  and  the  lower 
sheaths  are  sometimes  very  pubescent.  The  glabrous  state,  or  a  very  similar 
glabrous  variety,  is  al.so  abundant  in  the  western  region,  from  Kan.  and  Neb. 
to  Dak.,  and  westward,  where  it  is  known  as  Blue-joint  or  Blue-stem.     (Eu.) 

2.  A.  dasystachyum,  Va.sey.  Resembling  the  last ;  glaucous;  leaves 
narrow  and  often  involute;  the  .5 - 9-flowered  spikelets  denseli/  doicnij-hairy  all 
over;  glumes  thinner  with  scarious  margins,  mostly  long-acuminate.  (Triti- 
cum dasystachyum.  Gray.)  —  Sandy  shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  Superior,  and 
northward.     Aug. 


672  GRAMINE.E.        (GRASS    FAMILY.) 

*  *  A^o  obvious  running  rootstocks,  glabrous,  or  the  flat  and  rnughish  leaves  some' 
times  hairy  above ;  glumes  as  well  as  flowers  mostl g  awned  or  awn-poiuted. 

3.  A.  violaceum,  Lange,  Spike  short,  dense,  strict  and  rigid,  usually 
tinged  with  violet  or  purple;  spikelets  3 - 5-flowered ;  glumes  conspicuously  5' 
nerA'ed,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  cusp  or  short  awn.  (Triticum  viola- 
ceum, Hornem.)  —  Alpine  region  of  the  White  Mts.,  L.  Superior,  north  and 
westward.  (Eu.)  —  Passing  into  a  vanety  with  longer  usually  pale  nar- 
row spikes  and  attenuate  often  long-awned  glumes,  which  sometimes  ap- 
proaches A.  caninum.  N.  Brunswick,  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Peun.  {Porter),  L. 
Superior,  and  westward. 

4.  A.  caninum,  R.  &  S.  (Awned  Wheat-Grass.)  Spike  usually  more 
or  less  nodding,  at  least  in  fruit,  rather  dense  (3-6'  long);  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered;  glumes  S-b-nerved ;  awns  straight  or  somewhat  bent  or  spreading, 
fully  twice  the  length  of  the  palet.  (Triticum  caninum,  L.)  —  Sparingly  natu- 
ralized in  cultivated  ground  and  meadows.  Indigenous  along  our  northern 
borders,  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

5.  A.  tenerum,  Vasey.  Culms  1-3°  high;  leaves  narrow;  spike  very 
narrow,  2-7'  long ;  spikelets  3  -  5-flowered ;  glumes  short-acumiuate.  —  Minn, 
to  Kan.,  and  very  common  westward. 

73.    LEPTURUS,    R.Br. 

Spikelets  1  -  2-flowered,  solitary  and  alternate  upon  the  opposite  sides  of  a 
narrow  spike,  sessile  and  appressed  in  the  concave  joints.  Empty  glumes 
transverse,  narrow,  rigid,  5-uerved,  the  flowering  much  shorter,  thin  and  hya- 
line.—  Low  annuals,  branching  at  the  base,  with  narrow  leaves  and  rigid 
often  curved  spikes.     (Name  from  K^tttos,  narrow,  and  ohpd,  tail,  or  spike.) 

L.  ixcurvXtus,  Trin.  Much  branched,  decumbent,  6'  high  or  less;  spikes 
terminal  and  lateral,  1-4'  long,  the  base  included  in  the  broad  sheath. — 
Borders  of  brackish  marshes,  Md.  to  S.  Va.,  and  on  ballast  northward.  (Nat. 
from  Eu.) 

74.     HdRDEUM,    Tourn.        Barley.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  with  an  awl-shaped  rudiment  on  the  inner  side,  three 
at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  of  a  terminal  spike,  but  the  lateral  ones  usually 
imperfect  or  abortive,  and  short-stalked.  Empty  glumes  side  by  side  in  front 
of  the  spikelets,  6  in  number,  forming  a  kind  of  involucre,  slender  and  awn- 
pointed  or  bristle-form.  Flowering  glume  and  palet  herbaceous,  the  former 
(anterior)  convex,  long-awned  from  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Grain  oblong, 
commonly  adherent.  —  Spike  often  separating  into  joints.  Ours  annuals  or 
biennials,  or  scarcely  perennial.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

1.  H.  jubatum,  L.  (Squirrel-tail  Grass.)  (PI.  11,  fig.  1,  2.)  Low; 
lateral  flowers  abortive,  on  a  short  pedicel,  short-awned  ;  the  perfect  flower 
bearing  a  capillary  awn  (2'  long)  about  equalling  the  similar  capillary  glumes, 
all  spreading.  —  Sandy  sea-shore,  upper  Great  Lakes,  and  westward.     June. 

2.  H.  pratense,  Huds.  Low  (6-18'  high) ;  lateral  flowers  imperfect  or 
neutral,  awnless  or  merely  pointed ;  perfect  flower  with  awn  as  long  as  those 
of  the  glumes  (3  -  6") ;  spike  linear,  1-2'  long.  —  Plains,  especially  in  saline 
soil,  Ohio  to  111.  and  westward ;  also  sparingly  introduced,  Va.,  and  south- 
ward along  the  coast.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 


GllAMINEiF..        (grass    FAMILY  )  673 

75.     ELYMUS,     L.        Lyme-Gras*.     Wild  Kve.     (PI.  11.) 

Spikelets  2  -4  at  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  of  a  terminal  spike,  all  fertile 
and  alike,  s«;ssile,  each  1  -  7-tlowered.  Glumes  conspicuous,  nearly  side  by 
sitie  in  front  of  the  spikelets,  2  for  eacli  spikelet,  formini;  an  involucre  to  the 
cluster.  Flower  coriaceous;  the  glume  rounded  on  tlic  l>ai;k,  acute  or  awneil 
at  the  apex.  Grain  adherent  to  the  involving  glume  (wiieuco  the  uame,  an 
ancient  oue  for  some  grain,  from  iKvu,  to  roll  up). 

*  Glumes  and  Jlowcrs  Jirm  or  ri(ju/,  all  or  onli/  the  latter  aicnaiji ;  spikelets  1-5- 

Jlowered ;  slender  perennials,  with  rather  harsh  and  broad  Jlat  learcs. 
■*-  Spike  large  and  stout. 

1.  E.  Virginicus,  L.  (I'l.  U,  fig.  1-3.)  Culm  stout,  2-3°  high  ;  spike 
rtgl(il;i  upright,  dense  (2  -3'  long,  6'  thick),  the  short  fxdumle  usualli/  iwlndid 
in  the  sheath;  spikelets  2-3  together,  2 -3-Ho\vered,  smooth,  rather  sliort- 
awned,  about  tlic  length  of  the  thickeneil  strongly-nerved  and  bristle-pointed 
lanrcoldtc  glaiiK  s.  —  Hiver-l)auks  ;  common.     Aug. 

2.  E.  Canadensis,  L.  Sjiike  soon  nodding  (5-9'  long),  on  an  cxscrted 
peduncle  ;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  of  3  -  5  long-avvned  rough  or  rough-hairy 
flowers ;  the  awl-shaped  glumes  tipped  with  shorter  awns.  —  Var.  gi^\ucik6lii;s, 
Gray,  is  pale  or  glaucous  throughout,  the  flowers  with  more  spreading  awns 
(1|'  long).  —  Var.  iNTERMi:r>ius,  Vasey,  has  the  awns  scarcely  longer  than  the 
glumes.  —  River-banks ;  common. 

-t-  -t-  Spike  and  cubn  more  slender. 

3.  E.  StriatUS,  WiUd.  More  or  less  pubescent ;  spike  dense  and  thiekisk 
(2-4'  long),  upright  or  slightly  nodding;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs,  1-2-  (or 
rarely  3-)  flowered,  minutely  bristly-hairy;  glumes  awl-shaped,  bristle-awned, 
1  -3-uerved,  about  thrice  the  length  of  the  Jlowers,  which  are  only  3"  loug  ex- 
clusive of  the  capillary  awn  (1'  long).  —  Var.  vill6sus,  Gray,  has  very  hairy 
flowers  and  glumes,  and  villous  sheaths.  —  Rocky  woods  and  banks.  July, 
Aug. 

4.  E.  SibiriCUS,  L.,  var.  AmericanuS.  Glabrous ;  spike  icand-like 
(2-6'  long,  2-3"  thick),  often  somewhat  nodding;  spikelets  in  pairs,  3 - 6- 
flowered  ;  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  3  -  5-nerved,  acuminate  and  smooth  or  often 
scabrous  on  the  nerves,  short<iwned ,  shorter  than  the  Jlowers,  which  bear  an 
erect  awn  of  once  or  twice  their  length.  —  Manjuette,  Mich.  {Porter),  N.  Minn., 
and  westward. 

*  *  Glumes  and  palet  aicnless  and  soft  in  texture  ;  reed-like  perennials. 

5.  E.  ni611is,  Trin.  Culm  (3°  high)  velvety  at  top;  spike  thick,  erect 
(8'  long) ;  spikelets  2  or  3  at  each  joint,  5-8-flowered :  the  lanceolate  pointed 
5-7-nerved  glumes  (I'long)  and  the  pointed  flowers  soft-vilhms ;  rhachis  of 
tlie  spikelets  separating  into  joints.  —  Shore  of  the  (Jreat  Lakes,  Maine,  and 
northward.     (Near  E.  arenarius.) 

*  *  *  Kmpti]  glumes  veri/  narrow,  and  all  verg  long-awncd ;  gpike  disarticu- 

lating at  maturity. 

6.  E.  Sit^nion,  Schnltes.  rx)w  (^-2°  high),  stout;  spike  1 -4' long,  the 
peduncle  sliglitly  exserted  ;  tiie  spreading  scabrous  awns  2-3'  long.  —  OiUtral 
Minn,  to  Kan.,  and  westward. 

13 


> 


674  GRAMINE.E.       (grass    FAMILY.) 

76.    ASPRELLA,     Willd.        Bottle-brush  Grass.    (PL  11.) 

Spikelets  2-3  or  sometimes  solitary  on  each  joint  of  the  rhachis  of  a  ter- 
minal spike,  raised  on  a  very  short  callous  pedicel,  loosely  2  -4-flowered  (when 
solitary  flatwise  on  the  rhachis).  Glumes  none  !  or  small,  awn-like,  and  de- 
ciduous. Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Elymus.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  asper, 
rough  or  prickly.) 

1.  A.  H^strix,  Willd.  Perennial;  culms  3 -4°  high;  leaves  and  sheaths 
smoothish  ;  spike  loose  (3 -6' long);  the  spreading  spikelets  2-3  together, 
early  deciduous ;  flowers  smoothish  or  often  rough-hairy,  tipped  with  an  awn 
thrice  their  length  (T  long).  ( Gymuostichum  Hystrix,  Schreb.)  —  Moist 
woodlands.    July,  Aug. 

77.    ARUWDINARIA,    Michx.       Caxe.    (PI.  ll.) 

Spikelets  flattened,  .5- 14-floAvered;  the  flowers  somewhat  separated  on  the 
jointed  rhachis.  Empty  glumes  very  small,  membranaceous,  the  upper  one 
larger.  Flowering  glumes  and  palet  herbaceous  or  somewhat  membranaceous, 
the  glume  convex  on  the  back,  many-nerved,  tapering  into  a  mucronate  point 
or  bristle.  Squamula  3,  longer  than  the  ovary.  Stamens  3.  Grain  oblong, 
free.  —  Arborescent  or  shrubby  grasses,  simple  or  with  fascicled  branches,  and 
with  large  spikelets  in  panicles  or  racemes ;  blade  of  the  leaf  jointed  upon  the 
sheath ;  flowers  polygamous.     (Name  from  arundo,  a  reed.) 

1.  A.  macrosperma,  Michx.  (Large  Caxe.)  (PI.  11,  fig.  1,  2.)  Culms 
arborescent,  10-40°  liigh  and  -J -3'  thick  at  base,  rigid,  simple  the  first  year, 
branching  the  second,  afterwards  at  indefinite  periods  fruiting,  and  soon  after 
decaying;  leaves  lanceolate  (1-2'  wide),  smoothish  or  pubescent,  the  sheath 
ciliate  on  one  margin,  stoutly  fimbriate  each  side  of  the  base  of  the  leaf ;  pan- 
icle lateral,  composed  of  few  simple  racemes;  spikelets  1-3'  long,  purplish 
or  pale,  erect ;  flowering  glume  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  fringed  (.5-12"  long).  —  River-banks,  S.  Va.  (?),  Ky.,  and  south- 
ward, forming  cane-brakes.     April. 

Var.  sufirutic6sa,  Munro.  (Switch  Cane.  SiMAll  Cane.)  Lower  and 
more  slender  (2-10°  high),  often  growing  in  water;  leaves  A"-V  broad; 
spikelets  solitary  or  in  a  simple  raceme  at  the  summit  of  the  branches,  or  fre- 
quently on  leafless  radical  culms.  (A.  tecta,  ]\fnhl.)  —  Swamps  and  moist  soil, 
Md.,  S.  Ind.  to  S.  E.  Mo.,  and  southward.  Sometimes  fniiting  several  years 
in  succession. 


SERIES    II. 
I     CRYPTOGAMOUS  or  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

Vegetables  destitute  of  proper  flowers  (i.  e.  having  no 
stamens  nor  pistils),  and  producing  instead  of  seeds  minute 
one-celled  germinating  bodies  called  spores,  in  which  there 
is  no  embryo  or  rudimentary  plantlet. 

Class  III.    ACROGENS. 

Cryptogamous  plants  with  a  distinct  axis  or  stem,  grow- 
ing from  the  apex,  and  commonly  not  with  later  increase 
in  diameter,  usually  furnished  with  distinct  leaves ;  repro- 
duction by  antheridia  and  archegonia,  sometimes  also  by 
gemmation. 

Subclass  I.      VASCULAR  ACROGENS,  or   PTERI- 
DOPHYTES.^ 

Stems  containing  woody  fi])re  and  vessels  (especially  scalari- 
form  or  spiral  ducts).  Antheridia  or  archegonia,  or  both, 
formed  on  a  minute  prothallus  which  is  developed  from  the 
spore  on  germination,  the  archegonium  containing  a  nucleus, 
which  after  fertilization  becomes  an  oospore  and  at  length 
grows  into  the  conspicuous  spore-bearing  plant. 

Order  130.     EQUISETACE^.    (Horsetail  Family.) 

r 

Rush-like,  oflen  branching  plants,  with  jointed  and  mostly  hollow  stems 
from  running  rootstocks,  having  sheaths  at  the  joints,  and,  ichen  fertile, 
terminated  hy  the  conical  or  spike-like  fructification  composed  of  shield- 
shaped  stalked  scales  hearing  the  spore-cases  beneath.  —  A  single  genus. 

1  The  orders  of  this  Subclass  have  been  elaborated  anew  for  this  edition  by 
Prof.  Daniel  C.  Eaton  of  Yale  University. 


676  EQUISETACE^.        (hORSETAIL    FAMILY.) 

1.   EQXJISETUM,    L.         Horsetail.     Scouring  Rush.     (Pi.  21.) 

Spore-cases  (sporangia,  thecal)  6  or  7,  adhering  to  the  uuder  side  of  the  an- 
gled shield-shaped  scales  of  the  spike,  1-celled,  opening  down  the  inner  side 
and  discharging  the  numerous  loose  spores.  To  the  base  of  each  spore  are 
attached  4  thread-like  and  club-shaped  elastic  filaments,  Avhich  roll  up  closely 
around  the  spore  when  moist,  and  uncoil  when  dry.  —  Rootstocks  perennial, 
wide-creeping,  hard  and  blackish,  jointed,  often  branched  and  sometimes  bear- 
ing small  tubers.  Stems  erect,  cylindi-ical,  hollow,  jointed ;  the  surface  striated 
or  grooved  with  alternate  ridges  and  furrows,  the  cuticle  in  most  species  con> 
taining  silica  in  the  form  of  minute  granules,  rosettes,  or  tubercles;  the  joints 
containing  besides  the  central  air-cavity  a  circle  of  smaller  hollows  beneath 
the  furrows  and  a  set  of  still  smaller  ones  beneath  the  ridges ;  the  nodes  closed 
and  solid,  each  bearing  instead  of  leaves  a  sheath  which  is  divided  into  teeth 
corresponding  in  number  and  position  to  the  principal  ridges  of  the  stem; 
stomata  in  the  furrows,  each  with  two  pairs  of  guard-cells,  of  which  the  outer 
pair  is  marked  with  radiating  lines  of  silica.  Branches,  when  present,  in 
whorls  from  the  base  of  the  sheath,  like  the  stem,  but  without  the  central  air- 
cavity.  Prothallus  green,  formed  upon  the  ground,  often  variously  lobed, 
usually  dioecious.  (The  ancient  name,  from  eguiis,  horse,  and  seta,  bristle.) 
§  1.     Annual-sfemmed,  not  surviving  the  winter. 

*  Frtiiting  in  spring  from  soft  and  rather  succulent  pale  or  hrownish  fertile  stems, 

the  sterile  stems  or  branches  appearing  later,  herbaceous  and  very  different. 
•^Fertile  stems  unhranched,  destitute  of  chlorophijll  and  soon  perishing;  the 
sterile  branching  copiously. 
1-  E.  arvense,  L.  (Commox  H.)  Fertile  stems  (4 -lO' high)  with  loose 
and  usually  distant  about  8-  12-toothed  sheaths;  the  sterile  slender  (at  length 
1-2°  high),  10  -  14-furrowed,  producing  long  and  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
4-angular  branches,  their  teeth  4,  herbaceous,  lanceolate.  —  Moist,  especially 
gravelly  soil ;  very  common.  March -May.  Rootstocks  often  bearing  little 
tubers.  —  Var.  campestre,  Milde,  is  a  not  uncommon  state,  in  which  the  ster- 
ile stem  bears  a  small  fruiting  spike  at  the  summit.     (Eu.) 

H-  •»-  Fertile  stems  when  older  producing  herbaceous  3-sided  branches,  and  lasting 
through  the  summer,  except  the  naked  top  which  perishes  after  fructification. 

2.  E.  pratense,  Ehrh.  Sterile  and  finally  also  the  fertile  stems  producing 
simple  straight  branches ;  sheaths  of  the  stem  with  ovate-lanceolate  short  teeth, 
those  of  the  branches  3-toothed ;  stems  more  slender  and  the  branches  shorter 
than  in  the  last.  —  Mich,  to  Minn.,  and  northward.     April,  May.     (Eu.) 

3.  E.  sylvaticum,  L.  Sterile  and  fertile  stems  (about  12-furrowed)  pro- 
ducing compound  racemed  branches;  sheaths  loose,  with  8-14  rather  blunt 
teeth,  those  of  the  branches*bearing  4  or  5,  of  the  branchlets  3,  lance-pointed 
divergent  teeth.  —  Wet  shady  places ;  common  northward.     May.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Fruiting  in  summer ;  stems  all  of  one  kind,  or  the  fertile  contemporaneous 

with  and  like  the  sterile,  equally  herbaceous, producing  mostly  simple  branches, 
or  sometimes  nearly  naked. 

4.  E.  pallistre,  L.  Stems  (10-18'  high)  slender,  very  deeply  5-9- 
grooved,  the  ridges  narrow  and  acute,  roughish,  the  lance-awl  shaped  teeth 


EQUISETACE^.       (lIORSETAIL    FAMILY.)  677 

whitisli-niargined ;  branches  always  liollow,  4-7-an^lc(l,  rather  few  in  a 
whorl.  —  Wet  places,  ISiagara  Kiver  {Clintuti),  Wise.  (Austin),  aiid  northward. 
June.     (Kn.) 

5.  E.  littorkle,  KUhlewein.  Stems  (H -18' high)  slender,  deeply  6 -16- 
grooved,  (/t«'  ridyes  rounded,  the  teeth  shorter  than  in  the  last,  narrowly  white- 
margined;  branches  often  solid,  3-4-angled,  2-G  in  a  whorl. —Wet  sandy- 
shores,  Vt.  and  N.  Y.,  and  northward.  —  Spores  always  aI)ortivc,  whence  the 
plant  has  been  considered  a  hybrid,  perhaps  of  E.  arvense  and  E.  limosum. 
July.     (Eu.) 

6-  E.  limbsum,  L.  (PI.  21,  fig.  1  -5.)  Stems  (2-5° high)  slightly  mnny- 
furr owed,  smooth,  sometimes  continuing  unbranched,  l)ut  usually  producing 
ascending  branches  after  fructification;  slieaths  appressed,  with  10-22  (com- 
monly about  18)  dark-brown  and  acute  rigid  short  teeth.  —  In  shallow  water; 
rather  common.  — Air-cavities  none  under  the  grooves,  but  small  ones  under 
the  ridges.  A  form  in  which  the  branches  bear  numerous  small  spikes  is  var. 
polystXciiyum,  Bruckner.  June,  July.  (Eu.) 
§  2.    Stems  all  alike,  evergreen,  unbranched,  or  producing  a  few  dander  erect 

branches  ;  fruiting  in  summer.     Central  air-cavity  of  the  stem  very  large. 

*  Stems  tall  and  stout  (1^-4°  or  even  6°  high),  simple,  or  casually  branched, 

evenly  many-grooved ;  sheaths  appressed. 

7.  E.  hyem^le,  L.  (Scourixg-Rush.  Shave-Grass.)  Stems  H-4° 
high,  8-34  grooved,  the  ridges  roughened  by  two  more  or  less  distinct  lines  of 
tubercles  ;  sheaths  elongated,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base  and  a  black  limb  ; 
ridges  of  the  sheaths  obscurely  4-carinate,  tlie  teeth  blackish,  membranaceous, 
soon  falling  off.  — Wet  banks ;  common  northward.  Formerly  in  common 
use  for  polishing  wood  and  metal.     (Eu.) 

8.  E.  roblistum,  Braun.  Stems  tall  and  stout  (sometimes  8-10°  high 
and  nearly  an  inch  thick),  20-48-grooved,  tlie  ridges  roughened  with  one  line 
of  transversely  oblong  tubercles  ;  sheaths  rather  short,  with  a  Idack  girdle  at  base 
and  a  black  limb ;  ridges  of  the  sheaths  tricarinate,  the  blackish  teeth  soon 
falling  off.  —  Kiver-banks,  Ohio  and  westward. 

9.  E.  Isevig^tum,  Braun.  Stems  1  -  4°  high,  ratlier  slouder,  pale  green, 
14-30-groovod,  the  ridges  almost  smooth ;  sheath  slightly  enlaj-ged  upward, 
with  a  black  girdle  at  the  base  of  the  mostly  deciduous  white-margined  teeth, 
and  rarely  also  at  the  base  of  the  siieatli ;  ridges  of  tlie  shcatii  with  one  keel, 
or  sometimes  obscurely  tricarinate.  —  By  streams  and  in  clayey  ^jlacjcs.  Ohio 
to  Minn.,  and  westward. 

*  *  Stems  slender,  iji  tufts,  !j-l0-grooved;  sheaths  looser. 

10.  E.  variegitum,  Schleicher.  Stems  ascending  (6-  18'  long),  usually 
simple  from  a  branched  base,  5-1 0-vroorer/;  sheaths  greicn  variegated  with 
black  ahove,  the  5  -  10  teeth  tij)ped  with  a  deciduous  bristk>.  —  Shorep  or  river- 
banks,  N.  II.  (Bellows  Falls,  Carey)  and  Niagara  to  Minn  ,  and  northward ; 
rare.     (Eu.) 

11.  E.  SCirpoides,  Michx.  Stems  I'ery  numerous  in  a  tuf,  filiform  (3-  6' 
high),  fexuoHs  and  curving,  mostly  6-grooved,  with  acute  ridges  ;  sheaths  3- 
ioothed,  the  bristle-pointed  teeth  more  persistent ;  central  air-cavity  wanting. 
—  Wooded  hillsides,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  Minn.,  and  norUiward.     (Ko.) 


678  FiLiCES.     (ferns.) 

Order  J3l.  FILICES.  (Ferns,) 
Leafy  plants,  with  the  leaves  (fronds)  usually  raised  on  a  stalk  or  peti- 
ole (stipe),  rising  from  a  (sometimes  greatly  elongated)  rooistock,  sepa- 
rately rolled  up  (circinate)  in  the  bud,  and  bearing  on  the  under  surface 
or  along  the  margin  small  reticulated  sporangia,  which  at  length  split  open 
and  discharge  the  numerous  minute  spores.  Prothallus  green,  above  ground, 
normally  moncecious. 

Suborder  I.  Polypodiacese.  Sporangia  collected  in  dots,  lines, 
or  variously  shaped  clusters  {sori  or  fruit-dots)  on  the  back  or  margins 
of  the  frond  or  its  divisions,  cellular-reticulated,  stalked,  the  stalk  run- 
ning into  a  vertical  incomplete  many-jointed  ring,  which  by  straightening 
at  maturity  ruptures  the  sporangium  transversely  on  the  inner  side,  dis- 
charging the  spores.  Fruit-dots  often  covered  (at  least  when  young)  by 
a  membrane  called  the  indusium  (or  less  properly  the  involucre),  growing 
either  from  the  back  or  the  margin  of  the  frond.     (Plates  16-19.) 

Tribe  I.  POL.YPODIE^.  Fructili cation  on  the  back  of  the  frond,  in  round  or 
roundish  fruit-dots  (sori)  placed  on  the  veins  or  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  without  indu- 
sium of  any  kind.  Stipes  articulated  to  the  rootstock,  leaving  a  distinct  scar  when 
separated.    Veins  free  (not  reticulated)  in  our  species. 

1.  Folypodium.    Sori  round,  in  one  or  more  rows,  on  each  side  of  the  midrib  or  of  the 

segments  of  the  frond. 
Tribe  II.    GRAMMITIDE.^.    Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  without  indusium,  placed 
on  the  back  of  the  frond,  usually  along  the  veins  or  near  their  extremities.     Veins  free 
in  our  species. 

2.  Notholsena.    Sori  short,  of  few  rather  large  sporangia,  placed  near  the  tips  of  the 

veins  ;  under  surface  of  the  frond  usually  either  chaffy,  woolly,  or  powdery. 
Tribe  III.    PTEKIDE^.    Fructification  marginal  or  intramarginal,  provided  with  a 
general  indusium  formed  of  the  (either  altered  or  unchanged)  margin  of  the  frond.    Stipes 
not  articulated  to  the  rootstock.    Veins  free  in  all  our  species. 
•  Sporangia  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  on  a  reflexed  portion  of  the  margin  of  the  frond. 

3.  Adiantiim.    Midrib  of  the  pinnules  marginal  or  none.    Stipe  black  and  polished. 

*  *  Sporangia  borae  on  a  continuous  marginal  vein-like  receptacle,  connecting  the  apices  of 

the  veins,  and  covered  by  a  delicate  whitish  indusium  formed  of  the  reflexed  margin. 

4.  Pteris.    Midrib  of  the  pinnules  central.    Stipe  light-colored. 

*  *  «  Sporangia  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  unconnected  veins,  borne  on  the  under  surface 

of  the  frond  ;  indusium  various. 

5.  Cheilanthes.    Sori  minute,  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  ;  indusium  continuous  or  inter- 

rupted.    Fronds  mostly  chaffy,  woolly,  or  pulverulent,  rarely  smooth. 

6.  Pellaea.    Sori  on  the  upper  part  of  the  veins,  distinct,  or  mostly  forming  a  confluent  sub- 

marginal  band  of  si)orangia.     Indusium  membranaceous,  continuous,  rarely  wanting. 
Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  not  very  unlike  ;  stipes  dark-colored ;  fronds  smooth. 

7.  Cryptogramme.     Sori  roundish  or  elongated  and  extending  far  down  the  free  veins, 

at  first  covered  by  the  very  broad  continuous  indusium,  at  length  exposed  and  con- 
fluent. Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  very  different ;  stipes  light-colored  ;  fronds  smooth. 
Tribe  IV.    BLECHNE^.     Sori  oblong  or  linear,  borne  on  a  veinlet  parallel  to  the 

midrib,  and  covered  with  a  special  usually  concave  or  arched  indusium  attached  to  the 

fruiting  veinlet,  and  opening  along  the  inner  side. 

8.  Woodwardia.    Sori  forming  a  chain-like  row  each  side  of  the  midrib  or  central  vein. 

Veins  reticulated. 


FiLicEs.     (ferns.)  679 

Tribe  V.    ASPLENIE^E.    Sori  more  or  less  elongated,  occupying  one  or  both  sides  of 
oblique  veins,  covered  by  a  sjiecial  indusium  wliich  is  attiiL-lied  by  one  side  to  the  fertile 
vein,  and  is  free  on  the  other.     btij)e3  !iot  articulated. 
9.  A^plenium*    Sori  on  the  upper  side  or  rarely  on  both  sides  of  a  veinlet.     Veins  free 
in  all  our  species. 

10.  Scolopeiidriuin.     Sori  linear,  confluent  in  jiairs,  each  pair  appearing  like  a  single 

sDfus  with  a  double  indusium  opening  down  the  middle.     Veins  free. 

11.  Caiuptosurus.    Sori  oblong,  variously  curved,  or  some  of  them  in  opposite  pairs. 

Veins  reticulated. 
Tribe  VI.    ASPIDIK.<E.    Sori  round  or  roundish,  on  the  back  or  rarely  at  the  apex  of 
the  vein,  with  a  special  indusium,  rarely  naked.    Stipes  not  articulated  to  the  rootstock. 
•  Indusium  obsolete  or  none. 
1'2.  Phegopteris*    Sori  round,  rather  small.     Veins  free  in  our  species. 

•  •  Indusium  evident,  round  or  roundisli,  covering  the  sporangia,  at  least  when  young. 

Steiile  and  fertile  fronds  not  very  unlike.     Veins  free  in  our  species. 

13.  Aspidium.     Indusuim  flat  or  slightly  convex,  orbicular  or  round-reniform,  fixed  by 

the  centre,  opening  all  round  the  margin. 

14.  Cystopteris.     Indusium  convex,  fixed  by  a  broad  base  partly  under  the  sorus,  cnm- 

moidy  reflexed  as  the  sporangia  ripen. 

•  *  *  Indusium  obscure,  irregularly  semicircular.    Fertile  fronds  much  contracted  and  very 

unlike  the  sterile  ones. 

15.  Onoclea.     Sporangia  on  an  elevated  receptacle  ;  divisions  of  the  fertile  frond  pod-like 

or  beny-like. 

Tribe  VII.  WOODSIE^.  Sori  round,  borne  on  the  veins ;  indusium  fixed  luider  the 
sorus,  divided  into  segments  or  into  slender  filaments. 

16.  Woodsia.    Small  ferns  with  free  veins.     Indusium  very  delicate. 

Tribe  VIII.  DICKSONIE^E.  Sori  roundish,  marginal  or  submarginal.  Indusium 
cup-shaped  or  two-valved,  the  outer  portion  composed  of  a  reflexed  lobule  of  the  frond, 
or  more  or  less  united  to  it. 

17.  Dicksonia.     Indusium  in  our  species  small,  membranaceous,  nearly  globular.     Frond 

elongated,  decompound. 

Suborder  IT.      Hyinoiiophyllhceoo.      Sporann:ia  se.'^sile   on   a 
bristle-like   receptacle  within  a  cup-shaped  or  bivalviilar  involucre,  the 
ring  transverse  and  complete.     Fronds  delicately  membranaceous. 
IS.  Trichoinanes.     Involucres  funnel-form  or  cuii-.shaped. 

Suborder  III.  Schizfekceae.  Sporangia  ovate,  sessile,  liaving  a 
complete  transverse  articulated  ring  at  the  apex,  and  opening  by  a  longi- 
tudinal slit.     (PI.  19.) 

19.  Schizsea.  Sporangia  naked,  fixed  in  a  double  i-ow  to  the  midrib  of  the  narrow  fertile 
segments.     Sterile  fronds  rigid,  simple  or  dichotomously  branched. 

20  liygodium.  Sporangia  borne  in  a  double  row  on  narrow  fertile  segments,  each  spo- 
rangium seated  on  a  separate  veinlet,  and  provided  with  a  si>e(;ial  scale-like  indusium. 
Fronds  leafy,  climbing. 

Suborder  IV.  Osiiiiindkeeae.  Sporangia  naked,  glolx)se,  mostly 
pedicelled,  reticulated,  with  no  ring  or  mere  traces  of  one  near  the  apex, 
opening  into  two  valves  by  a  longitudinal  slit.  Stipes  winged  at  base 
and  almost  stipulate  !     (PI.  19.) 

21.  OsiTiunda.  Fertile  pinnae  or  fronds  very  much  contracted,  bearing  the  abundant  and 
large  sporangia  upon  the  margins  of  the  very  narrow  segments.    Veins  free. 


680  FiLiCES.     (ferns.) 

1.  POLYPODIUM,     L.        Polypody.     (PI.  16.) 

Fruit-dots  round,  naked,  arranged  on  the  back  of  the  frond  in  one  or  more 
rows  each  side  of  the  midrib  or  central  vein,  or  irregularly  scattered,  each  borne 
in  our  species  on  the  end  of  a  free  veinlet.  Rootstocks  creeping,  branched, 
often  covered  with  chaffy  scales,  bearing  scattered  roundish  knobs,  to  which 
the  stipes  are  attached  by  a  distinct  articulation.  (Name  from  7roA.i;s,  many, 
and  irovsyfoot,  alluding  to  the  branching  rootstock.) 

1.  P.  VUlgare,  L.  (PI.  16,  fig.  l  -3.)  Fronds  evergreen,  oblong,  smooth 
both  siWes,  4- 10' high,  simple  and  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  divisions  linear-ob- 
long, obtuse  or  somewhat  acute,  remotely  and  obscurely  toothed ;  veins  once 
or  twice  forked;  fruit-dots  large,  midway  between  the  midrib  and  the  margin. — 
Rocks;  common.     July.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  incknum,  Swartz.  Fronds  evergreen  and  coriaceous,  oblong, 
2-6'  high,  grayish  and  very  scurfy  underneath  with  peltate  scales,  simply  pin- 
natifid ;  the  divisions  oblong-linear,  obtuse ;  fruit-dots  rather  small,  near  the 
margin ;  veins  forking,  free  in  the  N.  American  plant !  —  Rocks  and  trunks 
of  trees,  Va.  and  Ohio  to  111.,  and  southward.     Aug. 

2.  NOTHOL^NA,     R.Brown.        Cloak-Fern. 

Fruit-dots  roundish  or  oblong,  placed  near  the  ends  of  the  veins,  soon  more 
or  less  confluent  into  an  irregular  marginal  band,  with  no  proper  involucre. 
Veins  always  free.  Fronds  of  small  size,  1  -  4-pinnate,  the  lower  surface  almost 
always  either  hairy,  tomentose,  chaffy,  or  covered  with  a  fine  waxy  white  or 
yellow  powder.  (Name  from  vodos,  spurious,  and  \a7i/a,  a  cloak,  the  woolly 
coating  of  the  original  species  forming  a  spurious  covering  to  the  sporangia.) 

1.  N.  dealbata,  Kunze.  Fronds  triangular-ovate,  1  - 3'  long,  3 -4-pin- 
nate ;  rhachis  and  branches  straight,  black  and  shining ;  ultimate  pinnules 
scarcely  a  line  long,  white  and  powdery  on  the  lower  surface.  —  Clefts  of  cal- 
careous rocks,  Mo.,  Kan.,  and  southwest  ward.     July -Aug. 

3.  ADIANTUM,  L.  Maidenhair.  (PI.  17.) 
Fruit-dots  marginal,  short,  borne  on  the  under  side  of  a  transversely  oblong, 
crescent-shaped  or  roundish,  more  or  less  altered  margin  or  summit  of  a  lobe 
or  tooth  of  the  frond  reflexed  to  form  an  indusium ;  the  sporangia  attached  to 
the  approximated  tips  of  the  free  forking  veins.  —  Main  rib  (costa)  of  the  pin- 
nules none  (in  our  species),  or  at  the  lower  margin.  Stipes  black  and  polished. 
(The  ancient  name,  from  a  privative  and  Siaiuw,  meaning  unwetted,  the  smooth 
foliage  repelling  rain-drops.) 

1.  A.  pedatum,  L.  (PI.  17,  fig.  1-3.)  Frond  forked  at  the  summit  oj 
the  upright  slender  stalk  (9-15'  high),  the  recurved  branches  bearing  on  one 
side  several  slender  spreading  pinnate  divisions ;  pinnules  numerous,  short- 
stalked  and  obliquely  triangular-oblong,  entire  on  the  lower  margin,  from 
which  the  veins  all  proceed,  and  cleft  and  fruit-bearing  on  the  other.  —  Rich, 
moist  woods.     July.  —  A  delicate  and  most  graceful  Fern. 

2.  A.  CapilluS-Veneris,  L.  Fronds  xcith  a  continuous  main  rhachis, 
ovate-lanceolate,  9  -  18'  long,  often  pendent,  2-3-pinnate  at  the  base,  the  upper 
third  or  half  simply  pinnate;  pinnules  wedge  obovate  or  rhomboid,  6- 12" 
long,  deeply  and  irregularly  incised;  veinlets  flabellately  forking  from  the 


FiLiCES.     (ferns.)  G81 

liasc;  involucres  lunulate  or  trausvcrsely  oblong.  —  Moist  rocky  places,  \'a. 
to  Mo.,  and  southward.     (Ku.) 

4.    PTJE3RIS,    L.        BnAKK  or  BuACKEN.    (PI.  17.) 

Sporangia  in  a  continuous  slfMidor  line  of  fructification,  occupying  the  entire 
margin  of  the  fertile  frond,  and  covore*!  by  its  reHexed  narrow  edge  which 
forms  a  continuous  memI)ranaceous  indusium,  attached  to  an  uninterrupted 
transverse  vein-like  receptacle  connecting  the  tips  of  the  forked  free  veins.  — 
Fronds  l-3-])innate  or  decompound.  (The  ancient  Greek  name  of  Ferns, 
from  irnpov,  a  n-imj,  on  account  of  the  prevalent  pinnate  or  featliery  fronds.) 

1.  P.  aquilina,  L.  (Com.mon  liKAKK.)  Frond  dull  green  (2-3°  wide), 
ternate  at  the  summit  of  an  erect  stout  stalk  (I  -2"^  High),  the  widely  spread- 
ing branches  twice  pinnate;  pinnules  oblong-lanceolate  ;  the  upper  undivided  ; 
the  lower  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  margined  all  round 
with  the  indusium,  which  is  really  double  in  this  species. —  Var.  caudXta, 
with  the  lobes  very  narrow  and  revolute,  the  terminal  ones  much  elongated, 
is  a  southern  form,  which  extends  in  a  modified  condition  as  far  north  as  >»ew 
Jersey.  —  Thickets  and  hillsides,  common.    Aug.     (Eu.) 

5.    CHEILANTHES,    Swartz.        Lip-Fern.    (PI.  17.) 

Sporangia  borne  on  the  thickened  ends  of  free  veinlets,  forming  small  and 
roundish  distinct  or  nearly  contiguous  marginal  fruit-dots,  covered  by  a  mostly 
whitish  and  membranaceous,  sometimes  herbaceous,  common  indusium,  formed 
of  the  reflexed  margin  of  separate  lobes  or  of  the  whole  pinnule.  —  Low,  mostly 
with  2-3-pinnate  and  hairy  or  chaffy,  rarely  smooth  fronds,  the  sterile  and 
fertile  nearly  alike,  the  divisions  with  the  principal  vein  central.  Some  spe- 
cies with  continuous  indusium  connect  this  genus  very  closely  with  the  next. 
(Name  composed  of  x^^^°^^  "  ^^Pt  ^^^  6.vGos,Jiower,  from  the  shape  of  the  in- 
dusium.) 

»  Fronds  smooth,  or  at  most  hairy. 

1.  C.  Alabam^nsis,  Kunze.  i^ronc^s  smoof/*,  chartaceous  (2-8' long), 
ovate-lanceolate,  l)ipinnate;  pinnae  numerous,  oblong-lanceolate ;  pinnules  tri- 
angular-oblong, rather  acute,  often  auriculate  or  lol)od ;  indusium  continuous, 
rather  broad ,  pale ,  and  of  Jirm  consistence.  —  On  rocks,  mountains  of  Va.  to 
Ky.,  and  southward. 

2.  C.  vestita,  Swartz.  (PI.  17,  fig.  1,  2.)  Fronds  (6-15'  high),  lanceo- 
late-ohlong,  hirsute,  as  are  the  brown  and  shining  stij)os,  with  straightish  promi- 
nenfli/  articxdated  rusti/  hairs,  twice  pinnate ;  pinna?  rather  distant,  triangular- 
ovate;  pinnules  oblong,  crowded  (2-4"  long),  more  or  less  incised,  the  ends 
of  the  roundish  or  oblong  lobes  reflexed  and  forming  separate  herlKiceous  involucres, 
which  are  pushed  back  by  the  ripened  sporangia.  —  Clefts  of  rocks,  Manhattan 
Island  (  W.  W.  Denslow)  and  N.  J.  to  111.,  and  southward. 

*  ♦  Fronds  tvoolli/  or  tomentose. 

3.  C.  tomentdsa,  Link.  Fronds  ( 1 2-20'  high)  lanceolate-oblong,  densely 
tomentose  with  slender  and  entangled  irhitish  nbsrureli/  articulated  hairs,  thrice 
pinnate;  primary  and  secondary  ])inn;c  oblong  or  ovate-oblong;  pinnules  dis- 
tinct, m'mnto  (i-1"  long),  roundish-obovate,  ses.sile  or  adnate-decurrent,  the 
upper  surface  less  woolly,  ^Ae  reflexed  narrow  margin  forming  a  continuous  some- 


682  FiLiCES.     (ferns.) 

what  membranaceous  indusium.  —  Mountains  of  Va.  and  Ky. ;  thence  west  and 
southward.  —  Stipe  and  rhachis  rather  stout,  brown,  covered  with  narrow  chaffy 
scales  and  whitish  hairs. 

4.  C.  lanuginosa,  Nutt.  Stipes  slender,  at  first  hairy,  black  or  brown, 
shining ;  fronds  (3-6'  high)  ovate-lanceolate,  woolly  with  soft  whitish  distinctly 
articulated  flattened  hairs,  becoming  smoother  above,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate; 
pinnae  (5-6"  long)  ovate,  the  loAvest  distant,  the  others  contiguous;  pinnules 
crenatehj  pinnatijid,  or  mostly  divided  into  minute  and  roundish  densely 
crowded  segments  (i-l"  long),  the  herbaceous  marfjin  recurved  forming  an  al- 
most continuous  indusium.  —  In  dense  tufts,  on  dry  rocks  and  cliffs,  111.  to  Minn., 
thence  west  and  southward. 

6.     PELLiEJA,     Link.        Cliff-Brake.     (PI.  16.) 

Sporangia  in  roundish  or  elongated  clusters  on  the  upper  part  of  the  free 
veins,  distinct,  or  confluent  laterally  so  as  to  imitate  the  marginal  continuous 
line  of  fructification  of  Pteris,  commonly  covered  by  a  broad  membranaceous 
and  continuous  (rarely  interrupted)  general  indusium,  which  consists  of  the 
reflexed  and  altered  margin  of  the  fertile  pinnule  or  division.  Small  ferns, 
with  1  -  3-pinnate  fronds,  the  fertile  ones  with  narrower  divisions  than  the 
sterile,  but  otherAvise  similar.  Stipes  generally  dark-colored,  smooth  and 
shining.     (Name  from  TreAAos,  duski/,  alluding  to  the  stipe.) 

1.  P.  gracilis,  Hook.  (PI.  16.)  Fronds  smooth  (3-6' high),  c/e/ica^e/y 
membranaceous  and  slender,  of  few  pinnse,  the  lower  ones  once  or  twice  pin- 
nately  parted  into  3-5  decurrent  divisions,  those  of  the  fertile  frond  oblong 
or  linear-oblong,  entire  or  sparingly  incised ;  of  the  sterile  ovate  or  obovate, 
crenate  or  incised;  veins  of  the  fertile  fronds  mostly  only  once  forked. — 
Shaded  calcareous  rocks,  Mass.  to  Minn.,  and  northward ;  rare,  eluly.  — 
Rootstock  very  slender,  creeping;  stipes  polished,  brownish,  darker  and 
sparingly  chaffy  at  base. 

2.  P.  atropurpurea.  Link.  Smooth,  except  some  bristly-chaffy  hairs 
on  the  midribs  and  especially  on  the  dark  purple  and  polished  stalk  and  rhachis, 
6-15'  high ;  frond  coriaceous,  pale,  once  or  below  twice  pinnate ;  the  divisions 
broadly  linear  or  oblong,  or  the  sterile  sometimes  oval,  chiefly  entire,  some- 
what heart-shaped  or  else  truncate  at  the  stalked  base;  veins  about  twice 
forked.  —  Dry  calcareous  rocks ;  not  common,  but  of  wide  range.  July.  — 
Rootstock  short  and  stout ;  stipes  clustered. 

7.     CRYPTOGRAMME,     R.Brown.        Rock-Brake. 

Fruit-dots  roundish  or  elongated  and  extending  far  down  on  the  free  forking 
veins.  True  involucre  or  indusium  none,  the  herbaceous  margins  of  the  fertile 
segments  at  first  reflexed  and  meeting  at  the  midrib,  at  length  opening  out  flat 
and  exposing  the  confluent  sporangia.  —  Low  ferns,  with  smooth,  2  -  3-pinnate 
fronds,  the  fertile  ones  taller  than  the  sterile,  and  with  much  narrower  divis- 
ions. (Name  from  KpvirTos,  hidden,  and  ypa/ufx-fi,  a  line,  alluding  to  the  lines 
of  sporangia  at  first  concealed  by  the  reflexed  margin.) 

1 .  C.  aerostichoides,  R.  Brown.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  straw-colored ; 
fronds  2 -3-pinnate  (6- 10' high);  fertile  segments  stalked,  linear  or  linear- 
oblong  (3-5"  long),  the  sporangia  in  lines  extending  down  the  veins  almost 


FiLiCEs.     (ferns.)  683 

to  the  miMrih,  confluent  when  ri])e  and  covering  the  nnder  surface  of  the  now 
fully  opened  sc<^nients ;  sterile  fronds  on  nuich  shorter  stipes,  with  ovate  or 
ohovatc  decurrent  and  crenately  toothed  or  incised  segments.  (Allosorus 
acrostichoides,  Sprengel.)  —  On  rocks,  from  L.  Superior  westward  and  north- 
ward. —  Very  near  C.  crispa  of  Eu. 

8.  WOODWARDIA,  Smith.  Ciiain-Fern.  (PI.  17.) 
Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  arranged  in  one  or  more  chain-like  rows  on  trans- 
verse anastomosing  veinlets  parallel  and  near  to  the  midrib.  Indusium  fixed 
by  its  outer  margin  to  the  fruitful  veinlet,  free  and  opening  on  the  side  ne.xt 
the  midrib.  Veins  more  or  less  reticulated,  free  toward  the  margin  of  the 
frond.  —  Large  ferns,  witli  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  fronds.  (Named  for  J'/tomns 
J.  Woodward,  an  English  botanist.) 

§  1.   ANCHfSTEA.     Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  alike;  veins  forming  onli/  one 
row  of  meshes  [areoles). 

1.  W.  Virginica,  Smith.  (PI.  17,  fig.  4,  5.)  Fronds  (2-3°  high)  pin- 
nate,  with  numerous  lanceolate  pinnatifid  pinnai;  segments  oblong;  veins 
fornn'ng  a  row  of  narrow  areoles  along  the  midrib  both  of  the  pinna  and  of 
tlie  lobes,  the  outer  veinlets  free ;  fruit-dots  oblong,  one  to  each  areole,  con- 
fluent when  ripe.  —  Wet  swamps,  Maine  to  Ark.,  and  southward.  Kootstocks 
creeping,  often  6-8*^  long !     July. 

§  2.   LORINSilRIA.     Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  unlike ;  veins  of  the  sterile 
fronds  forming  many  rows  of  meshes. 

2.  W.  angUStifolia,  Smith.  (PI.  17,  fig.  1-3.)  Fronds  pinnatifid; 
sterile  ones  (12-18'  high)  with  lanceolate  serrulate  divisions  united  by  a  broad 
wing;  fertile  fronds  taller,  with  narrowly  linear  almost  disconnected  division.'*, 
the  areoles  and  fruit-dots  (4-5"  long)  in  a  single  row  each  side  of  the  second- 
ary midribs ;  rootstocks  creeping.  —  Wet  woods,  New  Eng.,  near  the  coast,  to 
Ark.,  and  southward  ;  rare.     Aug.,  Sept. 

9.    ASPLENIUM,    L.        Spleexavort.    (PI.  18.) 
Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  oblique,  separate  ;  the  straight,  or  rarely  curved, 
indusium  fixed  lengthwise  by  one  edge  to  the  upper  (inner)  side  of  the  fertile 
vein  ;  —  in  .some  species  a  part  of  the  fruit-<lots  are  double,  the  fertile  vein  bear- 
ing two  indusia  placed  back  to  back.     Veins  free  in  all  our  species.     (Name 
from  o-  privative  and  a-n\-i]v,  the  spleen,  for  supposed  remedial  properties.) 
§  1.    ASPLENIUM  proper.     Indusium  straight  or  slighfli/  ctin'ed,  attached  to 
the  upper  side  of  the  vein,  rareli/  double. 
*  Small  evergreen  ferns ;  frauds  pinnatifid,  or  pinnate  nnlg  near  the  base. 
1.   A.  pinnatifidum,  Nutt.     Fronds  (3  -  C  long)  lanceolate, /)/nna/(/?</, 
or  pinnate  below,  tapering  above  into  a  slender  prolongation,  "  the  apex  sometimes 
rooting";  lobes  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  or  the  lowest  pair  long-acuminate ;  fruit- 
dots  irregular,  those  next  the  midrib  often  double,  even  the  slender  prolonga- 
tion fertile.  —  On  cliiTs  and  rocks,  Penn.  to  Mo.,  and  southward;  very  rare. 
July.  —  Kesembles  the  Walking-Leaf  ((^amptosorus),  but  the  veins  arc  free. 
Stipes  brownish,  becoming  green  above,  and  so  jnisstng  into  the  broad  pale  green 
midrib. 


684  FiLiCES.     (ferns.) 

2.  A.  ebenoldes,  R.  R.  Scott.     Fronds  (4-9' long)  broadly  lanceolate 

pinnatijid,  below  pinnate,  the  apex  prolonged  and  slender;  divisions  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  the  lower  ones  shorter,  often  proliferous,  as  is  the  apex  of  the 
frond ;  fruit-dots  much  as  in  the  last ;  stipes  black  and  polished,  as  is  the  lower 
part  of  the  midrib,  especially  beneath.  —  Limestone  cliffs,  Conn,  and  Penn.,  and 
southward;  very  rare,  usually  growing  with  Camptosorus  and  Asplenium 
ebeneum,  of  which  Rev.  M.  G.  Berkeley  considered  it  a  probable  hybrid. 
*  *  Small  evergreen  f ems ;  the  narrow  fronds  simply  pinnate  with  numerous  pinncB. 
-t-  PinncE  not  auricled. 

3.  A.  Viride,  Hudson.  Fronds  (2  -  5'  long)  tufted,  linear  in  outline,  pale 
green,  softlij  herbaceous;  pinnce  roundish-ovate  or  ovate-rhomboid,  short-stalked, 
crenately  toothed  (2  - 4"  long),  the  midvein  indistinct  and  forking ;  the  slender 
stipe  brownish  and  passing  into  a  green  herbaceous  rhachis.  —  Shaded  cliffs; 
northern  New  Eng.,  west  and  northward;  rare.     (Eu.) 

4.  A.  Trichomanes,  L.  Fronds  (3-8'  long)  in  dense  spreading  tufts, 
linear  in  outline,  dark  green  and  more  rigid  ;  pinnce  roundish-oblong  or  oval  (3  -  4" 
long;,  entire  or  creuulate,  rarely  incised,  unequal-sided,  obliquely  wedge-trun- 
cate at  base,  attached  by  a  narrow  point,  the  midvein  forking  and  evanescent ; 
the  thread-like  stipe  and  rhachis  purple-brown  and  shining.  —  Shaded  cliffs; 
common.     July.     (Eu.) 

-t-  -I-  Pinnm  more  or  less  auricled. 

5.  A.  parvulum,  Mart.  &  Gal.  Fronds  upright  (4-10'  high),  narrowly 
linear-oblauceolate  ;  pinme  (2  -  6"  long)  rigid  and  thickish,  mostly  opposite,  nearly 
sessile,  somewhat  deflexed,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crenulate,  auricled  on  the 
upper  or  both  sides ;  sori  rather  few,  as  near  the  margin  as  the  continuous 
midvein ;  stipe  and  rhachis  black  and  shining.  —  Mountains  of  Va.  to  Mo., 
and  southward.  —  Nearly  intermediate  between  the  last  and  the  next. 

6.  A.  ebeneum,  Ait.  Fronds  upright  (9- 1 8' high),  linear-oblanceolate 
in  outline,  fertile  ones  much  the  taller;  pinnce  (6-18"  long)  firmly  membra- 
naceous, mostly  alternate,  sessile,  spreading,  oblong  or  oblong-linear, ^ne/y  ser- 
rate or  even  incised,  the  base  auricled  on  the  upper  or  both  sides ;  sori  many, 
nearer  the  elongated  midvein  than  the  margin ;  stipe  and  rhachis  blackish- 
purple  and  shining.  —  Rocky,  open  woods  ;  rather  common. 

»  *  *  Small  evergreen  ferns ;  the  broader  fronds  l-3-pinnate;  pinnce  incised. 

7.  A.  BradldjTi,  D.  C.  Eaton.  Fronds  oblong -lanceolate,  4-7'  long,  besides 
the  blackish  and  somewhat  shining  stipe,  membranaceous,  pinnate ;  pinnae 
rather  numerous,  the  lower  ones  no  larger  than  the  middle  ones,  all  short-stalked, 
oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  incised  or  pinnatifid  into  oblong  toothed  lobes.  —  On 
rocks,  Ky.  and  southward ;  rare.  A  single  plant  has  been  gathered  near  New- 
burg,  N.  Y.  —  Intermediate  between  A.  ebeneum  and  A.  montanum. 

8.  A.  montanum.,  Willd.  Fronds  ovate-lanceolate  from  a  broad  base  {2  ~ 
5'  long),  subcoriaceous,  pinnate  ;  pinnae  ovate-oblong,  the  lowest  pinnately  cleft 
into  oblong  or  ovate  cut-toothed  lobes,  the  upper  gradually  simpler ;  rhachis 
green,  broad  and  fiat ;  stipe  brown  at  base.  —  Cliffs  and  rocks,  from  Conn,  and 
Penn.  to  Ky.,  and  southward.     July. 

9.  A.  Rilta-mur^ria,  L.  Fronds  deltoid-ovate  (1-2^'  long),  subcori- 
aceous, laxly  2-3-pinnate  at  base,  the  pinnae  alternate;  ultimate  segments  few. 


FiLiCES.     (ferns.)  685 

stalked  (2-5"  long),  from  narrowli/  rniiealt  to  rounf/ish-fthovate,  toothed  or  in- 
cised at  tlioapcx;  veins  forking;  sori  2-4  on  a  sc;j;nu'nt.  —  Liniestone  diffa, 
Vt.  to  Mich.,  and  southward  ;  scarce.     July.     (Ku.) 

*  *  *  *  Tall  ferns  (2-4°  hiyh),  not  evergreen;  fronds  pinnate  or  sub-bi pinnate. 

10.  A.  angUStifblium,  Michx.  Fronds  thin,  simply  pivnnte ;  pinnae 
numerous,  short-stalkod,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire  or  crenulate  (3-4' 
long),  those  of  the  fertile  frond  narrower;  fruit-dots  linear,  20-40  each  side  of 
the  midvein ;  indusia  slightly  convex.  —  Rich  woods,  W.  New  Eng.  to  Wise, 
and  soutlnvard  along  the  mountains.     Sept. 

11.  A.  thelypteroides,  Michx.  (I'l.  18,  fig.  l,  2.)  Fmnds  (2-3° 
high)  pinnate  ;  pinmr  deejili/  pinnatifd,  linear-lanceolate  (3  -  5'  long) ;  the  lobes 
ol)long,  obtuse,  minutely  toothed,  crowded,  each  bearing  3-G  pairs  of  oblong 
fruit-dots,  some  of  them  double.  —  Kich  woods ;  not  rare.     July  -  Sept. 

§  2.    ATHYRIUM.     Indusium  delicate,  curved,  often  crossirfg  the  vein,  and  at- 
tached to  both  sides  of  it,  thus  becoming  reniform,  or  shaped  like  a  horseshoe. 

12.  A.  Filix-fcemina,  Bemh.  Fronds  (1-3°  high)  ovate-oblong  or 
broadly  lanceolate,  twice  j)innate  ;  pinna  lanceolate,  numerous  ;  pinnules  con- 
fluent on  the  secondary  rhachis  by  a  narrow  margin,  oblong  and  doubly  serrate, 
or  elongated  and  pinnately  incised  with  cut-toothed  segments ;  fruit-dots  short, 
variously  curved,  at  length  confluent,  —  Moist  woods ;  common  and  presenting 
many  varying  forms.     July.     (Eu.) 

10.     SCOLOPENDRIUM,    Smith.       Hart's-Toxgue.    (PI.  18.) 

Fruit-dots  linear,  elongated,  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib,  contiguous 
by  twos,  one  on  the  upper  side  of  one  veinlet,  and  the  next  on  the  lower  side  of 
the  next  superior  veinlet,  thus  appearing  to  have  a  double  indusium  opening 
along  the  middle.  (The  ancient  Greek  name,  so  called  because  the  numerous 
parallel  lines  of  fruit  resemble  the  feet  of  the  centipede,  or  Scolopendra.) 

I.  S,  VUlgkre,  Smith.  Frond  oblong-lanceolate  from  an  aurided-heart- 
shaped  base,  entire  or  wavy-margined  (7-18'  long,  1  -2'  wide),  bright  green. 
—  Shaded  ravines  and  under  limestone  cliffs ;  central  N.  Y. ;  also  in  Canada 
andTenn.;  very  rare.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

II.  CAMPTOSORUS,     Link.        Walking-Leaf.    (PI.  18.) 

Fruit-dots  oblong  or  linear,  as  in  Asplenium,  but  irregularly  scattered  on 
either  side  of  the  reticulated  veins  of  the  simple  frond,  those  next  the  midrib 
single,  the  outer  ones  inclined  to  approximate  in  pairs  (so  that  their  two  indu- 
sia open  face  to  face),  or  to  become  confluent  at  their  ends,  thus  forming  crooked 
lines  (whence  the  nanio,  from  Kafxtrros,  bent,  and  crupos,  ior  fruit-dot.) 

1.  C.  rhizophyllus,  Link.  Fronds  evergreen,  sub-coriaceous,  growing 
in  tufts,  spreading  or  procumbent  (4-12'  long),  gradually  narrowed  from  a 
cordate  or  auricled  base  to  a  long  and  slender  acumination,  which  often  roots 
at  the  end  and  forms  a  new  plant.  —  Sliaded  rocks,  cs])ecially  calcareous  rocks^ 
N.  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  southward  to  Kan.  and  Ala.  —  The  auricles  are  some- 
times greatly  elongated,  and  even  rooting;  in  another  form  they  are  lacking, 
as  in  the  thinner  leaved  C.  Sibiricus.     July. 


686  FiLTCES.     (ferns.) 

12.     PHEGOPTERIS,    Fee.        Beech  Fern. 

Fniit-dots  small,  round,  naked  (no  indusium),  borne  on  the  back  of  the  veins 
below  the  apex.  Stipe  continuous  with  the  rootstock.  —  Our  species  have  free 
veins  and  bright  green  membranaceous  fronds,  decaying  in  early  autumn. 
(Name  composed  of  <p-ny6s,  an  oak  or  heech,  and  inepU,fern.) 

*  Fronds  twice  pinnatifid  ;  pinnce  all  sessile,  adnate  to  the  winged  rhachis. 

1.  P.  polypodioides,  Fee.  Fronds  triangular,  longer  than  broad  (4-9' 
long),  hairy  on  the  veins,  especially  beneath;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  the  low- 
est pair  dejlexed  and  standing  forward ;  their  divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
the  basal  decurrent  upon  the  main  rhachis ;  fruit-dots  all  near  the  margin.  — 
Damp  woods ;  common  northward.  July.  —  Eootstock  slender,  creeping,  bear- 
ing a  few  distant  slender  stalks,  rather  longer  than  the  fronds.     (Eu.) 

2.  P.  hexagonoptera,  Fe'e.  Fronds  triangular,  usually  broader  than 
/on^  (7-12' broad},  slightly  pubescent  and  often  finely  glandular  beneath; 
pinnaB  lanceolate ;  upper  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  entire,  those  of 
the  very  large  lowest  pinnce  elongated  and  pinnately  lohed,  basal  ones  very  much 
decurrent  and  forming  a  continuous  many-angled  wing  along  the  main  rha- 
chis; fruit-dots  near  the  margin  ;  some  also  between  the  sinus  and  the  mid- 
rib. —  Rather  open  woods.  New  Eng.  to  Minn.,  and  southward ;  common.  July. 
—  Larger  and  broader  than  the  last,  which  it  often  closely  resembles. 

*  *  Fronds  ternate,  the  three  divisions  petioled ;  rhachis  wingless. 

3.  p.  Dryopteris,  Fee.  Fronds  smooth,  broadly  triangular  (4  -  6'  wide) ; 
the  three  triangular  primary  divisions  all  icidely  spreading,  1  -  2-pinnate  ;  seg- 
ments oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  toothed ;  fruit-dots  near  the  margin.  —  Rocky 
woods;  common  northward.     July.     (Eu.) 

4.  P.  Calcarea,  Fee.  Fronds  minutely  glandular  and  somewhat  rigid, 
the  lateral  divisions  ascending ;  lowest  inferior  pinna  of  the  lateral  divisions 
smaller  in  proportion  than  in  the  last  species,  which  it  otherwise  closely  re- 
sembles. —  Iowa  and  Minn. ;  rare.     July.     (Eu.) 

13.  ASPIDIUM,  Swartz.  Shield  Fern.  Wood  Fern.  (PI.  19.) 
Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  back  or  rarely  at  the  apex  of  the  veins.  In- 
dusium covering  the  sporangia,  flat  or  flattish,  scarious,  orbicular  and  peltate 
at  the  centre,  or  round-kidney-shaped  and  fixed  either  centrally  or  by  the  sinus, 
opening  all  round  the  margin.  Stipe  continuous  (not  articulated)  with  the 
rootstock.  —  Our  species  have  free  veins  and  1  -  3-pinnate  fronds.  (Name, 
aa-Ki^iov,  a  small  shield,  from  the  shape  of  the  indusium.) 

§  1.  DRY6PTERIS.  Indusium  reniform,  or  orbicular  with  a  narrow  sinus. 
*  Veins  simple  or  simply  forked  and  straight ;  fronds  annual,  decaying  in  au- 
tumn, the  stalks  and  slender  creeping  rootstocks  nearly  naked. 
1.  A.  Thel^pteris,  Swartz.  Fronds  pinnate,  lanceolate  in  outline ;  pin- 
nae horizontal  or  slightly  recurved,  linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  low- 
est pairs  scarcely  smaller ;  lobes  oblong,  entire,  obtuse  or  appearing  acute  when 
in  fruit  from  the  strongly  revolute  margins ;  veins  mostly  forked,  bearing  the  (soon 
confluent)  fruit-dots  near  their  middle;  indusium  minute,  smooth  and  naked. 
—  Marshes ;  common.  Aug.  —  Stalk  1°  long  or  more,  usually  longer  than  the 
frond,  which  is  of  thicker  texture  than  the  next,  and  slightly  downy.     (Eu.) 


FiLiCKs.      (feuns.)  C87 

2.  A.  Noveborac^nse,  Swartz.  Fronds  pinnate,  lanceolate  in  outline, 
ta}>ering  buth  irai/s  from  the  middle;  pinuaj  lanceolate,  Me  luuest  2  or  more 
jia lis  gradually  shorter  and  dcjlexed ;  lol)es  flat,  oblong,  basal  ones  often  en- 
larged and  incised ;  veins  simple,  ox  ioTkcd\n  the  basal  lobes;  fruit-dots  dis- 
tinct, near  the  margin  ;  indusium  minute,  the  margin  glanduliferous. —  Swamps 
and  moist  thickets ;  common.  July.  —  Frond  ])ale  green,  delicate  and  mem- 
branaceous, hairy  beneath  along  the  midribs  and  veins. 

»  *  Veins,  at  least  the  lowest,  more  than  once  forked  or  somewhat  pinnateli/ 
branching  ;  fruit-bearing  veinlets  often  obscure  or  vanishing  above  the  fruit- 
dot  ;  fronds,  at  least  the  sterile  ones,  often  evergreen  ;  stalks  and  apex  of 
the  thickened  rootstock  scaly  or  chaffy,  and  often  the  main  rhachis  also. 
-t-Pi-onds  small,  pinnate  ;  pinna;  pinnatifd ;  indusia  very  large,  persistent. 

3.  A.  fr^grans,  Swartz.  Fronds  (4-12' high)  glandular  and  aromatic, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  with  linear-oblong  pinnately-j)arted  pinnae  ;  their  crowded 
divisions  (2"  long)  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  nearly  entire,  nearly  covered  be- 
neath with  the  very  large  thin  iml)ricatcd  indusia,  whicli  are  orbicular  with  a 
narrow  sinus,  the  margin  sparingly  glanduliferous  and  often  ragged.  —  On 
rocks,  especially  near  waterfalls,  mountains  of  northern  New  Eng.,  west  and 
northward.  —  Rootstock  stout,  nearly  erect,  densely  chaffy,  as  are  the  crowded 
stipes  and  rhachis.     (Asia,  and  barely  reaching  S,  E.  Eu.) 

•«-  -»-  Large  (1  -2,\°  high),  the  fronds  mostly  twice  pinnate  with  varioushj  toothed 
and  incised  pinnules ;  indusia  rather  small,  shrivelled  in  age,  or  deciduous. 

4.  A.  Spinul6suin,  Swartz.  Stipes  with  a  few  pale-brown  deciduous 
scales  ;  frond  ovate-lanceolate,  twice  pinnate ;  pinnce  oblique  to  the  rhachis, 
elongated-triangular,  the  lower  pairs  broadly  triangular  ;  pinnules  sot  obliquel7 
on  the  midribs,  connected  by  a  very  narrow  wing,  oblong,  acute,  inciselv  ser- 
rate or  pinnatifid  with  spinulosely-toothed  lobes;  indusiuni  smooth  and  without 
marginal  glands.  —  In  damp  woods,  New  Eng.  to  Ky.,  and  northward.     July. 

—  The  common  Euro])can  type,  rare  in  North  America.     (Eu.) 

Var.  intermedium,  D.  C.  Eaton.  Scales  of  the  stipe  few,  brown  with 
a  darker  centre ;  frond  broadly  oblong-ovate,  twice  or  often  thrice  pinnate ; 
pinnce  spreading,  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  unequally  triangular-ovate ;  pin- 
nules crowded,  ovate-oblong,  spreading,  pinnately  divided ;  the  oblong  lobes 
epinulose-tootlied  at  the  apex ;  margin  of  the  indusiuin  denticulate  and  beset 
with  minute  stalked  glands.  —  Woods,  everywhere. 

Var.  dilatatum,  Hook.  Scales  of  the  stipe  large,  brown  with  a  dark  cen- 
tre;  frond  broader,  ovate  or  triangular-ovate  in  outline,  oftenest  thrice  pinnate; 
pinnules  lance-oblong,  the  lowest  often  much  elongated ;  indusium  (in  the 
North  American  plant)  smooth  and  naked.  —  A  dwarf  state,  fruiting  when 
only  5-8'  high,  answers  to  var.  dumetorum.  —  N.  New  Eng.  to  Minn.,  chiefly 
in  mountain  woods,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

5.  A.  Bo6ttil,  Tuckerman.  Scales  of  the  stipe  pale-broicn  :  fronds  (1-2^° 
long)  elongated-lanceolate  in  outline,  somewhat  narrowed  at  l)ase  ;  lowest  pin- 
na; triangular-ovate,  the  upper  longer  and  narrower ;  pinnules  oblong-ovate, 
sharply  spinulose-serrate  ortlie  lower  pinnatifid  ;  indusium  minutely  glandular. 
(A.  spinulosum,  var.  Boottii,  of  last  ed.    A.  cristatum,  var.  uliginosum,  Milde.) 

—  Wet  thickets  and  about  ponds,  New  Eng.  to  Del.  and  Minn.     July.  —Ster- 
ile fronds  much  smaller  and  simpler  tliau  the  fertile.     (Eu.) 


688  FiLiCES.      (ferns.) 

^  ^_  H_  Large  (2-4°  high);  fronds  once  pinnate  and  the  pinnce  deeply  pinnaH- 
Jid,  or  nearly  twice  pinnate;  fruit-dots  not  very  near  the  margin  ;  the  indu- 
sium  large,  thinnish  and  fat,  persistent. 

6.  A.  cristatum,  Swartz.  Frond  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate  in  outline 
(1  -  2°  long)  ;  pinme  short  (2  -  3'  long),  triangular-oUong,  or  the  lowest  nearly 
triangular-ovate,  from  a  somewhat  heart-shaped  base,  acute,  deeply  pinnatifid ; 
the  divisions  (6-10  pairs)  oblong,  very  obtuse,  finely  serrate  or  cut-toothed,  the 
lowest  pinnatifid-lobed  ;  fruit-dots  as  near  the  midvein  as  the  margin;  indusium 
round-reniform,  the  sinus  mostly  shallow,  smooth  and  naked.  —  Swamps,  etc. ; 
common.  July.  —  Stipes  and  the  stout  creeping  rootstock  bearing  broad  and 
deciduous  chaffy  scales.     (Eu.) 

Var.  Clintonianum.  Frond  in  every  way  much  larger  (2^-4°  long), 
pinnm  oblong-lanceolate,  broadest  at  base  (4-6'  long,  1-2'  broad),  deeply  pin- 
natifid ;  the  divisions  (8-16  pairs)  crowded  or  distant,  Z/near-oi/on^r,  obtuse, 
obscurely  serrate  or  cut-toothed,  the  basal  sometimes  pinnately  lobed  ;  veins 
pinnately  forking,  the  lowest  anterior  veinlets  bearing  the  fruit-dots  near  the 
midvein  ;  indusium  orbicular  with  a  shallow  sinus,  smooth  and  naked.  — 
Swampy  woods.  New  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  N.  Y.  {G.  W.  Clinton,  etc.),  and  west- 
ward. July.  —  Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  chaffy  (like  the  stipes)  with  large 
bright-brown  scales.  A  showy  fern,  unlike  any  European  form  of  A.  crista- 
tum, and  often  mistaken  for  A.  Goldianum. 

7.  A.  Goldianum,  Ilook.  Frond  broadly  ovate,  or  the  fertile  ovate- 
oblong  in  outline  (2-3°  long) ;  pinner  (6-9'  long),  oblong-lanceolate,  broad- 
est in  the  middle, -pinnately  parted;  the  dirisio7is  {about  20  pairs)  oblong-linear, 
slightly  scythe-shaped  (9-15"  long),  serrate  with  appressed  teeth;  veins  pin- 
nately forking  and  bearing  the  fruit-dots  very  near  the  midvein  ;  indusium  very 
large,  orbicular  with  a  deep  narrow  sinus,  smooth  and  without  marginal 
glands.  —  Rich  and  moist  woods,  from  Conn,  to  Ky.,  and  northward.  July. 
—  A  stately  fern,  often  4°  high,  the  fronds  growing  in  a  circle  from  a  stout 
ascending  chaffy  rootstock,  and  decaying  in  autumn.  Indusium  with  the 
sides  of  the  sinus  often  overlapping,  thus  appearing  to  be  round  and  entire  as 
in  §  Polystichum. 

H-^-i-^-Zarr^e  (1-3°  high) ;  stipes  very  chaffy  at  base;  fronds  twice  pinnate, 
but  the  upper  pinnules  confluent,  some  of  the  lower  pinnatif  d-toothed ;  fruit- 
dots  rather  large ;   indusium  convex,  without  marginal  glands,  persistent. 

8.  A.  Filix-mas,  Swartz.  Frond  lanceolate  in  outline  (1-3°  high); 
pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  from  base  to  apex ;  pinnules  oblong,  very 
obtuse,  serrate  at  the  apex  and  obscurely  so  at  the  sides,  the  basal  incisely 
lobed,  distinct,  the  upper  confluent ;  fruit-dots  nearer  the  midvein  than  the 
margin,  and  usually  confined  to  the  lower  half  of  each  fertile  pinnule.  — 
Rocky  woods,  N.  Mich,  to  Dak.  and  Col.  —  Frond  thickish  but  not  surviving 
the  winter.     (Eu.) 

9.  A.  marginale,  Swartz.  (PI.  19,  fig.  l,  2.)  Frond  evergreen,  smooth, 
thickish  and  almost  coriaceous,  ovate-oblong  in  outline  (1-2°  long);  pinnae 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  broadest  above  the  base ;  pinnules  oblong  or 
oblong-scythe-shaped,  crowded,  obtuse  or  pointed,  entire  or  crenately-tootlied ; 
fruit-dots  close  to  the  margin.  —  Rocky  hillsides  in  rich  woods;  common,  es- 
pecially northward.     Aug. 


I 


FiLiCES.      (ferns.)  68'J 

§  2.  POLYSTICnUM.  Tiidusiitm  orbicular  and  entire,  peltate,  fixed  by  the 
depressed  centre  ;  fronds  rigid  and  coriaceous,  evergreen,  very  chaffy  on  the 
rhachis,etc.;  pinnce  or  pinnules  auricled  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  crowded, 
the  teeth  or  lobes  bristle-tipped. 

*  Fronds  simjily  pinnate. 

10.  A.  acrostichoides,  Swartz.  (Chuistmas  Fern.)  (Tl.  19,  fig.  3, 4.) 
Frond  lanccolati!  (l-:ijj''  I'ii^lO)  stalked;  pinnce,  linear-iauceolate,  somewhat 
scythe-shai)cd,  lialf-lialbord-sliaped  at  the  sliglitly  stalked  hase,  serrulate  with 
appressed  bristly  tectli ;  the  fertile  (upper)  contracted  and  smaller,  beariug  con- 
tiguous fruit-dots  near  the  midrib,  which  are  confluent  with  age,  covering  the 
surface.  —  Var.  iNcisuM  is  a  state  with  cut-lobed  pinnai,  a  not  unfrequent  case 
in  the  sterile  fronds ;  sometimes  with  all  the  tips  fertile.  —  Common  in  rocky 
woods,  especially  northward.     July, 

11.  A.Lonchitis,  Swartz.  Frond  linear-lanceolate  (9-20'  high),  scarce/^ 
stalked,  very  rigid ;  pinnce  broadly  lanceolate-scythe-shaped ,  or  the  lowest  trian- 
gular, strongly  auricled  on  the  upper  side,  and  wedge-truncate  on  the  lower, 
densely  spinulose-toothed  (!'  or  less  in  length),  copiously  fruit-bearing;  fruit- 
dots  contiguous  and  near  the  margins.  —  Woods,  southern  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Fronds  bipinnnte. 

12.  A.  aculeatum,  Swartz,  var.  Braiinii,  Koch.  Fronds  spreading 
(1^-2^  l<^"i?)>  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  with  a  tapering  base,  the  lower  of 
the  many  pairs  of  oblong-lanceolate  pinna  gradually  reduced  in  size  and  ob- 
tuse ;  pinnules  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  truncate  and  almost  rectangular  at 
base,  short-stalked,  or  the  upper  confluent,  sharply  toothed,  beset  with  long 
and  soft  as  well  as  chaffy  hairs.  —  Deep  woods,  mountains  of  New  Eng.,  N.  Y., 
and  Penn.,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

14.     CYSTdPTERIS,     Bernhardi.        Bladder  Fern.     (PI.  19.) 

Fruit-dots  roundish,  borne  on  the  back  of  a  straight  fork  of  the  free  veins; 
the  delicate  indusium  hood-like  or  arched,  attached  by  a  broad  base  on  the  in- 
ner side  (toward  the  midrib)  partly  under  the  fruit-dot,  early  opening  free  at 
the  other  side,  which  looks  toward  the  apex  of  the  lobe,  and  is  somewhat 
jagged,  soon  thrown  back  or  withering  away.  —  Tufted  ferns  witli  slender 
and  delicate  2-3-pinnate  fronds;  the  lobes  cut-toothed.  (Name  composed  of 
Kvaris,  a  bladder,  and  irTepisyfern,  from  tlie  inflated  indusium.) 

1.  C.  bulbifera,  Bcrnh.  (PI.  19,  fig.  l -3.)  Frond  lanceolate,  elongated 
(1  -2°  long),  2-])innate;  the  pinnse  lanceolate-ol)long,  pointed,  horizontal  (1 - 
2'  long);  the  rhachis  and  pinnoi  often  bearing  bulblds  underneath,  tringless ; 
pinnules  crowded,  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  indusium  short,  trun- 
cate on  the  free  side.  —  Shaded  ravines,  not  rare  from  N.  Eng.  to  Ark.,  com- 
moner on  calcareous  rocks.  July.  —  Specimens  from  Tenn.  and  Ark.  have 
sometimes  shorter  fronds  and  few  or  no  bulblets,  indicating  an  approach  to  the 
next  species. 

2.  C.  fr^gilis,  Bernh.  Frond  oblong-lanceolate  (4-8'  long,  besides  the 
brittle  stalk  which  is  fully  as  long),  2  -3-pinuate  ;  the  pinnaj  and  pitinules  ovata 
or  lanceolate  iu  outline,  irregularly  pinnatifid  or  cut-toothed,  mostly  acute, 


690  FiLiCES     (perns.) 

decurren,  on  the  margined  or  winged  rhachis ;  iudusium  tapering  or  acute  at 
the  free  end.  —  Shaded  cliffs  and  rocky  woods ;  common  and  greatly  varying 
in  the  shape  and  cutting  of  the  pinnules.     July.     (Eu.) 

15.    O  NO  CLE  A,    L.        (Pi.  IG  and  19.) 

Sporangia  borne  on  elevated  receptacles,  forming  roundish  sori  imperfectly 
covered  by  very  delicate  hood-shaped  indusia  attached  to  the  base  of  the  re- 
ceptacles. Fertile  fronds  erect,  rigid,  with  contracted  pod-like  or  berry-like 
divisions  at  first  completely  concealing  the  sporangia,  and  at  last,  when  dry 
and  indurated,  cracking  open  and  allowing  the  spores  to  escape.  Sterile 
fronds  foliaceous.  Rootstocks  creeping  and  constantly  forming  new  plants. 
(Name  apparently  from  uvos,  a  vessel,  and  K\eiu,  to  close,  from  the  singularly 
rolled  up  fructification.) 

§  1.  ONOCLEA  proper.     Sterile  frond  with  anastomosing  veins. 

1.  O.  sensibilis,  L.  (Sensitive  Fern.)  (PI.  19,  fig.  1,  2.)  Fronds 
scattered;  the  sterile  ones  long-stalked  (2-15'  long),  triangular-ovate,  pin- 
natifid  into  a  few  oblong-lanceolate  sinuately  lobed  or  nearly  entire  segments ; 
veins  reticulated  with  fine  meslies ;  fertile  fronds  contracted,  closely  bipinnate, 
the  pinnules  rolled  up  into  berry -like  bodies.  —  Moist  meadows  and  thickets, 
very  common  and  variable.  July.  —  Imperfectly  fertile  fronds  sometimes 
occur,  with  the  still  foliaceous  pin  use  cut  into  obovate  segments  with  free  veins 
and  abortive  sori ;  the  so-called  var.  obtusilobXta. 

§  2.   STRUTHIOPTEIIIS.     Sterile  frond  with  free  veins. 

2.  O.  Struthiopteris,  Hoffmann.  (PI.  16,  fig.  1  -5.)  Fronds  growing 
in  a  crown  ;  sterile  ones  short-stalked  (2-  10"^  high),  broadly  lanceolate,  nar- 
rowed toward  the  base,  pinnate  with  many  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  pinnte ; 
veins  free,  the  veinlets  simple ;  fertile  frond  shorter,  pinnate  with  pod-like 
or  somewhat  necklace-shaped  pinna.  (Struthiopteris  Germanica,  Willd.)  — 
Alluvial  soil,  common  northward.  July. — The  rootstock  sends  out  slender 
underground  stolons,  which  bear  fronds  the  next  year.     (Eu.) 

16.    WOOD  SI  A,     R.Brown.        (PI.  19.) 

Fruit-dots  round,  borne  on  the  back  of  simply-forked  free  veins ;  the  very 
thin  and  often  evanescent  indusium  attached  by  its  base  all  around  the  recep- 
tacle, under  the  sporangia,  either  small  and  open,  or  else  early  bursting  at  the 
top  into  irregular  pieces  or  lobes.  —  Small  and  tufted  pinnately-divided  ferns. 
(Dedicated  to  Joseph   Woods,  an  English  botanist.) 

*  Stalks  obscurely  articulated  some  distance  from  the  base ;  fronds  chaffy  or 
smooth,  never  glandular ;  indusium  divided  nearly  to  the  centre  into  slender 
hairs  which  are  curled  over  the  sporangia. 

1-  W.  Ilvensis,  R.  Brown.  Frmd  oblong-lanceolate  (2-6'  long  by  12- 
18"  wide),  smoothish  and  green  above,  thickly  clothed  underneath  as  well  as 
the  stalk  with  rusty  bristle-like  chaff,  pinnate ;  the  pinnae  crowded,  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, sessile,  piunately  parted,  the  numerous  crowded  segments  oblong,  obtuse, 
obscurely  crenate ;  the  fruit-dots  near  tlie  margin,  somewhat  confluent  when 
old.  —  Exposed  rocks;  common,  especially  northward,  and  southward  in  thd 
Alleghanies.    June.     (Eu.) 


FILICES.       (FERNS.)  GDI 

2.  W.  hyperb6rea,  K.  I'rown.  Frond  narrowly  oblonp^-lanceolate  (2- 
6'  lon<;  by  8-  12"  wide),  siiiuotli  above,  sj)aringly  paleuceous-hirsute  beneath, 
pinnate  ;  the  piunaj  trian^uhir-ovate,  obtuse,  pinnately  lobed,  the  lobes  few 
and  nearly  entire ;  fruit-dots  rarely  couHuent.  —  Mountain  ravines,  northern 
\'t.  and  N.  V.,  and  northward;  rare.     (Eu.) 

3.  W.  glabella,  H.  Brown.  (PI.  19,  fig.  1-3.)  .Smooth  and  naked 
throuijkout ;  frond  lintur  and  very  delicate  (2-  5'  high),  pinnate;  pinmr  round- 
ish-ovate, the  lower  ones  ratlier  remote  (2-4"  long),  obtuse,  ereuatelv  lobed; 
fruit-dots  scanty  ;  the  hairs  of  the  indusiuni  fewer  tiiau  in  the  last  two  species. 
—  (Jn  moist  mossy  rcjcks,  mountains  of  nortlieru  New  Eug.,  north  and  west- 
ward.    First  found  at  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.,  by  Dr.  Vasei/.     (Eu.) 

*  *  K^talks  not  articulated  ;  fronds  never  chaffy y  often  glandular-pubescent. 
-»-  liidusium  of  a  few  broad  segments,  at  Jirst  covering  the  sorus  completely. 

4.  W.  Obtiisa,  Terr.  (PI.  19,  fig.  4,  5.)  Frond  broadly  lanceolate,  mi- 
nutely glandular-hairy  (6-  12'  high),  jjinnate,  or  nearly  twice  pinnate  ;  jjinnje 
ratlier  remote,  triangular-ovate  or  oblong  (1-2'  long),  bluntish,  pinnately 
parted;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  crenately  toothed,  the  lower  pinnatifi  1  with 
toothed  lobes ;  veins  forked,  and  bearing  tlie  fruit-dots  on  or  below  the  mi- 
nutely toothed  lobes ;  indusium  at  length  splitting  into  several  spreading 
jagged  lobes.  —  Rocky  banks  and  cliffs ;  not  rare. 

■*-  -»-  Indusium  entirelij  concealed  beneath  the  sorus,  divided  into  very  narrow 
segments  or  reduced  to  minute  hairs. 

5.  W.  Oregana,  D.  C.  Eaton.  Smooth,  with  fronds  (2-8'  high,  8-  12" 
■wide)  elliptical-lanceolate,  pinnate,  the  fertile  ones  tallest ;  pinnaj  triangular- 
oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid ;  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse,  finely  toothed, 
and  in  larger  fronds  incised ;  fruit-dots  near  the  margin  ;  indusium  very  small, 
divided  almost  to  the  centre  into  a  few  necklace-like-jointed  cilia.  —  Crevices 
of  rocks,  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior  (Rohblns),  and  westward. 

6.  W.  SCOpulina,  D.  C.  Eaton.  Much  like  the  last,  but  the  rather  larger 
fronds  puberulent  beneath  with  minute  jointed  hairs  and  stalked  glands ;  in- 
dusium deeply  cleft  into  narrow  segments  ending  in  jointed  hairs.  —  Rocky 
places,  Minn.,  southward  and  westward. 

17.    DICKS  ONI  A,    L'lTer.        (PI.  18.) 

Fruit-dots  small,  globular,  marginal,  each  placed  on  the  apex  of  a  free  vein 
or  fork  ;  the  sporangia  borne  on  an  elevated  globular  receptacle,  enclosed  in  a 
membranaceous  cup-shaped  indusium  which  is  open  at  the  top,  and  on  the 
outer  side  partly  adherent  to  a  reflexed  toothlet  of  the  frond.  (Named  for 
James  Dickson,  an  English  Cryptogamic  botanist.) 

1.  D.  pilosiuscula,  Willd.  Fronds  minutely  glandular  and  hairy  (2-3'^ 
high),  ovate  laM<<'(>l;it(>  and  acuminate  in  outline,  ])ale  green,  very  thin,  with 
str<mg  chadless  stalks  rising  from  slender  extensively  creeping  naked  root- 
stocks,  mostly  bi])iniiate;  primary  ])inna3  lanceolate,  pointed,  the  secondary 
pinnatifid  into  obhjng  and  ol>tuse  cut-toothed  lobes  ;  fruit-dots  minute,  each  on 
a  recurved  toothlet,  usually  one  at  the  u|iper  margin  of  eacli  l()l)e.  (D.  punc- 
tilobula,  Kunze.)  —  Common  in  moist  and  shady  j'laccs,  from  New  Eng.  to 
Minn.  —  Frond  aweet-sceuted  in  drvintr. 


692  FiLiCES.     (ferns.) 

18.    TRICHOMANES,    L.        Filmy  Fern. 

Sporangia  with  a  transverse  entire  ring,  sessile  on  a  cylindrical  receptacle 
which  is  produced  from  the  end  of  a  vein  and  enclosed  in  a  funnel-form  or 
cup-shaped  involucre  of  the  same  substance  with  the  frond.  Fronds  very 
thin  and  pellucid,  often  consisting  of  a  single  layer  of  cells.  (An  ancient 
Greek  name  for  some  fern.) 

1.  T.  radicans,  Swartz.  Fronds  very  delicate,  oblong-lanceolate  in  out- 
line (4-8'  long,  6-  18"  wide),  bipinnatifid ;  rhachis  narrowly  winged;  pinnae 
triangular-ovate,  the  divisions  toothed  or  again  lobed ;  involucres  tubular- 
funnel-shaped,  margined,  the  mouth  truncate ;  receptacle  often  much  exserted. 
—  On  moist  and  dripping  sandstone  cliffs,  Ky.,  and  southward  ;  rare.  —  Though 
the  fronds  are  so  very  delicate,  yet  they  survive  for  several  years  ;  they  begin 
to  fruit  the  second  or  third  year,  and  thereafter  the  receptacle  continues  to 
grow  and  to  produce  new  sporangia  at  its  base.     (Eu.) 

19.    S  C  H I Z  JE  A,    Smith.        (PI.  20.) 

Sporangia  large,  ovoid,  striate-rayed  at  the  apex,  opening  by  a  longitudinal 
cleft,  naked,  vertically  sessile  in  a  double  row  along  the  single  vein  of  the  nar- 
row divisions  of  the  pinnate  (or  radiate)  fertile  appendages  to  the  slender  and 
simply  linear,  or  (in  foreign  species)  fan-shaped  or  dichotomously  many-cleft 
fronds  (whence  the  name,  from  axK^,  to  split). 

1.  S.  pusilla,  Pursh.  Sterile  fronds  linear,  very  slender,  flattened  and 
tortuous;  the  fertile  ones  equally  slender  (:^"  wide),  but  taller  (3-4' high), 
and  bearing  at  the  top  the  fertile  appendage,  consisting  of  about  5  pairs  of 
crowded  pinnae  (each  1-1^"  long).— Low  grounds,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J. ; 
very  local.     Sept.     (Also  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Newf.) 

20.     L  Y  G  6  D I  U  M,     Swartz.         Climbing  Fern.     (PI.  20.) 

Fronds  twining  or  climbing,  bearing  stalked  and  variously  lobed  (or  com- 
pound) divisions  in  pairs,  with  mostly  free  veins ;  the  fructification  on  separate 
contracted  divisions  or  spike-like  lobes,  one  side  of  which  is  covered  with  a 
double  row  of  imbricated  hooded  scale-like  indusia,  fixed  by  a  broad  base  to 
short  oblique  veinlets.  Sporangia  much  as  in  Schizaea,  but  oblique,  fixed  to 
the  veinlet  by  the  inner  side  next  the  base,  one  or  rarely  two  covered  by  each 
indusium.     (Name  from  KvywZ-qs,  flexible.) 

1.  L.  palmatum,  Swartz.  Very  smooth;  stalks  slender,  flexile  and 
twining  (1-3°  long),  from  slender  running  rootstocks;  the  short  alternate 
branches  or  petioles  2-forked;  each  fork  bearing  a  round-heart-shaped  pal- 
mately  4-7-lobed  frondlet;  fertile  frondlets  above,  contracted  and  several 
times  forked,  forming  a  terminal  panicle.  —  Low  moist  thickets  and  open 
woods,  Mass.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  sparingly  southward ;  rare.     Sept. 

21.     OSMUND  A,     L.         Flowering  Fern.     (PI.  20.) 

Fertile  fronds  or  fertile  portions  of  the  frond  destitute  of  chlorophyll,  very 
much  contracted,  and  bearing  on  the  margins  of  the  narrow  rhachis-like  divis- 
ions short-pedicelled  and  naked  sporangia ;  these  are  globular,  thin  and  reticu- 
lated, large,  opening  by  a  longitudinal  cleft  into  two  valves,  and  bearing  near 


OPHIOGLOSSACE^.       (aDDKH's-TONGUE    FAMILY.)  (?J'6 

the  apex  a  small  patch  of  thickened  ohloug  cells,  the  rudiment  of  a  transverse 
rin^.  —  Fronds  tall  and  upright,  growing  in  large  crowns  from  thickened  root- 
stocks,  once  or  twice  pinnate;  veins  forking  and  free.  ISpores  green.  {Us- 
munder,  a  Saxon  name  of  the  Celtic  divinity,  Thor.) 

♦  iSterile  jyonds  trulj  bipiunate. 

1.  O.  regklis,  L.  (Flowering  Fekn.)  Very  smooth,  pale  green  (2- 
5°  high);  sterile  pinnules  13-25,  varying  from  oblong-ov;il  tu  lance-<jhlong, 
finely  serrulate,  especially  toward  the  apex,  otherwise  entire,  or  crenately  lobed 
toward  the  rounded,  ohlicjue  and  truncate,  or  even  cordate  and  semi-auriculate 
base,  sessile  or  short-stalked  (1-2'  long) ;  the  fertile  racemose-panicled  at  the 
summit  of  the  frond.  —  Swamps  and  wet  woods ;  common.  The  cordate  pin- 
nules sometimes  found  here  are  commoner  in  Europe.     May,  June.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Sterile  fronds  once  pinnate  ;  pinnce  deepli/  pinnatijid  ;  the  lubes  entire. 

2.  O.  Claytoni^na,  L.  (PI.  20,  fig.  1-3.)  Clothed  witii  loose  wool 
when  young,  soon  smooth;  fertile  fronds  taller  than  the  sterile  (2-4°  high); 
pinnae  oblong-lanceolate,  witli  oblong  obtuse  divisions;  some  {2-5  pairs)  of 
the  middle  pinnce  fertile,  these  entirely  pinnate ;  sporangia  greenish,  turning 
brown.  —  Low  grounds,  common.     May.  —  Fruiting  as  it  unfolds. 

3.  O.  Cinnamoniea,  L.  (Cinnamox  Fekn.)  Clothed  with  rusty  wool 
when  young;  stcril,  fronds  tallest  (at  length  3-5°  high),  smooth  when  full 
grown,  the  lanceolate  pinna?  pinnatiiid  into  broadly  oblong  obtuse  divisions ; 

fertile  fronds  separate,  appearing  earlier  from  the  same  rootstock  and  soon 
withering  (1-2°  high),  contracted,  twice  pinnate,  covered  with  the  cinnamon- 
colored  sporangia.  —  Var.  rROND6sA  is  a  rare  occasional  state,  in  which  some 
of  the  fronds  are  sterile  below  and  more  sparsely  fertile  at  tlieir  summit,  or 
rarely  in  the  middle.  —  Swamps  and  low  copses,  everywhere.     May. 

Order  132.     OPHIOGLOSSACE^T].    (Adder's-Tongue 
Family.) 

Leafy  and  oftcij  somewhat  fleshy  plants ;  the  leaves  (fronds)  simple 
or  branched,  often  fern-like  in  appearance,  erect  in  vernation,  developed 
from  underground  buds  formed  either  inside  the  base  of  the  old  stalk  or 
by  the  side  of  it,  and  bearing  in  special  spikes  or  panicles  rather  larp:e 
subcoriaceous  bivalvular  sporangia  formed  from  the  main  tissue  of  the 
fruiting  branches.  Prothallus  underground,  not  green,  monax-ious.  —  A 
small  order,  separated  from  Ferns  on  account  of  the  ditferont  nature  of 
the  sporangia,  the  erect  vernation,  etc. 

1.  Botrychium.    Sporangia  in  pinnate  or  compound  spikes,  distinct.     Veins  free. 

2.  Ophiogrlossum.    Sporangia  cohering  in  a  simple  spike.     Veins  reticulated. 

1.  BOTRYCHIUM,  Swart/..  Mooxwokt.  (PI.  20.) 
Root.stock  very  short,  erect,  with  clustered  fleshy  roots  (which  are  full  of 
starch,  in  very  minute,  irregular  granules!);  the  biise  of  the  naked  stalk  con- 
taining the  bud  for  the  next  year's  frond ;  frond  witli  an  anterior  fertile  and 
a  posterior  sterile  segment;  the  former  mostly  1 -3-pinnate,  the  contracted 
divisions  bearing  a  double  row  of  sessile  naked  sporangia;  these  are  distinct, 
rather  coriaceous,  not  reticulated,  globular,  without  a  ring,  and  open  trans- 


694  OPHIOGLOSSACE^.     (adder's-tongue  family.) 

versely  into  two  valves.  Sterile  segment  of  the  frond  ternately  or  pinnately 
divided  or  compound ;  veins  all  free.  Spores  copious,  sulphur-color.  (Name 
a  diminutive  of  fiorpvs,  a  cluster  of  grapes,  from  the  appearance  of  the 
fructification.) 

§  1.   BOTRYCHIUM  proper.     Base  of  the  stalk  containing  the  bud  completely 
closed ;  sterile  segment  more  or  less  fleshy ;  the  cells  of  the  epidermis  straight. 

*  Sterile  portion  of  the  frond  sessile  or  nearly  so  at  or  above  the  middle  of  th6 

plant.     Plants  small. 

1.  B.  liUn^ria,  Swartz.  Sterile  segment  nearly  sessile,  borne  near  the 
middle  of  the  plant,  oblong,  simply  pinnate  with  5-15  lunate  or  fan-shaped  very 
obtuse  crenate,  incised  or  nearly  entire,  fleshy  divisions,  more  or  less  excised  at 
the  base  on  the  lower  or  on  both  sides,  the  veins  radiating  from  the  base  and 
repeatedly  forking ;  fertile  segment  panicled,  2  -  3-pinnate.  —  N.  Eng.  to  Lake 
Superior,  and  northward ;  rare. —  Very  fleshy,  4-  10'  high.     (Eu.) 

2.  B.  simplex,  Hitchcock.  Fronds  small  (2-4',  rarely  5-6' high),  ^/ie 
sterile  segment  short-petioled  from  near  the  middle  of  the  plant,  thickish  and  fleshy, 
simple  and  rouudish,  or  pinnately  3  -  7-lobed ;  the  lobes  roundish-obovate,  nearly 
eutire,  decurrent  on  the  broad  and  flat  indeterminate  rhachis ;  the  veins  all 

forking  from   the  base ;  fertile  segment  simple  or  1  -  2-pinnate.  —  Maine  to 
N.  Y.,  Minn.,  and  northward  ;  rare.     (Eu.) 

3.  B.  lanceolatum,  Augstroem.  Fronds  small  (3-10'  high) ;  the  sterile 
segment  closely  sessile  at  the  top  of  the  long  and  sleuder  common  stalk,  scarcely 
flesliy,  triangular,  ternately  twice  pinnatifld ;  the  acute  lobes  lanceolate,  incised 
or  toothed;  veinlets  forking  from  a  continuous  midvein ;  fertile  part  2 -3-pin- 
nate.—  N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.  to  f)hio  and  Lake  Superior.     July- Aug.     (Eu.) 

4.  B.  matricarisefolium,  Braun.  Fronds  small  (3-10'  high);  the 
sterile  segment  nearly  sessile  at  the  top  of  the  long  and  slender  common  stalk, 
moderately  fleshy,  ovate  or  triangidar,  varying  from  pinnate  to  bipinnatifid ; 
the  lobes  oblong-ovate  and  obtuse ;  midvein  dissipated  into  forking  veinlets ;  fer- 
tile part  2  -3.pinnate.  —  Same  range  as  the  last.    June,  July.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Sterile  portion  of  the  frond  long-stalked;  the  common  stalk  short  in  propor- 

tion to  the  size  of  the  plant.     Plants  usually  larger. 

5.  B.  tern^tum,  Swartz.  (PI.  20.)  Plant  very  fleshy  (4-16'  high)., 
sparsely  hairy ;  sterile  segment  long-petioled  from  near  the  base  of  the  plant, 
broadly  triangular,  ternate  and  variously  decompound  with  stalked  divisions ; 
ultimate  segments  Aarying  from  roundish-reniform  and  sub-entire  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  doubly  incised ;  fertile  segment  erect,  2  -  4-pinnate.  —  The  fol- 
lowing varieties  pass  into  each  other :  —  Var.  austrXle  ;  frond  ample  ;  ultimate 
segments  rhomboid-ovate  with  a  denticulate  margin.  —  Var.  iNTERMi;DiuM; 
frond  of  moderate  size ;  ultimate  segments  as  in  var.  australe.  (B.  lunarioides, 
of  last  ed.)  — Var.  rut.ef6lium  ;  frond  small;  ultimate  segments  few,  ovate 
and  semicordate.  —  Var.  lunarioides  ;  frond  small ;  ultimate  segments  round- 
ish-reniform. —  Var.  OBLiQuuM ;  frond  moderate ;  ultimate  segments  obliquely 
lanceolate,  denticulate  or  toothed.  —  Var.  dissectum;  segments  dissected  into 
innumerable  narrow  lobes  or  teeth.  —  Pastures  and  hillsides,  sometimes  in 
dry  woods,  rather  common,  especially  vars.  intermedium  and  obliquum.  —  Var. 
rutiefolium  occurs  in  Europe. 


LYCOPODIACEiE.       (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.)  695 

§  2.  OSMUNDOPTERIS.  Base  of  the  stalk  containing  the  bud  open  along  one 
side  ;  sterile  se(jment  membranaceous  ;  the  cells  oj' the  epidermis  jlcxuous. 
6.  B.  Virgini^num,  Swartz.  Fronds  tall  and  ample;  sterile  segment 
sessile  above  the  middle  of  the  jjlant,  l^roadly  triangular,  thin  and  membrana- 
ceous, ternate ;  tlie  short-stalked  primary  divisions  once  or  twice  pinnate,  and 
then  once  or  twice  piunatifid ;  the  oblong  lobes  cut-toothed  toward  the  apex ; 
veins  forking  from  a  midvein  ;  fertile  part  2-3-pinnate. —  Hich  woods;  com- 
mon.—  riant  1  -2°  high,  or  often  reduced  to  a  few  inches,  in  which  case  it  is 
B.  gracile,  Purs/i.     Juno,  July.     (Ku.) 

2.    OPHIOQLOSSUM,    L.        Adder's-Toxgue.     (PI.  20.) 

Kootstock  erect,  fleshy  and  sometimes  tuberous,  witli  slender  fleshy  roots 
which  are  sometimes  j)roliferous ;  buil  jdaced  by  tlie  side  of  the  base  of  tlie 
stalk;  fronds  with  anterior  and  posterior  segments  as  in  Botrychium,  but 
the  coriaceous  sporangia  coimate  and  coherent  in  two  ranks  on  the  edges 
of  a  simple  spike.  ISterile  segment  fleshy,  simple  in  our  species ;  the  veins 
reticulated.  JSpores  cojjtous,  sulplmr-yellow.  (Name  from  ti<pis,  a  serpent,  and 
yKHaaa,  tongue.) 

1.  O.  vulgatum,  L.  Fronds  from  a  slender  rootstock  (2-12'  high), 
mostly  solitary  ;  sterile  segment  sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  plant,  ovate  or 
elliptical  (1-3'  long) ;  midvein  indistinct  or  none ;  veins  forming  small  meshes 
enclosed  in  larger  ones.  —  Bogs  and  pastures;  not  common.     July.     (Eu.j 

Order  133.     LYCOPODlACE^E.    (Club-Moss  Family.) 

Low  plants,  usually  of  moss-like  aspect,  with  elongated  and  often  much 
branched  stems  covered  with  small  lanceolate  or  subulate,  rarely  oblong 
or  rounded,  persistent  entire  leaves ;  the  sporangia  1  -  3-celled,  solitary 
in  the  axil?  of  the  leaves,  or  on  their  upper  surface,  when  rijie  opening 
into  two  or  three  valves,  and  shedding  the  nmnerous  yellow  sj)ores,  which 
are  all  of  one  kind.  —  The  Order,  as  here  defined,  consists  mainly  of  the 
large  genus 

1.    LYCO PODIUM,    L.        Club-Moss.    (PI.  21.) 

Spore-cases  coriaceous,  flattened,  usually  kidney-sliapcd,  1 -celled,  2-valved, 
mostly  by  a  transverse  line  round  the  margin,  discharging  the  subtile  spores  in 
the  form  of  a  copious  sulphur-colored  inflammable  powder.  —  Perennials,  with 
evergreen  one-nerved  leaves,  imbricated  or  crowded  in  4-16  ranks.  (Name 
compounded  of  \vkos,  a  wolf,  and  irov5,foot,  from  no  obvious  resemblance.) 

§  1.    Spore-cases  in  the  axils  of  the  ordinarg  {dark  green  and  shining,  rigid, 
lanceolate,  about  S-ranked)  leaves. 

1.  L.  Sel^gO,  L.  Stems  erect  and  rigid,  dichotomous,  forming  a  level- 
topped  cluster  (.'3  -  6'  high) ;  leaves  uniform,  crowded,  ascending,  glossy,  pointed, 
entire  or  denticulate'^  sporangia  in  the  axils  of  unaltered  leaves.  —  Mountain- 
tops,  Maine  to  Lake  Superior,  and  northward.  —  The  leaves  of  this  and  the  next 
species  often  bear  little  gemmai,  with  the  lower  bracts  pointed,  and  the  2 -.3 
uppermo.st  broadly  obovate  and  fleshy,  as  figured  in  1768  by  Dillenius.  These 
gemmae  fall  to  the  ground  and  their  axis  grows  into  the  stem  of  a  new  plant, 


696  LYCOPODIACE^.        (CLUB-MOSS    FAMILY.) 

as  specimens  collected  in  1854  show  very  plainly.     (For  their  true  nature  see 
Sachs'  Lehrbuch,  Engl,  trans.,  p.  411.) 

2.  L.  lucidulum,  Michx.  Stems  assurgent,  less  rigid,  dichotomous  (6- 
12'  long) ;  leaves  pointed,  toothed,  at  first  spreading,  then  deflexed,  arranged 
in  alternate  zones  of  shorter  and  longer  leaves,  the  shorter  leaves  more  fre- 
quently bearing  sporangia  in  their  axils ;  proliferous  gemmae  usually  abun- 
dant. —  Cold,  damp  woods ;  common  northward.     Aug. 

§  2.    Spore-cases  only  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  {bracteal)  leaves,  thus  forming  a 

spike. 

*  Leaves  of  the  creeping  sterile  and  of  the  upright  fertile  stems  or  branches  and 

those  of  the  simple  spike  nearly  alike,  many-ranked. 

3.  L.  inundatum,  L.  Dwarf;  creeping  sterile  stems  forking,  flaccid ; 
the  fertile  solitary  (1  -4'  high),  bearing  a  short  thick  spike;  leaves  lanceolate 
or  lance-awl-shaped,  acute,  soft,  spreading,  mostly  entire,  those  of  the  prostrate 
stems  curving  upward.  —  Var.  Bigel6vii,  Tuckerm.,  has  fertile  stems  5-7' 
high,  its  leaves  more  awl-shaped  and  pointed,  sparses-and  more  upright,  often 
somewhat  teeth-bearing.  —  Sandy  bogs,  northward,  not  common ;  the  var., 
eastern  New  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  and  southward.     Aug.     (Eu.) 

4.  L.  alopecuroides,  L.  Stems  stout,  very  densely  leafy  throughout ; 
the  sterile  branches  recurved-procumbeut  and  creeping;  the  fertile  of  the  same 
thickness,  6-20'  high;  leaves  narrowly  linear-awl-shaped,  spinulose-pointed, 
spreading,  conspicuously  bristle-toothed  below  the  middle  ;  those  of  the  cylindrical 
spike  with  long  setaceous  tips.  —  Pine-barren  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Va.,  and  south- 
ward. Aug.,  Sept.  —  Stems,  including  the  dense  leaves,  Y  thick ;  the  comose 
spike,  with  its  longer  spreading  leaves,  |-  1'  thick. 

*  *  Leaves  (bracts)  of  the  catkin-like  spike  scale-like,  imbricated,  yellowish,  ovate 

or  heart-shaped,  very  different  from  those  of  the  sterile  steins  and  branches. 
-t-  Spikes  sessile  {i.  e.  branches  equally  leafy  to  the  top),  single. 

5.  L.  annotinum,  L.  Much  branched ;  stems  prostrate  and  creeping  {I - 
4°  long);  the  ascending  branches  similar  (5-8'  high),  sparingly  forked;  the 
sterile  ones  making  yearly  growths  from  the  summit;  leaves  equal,  spreading, 
in  about  5  ranks,  rigid,  lanceolate,  pointed,  minutely  serrulate  (pale  green) ; 
spike  solitary,  oblong-cylindrical,  thick.  —  Var.  pungens,  Spring,  is  a  reduced 
sub-alpine  or  mountain  form,  with  shorter  and  more  rigid-pointed  erectish 
leaves.  —  Woods;  common  northward;  the  var.  on  the  White  Mountains, 
with  intermediate  forms  around  the  base.     July.     (Eu.) 

6.  L.  obscurum,  L.  Rootstock  cord-like,  subterranean,  hearing  scat- 
tered, erect,  tree-like  stems  dividing  at  the  summit  into  several  densely  dichoto- 
mous  spreading  branches ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  decurrent,  entire,  acute, 
6-rauked,  those  of  the  two  upper  and  two  lower  ranks  smaller  and  appressed, 
the  lateral  ones  incurved-spreading ;  spikes  1-10,  erect,  mostly  sessile  ;  bracts 
scarious-margined,  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  apiculate.  —  Yar.  DEXDRofoECM 
(L.  deudroideum,  Michx.)  has  all  the  leaves  alike  and  incurved  spreading.  — 
Moist  woods.     Aug.  —  Remarkable  for  its  tree-like  appearance. 

L,  ALPiNUM,  L.,  or  its  var.  sabix^f6lium,  occurs  from  Labrador  to  Wash- 
ington Territory,  and  is  to  be  expected  in  northern  Maine  and  Minn.  It  has 
slender  branches  with  rigid  nearly  appressed  leaves. 


SELACINK.LLArE^.  697 

♦-  ••-  Spikes  peduncled,  i.  e.  the  leaves  minute  on  the  fertile  branches. 
++  Leaves  homogeneous  and  equal,  mnn>/-r(inled ;  stems  terete. 

7.  L.  Clavatum,  L.  (Common-  Cllb-Moss.)  Stems  rreepinpr  exten- 
sively, with  siinihir  juscendiiig  sliort  and  vory  leafy  liraiiches ;  the  fertile  ter- 
minated by  a  slender  peduncle  (4  -  G'  long),  hearing  about  2-3  (rarely  1  or  4) 
linear-cylindrical  spikes;  leaves  linear-awl  shaped,  incurved  spreading  (light 
green),  tipped,  as  also  the  bracts,  with  a  fine  bristle.  —  Dry  woods;  common, 
especially  northward.    July.     (Ku.) 

■>-*■  ++  Leaves  of  two  forms,  few-ranked ;  stems  or  branches  flattened. 

8.  L.  Carolini^num,  L.  (1*1.  21.)  Sterile  stems  and  their  few  short 
branches  entirelj/  creeping  (leaHess  and  rooting  on  the  under  side),  thickly 
clothed  with  broadly  lanceolate  acute  and  somewhat  oblique  1-nerved  lateral 
leaves  wideltf  spreading  in  2  ranks,  and  a  shorter  intermediate  row  appressed 
on  the  upper  side;  also  sending  up  a  slender  simj)le  peduncle  (2-4'  high, 
clothed  merely  with  small  bract-like  and  appressed  awl-sliaped  leaves),  ieanHy 
a  single  ci/lindrical  spike.  —  Wet  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Va.,  and  southward. 

9.  L.  complanatum,  L.  (Ground-Pine.)  Stems  extensively  creeping 
(often  subterranean),  the  erect  or  ascending  branches  several  times  forked 
above;  bushy  branchlets  crowded, fattened,  fan-like  and  spreading,  all  clothed 
with  minute  imbricated-appressed  awl-shaped  leaves  in  4  »-a;jAs,  with  decurrent- 
united  bases,  the  lateral  rows  with  somewhat  spreading  tooth-like  tips,  those 
of  the  upper  and  under  rows  smaller,  narrower,  wholly  appressed ;  peduncle 
slender,  bearing  2-4  cylindrical  spikes.  —  Var.  CHAMA:CYPARfssi's  has  nar- 
rower, more  erect  and  bushy  branches,  and  the  leaves  less  di.stinctly  dimor- 
phous.—  Woods  and  thickets;  common,  especially  northward.     (Eu.) 

Order  134.     SELAGINELLACE^. 

Leafy  plants,  terrestrial  or  rooted  in  mud,  never  very  large  ;  the  stems 
branching  or  short  and  corm-like;  the  leaves  small  and  4-n-rowed,  or 
subulate  and  elono;ated  ;  sporangia  one-celled,  solitary,  axillary  or  l)yrne 
on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  at  its  base  and  enwrapped  in  its  margins, 
some  containing  large  spores  (macrospores)  and  others  small  spores  {micro- 
spores). The  macrospores  are  in  the  shape  of  a  low  triangular  pyramid 
with  a  hemispherical  base,  and  marked  with  elevated  ribs  along  the  angles. 
In  germination  they  develop  a  minute  prothallus  which  bears  archegonia 
to  be  fertilized  by  antherozoids  developed  from  the  microspores. 

1.  Selagrinella.    Terrestrial;  stems  slender  ;  leaves  small  ;  sporangia  minute  and  axillary. 

2.  Isoetes.     Aquatic  or  gi-owing  in  mud  ;  stems  corm-like  ;  leaves  elongated  and  rusL-like  ; 

sporangia  very  large,  enwrapped  by  the  dilatetl  bases  uf  the  leaves. 

1.    SELAGINELIiA,    Beauv.        (PI.  21.) 

Fructification  of  two  kinds,  namely,  of  minute  and  oblong  or  globular  spore- 
cases,  containing  reddish  or  orange-colored  powdery  microspores  ;  and  of  mostly 
2-valved  tumid  larger  ones,  filled  by  .3  or  4  (rarely  1  -6)  much  larger  globose- 
angular  macrospores ;  the  former  usually  in  the  upper  and  the  latter  in  the 
lower  axils  of  the  leafy  4-ranked  sessile  spike,  but  sometimes  the  two  kinds 


698  SELAGINELLACE^. 

are  on  opposite  sides  all  along  the  spike.  (Name  a  diminutive  of  Selago,  an 
ancient  name  of  a  Lycopodium,  from  which  this  genus  is  separated,  and  which 
the  plants  greatly  resemble  in  habit  and  foliage.) 

*  Leaves  all  aliJce  and  uniformly  imbricated ;  those  oj  the  spike  similar. 

1.  S.  spinosa,  Beauv.  Sterile  stems  prostrate  or  creeping,  small  'ind 
slender;  the  fertile  thicker,  ascending,  simple  (1-3'  high);  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  spreading,  sparsely  spinulose-ciliate.  (S.  selaginoides.  Link.)  —  Wet 
places,  N.  H.  {Pursh),  Mich.,  Lake  Superior,  Colorado,  and  northAvard;  rare. 
—  Leaves  larger  on  the  fertile  stems,  yellowish-green.     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  rupestris,  Spring.  (PI.  21,  fig.  1-4.)  Much  branched  in  close 
tufts  (1-3' high);  leaves  densely  appressed-imbricated ,  linear-lanceolate,  con- 
vex and  with  a  grooved  keel,  minutely  ciliate,  bristle-tipped;  those  of  the 
strongly  quadrangular  spike  rather  broader. — Dry  and  exposed  rocks;  very 
common.  — Grayish-green  in  aspect,  resembling  a  rigid  Moss.  Very  variable 
farther  west  and  south.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  shorter  above  and  below,  stipule-like ;  the  lateral  larger,  2-ranked. 

3.  S.  apus,  Spring.  Stems  tufted  and  prostrate,  creeping,  much  branched, 
flaccid ;  leaves  pellucid-membranaceous,  tlie  larger  spreading  horizontally, 
ovate,  oblique,  mostly  obtuse,  the  smaller  appressed,  taper-pointed ;  those  of 
the  short  spikes  nearly  similar;  larger  spore-cases  copious  at  the  lower  part 
of  the  spike.  —  Low,  shady  places;  not  rare,  especially  southward.  —  A  deli- 
cate little  plant,  resembling  a  Moss  or  Jungermanuia. 

2.    I  S  6  E  T  E  S,    L.        QuiLLwoRT.     (PI.  21 .) 

Stem  or  trunk  a  fleshy  more  or  less  depressed  corm,  rooting  just  above  its  2- 
lobed  (or  in  many  foreign  species  3-lobed )  base,  above  covered  with  the  dilated 
and  imbricated  bases  of  the  awl-shaped  or  linear  somewhat  quadrangular 
leaves,  which  include  four  air-tubes,  intercepted  by  cross  partitions.  Sporangia 
pretty  large,  orbicular  or  ovoid,  plano-convex,  very  thin,  sessile  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves,  and  united  at  the  back  with  their  excavated  bases  (the  thin  edges 
of  tjje  excavation  folding  round  partly  cover  them,  forming  the  velum),  trav- 
ersed internally  by  transverse  threads ;  those  of  the  outer  leaves  filled  with 
large  spherical  macrospores,  their  whitish  crustaceous  integument  marked  by 
one  circular,  and  on  the  upper  surface  by  three  radiating  elevated  lines  (circum- 
scribing a  lower  hemisphere,  and  three  upper  segments  which  open  valve-like 
in  germination) ;  those  of  the  inner  leaves  filled  with  very  minute  and  pow- 
dery grayish  microspores;  these  are  always  obliquely  oblong  and  triangular. 
—  Mostly  small  aquatics,  grass-like  or  rush-like  in  aspect,  some  always  sub- 
merged, others  amphibious,  a  few  living  in  merely  moist  soil,  maturing  their 
fruit  in  late  summer  and  early  autumn,  except  n.  7  and  some  forms  of  n.  6. 

This  genus  is  left  essentially  as  it  was  elaborated  for  the  5th  edition  by  the 
late  Dr.  George  Engelmann.  The  present  editor  has  added  to  the  range 
of  a  few  species,  and  given  var.  robusta  of  n.  3. 

*  Growing  under  water,  only  accidentally  or  in  very  dry  seasons  out  of  water ; 
leaves  without  stomata  {except  informs  ofn.3)  and  peripherical  bast-bundles. 

1.  I.  laciistris,  L.  (PI.  21,  fig.  1-5.)  Leaves  (10-25  in  number,  2-6'' 
long)  dark  green,  rigid ;  sporangium  ovoid  or  circular,  the  upper  third,  or  less, 


SELAGINELLACE^.  699 

covered  by  the  velum,  the  free  part  pale  and  unspotted ;  botli  kintls  of  spores 
tlio  largest  of  our  species;  niacrospores  (0.32-0.38"  wide)  covered  with  short 
and  twisted  crested  ridges,  wiiich  often  anastomose  ;  microspores  (O.Ol  7  -  0.020" 
long)  smooth.  —  Mountain  lakes,  Tenn.,  N.  Y.,  and  New  Kng.  to  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  northward,  (^fteu  with  n.  3.     (Eu.) 

2.  I.  Tuckerm^ni,  Braun.  Leaves  (10-30,  2-3' long)  very  slender, 
awl-shaped,  olive-green,  the  outer  recurved  ;  sporangium  ovoid  or  circular,  the 
upi)er  third  covered  by  the  velum,  the  free  part  sometimes  brownish-spotted  ; 
macrospores  (0.22-0.28"  wide)  on  the  upper  segments  covered  witli  parallel 
and  anastomosing  ridges,  tlie  lower  half  reticulated;  microspores  (0.013- 
0.015"  long)  smootli  or  very  delicately  papillose.  —  Mystic  and  other  ponds 
near  Boston,  together  with  the  next  {Tuvkcrmdu,  \V.  Boutt). 

3.  I,  echin6spora,  Durieu.  Leaves  slender,  awl-shaped ;  sporangium 
ovoid  or  circular;  macrospores  (0.20-0.25"  wide)  beset  all  over  with  small 
entire  and  obtuse  or  sliglitly  forked  spinules.  (Eu.)  —  In  this  European  form, 
the  leaves  are  very  slenderly  attenuated  (3-4'  long),  the  upper  margin  of  the 
sporangium  only  is  covered  with  the  narrow  velum,  the  free  part  is  unspotted, 
and  the  slightly  papillose  microspores  are  larger  (0.015-0.016"  long). 

Var.  Braunii,  Engelm.  Leaves  (15-30  in  number,  3-6'  long)  dark  and 
often  olive-green,  straight  or  commonly  recurved,  half  or  two  thirds  of  the 
sporangium  covei*ed  by  the  velum,  tlie  free  part  often  with  light  brown  spots ; 
macrospores  as  in  the  type  ;  microspores  smaller  (0.013-0.014"  long),  smooth. 
(L  Braunii,  Durieu.)  —  I'onds  and  lakes,  New  Eng.  to  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  Mich.,  and 
northward,  often  witli  the  two  preceding.  —  Frequently  witli  a  few  stomata, 
especially  in  Niagara  specimens. 

Var.  roblista,  Engelm.  Stouter;  leaves  (25-70,  5-8' long)  with  abun- 
dant stomata  all  over  their  surface  ;  velum  covering  about  one  half  of  the  large 
spotted  sporangium  ;  macrospores  0.18  -  0.27"  wide.  —  Lake  Champlain,  north 
end  of  Isle  La  Motte  (Pritu/le). 

Var.  muricata,  Engelm.  Leaves  (15-30,  6- 10' long)  straight  or  flac- 
cid, bright  green  ;  about  one  half  of  the  almost  circular  sporangium  covered  by 
the  velum,  unspotted  ;  macrospores  (0.22-0.27"  wide)  with  shorter  and  blunter 
spinules;  microspores  as  in  the  last  variety,  or  rarely  spinulose.  (I.  muricata, 
Durieu.)  —  In  some  ponds  north  of  Boston  (  W.  Boott). 

Var.  Boottii,  Engelm.  Leaves  (12-20,  4-5'  high)  awl-shaped,  stiffly 
erect,  bright  green,  with  stomata;  sporangium  as  in  the  last;  macrospores -as 
in  the  type,  but  a  little  smaller  and  with  very  slender  s])inules.  (I.  Boottii, 
Braun,  in  litt.)  —  Pond  in  Woburn,  near  Boston,  partly  out  of  water  (  W.  Boott). 
*  *  Growing  parti ij  out  of  water,  either  bi/  the  pond  dri/in;/  up  or  hij  the  recedinrf 
of  the  ebb  tide ;  leaves  with  stomata,  and  in  n.  6  and  7  with  four  or  more 
pf-riph-eriral  bast-bundles. 

4.  I.  sacchar^ta,  Engelm.  Leaves  (10- 15,  2 -3' long)  slender,  olive- 
green,  curved;  sporangium  small,  ovoid,  only  the  uj)per  edge  covered  by  the 
velum,  nearly  unspotted;  macrospores  (0.20-0-^^"  wide)  minutely  tubercu- 
late;  microspores  (0.012"  long)  papillose.  —  On  Wicomico  and  Nanticoke 
Kivers,  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  between  high  and  low  tide  (Canbf/). 

5.  I.  rip^ria,  Engelm.  Leaves  (15-30,  4-8'  long)  slender,  deep  green, 
erect ;  sporangium  mostly  oblong,  upper  margin  to  one  third  covered  by  the 


700  SELAGINELLACE^. 

velum,  the  free  part  spotted;  macrospores  very  variable  in  size  (0.22-0.30" 
wide),  the  upper  segments  covered  by  short  crested  ridges,  which  on  the  lower 
hemisphere  run  together  forming  a  network ;  microspores  larger  than  in  any- 
other  species  except  n.  1  (0.013-0.016"  long),  mostly  somewhat  tuberculated. 
—  Gravelly  banks  of  the  Delaware,  from  above  Philadelphia  to  Wilmington, 
between  flood  and  ebb  tide ;  margins  of  ponds.  Lake  Saltonstall,  Conn.  (SetcheU), 
and  northward.  —  Distinguished  from  the  nearly  allied  I.  lacustris  by  the  sto- 
mata  of  the  leaves,  the  spotted  sporangium,  the  smaller  size  of  the  macrospores 
and  their  reticulation  on  the  lower  half. 

6.  I.  Engelmanni,  Braun.  Leaves  long  (25-100,  9-20' long),  light 
green,  erect  or  at  last  prostrate,  flat  on  the  upper  side ;  sporangium  mostly 
oblong,  unspotted,  the  velum  very  narrow;  macrospores  (0.19-0.24''  wide) 
covered  all  over  with  a  coarse  honeycomb-like  network;  microspores  (0.012- 
0.014"  long)  mostly  smooth.  —  Shallow  ponds  and  ditches,  from  Mass.  (near 
Boston,  W.  Boott,  H.  Mann)  and  Meriden,  Conn.  {F.  W.  Hall),  to  Penn.  and 
Del.  and  (probably  through  the  Middle  States)  to  Mo.  —  By  far  the  largest  of 
our  species,  often  mature  in  July. 

Var.  gracilis,  Engelm.  Leaves  few  (8-12  only,  9-12'  long)  and  very 
slender;  both  kinds  of  spores  nearly  as  in  the  type.  —  Southern  New  Eng. 
(Westville,  Conn.,  SetcheU)  and  N.  J.  [Ennis) ;  entirely  submersed! 

Var.  valida,  Engelm.  Trunk  large  and  stout  (often  1-2'  wide);  leaves 
(50-100,  even  200,  18-25' long)  with  an  elevated  ridge  on  the  upper  side; 
sporangium  oblong  or  linear-oblong  (4 -9"  long),  J -^  or  more  covered  by 
the  velum;  spores  very  small;  macrospores  0.16-0.22"  wide;  microspores 
0.01 1  -  0.013"  long,  spinulose.  —  Del.  ( Canby)  and  Penn.  [Porter).     Sept. 

7.  I.  melanopoda,  J.  Gay.  Leaves  (15-50,  6-10' long)  very  slender, 
keeled  on  the  back,  straight,  bright  green,  usually  with  dark  brown  or  black 
shining  bases  ;  sporangium  mostly  oblong,  with  a  very  narrow  velum,  brown 
or  spotted  ;  macrospores  very  small  (0.14  -  0.1 8"  wide),  smoothish,  or  with  faint 
tubercles  or  ridges;  microspores  (0.010-0.012"  long)  spinulose.  —  Shallow 
ponds,  and  wet  prairies  and  fields,  central  and  northern  111.  (E.  Hall,  Vasey), 
and  westward.  June,  and  sometimes  again  in  Nov.  —  Trunk  more  spherical 
and  more  deeply  2-lobed,  and  both  kinds  of  spores  smaller  than  in  any  other  of 
our  species ;  leaves  disappearing  during  the  summer  heat.  Closely  approach- 
ing the  completely  terrestrial  species  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

Order  135.     MARSILIACE^. 

Perennial  plants  rooted  in  mud,  having  a  slender  creeping  rhizome 
and  either  filiform  or  4-parted  long-petioled  leaves ;  the  somewhat  crus- 
taceous  several-celled  sporocarps  borne  on  peduncles  which  rise  from  the 
rhizome  near  the  leaf-stalks,  or  are  more  or  less  consolidated  with  the 
latter,  and  contain  both  macrospores  and  microspores. 

1.    MARSILIA,    L.        (PI.  25.) 

Submersed  or  emersed  aquatic  plants,  with  slender  creeping  rootstocks, 
Bending  up  elongated  petioles,  which  bear  at  the  apex  a  whorl  of  four  nervose- 
Teined  leaflets,  and  at  or  near  their  base,  or  sometimes  on  the  rootstock,  one 


SALVINIACE^.  701 

or  more  ovoid  sporocarps.  These  sporocarps  or  fruit  usually  have  two  teeth 
near  tlie  base,  and  are  2-celled  vertically,  with  many  transverse  jjartitions,  and 
split  or  burst  into  2  valves  at  maturity.  The  sporocarps  have  a  ring  along 
the  edges  of  the  valves,  which  at  length  swells  up  and  bears  the  sausage- 
shaped  compartments  from  their  ])laces.  The  compartments  contain  macro- 
sporangia  and  microsporangia  intermixed.  (Named  for  Aloijsius  Marsili, 
an  early  Italian  naturalist.) 

1.  M.  quadrifblia,  L.  Leaflets  broadly  obovate-cuneate,  glabrous  ;  spo- 
rocarps usually  2  or  3  on  a  short  peduncle  from  near  the  base  of  the  petioles, 
pedicelled,  glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy,  the  basal  teeth  small,  obtuse,  or  the 
upper  one  acute.  —  In  water,  the  leaflets  commonly  floating  on  the  surface; 
Bantam  Lake,  Litchfield,  Conn.,  and  now  introduced  in  many  places.     (Eu.) 

2.  M.  vestita,  Hook.  &  Grev.  Leaflets  broadly  cuneate,  usually  hairy, 
entire  (2-7"  long  and  broad);  petioles  1-4' long;  peduncles  free  from  the 
petiole;  sporocarps  solitary,  short-peduncled  (about  2" long),  very  hairy  when 
young ;  upper  basal  tooth  of  sporucarp  longest,  acute,  straight  or  curved,  lower 
tooth  acute,  the  siuus  between  them  rounded.  (M.  mucronata,  Braun.) — In 
swamps  which  become  dry  in  summer ;  Iowa  and  southwestward. 

Ordek  136.    SALVINIACE^. 

Floating  plants  of  small  size,  having  a  more  or  loss  elongated  and 
sometimes  branching  axis,  bearing  apparently  distichous  leaves;  sporo- 
carps or  conceptacles  very  soft  and  thin -walled,  two  or  more  on  a  com- 
mon stalk,  one-celled  and  having  a  central,  often  branched  receptacle 
which  bears  either  macrosporangia  containing  solitary  macrospores,  or 
microsporangia  with  numerous  microspores. 

1.     AZOLLA,    Lam.        (PI.  21.) 

Small  moss-like  plants,  the  stems  pinnately  branched,  covered  with  minute 
2-lobed  imbricated  leaves,  and  emitting  rootlets  on  the  under  side.  Concepta- 
cles in  pairs  beneath  the  stem ;  the  smaller  ones  acorn-shaped,  containing  at 
the  base  a  single  macrospore  with  a  few  corpuscles  of  unknown  character 
above  it ;  the  larger  ones  globose,  and  having  a  basal  placenta  which  bears 
many  pedicellate  microsporangia  which  contain  masses  of  microspores. 

1.  A.  Carolini^na,  Willd.  Plants  somewhat  deltoid  in  outline  (4-12" 
broad),  much  branched  ;  leaves  with  ovate  lobes,  the  lower  lobe  reddish,  the 
upper  one  green  with  a  reddish  border;  macrospores  with  three  attendant  cor- 
puscles, its  surface  minutely  granulate  ;  masses  of  microsjjores  glochidiate.  — 
Floating  on  quiet  waters,  from  Lake  Ontario  westward  and  southward,  — ap- 
pearing like  a  reddish  hepatic  moss. 


SALvfNiA  nXtans,  L.,  was  said  by  Pursh  to  grow  floating  on  the  surface 
of  small  lakes  in  Western  New  York,  and  has  more  recently  been  said  to  occur 
in  Missouri.  It  has  oblong-oval  floating  leaves  4  -  6"  long,  closely  pinnately- 
veined,  which  bear  conceptacles  and  branching  ])lumose  fibres  on  their  under 
surface. 


702  JUNGERMANNIACEJE.       (SC  ALE-MOSSES.) 


Subclass    II.     CELLULAK  ACROGENS,  or 
BRYOPHYTES. 

Plants  composed  of  cellular  tissue  only.  Antheridia  or 
archegonia,  or  both,  formed  upon  the  stem  or  branches  of  the 
plant  itself,  which  is  developed  from  the  germinating  spore 
usually  with  the  intervention  of  a  filiform  or  conferva-like 
prothallus.  —  Divided  into  the  3Iusci,  or  Mosses,  and  the  He- 
paticce. 

Division   I.      HEPATIC/E.^     (Liverworts.) 

Plants  usually  procumbent,  consisting  of  a  simple  thallus,  a 
thalloid  stem,  or  a  leafy  axis;  leaves  when  present  2-ranked, 
with  uniform  leaf -cells  and  no  midvein ;  thalloid  forms  with 
or  without  a  midvein,  smooth  or  scurfy  or  scaly  beneath  and 
usually  with  numerous  rootlets.  Sexual  reproduction  by  aij- 
theridia  and  archegonia,  which  are  immersed  in  the  thallus, 
or  sessile  or  pedicelled  upon  it,  or  borne  on  a  peduncled  re- 
ceptacle. The  fertilized  archegonium  develops  into  a  capsule 
{sporogonium)  closely  invested  by  a  calyptra,  which  ruptures 
above  as  the  ripened  capsule  (containing  numerous  spores  and 
usually  elaters)  pushes  upward.  It  is  also  commonly  sur- 
rounded by  a  usually  double  involucre,  the  inner  (often  called 
perianth)  more  or  less  tubular,  the  outer  tubular  or  more  often 
foliaceous,  sometimes  wholly  wanting.  Propagation  is  also 
effected  by  offshoots  {innovations),  runners  {flagella),  or  by 
gemmoe,  which  appear  at  the  margin  of  the  leaves  or  on  the 
surface  of  the  thallus,  often  in  special  receptacles. 

Order  137.     JUNGEKMA]S:N'IACE.^.     Scale-Mosses. 

Plant-body  a  leafy  axis  or  rarely  thallose.  Capsule  borne  on  a  slender 
often  elongated  pedicel,  splitting  at  maturity  into  4  valves.  Elaters 
mixed  with  the  spores,  mostly  bispiral  (unispiral  in  n.  1-3,  32,  and  33, 
1-3-spiral  in  n.  5  and  28).  Antheridia  and  archegonia  dioecious  or 
monoecious,  in  the  latter  case  either  mingled  in  the  same  inflorescence, 
or  separated  upon  the  same  branch,  with  the  antheridia  naked  in  the 
axils  of  the  lower  leaves,  or  on  separate  parts  of  the  same  plant.     Leaves 


1  Elaborated  for  this  edition  by  Prof.  L.  M.  Underwood,  of  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 


JUNGERMANNIACEiE.       (sCALE-MOSSES.)  703 

2-ranked,  incubous  (i.  e.  the  apex  of  each  leaf  lyinor  on  the  base  of  the 
next  above),  or  succubous  (i.  e.  the  apex  of  eacli  leaf  1\  in^  under  tlic  base 
of  tlie  next  above),  or  sometimes  transverse,  with  frequently  a  third  row 
of  rudimentary  leaves  beneath  the  stem. 

Artificial  Key  to  the  Genera. 

§  1.     riaut-body  a  leafy  axis. 

*  Leaves  complieate-bilobed  (i.  e.  folded  together)  or  with  a  small  basnl  loTio. 

■t-  Lower  lobe  smaller  than  the  upper. 

♦-*  Root-hairs  borne  on  the  stems  or  underleaves. 

1.  Frullania.     Lower  lobe  mostly  saccate,  more  or  less  remote  from  the  st«m.     Branches 

iutia-axillary,  the  leaves  on  either  side  free. 

2.  Jubiila.     Lower  lobe  saccate  ;  branches  lateral,  a  basal  leaf  borne  partly  on  the  stem, 

]>artly  on  the  branch. 

3.  Lejeunea.     Lower  lobe  incurved,  more  or  loss  inflated. 

5.  Porella.     Lower  lobe  ligulate.     Perianth  triangular,  the  third  or  odd  angle  ventral. 

*+  *♦  Root-hairs  rising  from  the  lower  lobes. 

4.  Kadula.     Perianth  compressed.    Underleaves  none. 

■<-  -1-  Upper  lobe  smaller  than  the  lower,  or  the  two  somewhat  equal. 
♦*  Leaves  succubous  as  to  their  lower  lobes. 

15.  Scapania.     Involucral  leaves  2 ;  perianth  dorsally  compressed,  the  mouth  truncate, 

bilabiate,  decurved. 

16.  Diplopliyllutn.    Involucral  leaves  few;  perianth  erect,  round,  the  mouth  denticulate. 

■H-  ++  Leaves  transverse. 
25.  Marsiipella.     Perianth  tubular  or  somewhat  compressed.    (Compare  also  Junger- 
mannia  §  Sphenolobus.) 

*  «    Leaves  palmately  3-4-  (or  many-)  cleft. 
•♦-  Divisions  numerous,  capillary.     Plants  large,  usually  in  conspicuous  mats. 

6.  Ptilidium.    Leaves  palmatifid  with  ciliate  margins. 
7-  Tricliocolea.     Leaves  setaceously  niultifid. 

-t-  •♦-  Leaves  3-4-cleft  or  parted;  plants  small,  mostly  inconspicuous. 

10.  L.epidozia.     Loaf-divisions  two  cells  wide  or  more. 

11.  Blepharostotna.     Leaf-divisions  only  one  cell  wide. 

*  «  *  Leaves  entire,  emarginate,  or  2  -3-toothed  or  -lobed. 
-t-  Leaves  closely  imbricate  on  short  julaceous  stems. 
27.  Gymnoiuitriuiu.     Involucre  double,  the  inner  shorter. 
■*-  -t-  Leaves  deeply  bilobcd. 
8.  Herberta.     Underleaves  large.     Perianth  fusiform  on  an  elongated  branch. 
1-.  Cephalozia.     Underleaves  mostly  wanting;   periantli  mostly  triangular  on  a  short 
branch. 

-»-•♦-••-  Leaves  incubous,  mostly  plane  or  depressed. 

0.  Bazzanla.     Leaves  mostly  2- 3-toothcd.     Perianth  fusiform  on  a  short  branch. 
14.  Kantia.     Leaves  mostly  entire.     Perianth  fleshy,  pendulous,  subterranean, 
■t-  -^  ■♦-  -^  Leaves  succubous  or  transverse. 
■M-  Underleaves  entire  or  nearly  so. 
13.  Odonto.sehi8iiia.     Involucral  leaves  numerous,   small,  incised,  tboso  of  the  stem 
rounded  or  rctuse. 

21.  Mylia.     Involucral  leaves  2,  connate  at  base.     Large. 

22.  Harpanthus.     Involucral  leaves  few,  smaller  than  the  serai-vertical  emarginate  stem- 

leaves.    Small. 


704  JUNGERMANNIACE.E.       (sCALE-MOSSES.) 

24.  Jungermannia.    Involucral  leaves  few,  mostly  larger  than  the  entire  or  bidentate 

stem-leaves.     Medium-sized  or  large. 

■w-  -w-  Uuderleaves  2-4-cleft,  -parted,  or  -divided. 
17.  Geocalyx.    Involucre  fleshy,  saccate,  pendent.    Leaves  bidentate  ;  underleaves  2-cleft. 
IS.  Lophocolea.    Fruit  terminal  on  the  main  stem  or  a  primary  branch.    Involucral  leaves 

distinct. 

19.  Chiloscyphus.     Fruit  on  a  short  lateral  branch.     Involucral  leaves  distinct.     (See 

also  Jungermannia. ) 

++++++  Underleaves  mostly  wanting. 
o.  Leaves  entire  or  barely  retuse. 

23.  Liiochlaena.    Involucral  leaves  distinct,  like  those  of  the  stem  ;  perianth  truncate- 

depressed  at  the  apex. 

26.  Nardia.    Involucral  leaves  connate  at  base  and  adnate  to  the  perianth. 
b.  Leaves  bidentate  or  bilobed,  rarely  3-lobed. 

12.  Cephalozia.    Branches  all  from  beneath.     Perianth  on  a  short  branch,  mostly  tri- 
gonal \\  itli  the  odd  angle  beneath. 

24.  Jung^erinannia.    Simple  or  branching  laterally.     Perianth  terminal,  mostly  laterally 

compressed. 

c.  Leaves  mostly  spinulose  or  dentate. 

20.  Plagiochila.     Involucral  leaves  large  ;  perianth  laterally  compressed. 

§  2.     Plant-body  pseudo-foliaceous  with  succubous  leaf-like  lobes. 

28.  Fossoinbronia.     Perianth  large,  campanulate. 

§  3.    Plant-body  a  thallus. 
*  Thallus  with  a  distinct  costa. 

29.  Pallavicinia.    Thallus  3  -  6"  wide,  mostly  simple,  the  margins  sinuate  or  undulate. 

Peiianth  tubular,  at  length  dorsal. 

30.  Blasia.     Thallus  3-6"  wide,  lobed,  dichotomous,  or  radiate,  the  margins  pinnatifld- 

sinuate. 

32.  Metzgeria.    Thallus  narrow  (1  -  2"),  ciliate  at  the  margins  or  on  one  or  both  sides. 

*  *  Thallus  with  an  inconspicuous  costa  or  none. 

33.  Aneura.    Thallus  rather  narrow,  mostly  palmately  or  pinnately  lobed.    Sporogonium 

rising  from  the  under  side  near  the  margin. 

31.  Pellia.    Thallus  wider,  mostly  simple  or  forked.    Sporogonium  rising  from  the  upper 

surface. 

1.  FRULLANIA,  Raddi.  (PI.  24.) 
Leaves  incubous,  compHcate-bilobed,  the  lower  lobe  usually  inflated,  helmet- 
or  club-shaped ;  underleaves  bifid,  rarely  entire,  with  basal  rootlets.  Dioecious 
or  monoecious.  Fruit  terminal  on  the  branches.  Involucral  leaves  2  or  4, 
larger  than  the  stem-leaves;  perianth  3-4-angled,  mucrouate.  Calyptra 
pyriform,  fleshy.  Capsule  globose,  the  lower  third  solid.  Elaters  truncate  at 
each  end,  unispiral,  adherent  to  the  valves.  Spores  large,  reddish,  minutely 
muricate.  Antheridia  most  often  on  a  short  branch,  globose-oblong  or  cylin- 
dric.  Archegouia  2-4,  long-styled.  (Named  for  Leonardo  Frullani,  an  Italian 
Minister  of  State.) 

§  1.   TRACHYC6LEA.    Perianth  triangular  in  section,  rough  with  tubercles  or 
scales,  or  villous ;  lower  leaf4ohe  helmet-shaped,  truncate  at  base. 
*  Lower  leaf-lobe  about  three  fourths  the  size  of  the  upper. 
1.   F.  Oakesiana,  Aust.   Stems  widely  branching ;  fertile  branches  short ; 
leaves  obliquely  orbicular,  loosely  imbricate,  the  lower  lobe  rotund,  contigu- 
ous to  the  stem ;  uuderleaves  ovate-rotund  or  subobovate,  little  wider  than  the 


JUNGERMANNIACE^:.       (sCALE-MOSSES.)  705 

Stem,  bifid;  involucral  leaves  more  or  less  connate,  equally  bilobed,  the  lobes 
entire,  obtuse;  perianth  small,  subobovate-i)yriforni,  smooth  or  1  - 7-nerved  or 
alate  both  sides.  —  White  Mts.,  on  stunted  spruce  and  birch  trees. 

*  *  Lower  leaf-lobe  much  smaller  than  the  upper. 

1-  Underleaves  scarceUj  wider  than  the  stem,  ovate,  hijid,  the  divisions  entire, 

acute ;  perianth  l-carinate  or  smooth,  except  in  n.  2  ;  stems  creeping. 

2.  F.  Virginica,  Lehm.  Stems  short,  irregularly  branching;  leaves 
crowded,  ovate,  entire,  somewhat  concave,  the  lower  lobes  sometimes  expanded 
into  a  lanceolate  lamina;  underleaves  rouud-ovate,  bifid,  twice  the  width  of 
the  stem;  perianth  comprcssed-pyriform,  tuberculate,  2 - 4-cariuate  dorsally, 
4-carinate  ventrally.  —  On  bark  of  trees,  rarely  on  rocks ;  common. 

3.  F.  Eboracensis,  Lehm.  Branches  clustered  ;  leaves  loose,  imbricate 
on  the  branches,  round-ovate,  entire ;  perianth  pyriform,  slightly  compressed 
and  repaud,  smooth,  obscurely  carinate  beneath  and  gibbous  toward  the  apex. 
(F.  saxatilis,  Lindenh.)  —  On  trees  and  rocks;  common  northward. 

4.  F.  Pennsylv^nica,  Steph.  Stems  dichotomous;  leaves  imbricate, 
flat,  ovate,  nmcronate  or  rarely  obtuse,  entire ;  lower  lobe  marginal,  large, 
round-cucullate ;  underleaves  broadly  ovate,  deeply  parted,  the  divisions  long- 
acuminate  ;  dioecious  ;  antheridial  spikes  on  short  lateral  branches,  elongated ; 
lobes  of  the  involucral  leaves  acuminate,  mucli  narrowed  at  base,  and  the 
large  underleaves  carinate<'oncave,  deeply  parted,  their  apiculate  divisions 
entire  or  toothed.  —  Shaded  rocks,  Stony  Creek,  Carbon  Co.,  Penn.  (Buu). 
Known  only  from  the  original  description. 

5.  F.  saxicola,  Aust.  Stems  numerous,  widely  branching;  leaves  or- 
bicular, scarcely  oblique,  flat ;  lower  lobe  near  the  stem,  small,  or  rarely  larger 
and  round-galeate  ;  underleaves  scarcely  wider  than  the  stem,  subovate,  bifid ; 
perianth  broadly  oblong,  bowl-shaped  with  very  short  mouth,  papillose,  abruptlv 
broad-carinate  beneath,  1  -  many-nerved  each  side  of  the  keel,  2-angled.  — 
Sloping  dry  trap  rocks,  Closter,  N.  J.  {Austin). 

■^  ■*-  Underleaves  2-3  times  wider  than  the  stem,  round  or  suhquadrate,  hiJid, 

the  divisions  blunt  or  truncate. 

++  Leaves  lax,  rather  distant;  lower  lobe  mostli/  expanded,  ovate-lanceolate. 

6.  F.  seoldtis,  Nees.  Procumbent,  irregularly  branched  or  subpinnate ; 
leaves  semi-vertical,  subsquarrose,  obliquely  cordate,  the  lower  lobe  expanded  ; 
underleaves  ovate,  acutely  bifid,  the  upper  margin  angular-dentate  or  entire  ; 
sporogoniura  unknown.  —  On  trees  and  rocks,  chiefly  in  mountain  regions. 

++  ++  Leaves  close-imbricate ;  lower  lobe  galeate,  seldom   expanded   except   on 
terminal  leaves. 

7.  F.  Squarr6sa,  Nees.  Decumbent,  pinnately  branching,  the  short 
fertile  ])ramli  lateral;  leaves  subvertical,  suborbicular,  obtuse,  entire ;  lower 
lobe  obovate-cucullate  or  galeate,  subappressed ;  underleaves  cordate  or  rounded, 
sinuate-subdentate,  slightly  bifid;  perianth  oblong,  tri]uetrous,  convex  dor- 
sally,  strongly  keeled  ventrally.  —  On  rocks  and  trees,  N.  Y.  to  Ohio,  and 
southward ;  rather  common. 

8.  F.  pl^na,  Sulliv.  Procumbent,  widely  branching  or  subpinnate; 
leaves  orbicular,  subimbricate ;  lower  lobe  very  small,  as  broad  as  long,  close 
to  the  stem;  underleaves  rather  large,  flat,  rounded,  slightlv  bifid ;  monce- 

45 


706  JUNGERMANNIACE^.       (SCALE-MOSSES.) 

cious ;  perianth  obloiig-uval  or  subobovate,  triquetrous,  dorsally  sulcata,  acutely 
keeled  ventrally ;  antheridial  spikes  globose.  —  Shaded  rocks,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. 
to  E.  Teun. 

9.  F.  dilatata,  Nees.  Loosely  and  widely  pinnate ;  leaves  round,  entire, 
opa/^ue ;  lower  lobe  subrounded,  cucullate,  close  to  the  stem ;  underleaves 
subquadrate,  toothed  at  the  anterior  angles;  involucral  leaves  with  2  or  3 
entire  lobes ;  perianth  tuberculate,  retuse.  —  Rocks  and  trunks  of  trees ;  rather 
common.     (Eu.) 

§2.  THYOPSIELLA.     Perianth  smooth ;  leaves  semkordate  at  base  [marked 

hy  a  central  moniliform  row  of  cells,  or  sometimes  in  n.\2  by  a  few  scattered 

large  cells);  lower  lobe  near  the  stem  (except  in  n.  11),  cylindric-saccate, 

mostly  erect;  underleaves  round-oval,  the  margin  entire,  recurved ;  dioecious. 

*  Leaves  orbicular. 

10.  F.  Asagrayana,  Mont.  (PI.  24.)  Creeping,  simply  pinnate ;  leaves 
conca\  e,  obtuse,  decurved ;  lower  lobe  oblong-clavate,  emargiuate  at  base ; 
underleaves  oblong,  flat,  2-cleft,  the  sinus  obtuse ;  involucral  leaves  unequally 
2-cleft,  the  dorsal  segment  oblong,  pointed,  nearly  entire,  the  ventral  subulate ; 
perianth  pyriform,  3-sided,  obtusely  keeled  beneath.  (F.  Grayana  of  authors.) 
—  Kocks  and  bark  of  coniferous  trees ;  frequent. 

11.  F.  Tamarisci,  Nees.  Bipinnately  branching,  somewhat  rigid ;  leaves 
obtuse,  mucronately  acute  or  subacuminate,  decurved,  entire ;  lower  lobe  dis- 
tant from  the  stem,  oval  or  oblong ;  underleaves  quadrate-ovate  or  obovate, 
emargiuate,  the  margin  revolute ;  involucral  leaves  bifid,  serrulate ;  perianth 
oblong,  sulcate  dorsally,  obtusely  keeled  ventrally.  —  N.  Eng.  and  southward ; 

rare.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  oblong  from  a  narrowed  base. 

12.  F.  fragilifolia,  Tayl.  Procumbent,  subpinnate,  the  alternate  flat- 
tened branches  subremote ;  leaves  subimbricate,  ascending,  recurved,  entire ; 
lower  lobe  oblong-galeate ;  underleaves  round-obovate,  flat,  appressed,  bifid, 
the  margins  entire  or  angled ;  perianth  obovate-cordate,  concave  dorsally, 
keeled  ventrally;  involucral  leaves  subequally  lobed,  obtusely  few-toothed. 
(F.  polyst icta,  il/onf.  F.  Sullivantia3,  ^Ij/s^)  —  On  trees  in  a  cedar  swamp, 
Urbana,  Ohio  (Sullivant).     (Eu.) 

2.     JUBULA,     Dumort.         (PI.  25.) 

Characters  nearly  as  in  Frullania.  Leaves  large  and  flat,  an  axillary  one 
at  the  base  of  each  branch  without  a  lower  lobe.  Calyptra  turnip-shaped, 
abruptly  globose  above.  Monoecious,  with  2  antheridia  in  each  leaf  of  a  spike- 
like branch,  and  the  archegonia  mostly  solitary.  (Name  from  juba,  a  mane, 
alluding  to  the  persistent  elaters.) 

1.  J.  Hutchinsiae,  Dumort.,  var.  Sullivantii,  Spruce.  Subdichoto- 
mously  branching;  leaves  dark  olive-green,  subimbricate,  obliquely  ovate, 
acute,  entire  or  subrepand ;  lower  lobe  saccate,  rather  remote  from  the  stem, 
not  spurred  as  in  the  European  form  ;  underleaves  roundish,  serrate  or  entire; 
involucral  leaves  bifid,  serrate ;  perianth  triangular-obpyriform.  (Frullania 
Hutchinsiae,  Nees,  in  part.)  — Wet  rocks,  N.  Eng.  to  S.  C. ;  more  common  in 
the  mountains. 


JUNGERMANNIACEyE.       ( SCALE-MOSSES.)  707 

3.    LEJEUNEA,    Libert.        (PL  24.) 

Leaves  (lecurrent  at  tlie  folds,  the  lower  lobe  incurved  and  veutricose ;  under- 
leaves  usually  present,  entire  or  bifid.  Archegouium  with  a  slender  persistent 
style,  solitary  on  a  usually  very  short  branch  ;  the  perianth  free  from  the  invo- 
lucral  leaves,  oval  or  oblong,  terete  or  angular,  variously  carinate,  cristate,  or 
ciliate.  Capsule  globose,  4-cleft  to  the  middle,  the  valves  recurved.  Spores 
large  (40-50  /x  broad),  globose  or  oblong,  tuberculate.  Antheridia  at  the 
base  of  ordinary  leaves  or  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  a  spike-like  branch. — 
Otherwise  as  Frullania.     (Named  for  A.-L.-S.  Lejetine,  a  French  botanist.) 

*  Underlcaves  entire. 

1.  L.  clype^ta,  Sulliv.  (PI.  24.)  Stems  procumbent,  somewhat  pin- 
nately  branched,  f  -  T  long;  leaves  whitish-green,  round-ovate,  cellular-crenu- 
late,  deflexed  ;  lower  lobe  Hat,  oblong-quadrate  ;  underleaves  round-<juadrate  ; 
monoecious;  involucral  leaves  larger  than  those  of  the  stem,  tlie  perianth 
round-obovate,  2-3-carinate  dorsally,  1 -carinate  veutrally,  the  keels  rough. 
(L.  calyculata,  Tayl.)  —  On  rocks  and  trees;  common  south  and  westward. 

*  *  Underlcaves  bijid ;  leaves  entire. 

2.  L.  Serpyllif61ia,  Libert,  var.  Americana,  Lindb.  Stems  long, 
somewhat  branching,  pale,  pellucid  and  fragile ;  leaves  rather  remote,  flat, 
opening  from  a  basilar  sac,  scarcely  decurved,  obli(|uely  rouudisliovate,  ob- 
tuse, often  slightly  repand ;  underleaves  about  half  as  large,  round-oval  with 
a  broad  obtuse  sinus  and  acute  lobes ;  moncecious ;  the  obovate-clavate  periauth 
on  a  lateral  branch.  (L.  cavifolia,  Anst.)  —  On  cedars,  etc.,  Catskill  Mts. 
(  Cleve),  Belleville,  Ont.  {Macoun),  and  southward  ;  rather  common. 

3.  L.  lucens,  Tayl.  Whitish,  filiform,  piuuately  branched ;  leaves  remote, 
rarely  subimbricate,  obliquely  ovate-triangular,  rounded  or  obtuse,  semi-cor- 
date at  base ;  lower  lobe  ovoid,  acute  or  apiculate ;  underleaves  ^  as  large  as 
the  lateral,  round-oval,  deeply  bifid,  the  lobes  broad-subulate ;  dioecious ;  invo- 
lucral leaves  rather  longer,  with  lanceolate  lobes;  perianth  scarcely  emersed, 
broadly  pyriform,  5-carinate.  (L.  cucullata,  Sulliv.;  not  Xees.) — Near  Cin- 
cinnati; moist  rocks,  Alleghany  Mts.  and  southward  {Sullivnnt).  ^linute 
and  flaccid. 

*  *  *  Underleaves  obsolete;  leaves  muriculate-denticulate. 

4.  L.  calckrea,  Libert.  Very  minute;  stems  slender,  loosely  brandl- 
ing; leaves  ovate,  falcate-decurved,  sinuate-complicate  at  base;  monoecious; 
involucral  leaves  bifid,  the  divisions  entire ;  perianth  on  a  very  short  lateral 
branch,  pyriform-clavate,  acutely  5-angled,  the  margin  echinate-muriculate. 
(L.  echinata,  Tai/l.)  —  On  rocks  and  roots  of  trees;  rather  common.     (Eu.) 

4.     RADULA,     Dumort.         (PI.  24.) 

Leaves  large,  comjjlicate-bilobed,  incubous;  lower  lobe  small,  bearing  root- 
hairs;  underleaves  none.  Dioecious,  rarely  moncecious.  Fruit  usually  ter- 
minal. Involucral  leaves  2,  slightly  smaller  than  the  cauline,  2-lobed  ;  perianth 
tubular,  compressed  or  nearly  terete,  truncate,  entire  or  crenate.  Calyptra 
pyriform,  persistent.  Capsule  oval-cylindric.  Elaters  slender,  free.  Spores 
large,  globose,  minutely  tuberculate.     Antheridia  in  the  ventricose  bases  of 


708  JUNGERMANNIACE^.       (sCALE-MOSSES.) 

spicate  leaves.     [Radula,  a  scraper  or  spatula,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the 

perianth. ) 

*  Lower  lobe  subquadrate,  barely  incumbent  on  the  stem. 

1.  R.  COmplanata,  Dumort.  Creeping,  widely  subpinnately  branch- 
ing ;  leaves  imbricate,  spreading,  rounded,  the  lower  lobe  obtuse  or  acute  ; 
monoecious ;  perianth  obcouic,  compressed,  the  mouth  entire,  truncate ;  anthe- 
ridia  in  the  bases  of  2-3  pairs  of  strongly  imbricate  tumid  leaves.  —  On  rocks 
and  roots  of  trees ;  common.     (Eu.) 

2.  R.  obconica,  Sulliv.  (PI.  24.)  Smaller,  indeterminately  branched ; 
leaves  somewhat  remote,  round-obovate,  convex;  monoecious;  perianth  cla- 
vate-obconic,  obliquely  truncate  ;  antheridia  axillary  on  short  lateral  branches 
rising  near  the  terminal  involucre.  —  On  trees  in  cedar  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Ohio. 

*  *  Loicer  lobe  small,  rounded,  more  or  less  transversely  adnate. 

3.  R.  t^nax,  Lindb.  Stems  brownish-green,  rigid,  tenacious;  leaves 
remote,  scarcely  decurrent,  obliquely  elliptic-ovate,  opaque,  the  cells  round 
and  strongly  chlorophyllose ;  dioecious;  the  antheridial  spike  lateral  below 
the  keel  of  a  leaf,  long,  linear,  somewhat  obtuse.  (R.  pallens,  Sulliv.;  not 
Gottsche.)  —  On  rotten  trunks,  in  the  Catskill  Mts.,  and  southward,  especially 
in  the  mountains. 

5.    PORELLA,    Dill.        (PI.  24.) 

Leaves  large,  incubous,  complicate-bilobed ;  lower  lobe  ligulate,  suberect; 
uuderleaves  similar,  decurrent  at  base,  tlie  apex  entire.  Dioecious.  Fruit  on 
a  short  lateral  branch.  Involucral  leaves  usually  4,  2-lobed,  the  margin  ciliate 
or  denticulate ;  perianth  somewhat  oval,  compressed,  Inlabiate,  incised  or  entire. 
Calyptra  globose,  persistent.  Capsule  globose,  reddish,  short-stalked.  Elaters 
very  numerous,  2-3-spiral,  free.  Spores  large,  rough.  Antheridia  solitary  in 
the  saccate  bases  of  leaves,  crowded  in  short  spikes.  (Name  a  diminutive  of 
porus,  an  opening.) 

*  Leaves  more  or  less  remote ;  stems  bipinnate. 

1.  P.  pinn^ta,  L.  Stems  irregularly  pinnate,  fastigiate  at  the  ends; 
leaves  scarcely  incubous,  ovate-oblong,  the  rounded  apex  sometimes  slightly 
decurved ;  lower  lobe  minute,  flat,  oblong,  obtuse,  as  long  but  not  half  as  wide 
as  the  flat,  entire,  ovate-rectangular,  scarcely  decurrent  uuderleaves.  (Mado- 
theca  Porella,  Nees.)  —  On  rocks  and  trees  subject  to  inundation;  common. 
(Eu.) 

*  *  Leaves  mostly  closely  imbricate;  stems  mostly  simply  pinnate  (or  bipinnate 

in  n.  2). 

2.  P.  platyph^lla,  Lindb.  (PI.  24.)  Yellowish  or  fuscous-green; 
stems  irregularly  pinnate,  often  fastigiate  at  the  ends ;  leaves  obliquely  ovate, 
more  or  less  concave  at  base  and  the  rounded  upper  margin  curved  upward 
and  undulate,  mostly  entire ;  lower  lobe  obliquely  ovate,  the  margin  strongly 
recurved,  with  an  acute  tooth  at  base  ;  uuderleaves  semicircular,  with  strongly 
reflexed  margins.  (Madotheca  platyphylla,  Z)«»j07-f.)  —  On  rocks  and  trees; 
common  eastward.     (Eu.) 

3.  P.  Thuja,  Lindb.  Fuscous-green  or  blackish,  somewhat  regularly 
pinnate ;  leaves  convex,  closely  appressed,  obliquely  round-ovate,  the  rounded 


JUNGERMANNIACE^.       (SCALE-MOSSES.'i  709 

apex  decnrved,  more  or  less  denticulate;  lower  lobe  oblong,  obtuse,  with  an 
acute  tooth  at  base,  longer  but  narrower  than  the  quadrate  underhMves,  both 
with  strongly  recurved  sparsely  denticulate  margins.  (Madotheca  Thuja,  Du^ 
mort.)  —  On  rocks  and  trees;  more  common  westward.     (Ku.) 

4.  P.  dent^ta,  Lindb.  Mostly  fuscous-green,  irregularly  pinnate  or  sub- 
dichotomous ;  leaves  more  remote  on  the  branches,  obliquely  round-ovate,  the 
rounded  summit  slightly  decurved,  more  or  less  denticulate ;  lower  lobe  de- 
current,  twisted,  obliquely  ovate,  acute,  with  recurved  undulate  denticulate 
margin  and  a  large  acute  tooth  at  base ;  underleaves  twice  as  wide  as  the 
lower  lobes,  quadrate-t)val,  the  undulate  reflexed  margin  dentate,  especially 
near  the  base.  (Madotheca  rivularis.  Nets.)  —  Shaded  rocks,  Yellow  Springs, 
Oliio  (Sul/irtrnt).     (Ku.) 

T).  P.  Sullivantii,  I'nderw.  Stems  strongly  decurved  at  the  ends  in 
drying;  leaves  suberect,  the  straight  ventral  margin  strongly  involute  toward 
the  apex;  cells  large,  punctate-stelliform ;  periantli  broadly  keeled  beneath, 
the  keel  2-angled.  (Madotheca  Sullivantii,  J«s/.) — Allegliauy  Mts.  (6'u//i- 
vant) ;  rare. 

6.    PTILIDIUM,    Nees.        (PI.  24.) 

Leaves  incubous,  complicate-bilobed,  each  lobe  divided  and  lacerately  cili- 
ate  ;  underleaves  4  -  5-lobed,  ciliate.  Dioecious.  Fruit  terminating  short 
branches.  Involucral  leaves  2-4,  4-cleft ;  perianth  terete,  obovate,  the  mouth 
connivent,  plicate,  denticulate.  Calyptra  pyriform,  coriaceous.  Capsule  ovate. 
Spores  globose.  Antlieridia  in  the  base  of  closely  imbricated  leaves.  (Name 
a  diminutive  of  tttiXov,  a  feather,  from  the  fringed  foliage.) 

1.  P.  ciliare,  Nees.  Stems  crowded,  subpinuate  ;  fringes  of  the  foliage 
long-setaceous.  (Blepharozia  ciliaris,  Dumort.)  — Ou  rotten  logs  and  stumps ; 
common.     (Eu.) 

7.     TRICHOCOLEA,     Dumort.         (PI.  24.) 

Leaves  succubous,  4-.5-divi(ledj  and  with  the  underleaves  setaceously 
fringed.  Dioecious.  Fruit  terminal,  or  axillary  from  the  growth  of  inno- 
vations. Involucral  leaves  coalescent  into  an  oblong  truncate  hairy  tube, 
blended  in  our  species  with  the  calyptra;  perianth  none.  Capsule  oblong,  its 
pedicel  bulbous  at  base.  Elaters  free.  Antheridia  large,  in  the  axils  of  leaves 
on  terminal  branches.  (Name  from  6pi^,  hair,  and  KoKfos,  a  sheath,  from  the 
hairy  involucre.) 

1.  T.  toment^lla,  Dumort.  Stems  pinnately  decompound,  densely 
tufted,  glaucous,  2-G'  long;  leaves  nearly  uniform  ;  underleaves  subquadrate, 
as  wide  as  the  stem.  —  Among  mosses  in  swamps;  common.     (Eu.) 

T.  Bini>LKc6Mi.*:,  Aust.,  very  imperfectly  described  from  specimens  col- 
lected in  L'rbana,  Ohio,  is  said  to  be  simply  and  rather  distantly  pinnate. 

8.     HERBERT  A,     S.F.Gray.         (PI.  24.) 

Leaves  large,  incul)ous  or  nearly  transverse,  narrow,  .3-ranked,  the  under- 
leaves being  scarcely  smaller,  cleft  to  or  below  the  micblle,  the  lobes  acute. 
Di(ecious.  Fruit  terminal  on  a  long  branch.  Involucral  leaves  numerous, 
equitant ;  perianth  ovate-subulate  or  narrowly  fusiform,  3-angled,  deeply  6-8- 


710  JUNGERMANNIACE^.        (sCALE-MOSSES.) 

lobed.  Calyptra  small,  obovate,  deeply  trifid.  Capsule  large,  globose.  Elaters 
free.  Spores  large,  muriculate.  Antheridia  in  the  bases  of  leaves  of  a  short 
terminal  spike.     (Named  for  William  Herbert,  an  English  botanist.) 

1 .  H.  adlinca,  S.  ¥.  Gray.  Stems  long  and  slender,  erect,  brownish,  nearly 
simple ;  leaves  and  underleaves  almost  alike,  curved  and  one-sided,  the  lobes 
lanceolate.  (Sendtnera  juuiperina,  Sulliv.;  not  Nees.)  —  On  rocks,  Green- 
wood Mts.,  N.  J.,  Catskill  Mts.,  N.  Y.,  and  probably  northward.     (Eu.) 

9.  BAZZANIA,     S.E.Gray.        (PI.  24.) 

Leaves  incubous,  oblique,  decurved,  mostly  truncate-tridentate  >  underleaves 
wider  than  the  stem,  mostly  3-4-toothed  or  crenate.  Dioecious.  Eruit  on  a 
short  branch  from  the  axil  of  an  underleaf.  Involucral  leaves  much  imbri- 
cate, concave,  orbicular  or  ovate,  incised  at  the  apex ;  perianth  ovate-subulate 
or  fusiform,  somewhat  3-keeled.  Calyptra  pyriform  or  cylindric-oblong.  Cap- 
sule oblong.  Antheridial  spikes  from  the  axils  of  underleaves.  (Named  for 
M.  Bazzani,  an  Italian  Professor  of  Anatomy.) 

1.  B.  trilobata,  S.  E.  Gray.  (PI.  24.)  Creeping,  dichotomous,  prolifer- 
ous ;  leaves  ovate,  the  broad  apex  acutel}'  3-toothed ;  underleaves  roundish- 
quadrangular,  spreading,  4  -  6-toothed  above ;  perianth  curved,  cylindric,  pli- 
cate at  the  narrow  apex  and  3-toothed.  (Mastigobryum  trilobatum,  Nees. 
M.  tridenticulatum,  Lindenh.)  —  Ravines,  wet  Avoods  and  swamps;  common 
and  variable.     (Ku.) 

2.  B.  defiexa,  Underw.  Stems  forked  or  alternately  branched ;  leaves 
stronglv  detlexed,  cordate-ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  falcate,  the  upper  margin 
arcuate,  the  narrow  apex  2  -  3-toothed  or  entire ;  underleaves  roundish-quad- 
rate, the  upper  margin  bifid,  crenate,  or  entire ;  perianth  cylindric,  arcuate, 
plicate  above  and  denticulate.  (Mastigobryum  deflexum,  ^Yces.)  —  On  rocks 
in  the  higher  mountains  eastward.     (Eu.) 

10.  LEPIDOZIA,     Dumort.        (PL  24.) 

Leaves  small,  incubous,  palmately  2-4-cleft  or  -parted;  underleaves  simi- 
lar, often  smaller.  Dioecious  or  rarely  monoecious.  Eruit  terminal  on  short 
branches  from  the  under  side  of  the  stem.  Involucral  leaves  small,  appressed, 
concave,  2  -  4-cleft ;  perianth  elongated,  ovate-subulate  or  narrowly  fusiform, 
obtusely  triangular  above,  entire  or  denticulate.  Calyptra  included,  pyriform 
or  oblong.  Capsule  oblong-cylindric.  Spores  minute,  smooth  or  roughish. 
Antheridia  large,  pedicelled,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  2-cleft  spicate  leaves. 
(Name  from  AeTris,  a  scale,  and  o^os,  a  shoot,  for  the  scale-like  foliage.) 

1.  L.  rdptans,  Dumort.  (PI.  24.)  Creeping,  pinnately  compound,  the 
branches  often  flagellate;  leaves  decurved,  subquadrate,  3 -4-cleft ;  involucral 
leaves  ovate,  truncate,  unequally  4-toothed  ;  perianth  incurved,  dentate.  —  On 
the  ground  and  rotten  Avood,  N.  J.,  and  common  northward.     (Eu.) 

2.  L.  setacea,  Mitt.  Leaves  deeply  2  -  3-cleft  or -parted,  incurved,  the 
lobes  subulate,  formed  of  a  somewhat  double  series  of  cells;  underleaves  sim- 
ilar; perianth  ciliate.  (Jungermannia  setacea,  Web.)  —  On  the  ground  and 
rotten  wood ;  common.  Resembling  the  next  in  its  leaves,  but  smaller  and 
browrish.     (Eu.) 


JUNGERMANNIACEiE.       ( SCALE-MOSSES.)  711 

11.     BLEPHAROSTOMA,     Dumort.         (PI.  25.) 

Leaves  transverse  or  sli^hlly  iucubuus,  3-4-parted,  the  divisious  capillary; 
uuderleaves  smaller,  mostly  2-3-parted.  Dioecious  or  monoecious.  Fruit  ter- 
minal. Involucral  leaves  numerous,  verticillate,  deeply  4-cleft ;  perianth  ex- 
serted,  pyriform-cylindric,  laeiniate.  Calyptra  short,  oblong,  bilal  i.ite.  Cap- 
sule cylindric-oblong.  Elaters  large,  very  obtuse.  Spores  large,  smooth. 
Antlieridia  solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaf-like  bracts.  (Name  from  ^Ki^apov,  an 
eyelid,  and  crrofia,  immtli,  in  allusion  to  the  fringed  orifice  of  the  perianth.) 

1.  B.  trichophyllum,  Dumort.  Flaccid,  branchetl,  creeping;  leaf- 
divisions  straight,  sjjreading,  each  comj)Ose(l  of  a  single  row  of  cells;  perianth 
ovate-cyliudric.  (Jungcrmannia  trichophylla,  L.)  —  On  the  ground  and  rot- 
ten wood.     Minute,  light  green.     (Kn.) 

12.     CEPHALOZIA,     Dumort.         (PL  23.) 

Leaves  mostly  succubous,  chiefly  2-lobed,  the  margins  uniformly  plane  or 
aubincurved ;  uuderleaves  smaller,  often  wanting  except  on  fruiting  branches. 
IJranches  from  the  under  side  of  the  stem.  Monoecious  or  dia'cious.  Invo- 
lucral leaves  numerous,  capitate,  3-ranked,  usually  2-lobed ;  perianth  long, 
triangular-prismatic,  the  constricted  mouth  variously  dentate.  Calyptra  small. 
Capsule  somewhat  oblong.  Elaters  free.  Spores  minute.  Antheridia  in 
tlie  base  of  inflated  spicate  leaves.  (Name  from  Ke(pa\r),  head,  and  v(os,  bud, 
for  the  capitate  involucre.) 

§  1.    CEPHALOZIA   proper.     Perlanlh  more  or  less  S-angled  or  3-carinate ; 
leaf-cells  larr/e  {mosilij  25-50  ^  broad) ;  plants  mostly  medium-sized. 

*   Uuderleaves  rarely  present  except  on  fruitimj  branches. 

1.  C.  Virginiana,  Spruce.  Without  runners,  usually  pale  ;  leaves  small, 
obliquely  round-ovate,  acutely  2-lobed  nearly  to  the  middle ;  cells  quadrate- 
hexagonal,  opaque;  dioecious,  rarely  monoecious;  involucral  leaves  round- 
(juadrate,  with  slender  acuminate  lobes;  perianth  large,  widest  above  the 
middle,  unequally  ciliolate ;  capsule  large,  long-exserted ;  antheridial  spike 
long.  (C.  catenulata  of  authors;  not  Huebn.)  —  On  rotten  wood  or  swampy 
ground,  N.  Eng.  to  Va.,  and  southward. 

2.  C.  multiflora,  Spruce.  (PI.  23.)  Often  subpinnate,  without  runners, 
pale  green  ;  leaves  small,  round-rhombic,  decurrent,  bifid  ^  their  length  ;  cells 
quadrate-hexagonal,  pellucid;  dioecious;  inner  involucral  leaves  3-4  times  as 
long  as  tlie  outer ;  perianth  linear-fusiform,  3-plaited  when  young,  triangular 
only  above  when  mature,  ciliate  or  tootlied,  flcsliy ;  calyptra  fleshy,  oval-glo- 
bose ;  capsule  rather  short-pedicelled  ;  spores  cinnamon-color.  —  On  the  ground 
and  rotten  wood  ;  common.     (Eu.) 

3.  C.  pleniceps,  I'nderw.  Stems  very  short,  branching,  densely  ces- 
])it<jse,  pale  green  or  whitish ;  leaves  thick,  orbicular,  strongly  concave,  sub- 
clas])ing  but  not  decurrent,  bifid  ^  their  length,  the  acute  lobes  incurved  and 
strcmgly  counivent;  involucral  loaves  oldong,  palmately  2 -4-cleft,  the  ventral 
like  the  uuderleaves ;  perianth  large,  obloug-cylindric,  obtusely  angled,  the 
plicate  mouth  denticulate.  (Jungermannia  pleniceps,  yl;/s^)  —  Among  Sphag- 
num in  the  White  Mts.  {Oakes). 


712  JUNGERMANNIACE^.        (SCALE-MOSSES.) 

4.  C.  bicuspidata,  Dumort.  Prostrate  or  assurgent,  cespitose,  usually 
greenish  or  reddish,  with  runners;  lower  leaves  small  and  distant,  the  upper 
larger,  round-ovate,  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate  and 
acute,  the  lower  lobe  narrower  and  acuminate;  cells  large,  pellucid;  monoe- 
cious ;  involucral  leaves  about  3  pairs,  the  innermost  nearly  three  times  as 
long  as  the  outer,  cleft  ^  their  length ;  perianth  four  times  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
linear-prismatic  or  fusiform,  thin,  denticulate  or  ciliate ;  capsule  cylindric- 
obloug;  spores  purple.  (Jungermannia  bicuspidata,/..)  —  On  the  ground, 
mountains  of  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.     (Eu.) 

5.  C.  eurvifolia,  Dumort.  Slender,  rarely  forked,  without  runners, 
greenish,  reddish,  or  often  purple ;  leaves  imbricate,  ascending,  obovate,  con- 
cave, semicordate  at  base.  Innately  bifid  below  the  middle,  the  lobes  incurved 
or  hooked ;  cells  small,  quadrate ;  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  involucral  leaves 
complicate,  the  lobes  subovate,  spinulose-denticulate ;  perianth  large,  rose- 
purple,  triquetrous,  the  wide  mouth  ciliate ;  calyptra  thin ;  capsule  oblong- 
globose.  (Jungermannia  eurvifolia,  Dicks.)  —  On  rotten  logs  in  swamps,  etc. ; 
common.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Underleaves  iisuall//  present;  leaves  rarely  suh imbricate. 

6.  C.  fluitans,  Spruce.  Stems  2-3'  long,  loosely  creeping,  with  short 
thick  runners ;  leaves  large,  ovate-oblong,  lobed  to  near  the  middle,  the  lower 
lobe  larger,  lanceolate,  obtuse;  cells  large,  mostly  hexagonal;  underleaves 
linear,  appressed ;  dioecious ;  involucral  leaves  cleft  to  the  middle ;  perianth 
oval-cylindric,  nearly  entire ;  calyptra  short,  pyriform ;  capsule  oblong ;  spores 
small,  minutely  tuberculate ;  antheridia  globose,  pedicelled,  solitary  in  the 
axils.  —  In  bogs,  on  mosses  or  partly  floating;  rare.     (Eu.) 

§2.    CEPHALOZIELLA.     Perianth  S  -  e-anrjled ;  leaf-cells  small  (14-20^ 
broad)  ;  plants  small^  often  minute ;  underleaves  present  in  n.  9. 

7.  C.  divaricata,  Dumort.  Sparingly  branched,  without  runners; 
leaves  very  small,  cuneate  or  round-quadrate,  the  ovate-triangular  lobes  acute  ; 
cells  pellucid  or  subopaque ;  involucral  leaves  larger,  the  lobes  acute,  denticu- 
late ;  perianth  linear  or  narrowly  fusiform,  prismatic,  denticulate  or  subeutire ; 
capsule  oblong-globose,  long-exserted.  (Jungermannia  divaricata,  Smith.)  — 
Dry  rocks  and  sand,  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

8.  C.  Macounii,  Aust.  Slender,  much  branched,  dark  green;  leaves 
scarcely  broader  than  the  stem,  wide-spreading,  bifid  with  a  broad  or  lunate 
sinus,  the  broad-subulate  lobes  mostly  acute ;  cells  subquadrate,  somewhat  pel- 
lucid ;  dioecious ;  involucral  leaves  appressed,  2  -  3-lobed,  irregularly  spinulose ; 
perianth  small,  whitish,  obovate  or  ovate-fusiform,  obtusely  3-angled,  setu- 
lose  or  ciliate.  —  Rotten  logs,  mountains  of  N.  Eng.,  and  northward  {Austin, 
Macoun). 

9-  C.  Sullivantii,  Aust.  Stems  3  -  6"  long,  fleshy,  rootlets  numerous ; 
fertile  branches  suberect,  clavate ;  leaves  imbricate,  often  narrower  than  the 
stem,  subquadrate-ovate,  more  or  less  serrate,  the  sinus  and  lobes  subacute ; 
dioecious ;  involucral  leaves  3,  erect,  free ;  perianth  broadly  oval  or  subobovate, 
obtusely  and  sparingly  angled,  the  apex  slightly  plicate,  the  mouth  connivent, 
dentate,  sometimes  narrowly  scarious ;  capsule  oval.  —  On  rotten  wood,  N.  J., 
Ohio,  and  111. ;  rare.     Our  smallest  species. 


JUNGEKMANNIACE/K.        (sCALE-MOSSES. )  7 1  .'j 

13.     ODONTOSCHISMA,     Dumort.        (Vl  24.) 

Leaves  succulwus,  ovate  or  rouiidisli,  (.-ntire  or  retuse,  rarely  bidentate; 
underleaves  minute,  sometimes  obscure  or  wanting.  Dia-cious  or  sometimes 
mouuicious.  Fruit  terminal  on  a  short  brantli  from  the  lower  side  of  the 
stem.  Involucral  leaves  few,  3-ranked,  bifid  or  rarely  3-4-cleft;  perianth 
large,  triangular-fusiform,  ciliate  or  dentate.  Calyptra  membranous.  Cap- 
sule cylindric-oblong.  Antheridia  in  small  whitish  spikes  on  the  under  side 
of  the  stem.  (Name  from  65ovs,  a  tooth,  and  axi^ixa,  a  eh  ft,  alluding  to  the 
perianth.) 

1.  O.  Sphagni,  Dumort.  (PI.  24.)  Leaves  spreading  or  ascending, 
ovate,  roundod  or  oblong,  entire  or  retu.se,  subconcave ;  underleaves  mostly 
wanting;  perianth  3-6  times  longi-r  than  the  leaves,  subulate-fusiform,  la- 
ciuiatc  or  ciliate.  (Sphagntecetis  comnmuis,  iVees.)  —  Among  mosses,  N.  J. 
to  111.,  and  southward.      (Ku.) 

2.  O.  denud^ta,  Lindb.  Stems  densely  rooting,  somewhat  leafless  at 
base,  flagellate,  branching  above ;  leaves  sjjreading,  broadly  ovate,  entire ; 
underleaves  broadly  oval,  entire  or  subdenticulate ;  perianth  close-conuivent 
above,  at  length  bursting  irregularly.  —  On  rotten  wood,  Canada  to  Uhio,  and 
south  along  the  mountains.     (Ku.) 

14.  KANT  I  A,     S.F.Gray.        (PI.  24.) 

Leaves  large,  iucubous,  flat  or  convex,  entire  or  retuse ;  underleaves  small, 
roundish,  the  apex  entire,  retuse  or  bifid.  Dioecious  or  monacious.  Involucre 
pendulous,  subterranean,  clavate  or  subcylindric,  fleshy,  hairy,  attached  to 
the  stem  by  one  side  of  its  mouth.  Calyptra  memJjranous,  partly  adnate  to 
tlie  involucre.  Capsule  cylindric,  the  valves  spirally  twisted.  Sp<jres  miimte, 
roughish.  Antheridia  solitary  in  the  reduced  leaves  of  short  lateral  branches. 
(Name  from  ./.  Kant,  a  physician  at  The  Hague.) 

1.  K.  Trich6manis,  S.  F.  Gray.  (PI.  24.)  Creeping,  without  ventral 
runners;  leaves  ])ale  green,  imbricate,  spreading,  roundish-ovate,  obtuse. 
(Calypogeia  Trichomanis,  Corda.)  —  On  the  ground  and  rotten  logs;  very 
common.  (Eu.)  —  Var.  kivulAris,  Aust.  Leaves  dusky  green  or  blackish, 
more  scattered,  flaccid;  cells  large.  N.  J.  (Austin.)  —  Var.  tenuis,  Aust. 
Very  slender,  innovate-branching;  leaves  smaller,  especially  above,  dimidiate- 
ovate  or  subfalcate,  subdecurrent.     Southern  N.  J.  (Austin). 

2.  K.  SuUivantii,  Underw.  Prostrate,  with  ventral  runners ;  leaves 
flat,  subcontiguous  or  imbricate,  obliquely  round-ovate,  miimtely  2-toothed 
with  a  lunulate  sinus,  abruptly  decurrent ;  cells  large,  uniform  ;  underleaves 
minute,  the  upper  orbicular,  bifid,  the  lower  twice  2-lobed,  the  prinuiry  lobes 
round-(juadrate,  divaricate,  the  secondary  ovate  or  subulate.  (Calypogeia 
SuUivantii,  Aust.)  —  Delaware  Water  (Jaj),  N.  J.  (Austin). 

15.  SCAPANIA,    Dum..rt.         (PI.  24.) 

Leaves  coujplicate-bilobed,  the  upj)er  lobe  smaller,  the  lower  succubous ; 
margins  entire  or  dentate  or  ciliate ;  underleaves  none.  Dia'cious.  Fruit 
terminal.  Involucral  leaves  like  tlie  cauline  but  more  equallv  lobed ;  jieri- 
anth  obovate,  dorsally  compressed,  bilabiate,  the  mouth  truncate,  entire  or 
toothed,  decurved.     Capsule  ovate.     Elaters  long,  attached  to  the  middle  of 


714  JUNGERMANNIACE.E.       ( SCALE-MOSSES.) 

the  valves.  Antheridia  3  -  20,  in  the  axils  of  small  saccate  leaves,  which  are 
scarcely  imbricate  or  crowded  iuto  terminal  heads.  (Name  from  aKairdviou,  a 
shovel,  from  the  form  of  the  perianth.) 

*  Leaf-lobes  somewhat  equal. 

1.  S.  subalpina,  Dumort.  Leaves  equidistant,  imbricate,  cleft  nearly  to 
the  middle,  the  roundish  obtuse  lobes  denticulate  on  the  outer  margin ;  peri- 
anth much  exceeding  the  involucral  leaves,  obovate  from  a  narrow  base, 
denticulate.  —  Mountains  of  N.  Eng.  {Oakes,  Austin);  L.  Superior  {Gillman, 
Macoun).     (Eu.) 

2.  S.  glaucocephala,  Aust.  Stems  short,  cespitose,  creeping  or  as- 
cending, subsimple,  with  numerous  offshoots ;  leaf-lobes  broadly  ovate,  entire, 
mostly  obtuse  and  apiculate ;  involucral  leaves  sometimes  denticulate ;  peri- 
anth small,  subcuneate,  entire.  (Jungermaunia  glaucocephala,  Taijl.;  S. 
Peckii,  .4ms/.)  —  On  rotten  wood,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  Y.  and  Canada. 

*  *  Loicer  lobe  about  twice  the  size  of  the  upper,  except  near  the  summit. 
■*-  Leaves  broader  than  long  ;  upper  lobes  rounded  or  blunt. 

3.  S.  undulata,  Dumort.  (PI.  24.)  Asceudingorerect,  slightly  branched; 
leaves  lax,  spreading,  entire  or  ciliate-denticulate,  the  lobes  round-trapezoidal, 
equal  at  the  summit  of  the  stem ;  perianth  oblong-incurved,  nearly  entire, 
twice  as  long  as  the  outer  involucre.  —  In  woods,  damp  meadows,  and  rills ; 
common,  especially  in  mountain  districts.  —  Var.  PURPtREA,  Nees;  a  form 
with  long  lax  stems  and  rose-colored  or  purplish  leaves.     (Eu.) 

4.  S.  irrigua,  Dumort.  Creeping ;  leaves  somewhat  rigid,  repand,  deeply 
lobed ;  lobes  rounded,  submucronate,  the  lower  appressed,  the  upper  convex 
with  incurved  apex ;  perianth  ovate,  denticulate.  (S.  compacta,  var.  irrigua, 
Aust.)  — Wet  places,  N.  J.,  Catskill  Mts.,  mountains  of  N.  Eng.,  and  north- 
ward.    (Ku.) 

-t-  -t-  Leaves  longer  than  broad ;  upper  lobes  more  or  less  acute. 

5.  S.  nemorosa,  Dumort.  Rather  stout,  flexuose,  creeping  at  base, 
leaves  rather  distant,  decurrent  on  both  sides,  ciliate-dentate,  the  lower  lobe 
obovate,  obtuse,  slightly  convex,  the  upper  cordate,  acute,  concave ;  perianth 
densely  ciliate;  capsule  large,  roundish-ovate,  reddish-brown.  (S.  breviflora, 
Taijl.)  — On  rocks,  etc.,  in  swamps  and  rills  ;  common  and  variable.     (Eu.) 

6.  S.  Oakesii,  Aust.  Leaves  obovate,  somewhat  spreading,  often  de- 
flexed,  closely  complicate,  convex,  the  lower  lobe  coarsely  dentate,  and  with 
deep  purple  spur-like  teeth  on  the  keel,  the  upper  roundish  and  less  dentate; 
perianth  usually  dentate.  —  White  Mts.  (Oakes,  Austin). 

*  *  *  Lower  lobes  3-4  times  the  size  of  the  upper. 

7.  S.  exseeta,  Aust.  Ascending ;  leaves  subcomplicate,  entire,  the  lower 
lobe  ovate,  acute  or  bidentate,  concave,  the  upper  small  and  tooth-like ;  invo- 
lucral leaves  3-5-cleft;  perianth  oblong,  obtuse,  plicate.  (Jungermaunia  ex- 
seeta, Schmidel.)  —  High  mountains,  far  northward;  rare.  —  Perhaps  better 
retained  in  Jungermaunia.     (Eu.) 

8.  S.  umbrosa,  Dumort.  Stems  short,  decumbent,  slightly  branched; 
leaf-lobes  ovate,  acute,  serrate ;  perianth  incurved,  naked  at  the  mouth.  — 
White  Mts.;  rare. —The  tips  of  the  shoots  are  frequently  covered  with  a 
dark  mass  of  gemmae.     (Eu.) 


JUNGERMANNIACE.K.       ( SCALE-MOSSES.)  715 

16.     DIPLOPHYLLUM,      1  )uinort.  (PI.  25.) 

Leaves  rather  narrow,  coiiii(licatc-l)ilol>ed,  tlic  lubes  suljequal  or  the  upper 
Binallcr,  the  lower  succubous;  undcrleaves  none.  Fruit  tenniual.  luvolu- 
cral  leaves  few.  Periauth  cylindrical,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  compressed,  pluri- 
])licate,  denticulate.  (Name  from  5nr\6s,  double,  and  <pv\\ov,  leaf,  ou  account 
of  the  folded  2-lobed  leave;..) 

1.  D.  albicans,  Dumort.,  var.  taxifblium,  Xees.  Stems  ascending, 
almost  rootless  ;  leaves  closely  folded,  subdeuticnlate,  with  a  rudimentary 
])ellucid  line  near  the  base  or  none,  the  lobes  obtuse  or  acutish,  the  lower 
oblonf^-scyniitar-shaped,  the  up])er  smaller,  subovate  ;  perianth  ovate,  plicate. 
(Jungerniannia  albicans  and  J.  obtusifolia  of  Sulliv. ;  not  of  L.  and  Hook.)  — 
Under  rocks  in  mountain  ravines  and  on  the  ground.  (Eu.)  —  The  typical 
form  occurs  iu  N.  Scotia,  distinguished  by  a  broad  pellucid  median  line  in 
both  lobes. 

17.  GEO  CALYX,  Nees.  (PI.  23.) 
Leaves  succubous,  bidentate ;  underleaves  2-cleft,  with  linear  divisions. 
Fruit  lateral,  pendent.  Involucre  simple,  fleshy,  saccate,  oblong,  truncate, 
attached  to  the  stem  by  one  side  of  the  mouth.  Calyptra  membranous, 
partly  adnate  to  the  involucre.  Capsule  oblong.  Elaters  free.  Antheridia 
in  the  axils  of  small  leaves  on  spike-like  lateral  branches.  (Name  from  yea, 
tJie  earth,  and  /caAy|,  a  cup,  from  the  subterranean  involucres.) 

1.  G.  graveolens,  Nees.  Leaves  ovate-quadrate,  2-toothGd,  light  green ; 
underleaves  oval-lanceolate,  cleft  to  the  middle.  —  Un  the  ground,  and  rotten 
logs;  not  rare.     (Lu.) 

18.    LOPHOCOLEA,    Dumort.        (PI.  23.) 

Leaves  succu])ous,  dorsally  decurrent,  ohliquely  ovate-oblong,  broadly  trun- 
cate or  bidentate ;  underleaves  smaller,  more  or  less  quadrate,  bifid  or  with 
4  -  8  cajjillary  lobes.  Diu'cious  or  monoecious.  Fruit  terminal  on  the  main 
stem  or  primary  branches.  Invohu-ral  leaves  2-4,  large,  often  s]»inulose; 
perianth  triangular-prismatic,  3-lobed,  ciliate  or  laciniate.  Calyptra  short, 
obovate,  at  length  lacerate  above.  Capsule  oblong-globose.  Antheridia 
mostly  solitary  in  or  near  the  base  of  ordinary  leaves.  (Name  from  \6<pos, 
a  crest,  and  ko\c6s,  a  sheath,  from  the  crested  perianth.) 

*  Uiuhrleaves  mostly  bifid  {or  3-4-clefl  in  n.  1) ;  divisions  mostli/  entire. 

1.  L.  bident^ta,  Dumort.  Stems  1-2'  long,  procumbent,  sparsely 
brandling ;  leaves  pale  green,  ovate-triangular,  acutely  2-tootlied,  the  teeth 
oblupie  witli  a  lunulate  sinus;  moncccious ;  ])erlaiith  oltlong-triangular,  lacin- 
iate ;  antlieridia  2  -  3  in  a  cluster,  axillary.  —  ( )n  rocks  in  shady  rills ;  not  com- 
mon.    (Ku.) 

2.  L.  Ausllni,  Lindb.  Creeping;  leaves  uniformly  deeply  lobed,  the 
lobes  and  usually  tlie  sinus  acute;  underleaves  comparatixcly  small,  the  lobes 
subulate;  cells  snuill ;  moncvcious;  antheridia  solitary  in  the  upper  axils.  (L. 
minor,  Aunt. ;  not  Xtes.)  —  On  roots  of  trees  in  woods  {Austi)i).  Imperfectly 
known. 

3.  L.  Macounii,  Aust.  Stems  very  short,  ])rostrate,  ascending  at  the 
apex,  densely  radiculose;  leaves  suberect,  ovate-subquadrate,  2-lobed  with  ob- 


716  JUNGERMANNIACEvE.        (SCALE-MOSSEJ.) 

tuse  lobes  and  sinus,  or  retuse  or  often  entire ;  imderleaves  light  pink,  deeplj 
bifid,  the  setaceous  lobes  spreading-incurved ;  monoecious ;  involucral  leaves 
somewhat  oblong,  repandly  2  -  4-toothed  at  the  apex ;  perianth  subobovate, 
slightly  angled.  —  On  logs,  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.  {Austhi) ;  Ont.  {Macoun). 

4.  L.  minor,  Nees.  Diifusely  branching ;  leaves  pale  green,  oval-sub- 
quadrate,  expanded,  convex,  slightly  rigid,  equally  and  acutely  bifid  with  a 
lunate  sinus ;  uuderleaves  ^  as  large,  deeply  bifid,  the  lanceolate  lobes  acumi- 
nate ;  dioecious ;  involucral  leaves  like  the  cauline ;  perianth  obtusely  trian- 
gular-plicate at  the  apex.  (L.  crocata,  Aust.-,  not  Nees.)  —  On  the  ground 
Vnd  dry  rocks  in  limestone  regions  [Austin).     (Eu.) 

*  *  Divisions  of  the  imderleaves  more  or  less  dentate. 

5.  L.  heteroph^lla,  Nees.  (PI.  23.)  Stems  short,  creeping  or  ascend- 
ing, much  branched ;  leaves  ovate-subquadrate,  entire,  retuse  and  bidentate  on 
the  same  stem  ;  underleaves  large,  2  -  3-cleft ;  involucral  leaves  lobed  and  den- 
tate; perianth  terminal,  the  mouth  crested.  —  On  the  ground  and  rotten  logs 
in  woods  and  swamps ;  very  common.     (Eu.) 

6.  L.  Hallii,  Aust.  Creeping,  very  slightly  rooting ;  leaves  subvertical, 
oblong,  cleft  nearly  to  the  middle  with  obtuse  sinus  and  erect  mostly  obtuse 
lobes ;  lower  underleaves  small,  subequally  2-parted  with  an  obtuse  sinus,  the 
upper  ones  larger,  with  a  single  tooth  on  each  side  or  palmately  3-4-parted, 
the  apical  sublanceolate  and  narrowly  bifid.  —  On  the  ground.  111.  {Hall). 

19.    CHILOSCYPHUS,    Corda.    (PI.  23.) 

Leaves  succubous,  dorsally  decurrent,  mostl}'  rounded  and  entire;  under- 
leaves rooting  at  the  base,  usually  deeply  2-cleft.  Fruit  terminal  on  a  very 
short  lateral  branch,  Involucral  leaves  2-6,  the  outer  smaller,  the  inner  va- 
riously cut ;  perianth  small,  obconic  or  campauulate,  3-angled  and  3-lobed  only 
at  the  apex,  the  lobes  usually  spinose.  Calyptra  fleshy,  subglobose  or  clavate 
Capsule  oblong-globose.  Antheridia  in  the  saccate  bases  of  stem-leaves. 
(Name  from  xe^^^os;  a  lip,  and  aKvcpos,  a  bowl,  from  the  form  of  the  perianth.) 
*  Underleaves  ^-parted. 

1.  C.  ase^ndens,  Hook.  &  Wils.  (PI.  23.)  Prostrate;  leaves  large, 
pale  green,  ascending,  roundish-oblong,  slightly  emarginate ;  involucral  leaves 
two,  2-cleft;  perianth  2 -3-lobed,  the  lobes  long  and  irregularly  lacerate- 
toothed.  —  On  rotten  logs ;  rather  common. 

*  *  Underleaves  hijid. 

2.  C.  pallescens,  Dumort.  Procumbent,  creeping;  leaves  flattened, 
ovate-subquadrate,  obtuse  or  retuse  ;  underleaves  ovate,  distant,  free ;  involucral 
leaves  two,  2-toothed ;  perianth  deeply  trifid,  the  lobes  spinose-dentate,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  conspicuous  calyptra.  —  Mountains  of  N.  Eng.  [Oakes). 

3.  C.  polyanthos,  Corda.  Procumbent,  creeping;  leaves  subascending, 
ovate-subquadrate,  truncate  or  subretuse ;  underleaA'es  ovate-oblong,  distant, 
free ;  involucral  leaves  2,  slightly  2-toothed ;  perianth  3-lobed,  the  short  lobes 
nearly  entire,  shorter  than  the  calyptra.  —  Yar.  kivulXris,  Nees.  Larger, 
more  branching,  succulent ;  leaves  mostly  rounded  above ;  underleaves  often 
divided  in  halves  or  wanting.  —  On  the  ground  among  mosses  or  on  rotten 
logs,  common  ;  the  variety  in  shaded  rills  or  still  ;i"uds.     (Eu.) 


JUNGERMANNIACK.K.        (SCALE-MOSSES.)  717 

20.     PLAGIOCHILA,     Dumort.        (11.24.) 

Leaves  large,  succuhous,  rounded  or  truncate  above,  dentate  or  spinose  or 
rarely  entire,  the  dor.sal  margin  retlexed  ;  undcrleaves  usually  none.  Dia-cious 
or  monrecious.  Fruit  terminal,  or  axillary  by  tlie  growtb  (»f  offshoots.  Invo- 
lucral  leaves  larger  than  the  cauline;  perianth  laterally  comjiressed,  erect  or 
decurved,  oblicjuely  truncate  and  bilabiate,  the  b^bes  entire  or  ciliate-dentatc. 
Capsule  thick,  oval.  Elaters  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Autheridia 
oval,  2  -  3  in  the  axils  of  spicate  leaves.  ( Name  from  vKdyios,  oUique,  and  x^^^o^, 
Up,  from  the  form  of  the  perianth.) 

#   Umhrleaces  2 -3-rlrft,  fugacious. 

1.  P.  porelloides,  Lindeub.  Branches  ascending;  leaves  suljimbricate, 
convex-gibbous,  round-obovate,  the  u])perniost  repand-denticulate,  the  rest  en- 
tire, tlic  dorsal  margin  reflexed;  jierianth  terminal,  oblong-ovate,  the  mouth 
compressed,  denticulate.  —  Among  mosses  in  swamps  and  river-bottoms; 
common. 

2.  P.  interrupta,  Dumort.  (PI.  24.)  Prostrate, horizontally  branched, 
copiously  rooting ;  leaves  imbricate,  horizontal,  oval,  entire  or  slightly  repand  ; 
underleaves  lanceolate ;  perianth  terminal,  broadly  obcouic,  the  mouth  com- 
pressed, repand-crenulate.  (P.  macrostoma,  SuHiv.)  —  Moist  banks  and  de- 
cayed logs,  N.  Eng.,  Ohio,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Underleaves  wanting. 

3.  P.  spinul6sa,  Dumort.  Creeping,  branches  ascendiug;  leaves  re- 
mote, obliquely  spreading,  obovate-cuueate,  the  dorsal  margin  retlexed,  entire, 
the  ventral  and  apex  spinulose-toothed ;  perianth  rounded,  at  length  oblong, 
the  mouth  spinulose.  —  Shaded  rocks  in  mountain  regions;  rare.     (Eu.) 

4.  P.  asplenoides,  Dumort.  Branched,  creeping  or  ascending;  leaves 
subimbricate,  obliquely  spreading,  round-obovate,  entire  or  denticulate,  the 
dorsal  margin  retlexed ;  perianth  much  exceeding  the  involucral  leaves,  ob- 
long, dilated  at  the  truncate  or  ciliate  apex.  —  In  rocky  rivulets;  common. 
(Eu.) 

21.  MYLIA,  S.F.Gray.  (PI.  2.5.) 
Leaves  succubous,  semi-vertical,  circular,  or  ovate  and  pointed ;  underleaves 
subulate.  Dioecious.  Fruit  terminal  or  pseudaxillary.  Involucral  leaves  2, 
clasping ;  perianth  ovate-oblong,  laterally  compressed  above  a  subterete  base, 
the  apex  at  length  bilabiate,  denticulate.  Capsule  ovate,  coriaceous.  Elaters 
free.  Antheridia  2  in  the  axils  of  bracts  clustered  near  the  apex  of  distinct 
bramhes.     (Name  from  Mtjlius,  an  early  botanist.) 

1 .  M.  Taylbri,  S.  F.  Gray.  Stems  erect,  nearly  simple,  radiculose  ;  leaves 
large,  convex,  orbicular,  entire,  purplish  ;  cells  large  ;  underleaves  lance-subu- 
late, entire  or  sul)dentate ;  ])erianth  terminal,  oval ;  calyptra  finally  long- 
exserted.  ( Jungermannia  Taylori,  Hook.)  —  Wet  rocks,  high  mountains  of 
N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.     (Eu.) 

22.     HARP  ANT  HUS,    Nees.        (PI.  2.?.) 
Leaves  succubous,  semi-vertical,  ovate,  emarginate ;   underleaves  connate 
with  the  leaves,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  1 -toothed  at  ba.'^e.     Dianious.     Fruit  on 
short  shoots  from  the  axils  of  the  uudeileaves,  fiuallv  sublateral.     Involucral 


718  JUNGERMANNIACE.E.        (sCALE-MOSSES.) 

leaves  2  or  4.  Perianth  terete,  the  lower  half  thickened.  Calvptra  fleshy,  con- 
fluent with  the  perianth  for  |  its  length.  Capsule  oval.  Antheridia  1  or  2  iu 
the  axils  of  bracts  terminal  on  slender  branches.  (Name  from  dp-rrr),  a  sickle, 
and  avdosjjloicer.) 

1.  H.  SCUtatuS,  Spruce.  Stems  filiform,  decumbent,  usually  simple; 
leaves  smaller  at  the  base  and  apex  of  the  stems,  roundish-ovate,  concave, 
sharply  bidentate,  the  apex  lunate  or  acute  ;  underleaves  large,  acuminate 
mvolucral  leaves  two,  2-3-cleft,  the  upper  adnate  to  the  perianth;  perianth 
ovate,  becoming  obovate,  obscurely  3  -  4-plicate,  splitting  above  on  one  side ; 
capsule  deep  brown.  (Jungermanuia  scutata,  Weber.)  —  On  rotten  logs  in 
damp  places ;  common.     (Eu.) 

H.  Flotoviaxus,  Nees.  (PI.  23.)  Stems  flexuous,  procumbent,  mostly 
un branched  ;  leaves  ovate-orbicular,  horizontal,  the  apex  contracted  and  eraar- 
ginate  with  a  shallow  sinus ;  underleaves  large,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  obliquely 
inserted,  entire  or  more  often  toothed  on  one  or  both  sides  near  the  middle ; 
diut'cious;  perianth  subcylindric,  slightly  sickle-shaped,  the  mouth  pointed  at 
first,  notched  on  one  side  and  finally  crenulate ;  antheridia  elliptic,  single  in 
the  Jjase  of  swollen  leaves.  ( Pleuranthe  olivacea,  Taj/l.)  —  "  North  America  " 
(Drummond),  but  not  collected  recently;  certainly  extralimital. 

23.    LIOCHL^NA,     Nees.        (PL  25.) 

Leaves  succubous,  ovate-oblong,  entire  or  slightly  retuse ;  underleaves  none. 
Dioecious  or  monoecious.  Involucral  leaves  2  or  4,  like  the  cauliue ;  perianth 
pj^riform,  becoming  cylindric,  incurved,  abruptly  rounded  at  the  summit, 
the  minute  orifice  prominently  ciliolate.  Capsule  oblong,  long-exserted. 
Elaters  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Spores  minute,  globose.  An- 
theridia in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves.  Archegonia  5-12.  (Name  from 
\e7os,  smooth,  and  xAali/a,  a  cloak,  referring  to  the  perianth.) 

1.  L.  laneeolata,  Nees.  Closely  creeping,  branched  ;  leaves  sometimes 
decurrent ;  involucral  leaves  vertical ;  perianth  at  right  angles  with  the  stem ; 
mona'cious.  —  On  banks  and  rotten  logs;  not  rare.     (Ku.) 

24.    JUNQERMANNIA,    Micheli.        (PI.  25.) 

Leaves  succubous,  rarely  subtransverse,  entire,  lobed  or  dentate,  the  margins 
never  recurved ;  underleaves  present  or  none.  Dioecious  or  monoecious.  Fruit 
terminal.  Involucral  leaves  4  or  fewer,  like  the  cauline  or  more  incised,  free ; 
perianth  laterally  compressed  or  terete,  usually  3- 10-carinate,  the  usually 
small  mouth  entire  or  toothed.  Calyptra  oval-pyriform.  Capsule  globose  or 
oblong,  rarely  cylindric.  Spores  minute,  smooth  or  roughish.  Archegonia 
8-70.  (Named  for  L.  Junqermnnn,  a  German  botanist  of  the  17th  century.) 
§  1.  JUNGERMANNIA  proper.  Leaves  orbicular  or  ovate,  entire  or  barely 
retuse ;  underleaves  none  {veri/  small  in  n.  1). 

1.  J.  Sehraderi,  Martins.  (PI.  25.)  Creeping,  flexuous ;  leaves  round- 
elliptic,  entire,  ascending ;  underleaves  broadly  subulate,  not  apparent  on  old 
stems ;  involucral  leaves  large,  elongated,  the  inner  smaller  and  more  or  less 
laciniate ;  perianth  oval-obovate,  ascending.  —  On  the  ground  and  rotten  logs; 
common.     (Eu.) 

2.  J.  sphserocarpa,  Hook.  Stems  creeping,  the  tips  ascending,  sub- 
simple,  greenish ;  leaves  semi-vertical,  rather  rigid,  orbicular,  obliquely  spread- 


JUNGERMANNIACEJE.       (SCALE-MOSSES.)  719 

mg,  decurrent  dorsally,  pale  green ;    involucral  leaves  separate ;    perianth 

exserted,  obovate-oMoug,  the  mouth  4-cleft ;  ca])sule  globose.  —  Mountains 
of  N.  Eng.  (Austin);  rare.     (Ku.) 

3.  J.  ptimila,  With.  Stems  creeping,  the  tips  somewhat  ascending, 
subsim])lc,  rooting,  pale;  leaves  ascending,  ovate,  ol)tuse,  concave,  entire; 
involucral  leaves  like  the  cauline,  erect ;  perianth  terminal,  fusiform,  jilicato 
above  and  denticulate ;  capsule  oval.  —  On  shaded  rocks  along  rivulets,  Clos- 
teT,N.J.  {Austm).     (Eu.) 

§  2.  LOPHOZIA.  L(<ivcs  roundish  or  snhquadrctte,  hidentnte,  hijid,  or  some- 
times 3  -  fi<left ;  undcrleaves  none,  or  small  and  mostly  2-parted ;  perianth 
usually  strongly  plicate. 

»  UnderleaiK'S  present. 
•*-  Leaves  hiJid  or  2-lohed. 

4.  J.  Gillmkni,  Aust.  Stems  short,  densely  cespitose,  prostrate,  strongly 
radicnlose ;  leaves  vertical,  round-ovate,  sul)concave,  !)itid,  the  lower  leaves 
with  usually  acute  sinus  and  lobes,  the  upper  much  larger  with  rounded  lobes 
and  obtuse  sinus;  underleaves  entire  or  the  Ijroader  bifid;  periantli  without 
involucral  leaves,  dorsal,  sessile,  obovate,  subgibbous,  ciliate,  at  length  nmch 
incised.  —  In  a  sandstone  cave,  Traine  Island,  L.  Superior  (Gi/lman). 

5.  J.  Wattiana,  Aust.  Stems  rather  thick,  2-4"  long,  fragile,  subflex- 
uose,  strongly  radiculose;  leaves  subvertical  or  spreading,  subovate,  concave, 
emarginately  2-lobed,.the  lobes  acute  or  the  upper  obtuse ;  underleaves  some- 
what obsolete,  hair-like  or  subulate,  incurved ;  involucral  leaves  little  larger, 
less  deeply  lobed  ;  perianth  terminal,  small,  ovate-gourd-shaped,  whitish,  ciliate. 
—  On  the  ground,  northern  shore  of  L.  Superior  (Macoun). 

■«-  •♦-  Leaves  3  -  5-clc/t. 

6.  J.  barb^ta,  Schreb.  (PI.  25.)  Procumbent,  sparingly  branched; 
leaves  roundish-quadrate,  with  obtuse,  acute,  or  mucronulate  lobes  and  obtuse 
undulate  sinuses;  underleaves  broad,  entire  or  2-toothed,  sometimes  obsolete; 
perianth  ovate,  plicate-angled  toward  the  apex,  denticulate.  —  On  rocks  in 
mountain  regions  ;  common.     (Eu.) 

Var.  attenu^ta,  Martins.  Ascending,  with  numerous  offshoots;  stem- 
leaves  semi-vertical,  obliquely  spreading,  roundish,  acutely  2-4-toothed,  those 
of  the  shoots  closely  imbricate,  premorsely  2-4-denticulate  ;  involucral  leaves 
two,  3-toothod  ;  jjcrianth  oblong.  —  In  similar  localities.     (Eu.) 

7.  J.  setiformis,  Ehrh.  Erect  or  ascending,  dicliotomous;  leaves 
toothed  at  base,  3 -4-cleft,  the  lobes  ovate-oblong,  acute,  channelled ;  under- 
leaves ciliate-dentate  at  base,  deeply  bifid,  the  divisions  lanceolate,  acuminate  ; 
involucral  leaves  more  toothed  than  the  cauline;  j)erianth  terminal,  oval, 
plicate.  —  Alpine  summits  of  N.  II.  (Oahs).     (lui.) 

*  *  Underleavf  s  wanting. 
■*-  Leaves  2-toothed ;  involucral  leaves  2-4-cle/l. 

8.  J.  alpdstris,  Schleich.  Stems  creeping,  crowded,  bifid-branching,  the 
ends  ascending  ;  leaves  semi-vertical,  ovate  subtjuadrate,  obliijuely  toothed,  the 
teeth  unequ«al,  acute  or  mucronulate,  distant ;  involucral  leaves  wider,  2  -3-cleft ; 
perianth  twice  as  long,  oblong,  smooth,  the  mouth  complicate  ;  cajisule  oval.  — 
Alpine  region  of  N.  II.  (Oakes).     (Eu.) 


720  JUNGERMANNIACE^.        (sCALE-MOSSES.) 

9.  J.  ventricosa,  Dicks.  Stems  dense,  close-creeping,  branching  from 
beneath ;  leaves  semi-vertical,  subquadrate,  mostly  flat,  broadly  and  acutely 
emarginate-bidentate,  often  bearing  globules ;  involucral  leaves  larger,  round, 
erect-spreading,  3-4-cleft,  subdentate;  perianth  ovate,  inflated,  narrowly  com- 
plicate above;  capsule  oval.  —  On  the  ground  and  rotten  wood  in  the  moun- 
tains, and  far  northward  ;  common.     (Eu.) 

10.  J.  Wallrothi^na,  Nees.  Minute,  blackish ;  stems  creeping,  strongly 
rooting,  subsimple ;  leaves  clasping,  semi-vertical,  closely  imbricate,  ovate- 
quadrate,  concave,  obtusely  bidentate  with  an  obtuse  sinus,  or  acute  in  the 
upper  leaves ;  involucral  leaves  larger,  erect,  connate  at  base,  3-toothed,  wavy- 
plicate  ;  perianth  oval-cylindric,  plicate  and  subdentate,  pellucid,  reddish  below. 
—  On  coarse  sand  in  the  White  Mts.  {Oakt,s).     (Eu.) 

-t-  -1-  Leaves  hijid  or  2-lobed,  the  ventral  lobe  often  inflexed  or  subcompUcate  ; 
involucral  leaves  merely  toothed,  except  in  n.  II. 

11.  J.  laxa,  Lindb.  Widely  creeping,  mostly  simple,  usually  purplish- 
black  ;  leaves  imbricate,  or  distant  on  the  erect  fertile  stems,  2  -  .3-lobed,  the 
lobes  obtuse,  Avavy ;  cells  very  large,  lax ;  involucral  leaves  2,  wide,  short, 
cristate-undulate,  obtusely  many-lobed ;  perianth  exserted,  long-clavate,  sub- 
plicate  above,  minutely  ciliate.  (J.  polita,  Aust. ;  not  Xees.)  —  Among  Sphag- 
num near  Closter,  N.  J.  (Austin). 

12.  J.  excisa,  Dicks.  Stems  closely  creeping,  short,  subsimple,  rather 
rigid;  leaves  semi-vertical,  erect  spreading,  pellucid,  roundish,  with  straight 
acute  lobes  and  deep  obtuse  sinus ;  involucral  leaves  erect,  quadrate,  usually 
4  -  5-toothed ;  perianth  erect,  oblong,  pale,  banded  and  spotted  with  pink,  pli- 
cate above,  irregularly  denticulate.  —  Sterile  grounds  in  open  woods;  com- 
mon.    (Eu.) 

Var.  crispa,  Hook.  Leaves  round-quadrate,  closely  imbricate,  deeply  and 
obtusely  2  -  3-clef t ;  involucral  leaves  3  -  4-cleft,  connate  at  base,  subserrate. 
(J.  intermedia,  Lindenb.) — In  crevices  of  rocks,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  {Austin).    (Eu.) 

13.  J.  incisa,  Schrad.  Stems  thick,  rooting,  closely  creeping  or  ascend- 
ing; leaves  crowded,  semi-vertical,  complicate,  subquadrate,  2-6-cleft,  the 
acute  lobes  unequal,  more  or  less  spinulose-dentate ;  involucral  leaves  similar, 
more  plicate  and  dentate,  free ;  perianth  short,  oval  or  obovate,  plicate  above, 
denticulate.  —  On  rotten  wood  in  the  mountains,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 

§•3.  SPHEX6L0BUS.  Leaves  2-lobed,  subtransverse,  complicate-concave ; 
underleaves  none;  involucral  leaves  2-3-cleJi.  (Verging  toward  Marsu- 
pella  on  one  side  and  Diplophyllum  on  the  other.) 

14.  J.  Michauxii,  Weber.  Stems  ascending,  flexuous  by  repeated 
innovations  below  the  summit ;  leaves  crowded,  subvertical,  erect-spreading, 
sabsaccate  at  base,  subquadrate,  bifid  with  straight  acute  lobes  and  a  narrow 
sinus ;  involucral  leaves  similar,  the  outer  serrulate,  the  inner  smaller ;  peri- 
anth ovate-subclavate,  obtuse,  plicate  above,  fringed.  —  Fallen  trunks,  moun- 
tains of  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng. ;  common.     (Eu.) 

15.  J.  minuta,  Crantz.  Rootless;  leaves  cleft  ^-i^  their  length,  the 
lobes  ovate,  subequal,  acute  or  obtuse,  entire,  or  gemmiparousones  subdentate; 
involucral  leaves  trifid ;  perianth  oval-oblong  or  subcylindric.  —  On  rocks  in 
high  mountain  regions,  and  northward.     (Eu.) 


JUNGERMANNIACEiE,       (SCALE-MOSSES.)  721 

16.  J.  Helleriana,  Nees.  (PI.  25.)  Creeping,  entangled  ;  leaves  spread- 
ing, subasccndiiig,  cleft  i  -|  their  length,  the  loltes  e(jual,  acute,  entire  or  ser- 
rate ;  involucral  leaves  2  -  3-cleft,  spinuluse-serrate  ;  perianth  ovate,  the  mouth 
contracted.  —  On  rotten  wood,  N.  Y.,  N.  Eng.,  and  northward.     (Ku.) 

§4.    GYMNOCOLEA.     Leaves  2-lobecl ;  underleaves   none;  involucral  leaves 
like  the  cauline ;  perianth  pedunculate,  denticulate. 

17.  J.  inflata,  Huds.  (PI.  25.)  Procumbent  or  ascending,  loosely  radicu- 
lose,  branching  ;  leaves  semi-vertical,  roundii^h-elliptic,  ineipiilateral,  the  sinus 
and  unequal  lobes  obtuse;  perianth  terminal  or  at  length  dorsal,  oval  or  pyri- 
form,  smooth,  the  nioutli  connivcnt;  capsule  oblong.  —  On  sterile  ground  and 
rocks,  N.  J.  (Austin),  and  northward  in  the  mountains.     (Eu.) 

25.     MARSUPELLA,     Dumort.        (PI.  2.3.) 

Stems  dorsally  compressed,  with  rootlets  at  tlie  base  and  often  producing 
somewhat  leafless  runners.  Leaves  transverse,  complicate-bilobed ;  involucral 
leaves  2  or  4,  connate  with  the  perianth.  I'eriauth  tubular  or  oval,  subcom- 
pressed  parallel  to  the  base  of  the  leaves.  Elaters  free.  Spores  round,  rufous 
(in  our  species).  Antheridia  mostly  terminal.  (Name  a  dimiuutive  of  mar- 
supiutn,  a  pouch,  from  the  form  of  the  perianth.) 

1.  M.  sphacel^ta,  Dumort.  Stems  erect,  subflexuous,  pale  brown; 
leaves  rather  distant,  concave,  obovate  to  obcordate,  somewhat  clasping,  the 
sinus  narrow ;  dioecious ;  involucral  leaves  larger  than  the  cauline,  cordate ; 
perianth  free  at  the  apex,  with  4-5  broad  acute  teeth;  antheridia  1-3,  in 
short  terminal  spikes.  —  Wet  rocks,  mountains  of  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.,  and  south- 
ward.    (Eu.) 

2.  M.  emarginata,  Dumort.  (PI.  23.)  Stems  simple  or  innovating  at 
the  summit,  rigid,  somewliat  thickened  upward ;  leaves  usually  broader  than 
long,  round-cordate  or  subquadrate,  lobes  obtuse  or  nnicronate,  sinus  acute ; 
dioecious;  involucral  leaves  4-8,  usually  larger,  more  deeply  and  acutely 
emarginate  ;  perianth  urceolate,  the  closed  apex  splitting  into  4-5  triangular 
lobes;  antheridia  2-3,  oval,  axillary  in  terminal  spikes.  (Sarco.scyphus  P]hr- 
harti,  Corda.)  — On  wet  rocks,  chiefly  in  mountain  rivulets,  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng. 
Floating  forms  are  longer  with  distant  leaves.     (Eu.) 

3.  M.  adusta,  Spruce.  Stems  miimte,  clavate;  leaves  (5-8  pairs)  im- 
bricate, round  or  broadly  ovate  from  a  sheathing  base,  acutely  lobed  with 
angular  sinus ;  n\onoecious ;  perianth  included,  campanulate,  crenate  becoming 
irregularly  lobed;  spores  punctate;  antheridia  1  or  2,  oval,  in  the  axils  of  the 
lower  involucral  leaves.  (Gymnomitrium  adustum,  Nees.) — Alpine  region 
of  the  White  Mts.  (Oakes,  Austin).     (Eu.) 

26.    N  AUDI  A,    S.F.Gray.        (PI.  25  ) 

Stems  laterally  compressed ,  usually  without  runners.  Leaves  succubous, 
subconcave  or  flat,  the  apex  rounded,  rarely  retuse  or  bidentate ;  underleaves 
none  (in  our  species).  Monoecious  or  dicrcious.  Involucral  leaves  2-4  pairs, 
connate  at  base.  Perianth  subcomprcssed  laterally,  connate  with  the  involu- 
cral leaves.  Antheridia  terminal  on  somewhat  spike-like  stems.  (Named  for 
S'.  Xnrdi,  an  Italian  abbot.) 

46 


722  JUNGERMANNIACE^.        (sCALE-MOSSES.) 

§  1.   EtiCALYX.     Pertunih  connate  at  base  with  the  inner  involucral  leaves, 
somewhat  surpassiwj  them,  3  -  S-carinate,  the  mouth  constricted. 

1.  N.  hyalina,  Carriug.  Creeping,  with  asceudiug  tips,  the  branches 
dichotomous-fastigiate,  witli  claret-colored  rootlets ;  leaves  loosely  imbricate, 
decurreut,  roundish,  repand-uudulate ;  monoecious  or  dicecious;  involucral 
leaves  broader,  appressed,  one  connate  with  the  lower  third  of  the  perianth, 
which  is  somewhat  exserted,  obovate,  plicate  with  acute  rough  angles,  rostel- 
late,  at  length  4-cleft;  capsule  round-ovate.  (Jungermannia  hyalina,  iyeW.) 
—  On  banks  in  woods,  Closter,  N.  J.  {Austiii),  Ohio  {Lesqiiereux).     (Eu.) 

2.  N.  crenulata,  Lindb.  (PL  25.)  Prostrate, branching;  leaves  orbicu- 
lar, entire,  larger  toward  the  involucre  and  with  large  marginal  cells ;  dioe- 
cious ;  involucral  leaves  2,  rarely  3,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  perianth,  which 
is  flattened  or  terete,  more  or  less  regularly  4-5-plicate,  the  angles  smooth; 
mouth  much  contracted,  toothed.  ( Jungermannia  crenulata.  Smith.)  —  On  the 
ground  in  old  fields,  N.  Y.  and  southward.     (Eu.) 

3.  Hf.  crenuliformis,  Lindb.  Densely  cespitose ;  fertile  stems  creeping, 
thickened  upward,  with  numerous  purple  rootlets,  the  sterile  subascending,  at- 
tenuate upward ;  leaves  subdecurrent,  obliquely  spreading,  orbicular,  concave, 
entire  or  nearly  so ;  perianth  small,  subobovate,  more  or  less  connate  Avith  the 
involucral  leaves,  not  exserted  or  slightly  so,  rooting  at  base,  triquetrous  above, 
becoming  4  -  7-plicate ;  calyptra  often  violet-purple ;  capsule  oval-globose. 
(Jungermannia  crenuliformis,  Aust.)  —  On  rocks  in  rivulets,  Closter,  N.  J. 
{Austin),  Coshocton  Co.,  Ohio  (Sullivant). 

4.  N.  bil'ormis,  Lindb.  Densely  cespitose,  much  branched,  innovating 
from  beneath ;  rootlets  numerous ;  leaves  scarcely  imbricate,  alternate,  spread- 
ing, obliquely  semicircular  or  broadly  ovate,  retuse  or  entire,  decurreut  dorsally ; 
cells  large,  hyaline;  branch-leaves  half  as  large,  ovate  or  obovate,  scarcely 
decurrent;  dioecious;  antheridia  solitary;  fruit  unknown.  (Jungermannia 
biforrais,  Aust.)  — On  steep  wet  rocks,  Delaware  Water  Gap,  N.  J.  {Austin). 
§  2.   CHASC6ST0MA.     Perianth  exserted,  subcampanulate  and  open,  deeply 

laciniate, connate  with  the  involucral  leaves. 

5.  !N".  fossombronioides,  Lindb.  Stems  densely  cespitose,  ascending ; 
rootlets  numerous,  purple ;  leaves  2-ranked,  subvertical,  spreadiug-subrecurved, 
rooting,  closely  imbricate,  orbicular,  clasping  by  a  slightly  cordate  base,  sub- 
ventricose,  undulate-repand,  the  apex  uniplicate  and  slightly  emarginate; 
monoecious;  perianth  very  large,  6 -  10-plicate,  the  lobes  entire;  calyptra  vio- 
let; capsule  short-oval.  (Jungermannia  fossombronioides,  Aust.)  —  On  rocks 
in  a  rivulet,  Closter,  N.  J.  [Austin),  and  southward. 

27.  GYMNOMITRIUM,  Corda.  (PI.  23.) 
Leaves  closely  imbricated,  2-ranked  on  fascicled  ascending  julaceous  stems, 
emarginate-bidentate ;  underleaves  none.  Dioecious.  Involucre  double,  the 
inner  shorter,  of  2  or  more  dentate  and  deeply  cleft  leaves.  Calyptra  short, 
campanulate.  Capsule  globose,  the  valves  at  length  reflexed.  Elaters  cadu' 
ecus.  Antheridia  in  tlie  axils  of  leaves,  oval,  stipitate.  (Name  from  yv/jLvSs, 
naked,  and  /uiTpiov,  a  liitle  cap.) 

\.  G.  COncinnatuni,  Corda.  Stems  simple  or  imbricately  branching, 
thickened  at  the  apex;  leaves  ovate,  bifid,  with  a  narrow  scarious  margin. 


JUNGERMANNIACE.E.       (sCALE-MOSSES.)  723 

(Cesia  concinnata,  S.  F.  Grai/.)  —  Alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.  (Oakes). 
—  Grayish  or  silvery-olive.     (Ku.) 

28.    FOSSOMBRONIA,    Kaddi.        (PI.  23.) 

Stems  thalloid,  with  large  subquadrate  succubous  leaves;  underleaves  none. 
Dioecious  or  monoecious.  Fruit  terminal  or  by  innovation  dorsal  on  the  main 
stem.  Involucral  leaves  5-6  (in  our  species),  small,  subulate,  adnate.  Peri- 
anth open-campanulate  or  obpyraniidal,  crenate-lobed.  Calyptra  free,  sub- 
globose.  Capsule  short-pedioelled,  globose,  irregularly  valved.  Elaters  very 
short,  1-3-  (mostly  2-)  spiral,  free.  Spores  large,  very  rough.  Antberidia 
2-3,  short-pedicelled,  naked.  Perfect  archegonia  2-3.  (Named  for  V.  Fos- 
sombroui,  an  Italian  Minister  of  State.) 

*  Plant  large  or  of  medium  size;  stems  most  I  j  simple. 

1.  F.  pusilla,  Dumort.  (PI.  23.)  Stems  6-10"  long;  leaves  retuse, 
entire  or  irregularly  indented;  perianth  obconic,  dentate;  elaters  siiort  and 
thick ;  spores  brown,  depressed-globose-tetrahedral,  40  ^  broad,  crested,  the 
slender  crests  pellucid,  rarely  becoming  confluent.  —  On  damp  ground.  Ita 
occurrence  in  America  is  doubtful.     (Eu.) 

2.  F.  Dumortieri,  Lindb.  Cespitose,  greenish  or  brownish-yellow; 
stems  3-6"  long,  V  wide,  shortly  bifurcate;  rootlets  copious,  purple;  leaves 
numerous,  smaller  toward  each  end  of  the  stem ;  monoecious ;  perianth  large, 
broadly  obpyraniidal ;  calyptra  nearly  as  long;  elaters  scanty  ;  spores  globose- 
tetrahedral  yellowish-brown,  regularly  pitted.  —  White  Mts.  (/"ar/oit-),  N.  J. 
{Austin),  and  perhaps  elsewhere;  confused  with  n.  1. 

3.  F.  angulbsa,  Kaddi.  Stems  narrowly  forked  at  the  apex ;  leaves 
horizontal,  subquadrate,  the  upper  undulate-lobed  ;  dioecious ;  ])erianth  dilated- 
conic,  crenate;  spores  brownish-yellow,  globose-tetrahedral,  not  depres.sed, 
30  fx  broad,  deeply  reticulated,  the  reticulations  large,  5  -  6-angled.  —  Brackish 
meadows,  common;  fruiting  iu  early  spring.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Plant  minute;  stems  forked  or  fastigiately  divided. 

4.  F.  cristula,  Aust.  Stems  1-2"  long;  leaves  whitish,  quadrate  or 
round-ol)ovate,  subentire,  strongly  crisped-undulate ;  capsule  immersed  on  a 
short  pedicel ;  elaters  short,  more  or  less  diverse,  with  a  single  narrow  annular 
and  spiral  fibre ;  spores  pale  fuscous,  more  or  less  tuberculate.  —  On  moist 
sand  iu  unfrequented  paths,  Batsto,  N.  J.  (Austin). 

29.    PALLAVICINIA,    S.F.Gray.        (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  with  a  distinct  costa.  Fruit  arising  from  the  costa,  at  first  terminal, 
becoming  dorsal.  Diacious.  Involucre  cuj)  shaped,  short-lacerate.  I'erianth 
long-tubular,  denticulate.  Calyptra  irregularly  lacerate.  Capsule  slender- 
cylindric.  Elaters  slender,  free.  Spores  minute.  Antberidia  dorsal,  covered 
with  minute  fim})riate  scales.  (Named  for  L.  Pullai'icini,  Archbishop  of 
Genoa.) 

1.  P.  Lydllii,  S.  F.  Gray.  Thallus  thin,  1  -4'  long,  3  -  .5"  wide,  simple  or 
bifid,  the  margin  entire,  slightly  creuate  or  serrate;  cells  large,  oblong-hex- 
agonal; perianth  erect,  fleshy  (^  cells  thick  below),  the  somewhat  constricted 
mouth  lol)ate-ciliolate  ;  pedicel  long,  exceeding  the  thallus;  capsule  cylindric, 


724  JUNGERMANNIACE.^.        (sCALE-MOSSES.) 

five  times  as  long  as  broad.      (Steetzia  Lyellii,  Lehm.)  —  Among  mosses  in 
swamps  and  on  dripping  rocks ;  common,  especially  southward.     (Eu.) 

30.    BLASIA,    Micheli.        (PI.  23.) 

I'hallus  simple  or  forked  or  stellate,  with  sinuous  margins.  Dioecious. 
Fruit  from  an  oval  cavity  in  the  costa.  Involucre  mostly  none.  Calyptra 
obovate.  Capsule  oval-globose.  Antheridia  immersed  in  the  thallus,  covered 
with  dentate  scales.  Gemmae  globose,  issuing  by  a  slender  ascending  tube 
from  large  flask-shaped  receptacles  which  are  immersed  in  the  thallus. 
(Named  for  BJasius  Biagi,  a  monk  of  Yalombrosa  and  companion  of  Micheli.) 

1.  B.  pusilla,  L.  Thallus  f-H'  long,  2-3"  wide,  narrowly  obovate, 
the  margins  pimiatifid-sinuous.  —  Wet  banks;  common.     (Eu.) 

31.    PEL  LI  A,    Raddi.        (PI.  23.) 

Thallus  with  a  broad  indeterminate  costa.  Monoecious  or  dioecious.  Fruc- 
tification dorsal  near  the  end  of  the  thallus.  Involucre  short,  cup-shaped, 
lacerate-dentate.  Calyptra  membranous,  oval,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  in- 
volucre. Capsule  globose.  Elaters  long,  free.  Antheridia  globose,  immersed 
in  the  costa.     (Named  for  A.  L.  Pelli,  an  Italian  botanist.) 

*  Monoecious, 

1.  P.  epiphylla,  Raddi.  (PL  23.)  Thallus  oblong,  lobed  and  sinuate, 
somewhat  fleshy,  much  thickened  in  the  middle;  capsule  exserted.  —  On  the 
ground  in  wet  places ;  not  uncommon  eastward.     (Eu.) 

*  *  Dioecious. 

2.  P.  endiviaefolia,  Dumort.  Thallus  flat,  green  or  purplish,  broadly 
linear,  dichotomous,  the  margin  mostly  undulate  or  crisped.  —  On  the  ground 
and  in  ditches;  common,  but  often  confused  with  n.  1.     (Eu.) 

3.  P.  calycina,  Nees.  Thallus  dichotomous-,  proliferous,  the  early  di- 
visions linear-oblong,  the  margins  ascending  and  remotely  sinuate,  the  later 
divisions  liuear-palmatifid,  coarsely  nerved;  cells  large,  hexagonal;  involucre 
ciliate-friuged  or  lacerate  :  calyptra  smooth,  included.  —  Wet  limestones  and 
shales.     (Eu.) 

32.    METZGERIA,    Raddi.        (PI.  23.) 

Thallus  linear,  dichotomous,  with  well  defined  costa.  Dioecious.  Frnctifi- 
cation  arising  from  the  under  side  of  the  costa.  Involucre  1 -leaved,  scale-like, 
at  length  ventricose.  Calyptra  clavate  or  pyriform,  fleshy.  Capsule  short- 
pedicelled.  Elaters  unispiral,  some  remaining  attached  to  the  tips  of  the 
valves.  Spores  minute,  mostly  smooth.  Antheridia  globose,  enclosed  in  a 
scale  on  the  under  surface  of  the  costa.  (Named  for  J.  Metzger,  a  German 
botanist.) 

*  Densely  villous  throughout. 

1.  M.  pubescens,  Raddi.  Thallus  l  -  2' long,  T' wide,  alternately  pin- 
nate or  somewhat  decompound,  the  short  linear  branches  of  uniform  width, 
flat,  the  margin  undulate ;  hairs  longer  beneath,  single  or  in  twos  and  threes 
near  the  margin,  irregularly  curved;  midrib  nearly  without  cortical  layer, 
with  6-10  (mostly  8)  rows  of  very  uniform  peripheral  cells;  dioecious.  —  In 
mountain  regions,  eastward.     (Eu.) 


JL'NTJKRMANNIArK.K.        (SCALE-MOSSKS. )  725 

«  «  Hairy  on   the  maryins  and  midrib  beneath,  smooth  above;  dicecious  (n.  1 

monacious). 

2.  M.  myri6poda,  LimH).  Tliallus  elougated  (2'  long,  |"  wide),  dichot- 
omous,  the  long  linear  branelics  of  uniform  width,  convex  aljove,  the  reflexed 
margins  not  undulate;  midrib  densely  pilose  beneath;  hairs  rather  long, 
straight  or  nodding,  the  marginal  mostly  in  clusters  of  3-6,  some  with  dis- 
coid tips;  midrib  covered  above  with  2  rows  of  enlarged  cells,  and  beneath 
with  3-7  (usually  4-C)  rows  of  smaller  cells,  lax  and  often  indistinct.  (M. 
furcata,  «S'M///t'.,  in  part;  not  yeea.)  —  Shaded  rocks  and  trees  in  the  AUe- 
ghanics  (Snllivdnl),  and  southward. 

3.  M.  hamata,  Liudb.  Like  the  last;  thallus  much  elongated  (4' long, 
1  -  1^"  wide) ;  hairs  very  long,  divaricate  and  lu)(»ked-deflexed,  the  marginal 
in  twos,  rarely  with  discoid  tips;  midrib  covered  above  and  below  with  two 
rows  of  enlarged  lax  cells.  (M.  furcata,  Sullir.,  in  ])art.) — Alleghany  Mts. 
(Snllivanf). 

4.  M.  conjugata,  Lindb.  Thallus  li'  long,  ^-1"  wide,  usually  dichoto- 
mous,  the  short  branches  irregular  in  width,  convex  above,  the  margins  more 
or  less  undulate;  hairs  rather  long,  straight,  divaricate,  the  marginal  usually 
in  twos,  very  often  disk-bearing;  midribs  covered  above  with  2,  below  with 
3-6  rows  of  enlarged  lax  cells.  —  On  shaded  rocks  and  trunks  of  trees,  central 
N.  Y.,  and  southward.     (Eu.) 

33.     ANEtlRA,    Dumort.        (PI.  23.) 

Thallus  fleshy,  prostrate  or  assurgent  from  a  creeping  base ;  costa  obscure. 
Dioecious  or  monoecious.  Fructification  arising  from  the  under  side  near 
the  margin.  Involucre  cup-shaped,  short  and  lacerate,  or  none.  Calyptra 
large,  fleshy,  more  or  less  clavate.  Capsule  large,  oblong-cylindric.  Elatera 
unispiral,  in  part  adherent  to  the  tips  of  the  valves.  Spores  minute,  smooth 
or  minutely  roughened.  Antheridia  immersed  in  the  surface  of  receptacles 
proceeding  from  the  margin  of  the  thallus.  (Name  from  a-  j>rivative,  and 
vfvpov,  a  ucrre.) 

*  Thallus  narrow  {about  V  wide),  pal mately  dicided. 

1.  A.  l^tifrons,  Liudb.  Thallus  cespitose,  ascending  or  erect,  usually 
dark  green,  6-9"  long,  mostly  pellucid;  branches  linear,  obtuse  and  emar"-i- 
nate,  plano-convex  ;  cells  large,  oblong-rhombic ;  mona'cious  ;  archegonia  3  - 
10,  short,  conic;  calyptra  white,  verrucose,  pyriform-davate;  capsule  oval, 
brown;  spores  12^-14|  /x  broad,  globose,  minutely  and  densely  pa])illose; 
antheridia  globose.  (A.  palmata  of  authors;  not  Dumort.)  —  On  rotten  logs; 
common. 

*  #  Thallus  narro}o  (about  \"  ivide),  pinnate  or  bipinnate. 

2.  A.  multifida,  Dumort.  Thallus  prostrate,  brownish-green,  pinuately 
divided,  the  primary  jwrtion  biconvex,  somewhat  rigid,  the  branches  horizontal, 
pectinately  pinnate  with  narrow  linear  divisions;  monoecious;  fructificatit)n 
rising  from  the  primary  part  or  from  the  branches  ;  involucre  fleshy  ;  calvptra 
tuberculate.  —  Var.  mX.hh:,  Nees.  Primary  portion  and  branches  thick,  the 
brandies  interruptedly  pinnate  with  short  obtuse  divisions.  —  On  decaved 
wood  and  moss  in  swamps,  N.  J.  (Austin),  and  south  in  the  mountains.     (Lu.) 


720  JUNGERMANNIACE^.        (sCALE-MOSSES.) 

3.  A.  pinnatifida,  Xees.  Thallus  pinuately  divided  or  subsimple,  flat 
or  somewhat  cliauiielled ;  branches  horizontal,  the  broader  piuuatifid  or  den- 
tate, obtuse ;  calyptra  somewhat  smooth. — On  dripping  rocks,  Hokokus,  X.  J. 
(Austin),  N.  Haven,  Conn.  (Eaton).     (En.) 

*  *  *  Thallus  wider  (2"  or  more),  simple  or  irregularly  lohed. 

4.  A.  sessilis,  Spreng.  Thallus  decumbent,  irregularly  lobed,  1-2'  long, 
3-5"  wide;  involucre  none;  pedicel  f-1'  long,  sometimes  folded  upon  itself 
and  remaining  within  the  calyptra,  the  capsule  thus  appearing  sessile ;  anther- 
idia  on  elongated  receptacles.  —  Wooded  swamps.  Elongated  floating  forms, 
5-6'  long,  have  been  found  in  the  White  Mts.  (Farlow,  Faxon). 

5.  A,  pinguis,  Dumort.  Thallus  1-2'  long,  decumbent  or  ascending, 
fleshy,  linear-oblong,  simple  or  slightly  lobed,  the  margin  sinuate ;  dioecious ; 
involucre  short,  lacerate ;  calyptra  cylindric,  smooth;  capsule  brownish,  fur- 
rowed; antheridia  in  2-lobed  receptacles.  —  Wet  banks,  N.  J.  to  Ohio,  and 
southward.     (Eu.) 

Order  138.   ANTHOCEROTACE^E.    (Horned  Liverworts.) 

Plant-body  a  thallus,  irregularly  branching,  flaccid,  without  epidermis 
or  pores,  and  more  or  less  vesiculose.  Involucre  single,  tubular.  Calyptra 
rupturing  early  near  the  base,  and  borne  on  the  apex  of  the  capsule. 
Capsule  dorsal,  pod-like,  erect  or  curved  outward,  more  or  less  perfectly 
2-valved,  usually  stomatose,  tapering  into  a  pedicel  or  often  sessile  with  a 
bulbous  base.  Columella  filiform.  Elaters  with  or  without  spiral  fibres. 
Spores  flattish,  more  or  less  convex-prismatic,  papillose  or  smooth. 

1.  Anthoceros.    Capsule  narrowly  linear,  exsertly  pedicelled,  •2-valved.     Elaters  present. 

2.  Notothylas.    Capsule  very  short,  sessile,  not  valved  below  the  middle.    Elaters  not 

obvijus. 

1.    ANTHdCEROS,    Micheli.        (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  dark  green  or  blackish,  usually  depressed,  variously  lobed,  with 
large  chlorophyll-grains,  frequently  glandular-thickened  at  the  apex  or  in 
lines  along  the  middle  so  as  to  appear  nerved.  Monoecious  or  dioecious. 
Capsule  linear,  2-valved,  exsertly  pedicelled.  Elaters  simple  or  branched, 
often  geniculate,  more  or  less  heteromorphous,  the  fibres  wanting  or  indistinct. 
(Name  from  6.vQos,  flower,  and  Kipas,  hum,  from  the  shape  of  the  capsule.) 

1.  A.  l^vis,  L.  (PI.  22.)  Thallus  smooth,  nearly  flat  above ;  dioecious; 
involucre  1  -  2"  long,  trumpet-shaped  when  dry,  repand-toothed ;  capsule"  pale 
brown  or  yellowish,  1-1^' long;  elaters  rather  short,  yellowish ;  spores  yel- 
low, nearly  smooth,  angular.  —  Wet  clay  banks,  from  Canada  south  and  west- 
ward.    (Eu.) 

2.  A.  punctatus,  L.  Thallus  small,  depressed,  or  often  cespitose  and 
erect,  more  or  less  glandular ;  monoecious ;  involucre  rather  short,  oblong- 
linear,  slightly  repand,  sometimes  scarious  at  the  mouth;  capsule  1'  high, 
black ;  elaters  fuscous,  flattish,  geniculate ;  spores  black,  strongly  muriculate, 
sharply  angled.  —  Wet  banks,  Canada  to  Mo.,  and  southward.     (Eu.) 


MARCH  ANTIACE^:.       (LIVERWORTS.)  727 

2.     NOTOTHYLAS,    Sulliv.        (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  orMcuhir,  temler,  liiciniute  jiiid  luiilulale  or  crispod,  ijaitillo.sorcticu- 
late,  Mona'ciuus.  Involucre  sessile,  cciitiiiiums  with  the  thallus,  oixuiug 
irre<;ularly  ahove.  Capsule  very  short,  ol)loii<;-f;lol)ose  or  ovateH-ylimlrir,  |K.(li- 
celled  from  a  thickened  hulh,  2-valved  to  the  middle  or  rupturing;  irre<;ularlv. 
Klaters  none,  or  fra<;montary  and  inconspicuous.  Spores  snl);;lol)o.s(',  smooth- 
ish.  Antheridia  clliptic-gloliose,  immersc^d  in  the  thallus.  (Name  irum  vStros, 
the  bach,  and  OvXas,  <i  lidij,  from  the  shape  and  position  of  the  involucre.) 

1.  N.  orbicularis,  Sulliv.  (11.  22.)  Thallus  3 -8"  wide;  ciijisules  1 - 
2"  long,  erect  or  decurved,  wholly  included  or  slightly  exscrted,  of  lliin  and 
loose  texture,  with  a  suture  on  each  side;  spores  light  yellowish-brown.  (In- 
cluding N.  valvata,  Sullir.)  —  Wet  places,  Canada  to  the  (Julf. 

2.  N.  melanospora,  Sulliv.  Thallus  small,  depres.sed  or  sometimes 
cespitose,  of  lax  texture ;  capsule  often  without  sutures;  spores  dark  brown, 
a  half  larger.  —  Moist  ground,  Ohio  (Sullivant). 

Ordi-k  i:jl).     MARCHANTlACE^.     Livkiiwokts. 

Plant-body  a  thallus,  dichotonious  or  subpalmately  branching,  usually 
innovating  from  the  apex  or  beneath  it,  more  or  less  thickened  in  the 
middle,  and  bearing  numerous  rootlets  beneath  and  usually  colored  or 
imbricating  scales.  Epidermis  usually  more  or  less  distinct  and  strongly 
porose  above.  Capsules  globose,  rarely  oval,  opening  irregularly,  j)en- 
dent  from  the  under  side  of  a  peduncled  disk-like  receptacle  {carpocepha- 
lum).     Elaters  present,  mostly  2-spiral. 

*  Thallus  plainly  costate,  distiaotly  porose  except  in  n.  6. 
■t-  GemmjE  present  on  sterile  stems. 

1.  Marchantia.    Gem nije  in  cup-shaped  receptacles.     Fertile  rccoptacle  7- 11-nij'ed. 

8    Luniilariii.    Gemmae  in  orcscent-.shaped  reccpt^ncles.     Fertile  receptacle  cruciform. 
■•-  ••-  Gemmuj  wanting. 
■M-  Receptacle  conic-licmisplicrical,  2-4-lol»cd  ;  perianth  lobod  or  frinpcd. 

2.  Preigsia.     Receptacle  2 -4-lobed,  with  as  many  altornatfl  rib-like  niys.     Tcrianth  4-5- 

l..hc<l. 

3.  Fiinbriaria.    Receptacle  4-lobed.      Perianth  conspicuous,  split  into  8-16  fringe-like 

sc^'incnts. 

■H-  ++  Receptacle  more  or  less  conical ;  perianth  none. 

4.  Conocophalus.    Thallus  very  large,  strongly  areolate.    Receptacle  conical,  niembranoas. 

5.  Griinaldia.    Thallus  small.     Peduncle  chaffy  at  b.ise  and  apex.     Receptacle  conic- 

hcmis])licric,  tnincatcly  3-4-lobed. 
G.  Asterella.     i'liallus  cporo.sc.   Receptacle  conic-hemisjiheric,  becoming  flattened,  acutely 

4-{l-6-)lobed. 

•  *  Thallus  thin,  ecnstate  or  b.irely  costite. 
7.  Dumortiera.     Receptacle  convex,  2- S-lobed.     IVrianlli  none. 

1.     MARCHANTIA,     Marchant  f.         (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  large,  forking,  areolate.  porose,  with  broad  diffused  midrib;  gemmai 
in  a  cup-shaped  receptacle.  Dioecious.  Fertile  receptacle  peduncled  from  an 
aj)ical  sinus  of  the  thallus,  radiately  lobed.  Involucres  alti-rnate  with  the  niys. 
membranous,  lacerate,  enclosing  3-6  1-fruited  cleft  perianths.     Calyptra  per 


728  MARCHANTIACE^.        (LIVERWORTS.) 

sist.ent.  Capsule  globose,  exserted,  pendulous,  dehiscing  by  several  revolute 
segments.  Elaters  long,  attenuate  to  each  end.  Spores  smooth.  Antheridia 
immersed  in  a  peduncled  disk-like  radiate  or  lobed  receptacle.  (Named  for 
Nicholas  Marchant,  a  French  botanist.) 

1.  M.  polymorpha,  L.  Thallus  2-5'  long,  i-H'  wide,  numerously 
porose,  veuulose;  receptacle  divided  into  usually  9  terete  rays;  peduncles  1- 
3'  high ;  antheridial  disk  crenately  or  palmately  2  -  8-lobed,  on  a  peduncle  1' 
high  or  less.  —  Everywhere  common.     (Eu.) 

2.     PREISSIA,     Xees.         (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  obcordate,  sparingly  forked,  increasing  by  joints;  pores  conspicu- 
ous ;  gemmae  none.  Dioecious  or  monoecious.  Fertile  receptacle  hemispheric, 
1  -  4-lobed,  with  as  many  alternating  shorter  rib-like  rays.  Outer  involucres 
attached  beneatli  the  lobes,  1  -  3-fruited,  opening  outward  by  an  irregular 
line ;  perianth  obconic-campanulate,  angular,  unequally  4  -  5-lobed.  Calyptra 
persistent.  Capsule  large,  distinctly  pedicelled,  dehiscing  by  4-8  revolute 
segments.  Elaters  short.  Spores  coarsely  tuberculate.  (Named  for  L.  Preiss, 
a  German  botanist.) 

1.  P.  COramutata,  Nees.  Thallus  1-2' long,  with  conspicuous  white 
pores  above,  and  dark  purple  scales  beneath ;  usually  monoecious ;  peduncle 
J- 1'  high ;  capsules  conspicuous,  dark  purple  ;  antheridia  in  a  peduncled  disk- 
like receptacle.  (P.  hemisphserica,  Cogn.)  —  On  slaty  and  limestone  rocks, 
from  N.  J.  north  and  westward.     (Eu.) 

3.     FIMBRIARIA,     Nees.         (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  thickened  in  the  middle  by  a  keeled  costa,  usually  conspicuously 
porose,  with  dark  purple  scales  benealh ;  gemmoe  none.  Monoecious.  Recep- 
tacle rising  from  the  apex,  conic  or  hemispheric,  concave  beneath  and  expanded 
into  usually  4  large  campanulate  1-fruited  involucres.  Perianth  oblong-oval 
or  subcouic,  exserted  half  its  length  and  cleft  into  8-16  fringe-like  segments. 
Calyptra  with  a  long  style,  fugacious.  Capsule  nearly  sessile,  irregularly  cir- 
cumscissile.  Elaters  rather  short,  1  -  4-spiral.  Spores  angular,  subreticulated. 
Antheridia  immersed  in  the  thallus.  (Name  from  Jimbria,  a  fringe,  alluding 
to  the  perianth.) 

1.  F.  tenella,  Nees.  Thallus  of  one  or  more  long-wedge-shaped  emar- 
ginate  divisions  about  6  -  9"  long,  grayish-green  and  porose  above,  purple  on 
the  margins;  peduncle  1'  high  or  more,  usually  purple ;  receptacle  obtusely 
conic ;  perianth  white,  8-cleft.  —  On  damp  ground  in  sandy  fields  or  on  rocks, 
central  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  and  southward. 

4.     CONOCEPHALUS,     Neck.        (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  dichotomous,  copiously  reticulate  and  porose,  with  a  narrow  costa; 
gemmag  none.  Receptacle  conic-mitriform,  membranous.  Involucres  5-8, 
tubular,  1-fruited,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  peduncle ;  perianth  none. 
Calyptra  persistent,  campanulate,  2  -  4-lobed  at  the  apex.  Capsule  pedicelled, 
obloug-pyriform,  dehiscing  by  5-8  revolute  segments.  Elaters  short,  thick. 
Spores  muriculate.  Antheridia  imbedded  in  an  oval  disk  sessile  near  the  apex 
of  the  thallus.     (Name  from  kuuos,  a  cone,  and  K€(pa\-fi,  a  head.) 


MARCHANTIACK.K.        ( MVKIIWORTS. )  729 

1.  C.  c6nicus,  Dumort.  Thallus  2-6'  lonp,  j-J'  wide;  receptacle 
conic,  striate,  creuate.  (Kci^atolla  conira,  Conla.)  —  Sliadv  bankti ;  cuiuuiuii. 
(Ku.) 

5.  GRIMALDIA,     Kad.li.        (IM.  2.3.) 

Thallns  tliii  k,  more  or  less  cliannelkMl,  tlieliotoinons,  innovating  from  the 
apex,  with  thick  epiilerniis,  closely  areolate  and  porose-scabruus  alnjve,  purple 
and  more  or  less  scaly  heneath  ;  gennna;  none.  Monircious  or  dia'ci<»us.  Hc- 
cejjtade  peduncled,  hemispherical  or  conoidal,  3  -  4-lohe<l.  Involucres  as  many, 
1-fruited,  each  a  distention  of  the  lohc.  Capsule  filling  the  involucre,  circum- 
scissile  in  the  middle,  the  calyptra  persistent  at  its  ba.se.  Antheridia  in  au 
oval  or  obcordate  disk  immersed  iu  the  apex  of  the  thiUlus.  (Named  for  D. 
Griinahli,  an  Italian  botanist.) 

1.  G.  b&rbifrons,  Bisch.  (PI.  2.3.)  Thalluslinear()bcuneate,.3-6"long, 
1  -2"  wide,  2-lobcd  at  tlie  apex,  pale  green  with  usually  distinct  whitish  pores, 
the  scales  beneath  often  extending  far  beyond  the  margin  and  becoming 
whitish  ;  peduncle  profusely  chaffy  at  base  and  apex,  sometimes  much  re- 
duced ;  antheridial  disks  obcordate.  (Including  G.  sessilis,  Sul/ir.)  —  Thin 
soil  on  rocks,  Conn,  and  X.  J.  to  I<nva  ;  rare  or  local.     (Vai.) 

2.  G.  rup^Stris,  Lindenb.  Thallns  3- 6"  long,  I -.3"  wide,  with  mem- 
branous margins;  receptacle  small,  hemispherical,  1 -4-fruited,  the  peduncle 
about  r  high,  sparingly  scaly  at  base,  barbulate  at  the  apex ;  involucre  short, 
crenulate  ;  spores  tuberculate.  (Duvalia  rupestris,  Xees.)  —  On  calcareous  or 
shaly  rocks,  N.  Y.  and  Ohio.     (Eu.) 

6.  ASTERELLA,    Beauv.        (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  rigid,  very  indistinctly  porose,  the  midrib  broad,  strong  and  distinct. 
Receptacle  conic-hemispheric,  becoming  flattened,  1-6-  (usually  4)  loled. 
Monoecious.  Involucres  coherent  with  the  lobes,  1-fruited,  2-valved.  Calyp- 
tra minute,  lacerate,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  capsule.  Capsule  greenish, 
rupturing  by  irregular  narrow  teeth  or  by  a  fragmentary  operculum.  Elaters 
moderately  long,  mostly  2-s})iral.  Spores  tuberculate.  Antheridia  iu  sessile 
lunate  disks.     (Diminutive  of  astrr,  a  star,  from  the  form  of  tlie  receptacle.) 

1.  A.  hemisphaerica,  Heauv.  Thallus  forking  ami  increasing  by  joints, 
pale  green,  purple  beneath  ;  receptacle  papillose  on  the  summit  (less  so  at  ma- 
turity) ;  peduncle  bearded  at  base  and  apex,  J  -  1'  long,  often  2-3  times  longer 
after  maturity.  (Reboulia  hemispluerica,  liaddl.)  —  Shaded  banks,  chiefly 
along  streams;  more  common  southward.  —  A  smaller  form  or  perhaps  vari- 
ety (Keboulia  microcephala,  AVe.s;  K.  Sullivantii,  Z-f/jw.)  occurs  in  Penn., 
Ohio,  and  southward.     (Ku.) 

7.     DUMORTIERA,     Nees.         (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  large,  thin,  soft,  with  a  slight  costa,  dichotomous,  usually  with  scat- 
tered hail-like  rootlets  beneath  ;  gemmai  none.  Receptacle  convex,  2  -  8-lobed. 
Involucres  I -fruited,  connate  with  the  lobes  beneath,  horizontal,  opening  by  a 
vertical  terminal  slit.  Capsule  distinctly  pedicelled,  ol)long-globose,  dehiscing 
by  4-6  irregular  valves.  Elaters  2-3-spiral,  |)arietal,  very  long,  straight,  at- 
tenuate both  way.s.  Spores  muriculate.  Antheridia  in  a  short  peduncled  disk 
paleaceous  beneath.     (Named  for  B.  C  Dumorticr,  a  Belgian  botanist.) 


730  MARCHANTIACE^.        (LIVERWORTS.) 

1.  D.  hirstlta,  Nees.  Thallus  2-5'  long,  6-9"  wide,  deep  green,  be- 
coming blackish,  entire  on  the  margins,  naked  above  or  with  a  delicate  ap- 
pressed  pubescence ;  dioecious ;  receptacle  many-fruited,  the  margin  closely- 
hairy  ;  peduncle  rather  long,  chaffy  at  the  apex.  —  On  moist  calcareous  rocks, 
Easton,  Penn.  {Porter),  and  southward. 

8.    LUNULARIA,    Micheli.        (PI.  25.) 

Thallus  oblong  with  rounded  lobes,  distinctly  areolate  and  porose,  with  im- 
bricate sublunate  scales  beneath ;  gemnige  in  crescent-shaped  receptacles. 
Dioecious.  Fertile  receptacle  usually  cruciately  divided  into  4  horizontal  seg- 
ments or  involucres,  which  are  tubular,  vertically  bilabiate  and  1-fruited. 
Calyptra  included,  persistent.  Capsule  exserted,  4  -  8-valved.  Elaters  short, 
very  slender,  mostly  free.  Spores  nearly  smooth.  Antheridia  borne  in  the 
apical  sinus  of  the  thallus.     (Name  from  lunula,  a  little  moon.) 

L.  vl'lgXris,  Raddi.  Thallus  1-2'  long,  forked,  innovating  from  the 
apex,  with  a  somewhat  diffuse  costa;  peduncle  very  hairy,  1  -  H'  long-  — 
Introduced  into  greenliouses ;  always  sterile,  but  easily ,  recognized  by  the 
characteristic  receptacles.     (L.  cruciata,  Dumort.)     (Int.  from  Eu.) 

Order  140.     RICCIACE^^. 

Plant-body  a  dicliotomously  branching  thallus,  terrestrial  or  aquatic. 
Capsules  short-pedicelled,  or  sessile  on  the  thallus,  or  immersed  in  its 
substance,  free  or  connate  with  the  calyptra,  globose,  at  length  ruptur- 
ing irregularly.  Calyptra  crowned  with  a  more  or  less  deciduous  point. 
Elaters  none.  Spores  usually  angular,  reticulate  or  muriculate.  An- 
theridia ovate,  immersed  in  the  thallus  in  flask-shaped  cavities  with 
protruding  orifices  (ostioles). 

1.  Riccia.    Capsule  iiiiinersed  in  the  thallus.     Involucre  none. 

2.  Sphaerocarpus.    Capsule  sessile  on  the  thallus.     Involucre  inflated-pyriform. 

1.    RICCIA,     Micheli.        (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  at  first  radiately  divided,  the  centre  often  soon  decaying ;  the  divis- 
ions bifid  or  di  -  tri-chotomous,  flat  or  depressed  or  channelled  above,  usually 
convex  and  naked  or  squamulose  beneath ;  margins  naked  orspinulose-ciliate ; 
epidermis  usually  distinct,  eporose ;  air-cavities  evident  or  Avanting.  Capsule 
immersed,  sessile.  Calyptra  with  a  persistent  style.  Spores  alveolate  or  mu- 
riculate, usually  flattened  and  angular.  (Xamed  for  P.  F.  Ricci,  an  Italian 
nobleman,  patron  of  Micheli.) 

§  1.     LICHENODES.     Fruit  mostly  protuberant  above;  spores  about  ^Afx  broad, 
issuing  through  openings  in  the  upper  surface  of  the  thallus ;  terrestrial  spe- 
cies {on  damp,  usually  trodden  or  cultivated  ground),  without  air-cavities. 
*  Thallus  naked,  ivithout  cilia  or  scales. 

1.  R.  Frostii,  Aust.  Thallus  orbicular,  6- 12"  broad,  thinnish,  grayish- 
green,  the  apex  and  narrowly  membranous  margins  sometimes  purplish,  mi- 
nutely pitted ;  divisions  linear  or  subspatulate,  subtruncate  and  slightly 
emarginate ;  rootlets  smooth  or  obsoletely  papillose  within ;  capsules  very 
prominent  beneath ;  spores  barely  50  /x  broad,  nearly  round,  somewhat  mar- 
gined, with  depressed  sides  when  dry,  fuscous.  —  Ohio,  111.,  and  westward. 


RicciACEi*:.  731 

■:>  *  Thallus  with  white  scales  beneath  {dark  purple  in  n.  4),  thr  marqin  naked . 

2.  R.  SOroc&rpa,  Bist-h.  Thallus  3-8"  in  (lianiotor,  jkiIo  f^rocn  hecom- 
ing  whitish,  finely  reticulate,  suhradiately  or  (lirlxjtoiiiously  divideil,  the  olv 
loug-linear  segments  subacute,  deeply  sulcato,  Avith  a  few  inconspicuous  scales 
toward  the  ajjex  not  extending  beyond  the  margin  ;  margins  erect  when  drv; 
sjiores  issuing  through  chinks  early  appearing  along  the  groove  a!)ove. — 
Thin  rocky  soil  and  cultivated  fields,  Closter,  N.J.  {Austin),  western  N.  Y. 
{Clinton),  and  111.  {Hall).     (Ku.) 

3.  R.  lamellbsa,  Haddi.  Thallus  pale  green,  elegantly  reticulated,  suh- 
radiately divided,  the  divisions  obovate  or  obcordate,  I)ifid  or  2-lobed,  2- .'i" 
long,  channelled  at  the  apex,  with  membranous  a.scending  margins,  and  fur- 
nished beneath  with  transverse  scales  which  extend  considerably  beyond  the 
margin  ;  spores  much  as  in  n.  2.  —  Thin  rocky  soil,  Closter,  N.  J.  {Austin). 

4.  R.  nigrella,  DC.  Thallus  dichotomously  divided,  the  divisions  linear, 
channelled,  with  entire  narrowly  membranous  margins,  green  above,  dark 
j)uri)le  beneath  and  furnished  with  transverse  semicircular  scales  not  ex- 
ceeding the  margin.  —  Rocky  ground,  X.  Y.  {Turrc//),  and  Chester,  Tenn. 
{Porter).     (Eu.) 

*  *  *  Thallus  more  or  less  ciliate,  naked  beneath  or  obsoleteli/  squamous  along 
the  extreme  edcje. 
.5.  R.  arvensis,  Aust.  Thallus  much  divided,  3-9"  broad,  papillose- 
reticulate,  dull  green  both  sides,  becoming  fuscous  above,  the  flat  margins  at 
length  purple ;  divisions  sulcate,  dichotomous,  the  linear-elliptic  or  subspatu- 
late  lobes  acutish  and  obsoletely  emarginate ;  cilia  whitish,  very  short  and 
inconspicuous  or  nearly  wanting ;  cap.sules  aggregated  toward  the  apex  ; 
spores  71-84/i  broad,  dark  fuscous,  reticulate,  with  pellucid  margin.  —  Var. 
iifiiTA,  Aust.,  decidedly  ciliate  and  with  spine-like  hairs  scattered  over  the 
ui)per  surfiK-e;  divisions  broader,  more  obtuse;  spores  nearly  black,  larger 
(84-101  ;u)  and  smoother.  —  Cultivated  fields  and  (the  var.)  rocky  places, 
Closter,  N.  J.  {Austin). 

6.  R.  Lescuri^na,  Aust.  Stellately  or  subcruciately  divided,  the  obcor- 
date  or  cuneate-linear  divisions  2-6"  long,  punctate-reticulate,  subglaucous 
or  ashy-green  both  sides  or  becoming  purple  beneath,  the  slightly  concave 
lobes  emarginate,  clo.sely  ciliate  with  short  obtuse  spine-like  white  hairs ; 
capsules  scattered,  chiefly  near  the  base  of  the  divisions ;  spores  71-83/1  broad, 
dark  brown,  reticulate,  not  margined.  —  Cultivated  fields  and  rocky  grounds, 
N.  J.  to  111.,  and  southward. 

§  2.  SI'ONGODES.  Thallus  u-ith  large  air-rarities  usiatlly  opening  bij  pits 
through  the  upper  surface,  and  with  slight  depressions  over  the  capsidrs 
which  are  prominent  beneath;  spores  41-51/x  broad,  obtusely  angular  or 
globose  ;  tt'rresfri<d. 

7.  R.  cryst^Uina,  L.  Orbicular,  6-9"  broad,  the  obcordate  or  cuneato 
divisions  l)ifid  or  i!  lolied,  flat  above  and  the  surface  nnich  broken  up  into  jiit:*, 
the  margins  subcrenate  ;  capsules  .scattered  ;  spores  i.^suing  through  the  Ujiper 
surface.  —  On  mud  flats.  111.  {//all),  west  and  southward.     (Ku.) 

8.  R.  lutesceilS,  Schwein.  Orbicular,  1  -  H'  in  diameter,  light  green  ; 
divisions  6-8,  liueai,  2-3  times  forked,  narrowly  channelled,  obcordate  and 


732  RICCIACE.E. 

thickened  at  the  apex,  with  delicate  whitish  obliquely  ovate  appressed  scales ; 
rootlets  wanting  beneath  above  the  middle;  fruiting  plant  unknown.  —  Dried 
up  pools  and  ditches,  Canada  to  Mo.,  and  southward.  An  analogous  form  has 
been  developed  by  Lindberg  from  E.  natans. 

9.  R.  tenuis,  Aust.  Thallus  thin,  olive  or  yellowish-green,  shining,  the 
2-4  divisions  roundish-obovate,  2-4"  long,  flat,  with  sinuate  margins,  green 
beneath  Avith  a  slender  costa  and  few  rootlets ;  capsule  very  delicate,  closely 
adherent  to  the  substance  of  the  thallus,  minutely  apiculate ;  spores  round  or 
short-oval,  conspicuously  depressed  at  one  end  when  dry.  —  Wet  ground  in 
open  woods,  Closter  and  Lawrence,  N.  J.  (Austin),  and  Mo.  (Hall). 
§  3.  RICCIELLA.  Thallus  linear,  dichotomous, floating  or  rarely  terrestrial; 
capsule  protuberant  from  the  lower  surface. 

It).  R.  fluitans,  L.  Thallus  often  in  extended  patches,  thin,  green,  ra- 
diately  expanding,  the  often  imbricate  divisions  ^  -  H"  wide,  parallel-nerved, 
flat,  without  rootlets,  cavernous  only  toward  the  slightly  dilated  very  obtuse 
or  subtruncate  apex  ;  capsules  present  only  in  some  terrestrial  forms,  very 
prominent  below,  rupturing  beneath  the  apex.  — Very  variable.  The  most  not- 
able form  is  var.  Sullivanti,  Aust.,  with  divisions  about  Y'  wide,  channelled, 
cavernous  throughout,  the  margins  crisped-crenulate,  and  rootlets  numerous 
on  the  costa  tumid  with  abundant  capsules,  which  are  tipped  with  a  long 
funnel-mouthed  point ;  spores  obscurely  angled,  reticulate  and  margined. 
(R.  Sullivanti,  Aust.)  —  In  ponds  or  ditches  or  growing  in  wet  places  upon 
the  ground  ;  the  variety  often  in  cultivated  fields.  (Ku.) 
§  4.  RICCIOCARPUS.  Thallus  ohcordate, floating  or  rarely  terrestrial;  cap- 
sules  not  protruding,  at  length  exposed  by  a  cleft  in  the  central  groove. 

11.  R.  natans,  L.  (PI.  22.)  Divisions  obcordate  or  cuneate,  broadly 
emarginate,  3  -  6"  long,  purplish,  very  narrowly  channelled,  with  numerous 
uniform  air-cavities  beneath  the  epidermis,  rooting  toward  the  base  and  at 
length  with  dark  purple  scales  beneath  the  apex ;  capsules  in  1  or  2  rows 
beneath  the  groove;  spores  black,  angular,  strongly  papillose. — Canada  to 
the  Gulf.     (Eu.) 

2.    SPHJEROCARPUS,    Micheli.         (PI.  22.) 

Thallus  lobed,  without  costa  or  epidermis.  Involucres  sessile,  obconic  or 
pyriform,  perforated  at  the  apex,  continuous  with  the  thallus  at  base.  Calyp- 
tra  closely  investing  the  single  globose  indehiscent  capsule,  crowned  with  a 
deciduous  point.  Spores  globose,  muriculate,  remaining  united  in  a  coccus. 
Antheridia  borne  in  follicular  bodies  on  the  surface  of  a  separate  thallus.  — 
An  anomalous  genus,  perhaps  more  closely  related  to  the  Jungermanniaceoe, 
(Name  from  crcpaTpos,  a  sphere,  and  Kapir6s,  fruit.) 

1.  S.  terrestris.  Smith,  Thallus  orbicular,  3-6"  broad,  covered  by 
the  clustered  inflated  involucres,  which  are  nearly  1'' long.  3-4  times  the 
length  of  the  capsule ;  coccus  102  -  127 fi  wide,  indistinctly  lobod.  (S.  Michelii, 
Bellardi.)  — In  cultivated  fields,  mostly  southern.     (Eu.) 


ADDITIONS  AND   CORRECTIONS. 


Page  59.  —  Argemone  Mexicana.     Collectetl  at  Merodosia,  111.,  with  white 

flowers,  by  A.  B.  Sei/moii7: 
Page  75.  —  Insert  after  Cleome  integrifolia  — 

C.  spix6.SA,  L.  Vistid-puhescent,  3-4°  high;  a  pair  of  short  stipular 
spines  under  the  petiole  of  eacli  leaf;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong-lanceolate;  flowers 
large,  rose-purple  to  wliite;  stamens  2-3'  long;  stipe  of  the  linear  pod  about 
2' long.  (C.  pungens,  WilUl.)  —  An  escape  from  cultivation,  near  Mt.  C'ar- 
mel,  111.  (Sclineck),  and  in  waste  grounds  southward;  also  on  ballast.  (Int. 
from  Trop.  Amer.) 

Page  8G.  —  Arenaria    GroBnlandica.     Found  on  Mt.  Desert  Island, 

Maine  (Rdiid). 
Page  87.  —  Stellaria  borealis.     In  the  mountains  of  northern  N.  J. 

S.  humifusa.     This  species  has  also  been  found  on  Cranberry  Island, 
near  Mt.  Desert,  Maine,  by  J.  II.  Redjield. 
Page  91. — Under  Talinum    teretifolium   add    the    character  —  style 

equalling  the  stamentJ.  —  In.sert 

2.  T.  calycinum,  Engelm.  Leaves  somewhat  broader;  flowers  and 
capsules  larger  ;  stamens  30  or  more ;  style  twice  h)nger  than  the  stamens, 
declined.  —  Central  Kan.  to  W.  Tex. 

Under  Claytonia  insert  — 

3.  C.  Chamissdnis,  Fsch.  Weak,  procumbent  or  ascending,  rooting 
below  and  perennial  by  lateral  and  terminal  filiform  runners ;  leaves  several 
pairs,  oblong-spatulate,  1-2'  long;  inflorescence  racemosely  1  - 9-flowered ; 
petals  pale  rose-color;  capsule  small,  1-3-seeded.  —  In  a  cold  ravine,  Winona 
Co.,  Minn. ;  in  the  mountains  from  Colorado  north  and  westward. 

Page  211.  — Hydrocotyle  Americana.      Add  —  propagating  by  fili- 
form tuberiferous  stolons. 
Page  230.  — Insert  after  the  genus  Dipsacus  — 

2.     SCABIOSA,     Tourn.         Sc'ARiois. 

Characters  of  Dipsacus,  but  the  green  leaves  of  the  involucre  and  involncels 
not  rigid  nor  spinescent.  (Name  from  scabies,  the  itch,  from  its  use  as  a 
remedy. ) 

S.  aistrXlis,  Wulf.  Perennial,  s])arsely  branched,  nearly  glabrous,  lA- 
3°  high;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear,  tlie  lower  oblanceolate,  slightly 
toothed  or  entire;  heads  short -oblong ;  calyx  obtu.'^ely  sliort-lobed ;  corolla 
pale  blue.  —  Central  N.  Y.  and  Peun.;  rare.     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 


734  ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS. 

Page  395.  —  After  Orobaxche  minor  insert  — 

0.  ram6sa,  L.  Often  branched,  6'  high  or  less,  of  a  pale  straw-color ;  flow- 
ers 3-bracteate,  the  lateral  bracts  small;  calyx  4-toothed,  split  at  the  back; 
corolla  pale  blue,  6  -  8"  long.  —  On  the  roots  of  hemp  and  tobacco ;  Ky.  (Int. 
from  Eu.) 

Page  421.  —  After  Lamium  pcrpureum  insert  — 

L.  iNTERMiiDiuM,  Frics.  Eesembling  L.  purpureum,  but  the  calyx-teeth 
longer  than  the  tube,  the  rather  narrower  corolla  without  a  hairy  ring  within 
near  the  base,  and  the  nutlet  longer  (3  times  as  long  as  broad).  —  Cultivated 
fields  near  Hingham,  Mass.  (C.  J.  Sprague).     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Page  427.  —  Insert  in  the  generic  key  — 

5    Clatlotlirix.    Flowers  perfect,  minute,  axillary.    Densely  white-tomentose. 

Page  430.  —  Insert  after  the  genus  Froelichia — 

5.    CLADOTHmX,    Xutt. 

Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted.  Sepals  5,  erect,  rigid-scarious,  somewhat  pilose. 
Stamens  .5,  the  filaments  united  at  base;  anthers  large,  1 -celled.  Stigma 
large,  capitate,  2-lobed.  Utricle  globose,  indehiscent.  —  Densely  stellate- 
tomentose  low  herbs  or  woody  at  base,  with  opposite  petiolate  leaves  and  very 
small  flowers  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils.  (^«'ame  from  nXaZos,  a  branch,  and 
dpl^,  hair,  for  the  branching  tomentum.) 

1.  C.  lanuginosa,  Nutt.  Prostrate  or  ascending,  much  branched; 
leaves  round-obovate  to  rhomboidal,  3-10"  long.  —  Central  Kan.  (Meehan) 
and  southwcstward. 

Page  435.  —  Salsola  Kali.  This  species  has  been  found  in  Emmet  Co., 
Iowa  (Craili/),  at  Yanktoji,  Dak.  {Bnihin),  and  in  river-bottoms  in  N.  W. 
Neb.  and  central  Dak. 

Page  437.  — After  Eriogonum  annuum  insert  — 

2.  E.  AUdni,  Watson.  Perennial,  white-tomentose  throughout,  the  tall 
scape-like  stem  repeatedly  dichotomous  above ;  radical  leaves  lanceolate,  long- 
petiolate,  the  upper  in  whorls  of  4  or  5,  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  very  shortly 
petiolate,  much  reduced  above ;  involucres  mostly  sessile ;  flowers  glabrous, 
yellow,  the  segments  elliptical.  —  Near  White  Sulphur  Springs,  W.  Va. 
\t.  F.Allen). 

Page  445.  —  Asarum  Canadense.  In  tins  species  there  are  rudimentary 
subulate  petals,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes. 

Page  463.  —  Celtis  Mississippiensis.  Common  in  low  river-bottoms 
of  W.  Mo.  (F.  Biisfi);  described  as  having  a  very  smooth  trunk,  like  a 
sycamore,  and   soft  yellowish  brittle  wood,  not   coarse-grained   as  in  C 

occidentalis. 

« 

Page  491.  —  Under  Pinus  add  — 

10.  P.  ponderosa,  Dougl.,  var.  scopuloruna,  Engelm.  Leaves  in 
twos  or  usually  threes  from  long  sheaths,  3-6''  long,  rather  rigid ;  staminate 
flowers  1'  long;  cones  subterminal,  2-3'  long,  oval,  often  3-5  together,  the 
prominent  summit  of  the  thick  scales  bearing  a  stout  straight  or  incurved 
prickle.  —  Central  Neb.  and  westward  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  —  A  large  tree 
with  very  thick  bark. 


ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS.  ,  735 

Page  514.  —  After  Tris  Carolinian.v  insert  — 

2*.  I.  hexagona,  Walt,  stems  riexuous.  often  low  and  slender  (1-3° 
high),  leafy,  leaves  much  exceeding  the  stem,  6-12"  broad;  Howers  solitary 
and  sessile  in  the  axils,  large,  deep  hlue,  variegated  with  yellow,  purple,  and 
white;  tube  Y  l<^>'»f^;  segments  about  .3'  long,  the  inner  narrow;  capsule  ob- 
long-cylindric,  6-angled,  2'  long.  —  Trairies,  Ky.  {:Sfiui()  to  W.  Mo.  (Bush), 
and  on  the  coast  from  S.  Car.  soutliwanl. 
Page  515.  — S.  angUStifoliura.     Wbat  appears  to  be  a  form  of  tliis  species 

with  pale  yellow  flowers  is  found  near  Independence,  Mo.  (liusfi). 
Page   516  —Under   Zephyranthes    Atamasco   insert    the    synonym 

(Amaryllis  Atamasco,  L.). 
Page  555.  —  S.  teres  has  been  colletted  also  at  Urewster,  Mass.  {Farlou-). 
Page  575.  —  After  E.  Torreyana  in.-^ert  — 

13*.  E.  ^Ibida,  Torr.  Like  n.  12  and  13  in  habit,  s<miewhat  stouter; 
spikelet  dense,  ellipsoidal  or  oldong,  1-4"  long,  acutish,  with  ])ale  obtuse 
scales;  achene  very  small,  triangular-obovate,  very  smooth,  with  a  broadly 
triangular  tubercle  upon  a  narrow  base,  sliorter  than  or  exceeding  the  red- 
dish bristles.  —  Salt  marshes,  Northampton  Co.,  Va.  [tauhij),  antl  south  to 
Fla.  and  Tex. 
Page  653.  —  T.  SUbspicatum,  var    moUe,  is  reporteil  from  Koan  Mt., 

N.  C.  (Scrihner),  and  prol)ably  occurs  (ju  the  higher  Alleghanies  northward. 
Page  662.  —  After  M.  diffusa  insert  — 

3.  M.  P6rteri,  Scribn.  Tall  and  slender  ;  panicle  very  narrow,  the  slen- 
der branches  erect  or  the  lower  slightly  divergent ;  pedicels  flexuous  or  re- 
curved, pul)escent ;  glumes  very  unequal  and  shorter  than  the  spikelet ;  fertile 
flowers  3-5,  the  glumes  scabrous.  —  Mountains  of  Col.  and  southward;  re- 
ported from  Cass  Co  ,  Neb.  (J.  G.  Sniilh). 
Page  663.  —  D.  maritima.     On  alkaline  soil  in  Neb.,  and  very  common  in 

similar  localities  west  and  southwestward  ,  chiefly  the  var.  sxRfcT.x,  Thurb  , 

with  setaceously  convolute  leaves,  the  many-  (10-  20-)  flowered  spikelets  in 

a  loose  panicle. 


Pages.  —  Under  *  1   read  —  (sometimes  opposite   or  whorled,   stipulate   in 

Maguoliaceae  and  rarely  in  Kanunculaceaj). 
Page  8.  —  Under  IlicineaB  read  —  and  usually  deciduous  stipules. 
Page  38.  —  A.  Pennsylvanica.      Reported  from   Aroostook  Co.,  Maine 

(J.  C.  Pari  in). 
Page  40. —  M.  minimus.     Reported  from  Accomac  Co.,  Va.,  (E.  Mears). 
Page  41.  —  R.  ambigens.     An  earlier  name  is  A'.  Inxinttilis,  Darby. 
Page  44.  —  Add  —  2.    C.  natans,  Pall.     Stem  i)rostrate  or  floating;  leaves 

crenulate  or  entire;   sepals  oval.  2-3"  loug,  white  or  piukish.  —  Tower, 

Minn    (K.  J.  Ildl),  and  northward. 


730"  ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS. 

Page  73.  —  L.  ruderale.    Reported  at  Buckfield  and  Orono,  Maine  (Parlin). 

Page  75.  — P.  graveolens.     Said  to  rauge  to  the  Chesapeake  (Porter). 
Add  at  bottom  —  R.  alba,  L.     Leaves  pinnate,  undulate,  glaucous  ;  flow- 
ers white;  sepals  and  petals  5  or  6,  the  latter  all  3-fid.  —  Buifalo,  N.  Y. 
(Clinton);  Youngstown,  Ohio  [Tmjrahavi).     (Adv.  from  Eu.) 

Page  83.  — D,  deltoides.  Read  —  glabrous  or  roughish.  —  On  the  downs, 
Martha's  Vineyard  [Edith  Watson). 

Page  84.  —  S.  antirrhina.  A  very  slender  form  with  much  smaller  apeta- 
lous  flowers,  and  capsules  only  2"  long,  occurs  at  Rockford,  111. 

Page  85.  —  L.  diurna.     Flowers  sometimes  white. 

Page  87.  —  Under  S.  uliginosa  read  —  veiny,  often  ciliate  at  base. 

Page  89.  —  S.  procumbens.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  narrowly  linear. 
—  Champion  Mine,  Marquette  Co.,  Mich.  {E.  J.  Hill). 

Page  95.  —  Under  genus  3  read  —  with  small  usually  rather  close  clusters. 

Page  99.  — M.  angustum.  Also  found  in  W.  111.  along  the  Mississippi. 
Under  S.  Napsea  read  —  along  and  near  the  Alleghanies. 

Page  107.  —  Under  Order  25  insert  —  Stipules  small  or  minute,  usually  soon 
deciduous.  —  Add  —  The  Aquifoliacece  of  previous  editions. 

Page  108.  —  I.  mollis.     Common  on  the  Pocono  plateau,  Penn.  {Porter). 

Page  127.  — C.  scoPAKius.     At  Osterville,  Mass.  [Miss  S.  Minns). 

Page  140.  — D.  sessili folium.  Also  at  Norwich,  Conn.  [Graves),  and  in 
Plymouth  Co.,  Mass.  [Boott). 

Page  152.  —  P.  spiNOSA.  The  garden  Plum,  a  thoruless  derivative  from  var. 
iNSiTiTiA,  rarely  occurs  as  an  escape.  —  Add  —  P.  Xvium,  L.,  the  Bird 
Cherry,  with  drooping  pubescent  acutely  serrate  leaves  on  long  petioles,  lax 
spreading  petals,  and  sweet  fruit — and  P.  Cerascs,  L.,  the  garden  Cherry, 
with  spreading  glabrous  crenate-serrate  leaves  on  short  petioles,  firm  sub- 
erect  petals,  and  acid  fruit  —  are  found  by  roadsides,  etc.,  in  N.  Y.  and  Penn. 

Page  155.  — To  R.  Canadensis  add  —  Var.  roribaccus,  Bailey.  Leaf- 
lets triangular-ovate,  uiiecjually  and  sharply  doubly  serrate,  often  nearly 
lobed ;  peduncles  longer  and  straighter,  overtopping  the  leaves ;  flowers 
very  large,  1-2'  broad,  the  sepals  foliaceous  and  incised;  fruit  large. — 
W.  Va.,  and  probably  southward.     Cultivated  as  the  Lucretia  Dewberry. 

Page  159.  —  After  P.  Pennsylvanica  insert — P.  recta,  L.  A  tall 
herbaceous  perennial,  sparsely  villous  and  glandular-puberulent,  with  digi- 
tate 5  -  7-foliolate  leaves,  incisely  pinnatifid  leaflets,  and  large  yellow  flow- 
ers in  a  broad  cyme. —  Central  N.  Y.     (Introd.  from  Eu.) 

Page  164.  —  Add  —  R.  cinxam6mea,  L.  (Cixnamox  Rose.)  With  brown- 
ish-red bark,  some  straightish  prickles,  pale  leaves  downy  beneath,  and  small 
double  pale  red  flowers.  —  An  escape  about  old  gardens  and  by  roadsides.  — 
N.  Eng  ,  X.  Y.,  etc. 

Insert  —  P.  MXli'S,  L.,  the  Apple,  and  much  more  rarely  the  Pear,  P. 
coMMfjNis,  L.,  occur  self-sown  in  pastures,  etc. 

Page  176.  —  R.  rubrum.     The  garden  form  sometimes  occurs  as  an  escape. 

Page  177.  —  In  tlie  last  line  read  —  from  western  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  S.  Ind. 

Page  181.  —  M.  scabratum.     Keweenaw  Co.,  Mich.  [0.  A.  Faricell). 

Page  185.  — Under  A.  COCCinea  read  —  west  to  S.  Ind.,  N.  Dl.,  Kan.,  etc. 
Add  —  2.   A.  auriculata,  Willd.     Flowers  smaller,  in  loose  peduncled 
axillary  cymes;  capsule  1"  in  diameter.     (A.  Wrightii,  Gray.)  —  Fillmore 
Co.,  Neb.  [Rev.  J.  H.  Wibbe).     A  Texan  species,  perhaps  introduced. 
Under  L.  Salicaria  add  —  and  central  N.  Y. 


ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS.  tOO^ 

Page  201.  —  D.  Cakota.     Flowers  otrasioually  purple  or  reddish. 

Page  207.  — Under  B.  angUStifolia  read  —  Muiss.  (?),  Mich.,  N.  111.,  and 
westward. 

Page  214.  —  C.  circinata.  Calyx-teeth  minute;  stone  globular,  not  fur- 
rowed.—  C.  sericea.  stone  large,  more  or  less  acute  at  ba.se,  oblique 
and  irregularly  sharp-ridged. — C.  asperifolia.  Stone  nearly  globular 
or  somewhat  obliijue,  smooth  or  slightly  furrowed.  —  C.  Stoloilifera. 
Stone  very  variable,  obli(iue,  flattened  or  scarcely  so,  more  or  less  furrowed. 
—  C.  striata.  Stone  small,  nearly  globular,  smooth.  This  species  ap- 
])ears  to  include  C  panicxdata.  C.  caudidissima,  Marsh.,  is  a  little  earlier 
name,  but  the  identification  is  somewhat  doubtful.  —  Add  — 
5^   C.  Baileyi,  Coult.  &  P^vans.     Intermediate  between  nos.  5  and  6  in 

foliage  and   ])ul)eseence ;    branches  reddish-brown;    fruit  white;   stone  com- 
pressed, truncate,  furrowed  on  the  prominent  edges,  broader  than  high.  — 

About  the  Great  Lakes  (Erie  to  Sui)erior)  and  westward.     Perhaps  a  hybrid. 

Page  215.  —  Add  l"*.  N.  biflora,  Walt.  Leaves  smaller  than  is  usual  in 
n.  1  (1-3'  long);  fertile  flowers  1-3;  stone  decidedly  flattened  and  more 
strongly  furrowed.  —  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.  and  southward. 

Page  22G.  —  G.  Mollugo.  Occurs  in  eastern  N.  Lug.  —  Flowers  in  this 
species  loosely  panicled,  in  Q.  vkki.m  densely  so. 

Page  233.  —  Enter  —  43=^.  Franseria.  As  Ambrosia,  but  fruit  1  - 4-celled, 
1  -4-beaked. 

Page  250.  —  S.  neglecta,  var.  linoides.    At  Turner,  Maine  {J.  A.  Allen). 

Page  252.  —  S.  Ohioensis.     Head  —  central  N.  Y.,  and  from  Ohio  to  "Wise. 

Page  269.  —  G.  purpureum.     At  Youngstown,  Ohio  {li.  II.  Ingraham). 

Page273.  — Add  — 43\     FRANSERIA,     Cav. 

Resembling  Ambrosia,  but  the  fertile  involucre  enclosing  1-4  flowers,  the 
fruit  1  -4-celled  and  1  -4-beaked,  more  or  less  bur-like  with  scattered  prickles. 
(Named  for  A.  Fmnser,  a  Spanish  botanist  ) 

1.    F.  tomentdsa,  Gray.      Low,  erect  and  rather  stout,  densely  silky- 
tomentose ;  leaves  very  white  beneath,  more  or  less  jiinnately  cleft  or  nearly 
entire.  —  Mac])lierson,  Kan.  (Kellerman),  and  southwestward. 
Page  275.  —  H.  SCabra.     Reported  from  Oxford  Co.,  Maine  (Pnrlin). 
Page  284.  —  B.    COnnata,    var.    COMOSA.        Reported  from  central   N.  Y. 

{Dudlei/). 
Page  297.  —  Under  C.  nigra  read  — black  or  brown  ])cctinatcly-ciliate  fringe; 

rays  usually  tcantiiuj. 
Page  302.  —  P.  altissima.     Glabrous  or  somewhat  hispidulous. 
Page  320.  —  Under  R.  nudiflorum  read  —  Swamps  and  open  woods. 
Page  329.  —  Under   D.  Meadia   add  —  Var.    Fr6nchii,    Vasey.      Often 

dwarf,  glabrous  or  pubesct-nt  above;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-elliptical,  some- 
times cordate  at  base.  —  Penn.  to  S.  111.  and  Ark. 
Page  354.  —  L.  trachyspermum.    Reported  from  southern  N.  J.{Bntton). 
Page  361.  —  Aspkuimjo  i'i;o(  i  miskns.     At  New  Bedford,  Mass.  (Ilcrvcy). 
Page  378.  —  Enter  —  7^.  Paulownia.      Corolla   tubular   with    spreading 

limb.     Sterile  stamen  none.     Seeds  winged.     A  Catalija-like  tree. 
Page  382.  —  P.  albidus.     Reported  from  S.  \V.  Minn.  (McMillan). 


735"  ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS. 

Add  —  7\     PAULO WNIA,     Sieb.  &  Zucc. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  woolly.     Corolla  declined,  funnelforra,  with  5  rounded 

obliquely  spreading  lobes.     Stamens  4,  included.     Fod  turgid,  thick,  loculi- 

cidal.     Seeds  small,  winged.  —  A  tree  with  large  opposite  cordate  entire  or 

3-lobed  pubescent  leaves,  and  large  terminal  panicles  of  showy  violet  flowers. 

(Named  for  Amia  Paulowna,  daughter  of  Czar  Taul  I.) 
P.  ijiperiXlis,  Sieb.  &  Zucc.     A  handsome  tree  resembling  the  Catalpa  ; 

cult,  from  Japan.  —  Growing  wild  in  N.  J.  and  Del. 

Page  388.  —  B.  Americana.     Also  found  in  S.  E.  Penn.  and  southward. 

Page  391.  —  Add — 1^.  C.  indivisa,  Engelm.  Winter-annual;  leaves  lin- 
ear-lanceolate, entire  or  with  2  or  3  slender  lateral  lobes ;  bracts  and  calyx- 
lobes  obovate,  bright  red.  —  Shannon  Co.,  Mo.  [S.  M.  Tracy).     May  -June. 

Page  396.  —  U.  clandestina.  Reported  from  mountain  bogs,  central 
Penn.  {Porter). 

Page  397.  —  U.  resupinata.  Reported  from  Lake  Co.,  Ind.  (Hill),  and 
Ionia  Co.,  Mich. 

Page  401.  —  Add  —  3.  R.  pedunculata,  Torr.  Slightly  puberulent; 
leaves  ovate-oblong,  short-petioled  ;  peduncles  axillary,  about  as  long  as  the 
leaf,  1-3-flowered,  bracteate;  calyx-lobes  about  equalling  the  narrow  co- 
rolla tube.  —  Jefferson  Co.,  Mo.  (Ilasse),  and  south  to  La. 

Page  40.5.  —  T.  dichotomum.     AVestern  Maine  {P<7/7/?0- 

Page  419.  —  P.  Virginian  a.     At  Hanover,  Maine  [Pari  in). 

Page  42G  —P.  argyrocoma.     Whitecap  Mt.,  Oxford  Co.,  Maine  [Parlin). 

Page  487.  —  P.  heterophylla.  This  has  3-valved  capsules  and  large 
seeds,  and  probably  dilated  styles  —  and  should  therefore  be  placed  in  §  2. 

Page  .502.  —  S.  Romanzoffiana.     Reported  from  N.  W.  Penn.  [Porter). 

Page  505.  —  P.  afiB.nis.     Also  reported  from  E.  Penn.  [Porter). 

Page  525.  —  Under  genus  13  read  —  ;  cells  1  -  2-seeded. 

Page  529.  —  Under  L.  Canadense  read  —  flowers  1-16,  usually  few. 

Page  543.  — J.  pelocarpus,  var.  smriMs.     Lake  Hopatcong.  N,  J. 

Page  544.  —J.  acuminatus,  var.  debilis.    At  Rumford,  Maine  [Parlin). 

Page  545.  —  Under  J.  scirpoides  read  —  Mich.,  Lid.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

Page  563.  —  Lender  P.  Hiliii  read  —  Mich.,  northern  Ohio,  and  western 
N.  Y.  —  P.  obtusifolius.     Reported  from  Tower,  Minn.  {Hill). 

Page  564.  —  P.  Tuckermani.  Reported  from  eastern  and  central  Penn. 
[Porter).  P.  confervoides,  Reichenb.,  appears  to  be  an  earlier  name. — 
P.  Robbinsii.  J^eported  from  Lake  Co.,  Ind.,  Marquette  Co.,  Mich., 
and  Chesago  Lake,  E.  Minn.  (Hill). 

Page  574.  —  Under  E.  Engelmanni,  for  E.  obtusa,  read  E.  Engelmanni. 

Page  577.  —  F.  spadicea.  Also  in  Kankakee,  Henderson  and  St.  Clair 
Cos.,  111.  (Hill). 

Page  589.  —  Under  -i-  4.    Cryptocarpce  read  —  stigmas  2  or  3. 

Page  590.  — Under  *  7  add  —  -»-  I''.  FilifolicB.     Spike  one,  androgynous. 

Page  599.  —  For  C.  vulgaris,  Fries,  read  —  C.  rlgida,  Gooden.,  var. 
Goodenovii,  Bailey  —  and  at  end  insert —  (C.  vulgaris.  Fries.). —  For 
Var.  hyperborea,  Boott,  read  —  Yar.  Bigelovii,  Tuckerm.,  —  and  at 
end  substitute  the  synonym —  (C.  vulgaris,  var.  hyperborea,  Boott.). 

Page  60 L  —  Add  —  41^.  C.  verruc6sa,  Muhl.  Glaucous,  stout  and  stiff, 
2-4°  high;   leaves  long,  rough-angled,  becoming  revolute ;  spikes  3-10, 


ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS.  735'* 

Stout,  scattered  to  loosely  ap:f,'ret,'ated,  then  erect  or  ascending,  usually 
somewiiat  staininate  above,  variously  j>edunclod ;  scales  thin,  brown,  oinar- 
ginate,  shorter  tlian  the  broadly  ovate  or  obovate  strongly  few-nerved  glau- 
cous ])erigyniuin,  but  the  liisj.id  awn  from  2-3  times  longer  to  nearly 
obsolete;  beak  short,  entire;  stigmas  3.  (C.  glaucescens,  Z:,"//.)  —  Swamp's 
and  i)onds;  extreme  southern  Va.,  Mo.,  and  soutliward. 

Page  GOG.  —  C.  Torreyi.     Found  in  Hennepin  Co.,  Minn.  [Sandbcnj). 

Page  6 II.  — Add—  *  7.—-.-  P.  FiUfulUc. 

84».    C.  filifblia,  Nutt.     Culm  slender,  obtusely  angled,  smooth,  3-12' 

higli ;  leaves  liliforni,  rigid ;  perigynium  broadly  triangular-obovoid,  thin,  with 

a  sliort  white  hyaline  entire  beak,  usually  about  equalling  the  broad  hyaline- 
margined  cla.'^ping  scale.  — Ft.  Lincoln,  N.  Dak.  {Uai-anl),  and  westward. 

Page  G26.  —  Under  69.  Festuca  read  —  tip  (rarely  blunt),  few-nerved. 

Page  635. —  L.  oryzoides.  Ke])orted  as  common  in  Oxford  Co.,  Maine 
{Parlln).  —  7i.  miliacea.     Reported  at  Poconoke  City,  Md.   (A\  M,ars). 

Page  646.  —  S.  heterolepis.     Reported  from  S.  E.  Peun.  (Porter). 

Page  650.  —  C.  Porteri.     Reported  from  Tompkins  Co.,  N.  Y.  {Dudley). 

Page  651.  — A.  arundinacea.     Reported  at  Ocean  City,  Md   (Mt<irs). 

Page  652.  —  Under  genus  37  read  —  in  a  contracted  or  open.  —  A.  caryo- 
phyllea.     Lower  fl(jwcrs  sometimes  awnless.     Accomac  Co.,  Va.  (Mmrs). 

I'age  653.  —  A.  striata.  Reported  from  N.  Peuu.  {Porter).  —  T.  palus- 
tre.     Occurs  in  soutli^ru  Conn. 

Page  657.  — T.  Cuprea.     Occurs  in  southern  Conn. 

Page  658.  —  D.  fascicularis.    In  saline  localities  in  central  N.  Y.  {Dudley). 

Page  659.  —  E.  obtusata.     Read  —  central  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  etc. 

Page  677.  —  E.  littorale.     Banks  of  the  Susquehanna,  Penn. 

Page  682.  —  P.  gracilis.  Found  in  Lycoming  and  Sullivan  Cos.,  Penn., 
and  in  Iowa. 

Page  683.  —  W.  angustifolia.     Reported  from  S.  Haven,  Mich.  (Bailey). 

Page  694.  —  B.  simplex.  Reported  from  I'ocono  IMt.,  Penn.  {Porter),  and 
Ellicott's  Mills,  Md.  (,/.  B.  Eijerton). 

Page  695.  — L.  SelagO.     Add  —  and  soutli  in  the  mountains  to  Ga. 

Page  698.  —  Substitute  —  *  *  Leaves  in  4  ranks,  two  lateral  and  sj)rcadinj,  and 
two  above,  which  are  simdler  and  ascendinrj. 

Page  700.  —  Var.  valida.     On  Salt  Pond  Mt.,  Va.,  in  wet  ground  ( Canby). 

Page  734.  —  Salsola  Kali.    At  Madison,  Wise. ;  introduced  {L.  S.  Cheney), 

In  the  Index  add  —  A  (ivjfoliacejE,  107  — Asimina,  50  —  Frauseria,  TSS**  — 
Pastinaca,  202  —  Paulowuia,  735"  —  Prunus,  151. 

Note.  —  "Western  New  York,"  as  used  throughout  the  Manual,  is  to  be  un- 
derstood as  including  the  lake-region  of  central  New  York. 

Several  additional  species  are  reported  as  rarely  escaped  or  as  growing  wild 
in  cemeteries,  about  old  gardens  or  deserted  homesteads,  etc.,  —  as  Luuaria 
biennis,  Moench,  Honesty  or  Satin-flower  —  Lychnis  Coronaria,  L.,  Mullein 
Pink  —  Levisticum  ojlicinale,  Koch,  Lovage  —  Lonicera  Xylosteum,  L.,  and 
L.  Tatarica,  L.,  Honeysuckles  —  Valeriana  officinalis,  L.,  Valerian  —  Ar- 
temisia Abrotanum,  L.,  Southernwood —  V7;jca  minor,  L.,  I'eriwiukle,  etc. 


LIST   OF   ORDERS, 


WITH   THE   NUMBER  OF   GENERA  AND  SPECIES, 
NATIVE   AND  INTRODUCED. 


ANGIOSPERMOUS 

Gen 

era. 

Spe 

cies. 

ANGIOSPERMOUS 

Geo 

era. 

Species, 

EXOGKNS. 

i 

5 

t 

i 

EXOGENS. 

t 

i 

e    '      ■ 

^ 

DiV.  1.      POLYPETALOUS. 

19 

1 

62 

Div 

51. 

.  2.      G.1M0PETAL0CS. 

Caprifoliaceae      .     , 

1 
8 

1 

31 

1.  Ranunculacae     .     . 

14 

_ 

2.  Maguotiaceae       . 

2 

— 

6 

— 

52 

Kubiacea; .     . 

7 

1 

25 

5 

3.  Anonaceae      .     . 

1 

— 

1 

— 

53. 

Valerianaceae 

2 

— 

7 

1 

4.  Menispermaceae. 

3 

— 

3 

— 

54 

Dipsaceae   .     . 

— 

2 

— 

3 

5    Berberidaceae      . 

5 

— 

5 

1 

55. 

Compositae     , 

78 

20 

356 

51 

6.  Nymphaeaceae     . 

5 

— 

8 

— 

56. 

Lobeliacefe     . 

1 

— 

13 

— 

7.  Sarraceniaceae    . 

1 

— 

2 

— 

57. 

CauipanulaceaB 

2 

— 

6 

2 

8.   Papaveraceae  . 

3 

3 

3 

6 

58. 

Ericaceae  .     . 

26 

— 

69 

— 

9.  Funiariaceae  .     . 

3 

1 

9 

1 

59. 

Diapensiaceae 

3 

— 

3 

— . 

10.  Cruciferae  .     . 

15 

8 

46 

25 

60. 

Plumbaginareae 

1 

— 

2 

. 

11.  Capparidaceae 

3 

— 

4 

1 

61. 

Primulaceae   . 

10 

1 

16 

3 

12.  Resedaceae      . 

— 

1 

— 

2 

62. 

Sapotaceae 

1 

— 

2 

— 

13.  Cistaceae    .     .     . 

3 

— 

9 



63. 

Ebenaceae .     . 

1 

— 

1 



14.  Violaceae   .     . 

3 

— 

19 

1 

64. 

Styraceae  .     . 

3 

-- 

5 

_ 

15.  Caryophyllaceae . 

6 

6 

31 

22  1 

65. 

Oleaceae     .     . 

3 

1 

8 

1 

16.  Portulacaceae 

3 

— 

7 

1  , 

66. 

Apocyiiace*  . 

3 

— 

4 

— 

17.  Elatinaceae     .     . 

1 

— 

3 

— 

67. 

Asclepiadaceae 

5 

1 

29 

1 

18.  Ilypericaceae. 

3 

— 

20 

1 

68. 

Loganiaceae    . 

4 

— 

4 

19.  Ternstroemiaceae 

2 

— 

3 

— 

69. 

Gentianaceae  . 

9 

1 

31 

3 

20.  Malvaceae  .     .     . 

7 

4 

15 

10 

70. 

Polemouiaceae 

3 

— 

14 

_ 

21.  Tiliacefe    .     . 

1 

— 

3 

— 

71. 

Ilydrophyllaceae 

6 

— 

13 

._. 

22.  Linaceae    .     .     , 

1 

— 

5 

1 

72. 

Borraginaceae 

8 

3 

22 

11 

23.  Gerani.iceae    .     . 

4 

1 

10 

7 

73. 

Convolvulaceae 

6 

— 

20 

7 

24.  Rutaceae    .     . 

2 

— 

3 

74. 

Solanaceae 

3 

5 

14 

8 

25.  Iliciiieae     .     . 

2 

— 

10 

— 

75. 

Scrophulariaceae 

24 

3 

66 

15 

26    Celastraceae   .     . 

3 

— 

4 

— 

76. 

Orobanchaceae 

3 

1 

5 

2 

27.  Khaninaceae  . 

3 

— 

6 

1 

77. 

Lentibulariacefe 

2 

— 

13 



i:8.  Vitaceae     .     . 

3 

— 

11 

_ 

78. 

Bignoniaceae  . 

3 

— 

3 

— 

29.  SapindHceje    . 

5 

— 

11 

— 

79. 

Pedaliaceae     . 

1 

— 

1 

— 

30.  Anacardiaceae 

1 



7 



80. 

Acantliacpae  . 

3 



4 



31.   Polygalaceae  . 

1 

— 

15 

— 

81. 

Verbenaceae   . 

4 

— 

11 

1 

32.  Leguuiinosae  . 

41 

5 

137 

19 

82. 

Labiatae     .     . 

20 

14 

65 

33 

33.  Rosaceae    .     . 

17 

1 

87 

8 

83. 

Plantaginaceae 

2 

— 

11 

1 

34.  Calycanthaceae 

1 



3 



35.  Saxifragaceae . 

14 

_ 

43 

"l 

254 

53 

874 

148 

36.  Crassulaceae  . 

3 

_ 

8 

3 

Div.  3.     Apet.vlous. 

37.  Droserareae    . 

1 



4 

38.  Hamamelideae 

3 



3 



84. 

Nyctaginaceae     .    . 

2 

— 

41 

— 

39.  Hatorageae     . 

4 

_ 

13 



85. 

Iilecebraceae  . 

2 

1 

5 
9 

1 

40.  Melastomaceae 

1 



4 



86. 

Aniarantaceae 

4 

— 

7 

41.  Lythraceae      . 

6 

_ 

8 

1 

87. 

Chenopodiaceae 

? 

2 

17 

1 
33 

11 

42.  Onagraceae     . 

7 



43 

1 

88. 

Phytolaccaceae 

1 

1 

13 

43.  Loasaceae  .     . 

1 



3 

89. 

Polygonaceafi . 

5 

44.  I^assifloraceae 

1 



2 



90. 

Podostemaceae 

1 

— 

1 

— 

45.  Cuourbiraceie 

5 



5 



91. 

Aristolochiaceae 

2 

— 

6 
1 
5 

1 

46.  Cactaceae  .     . 

2 



6 

_ 

92. 

Piperaceae .     . 

1 

— 

— 

47.  FicoiJoae    .     . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

93. 

Lauraceae  .     . 

4 

— 

— 

48.  UmhelliferjB  . 

26 

10 

49 

13 

94. 

Thymelaeaceae 

1 

1 

1 
3 

1 

49.  Araliacejs  .     . 

1 

6 

95. 

Elaeagnacpse   . 

2 

— 

50.  Cornaceae  .     . 

2 



11 

96. 

Loranthaccae 

2 

2 

— 

97. 

Santalaceae    . 

2 

4 

261 

46 

777 

141 

98 

EuphorbiacesB 

10 

1 

34 

~8 

LIST    OF   ORDERS. 


7;J7 


ANGTOSPKIIMOUS 


Div.  3.  —  Continued. 


99.  Uiticaccae     . 

100.  IMatJiDiutaB  . 

101.  JuglaiiilaceaB 

102.  MjriciicfjE    . 

103.  ("upuliferae  . 

104.  S.-ilii-acese     . 

105.  Enii>etriU'eae 
lOG.  Ceratophyllaceoe 


GYMNOSPRUMOUS 
KXOQENS. 


107    Couiferae 


EX  DOG  ENS. 

108.  llydroohariJaceae 

l(i9.  Huniuinuiacea} 

110.  OrchiJaceae  .     . 

111.  Ifroaieliaceie     . 

112.  Ilupinodoraceae  . 

113.  Iriilacea" .     .     . 
114  Aniaryllidaceae 
115.  Dioscoreaceac 
IIG  Liliacea3   .     . 

117.  Pontedciriaceae 

118.  Xyridacea3   . 

119.  Rlayace.ne 

120.  Conmielinacese 

121.  Juiicaoeao     . 

122.  Tvphaceae    . 

123.  Ararojc     .     . 

124.  Lfmnaceae    . 

125.  Alisniaceae    . 
12G.  Naiadareae    . 

127.  Eriocaulese  . 

128.  Cyperareae    . 

129.  Graiuiiiese     . 


Geuera. 

£ 


10 


Species. 


257 


22 


170   22  721   64 


51 


46 


PTEUIDOPHYTE.-*. 

130.  Equi.xctaconc 

131.  Filuex      .     .     . 

132.  Ophioglo.ssarfoe 

133.  Lycopodiart'ff!   . 

134.  Selaginrllaccoc 
135-  MarsiliaceaD  .  . 
136.  SaWiniaceae .     . 


BRYOPIIYTES. 
Div.     IlhPATiCE. 

137.  JuuRermanniaceae 

13S.  AntlioceroUict-aj 

139.  Marchantiaceae 

140.  Kicciaceae     .     .     . 


ExofrenR. 

P<  I3  petalous  . 

Gau.opetalous  . 

Apetalous     .  . 


Gymnospermous 
Endogens  .  .  . 
Total  Phaenogams 
Cryptogams     .     . 


Total  of  Genera 
Total  of  Species 


Oeoera.      Species. 


681 


111  - 

62  I  — 

7  — 

I»  — 

10  — 

2  — 

1  '•  — 

102 


140 


46  i  777 

53    874 

_7  :257 

106  1908 


10 

_ 

22 

170 

22 

721 

761 

128 

2651 

73 

1 

242 

834 

129 

2893 

141 
148 
61 

340 


64 

404 

1 

405 


963 
3298 


GLOSSARY. 


Abnormal.  Differing  from  the  normal  or 
usual  structure. 

Abortion.  Imperfect  deTelopment  or  non- 
development  of  an  organ. 

Abortive.    Defective  or  barren. 

Acaulescent.    Stemless  or  apparently  so. 

Accumbent  (cotyledon).  Having  the  edges 
against  the  radicle. 

Acerb.     Sour  and  astringent. 

Achene.  A  small,  dry  and  hard,  1-celled,  1- 
seeded,  indehiscent  fruit. 

Achlamydeous.     Without  calyx  or  corolla. 

Acicular.    Slender  needle-shaped. 

Acrogcnous.  Growing  from  the  apex  by  a 
terminal  bud  or  by  the  apical  cell  only. 

Aculeate.     Prickly  ;  beset  with  prickles. 

Aculeolate.     Beset  with  diminutive  prickles. 

Acuminate.     Tapering  at  the  end. 

Acute.  Terminating  with  a  sharp  or  well- 
defined  angle. 

jEstiration.  The  arrangement  of  the  parts 
of  the  perianth  in  the  bud. 

Adnate.  United,  as  the  inferior  ovary  with 
the  calyx-tube.  Adnate  anther,  one  at- 
tached for  its  whole  length  to  the  inner  or 
outer  face  of  the  filament. 

Adcentive.  Recently  or  imperfectly  natu- 
ralized. 

Alate.    Winged. 

Albximen.  Any  deposit  of  nutritive  material 
accompanying  the  embryo. 

Albuminous.     Having  albumen. 

Alliaceous.  Having  the  smell  or  taste  of 
garlic. 

Alternate.  Not  opposite  to  each  other,  as 
sepals  and  petals,  or  as  leaves  upon  a  st«m. 

Alveolate.  Honeycombed  ;  having  angular 
depressions  separated  by  thin  partitions. 

Anient.  A  catkin ,  or  peculiar  scaly  unisexual 
spike. 

Amphitropous  (ovule  or  seed).  Half-inverted 
and  straight,  with  the  hilum  lateral. 

Amplexicaul.     Clasping  the  stem. 

Anastomosing.  Connecting  by  cross-veins 
and  forming  a  network. 

Anatropous  (ovule).  Inverted  and  straight, 
with  the  micropyle  next  the  hilum  and  the 
radicle  consequently  inferior. 

Androgynous  (inflorescence).  Composed  of 
both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 


-androus.    In  composition,  having  stamens. 

Angiospermous.  Having  the  seeds  borne 
within  a  pericarp. 

Annual.  Of  only  one  year's  duration.  Win- 
ter annual,  a  plant  from  autumn-sown 
seed  which  blooms  and  fruits  in  the  follow- 
ing spring. 

Annular.    In  the  form  of  a  ring. 

Anterior.  On  the  front  side  of  a  flower  and 
next  the  bract,  remote  from  the  axis  of  in- 
florescence ;  equivalent  to  inferior  and  (less 
properly)  exterior. 

Anther.    The  polliniferous  part  of  a  stamen. 

Antheridium.  In  Cryptogams,  the  organ 
corresponding  to  an  auther. 

Anthtrifcvous.    Anther-bearing. 

Antherizoid.  One  of  the  minute  organs  de- 
veloped in  an  antheridium,  corresponding 
to  pollen-grains. 

Anthesis.     The  time  of  expansion  of  a  flower. 

Apetalous.     Having  uo  petals. 

Apical.     Situated  at  the  apex  or  tip. 

Apiculate.    Ending  in  a  short  pointed  tip. 

Appressed.     Lying  close  and  flat  against. 

Aquatic.     Growing  in  water. 

Arachnoid.  Cobwebby  ;  of  slender  entan- 
gled hairs. 

Archegonium.  The  organ  corresponding  to 
a  pistil  in  the  higher  Cryptogams. 

Arcuate.    Moderately  curved. 

Areolate.  Marked  out  into  small  spaces; 
reticulate. 

Aril.  An  appendage  growing  at  or  about  the 
hilum  of  a  seed. 

Arillate.    Having  an  aril. 

Articulate.    Jointed;  having  a  node  or  joint. 

Ascending.  Rising  somewhat  obliquely,  or 
curving  upward.  Ascending  ovxile.  one 
that  is  attached  above  the  base  of  the  ovary 
and  is  directed  upward. 

Assurgent.     Ascending. 

Attenuate.  Slenderly  tapering;  becoming 
verv  narrow. 

Auricle.    An  ear-shaped  appendage. 

Auriculate.     Furnished  with  auricles. 

Atcl-shaped.  Narrowed  upward  fi'om  the 
base  to  a  slender  or  rigid  point. 

AiC7i.     .K  bristle-shaped  appendage. 

Axil.  The  angle  formed  by  a  leaf  or  branch 
with  the  stem. 


J 


GLOSSARY. 


'39 


Axlle.    Situated  In  the  axis. 
Axillary.    Situated  iu  au  axil. 
Axis.     The  central  line  of  any  organ  or  sup- 
port of  a  group  of  organs  ;  a  stem,  etc. 

Baccate.     Berry-IIke;  pulpy  throughout. 
liarbttl.       Furnished   with    rigid   points  or 

short  bristles,  usually  redexed  like  the  barb 

of  a  fish-hook. 
liarht'lhite.     Finely  barbetl. 
BarbuUite.     Finely  bearded. 
JJ(US(ily  ISiUiilar.     At  or  pertaining   to  the 

base. 
Jiasijixed.     Attached  by  the  base. 
lieakfd.     Ending  in  a  beak  or  prolonged  tip. 
UianUd.     Bearing  a  long  awn,  or  furnished 

with  long  or  stiff  hairs. 
Berry.     A  fruit  the  whole  pericarp  of  which 

is  tieshy  or  pulpy. 
Bi-  or  Bis-.     A  Latin  prefix  signifying  two, 

twice,  or  doubly. 
Bidtntate.    Having  two  teeth. 
Biennial.    Of  two  years'  duration. 
Bijid.     Two-clefl. 
Bilabiate.     Two-lippeu. 
Bilocetlate.     llaviug  two  secondary  cells. 
Bilocular.     Two-celled. 
Bisexual.     Ilaving  both  stamens  and  pistils. 
Bladdery.    Thin  and  inflated. 
Blade.    The  limb  or  expanded  portion  of  a 

leaf,  etc. 
Bract.     A  more  or  less  modified  leaf  subtend- 
ing a  flower  or  belonging  to  au  iuUorescence, 

or  sometimes  cauline. 
Bracteafe.     Having  bracts. 
Bracteolate.     Ilaving  bra«tlets. 
Bracteose.     With  numerous  or  conspicuous 

bracts. 
Bractlet.     A  secondary  bract,  as  one  upon 

the  pedicel  of  a  flower. 
Bristle.   Antiff  iiairorany  similar  outgrowth. 
Bud.     The  rudimentary  state  of  a  stem  or 

branch  ;  an  unexpanded  flower. 
Bulb.     A  subterranean  leaf-bud  with  fleshy 

scales  or  coats. 
Bulhiferous.     Bearing  hulhs. 
Bnlblet.     A  small  bulb,  especially  one  borne 

ujinn  the  stem. 
Bulbous.     Ilaving  the  character  of  a  bulb. 

CaduroHs.     Falling  ofF  very  early. 

Catrarafe.     Produced  into  or  having  a  spur. 

Callus.     A  hard  protuberance  or  callnsify. 

Calyculntc.  Ilaving  bracts  around  the  calyx, 
imitating  an  outer  calyx. 

Cahjptra.  The  membranous  hood  or  cover- 
ing of  the  capsule  in  Ilepaticjr  and  Mosses. 

Caly.r.     The  outer  perianth  of  the  flower. 

Campanulate.  Bell-shaped ;  cup-shaped 
with  a  broad  haae. 

Campylnspervmus.  Ilaving  seeds  with  lon- 
gitudinally involute  margins,  as  in  some 
Unibelliferae. 

Campy lotropous  (ovule  or  seed).    So  currod 


as  to  bring  the  ap<  x  and  ba«c  nearly   to- 
gether. 

Camiliculale.     I..<mgitudinally  cli»nuelle<t 

Caiuscent.     Hoary  Mith  gray  pubocence. 

Capitate.  Sha|Rd  like  a  head  ;  collected  into 
a  head  or  dense  cluster 

Capittllate.     Collected  into  a  small  head. 

Capsular.  Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of 
a  capsule. 

Capsule.  A  dry  dehiscent  fruit  composed  of 
more  tlxan  one  carpel;  the  Bpor«-cas«  of 
Hepaticu3,  etc. 

( apsulij'erous.     Cap.^ule-bearing. 

Carinate.     Having  a  keel  or  a  projecting  lon- 
gitudinal uiedi.il  line  on  the  lower  surtice. 
1     (  arpel.     A  simple  pi.-til,  or  one  member  of  a 
compound  pi>til. 

Cnrtllaijiiiuus.  Of  the  texture  of  cartilage  ; 
firm  and  tough. 

Caruncle.  Au  excrescence  or  appendage  at 
or  about  the  hilum  of  a  seed. 

Carunculate.     Having  a  caruncle. 

Caryopsis.  A  grain,  as  of  grasses  ;  a  seed- 
Hke  fruit  with  a  thiu  pericarp  aduate  to  the 
contiiined  seed. 

Castaneous.     Of  a  chestnut  color  ;  brown. 

(.'at kin.     An  ament. 

Caudate.  Having  a  slender  tail-Uke  ap- 
pendage. 

Caudex.  The  persistent  base  of  an  otherwise 
annual  herbaceous  stem. 

Caulescent .     Having  a  inanife.>^t  stem. 

Cauline.     Belonging  to  the  stem. 

Cavernous     Hollow;  full  of  air-cavities. 

Cell.  One  of  the  minute  vesicles,  of  very  va- 
rious form.H,  of  which  plants  are  formed. 
Any  structure  containing  a  cavity,  as  the 
cells  of  an  anther,  ovary,  etc. 

Cellular  (tissue).  Composed  of  short  trans, 
parent  thin-walled  cells,  in  distinction  from 
fibrous  or  viuicular. 

Csjiitose.  Growing  in  tufls  ;  forming  mats 
or  turf. 

Chaff-  A  small  thin  scale  or  bract,  becoming 
dry  and  membranous. 

Chaffy.     Ilaving  or  resembling  chaff. 

Chainit  lletl.  Deeply  grooved  longitudinally, 
like  a  gutter. 

Chartaceous.  Having  the  texture  of  writing- 
paper. 

Chlomphylf.  The  green  grains  within  the 
cell.«»  of  plants. 

Chlnn^jdiyllose.     Contnining  chlorophyll. 

Ciliate.     Marginally  fringed  with  hairs. 

CUiolatc.     Minutely  ciliate. 

Cinereous     Ash-rolor. 

Circinate.  Coileil  from  the  top  downward, 
a.s  the  young  frond  of  a  fern. 

Cirrumscissile.  I>ehisclng  hy  a  regular 
transverse  circular  line  of  division. 

Clarate.  Club-shaped;  gradually  thick- 
ened upward. 

Cleis/of/ainous.  Fertilize*!  in  the  bud,  with- 
out the  oi>ening  of  the  flower. 


740 


GLOSSARY. 


Cleft.    Cut  about  to  the  middle. 

Climbing.  Ascending  by  laving  hold  of  sur- 
rounding objects  for  support. 

Cluster.  Any  assemblage  of  flowers  on  a 
plant. 

Clustered.    Collected  in  a  bunch  of  any  sort. 

Coalescence.  The  union  of  parts  or  organs 
of  the  same  kind. 

Coccus  (pi.  Cocci).  One  of  the  parts  into 
which  a  lobed  fruit  with  l-seeded  cells  splits. 

Cochleate.     Spiral,  like  a  snail-shell. 

Cohesion.  The  union  of  one  organ  with 
another. 

Columella.  The  persistent  axis  of  some 
capsules,  spore-cases,  etc. 

Columnar.    Like  a  column. 

Commissure.  The  surface  by  which  one 
carpel  joins  another,  as  in  the  UmbeUiferae. 

Ccmiose.  Furnished  with  a  coma  or  tuft  of 
hairs. 

Complicate.     Folded  upon  itself. 

Compound.  Composed  of  2  or  more  similar 
parts  united  into  one  whole.  Compound 
leaf,  one  divided  into  separate  leaflets. 

Compressed.    Flattened  laterally. 

Conceptacle.  In  some  Cryptogams  a  case  or 
receptacle  containing  the  organs  of  fruc- 
tification. 

Condupiicate.    Folded  together  lengthwise. 

Confluent.  Running  into  each  other ;  blend- 
ed into  one. 

Coniferous.    Cone-bearing. 

Connate.    United  congenitally. 

Connective.  The  portion  of  a  stamen  which 
connects  the  two  cells  of  the  anther. 

Connivent.  Coming  into  contact;  con- 
verging. 

Conoidal.    Nearly  conical. 

Convergent.    Approaching  each  other. 

Convolute.    Rolled  up  longitudinally. 

Cordate.  Heart-shaped  vrith  the  point 
upward. 

Coriaceous.    Leathery  in  texture. 

Conn.  The  enlarged  fleshy  base  of  a  stem, 
bulb-like  but  solid. 

Corolla.  The  inner  perianth,  of  distinct  or 
connate  petals. 

Coroniform.    Shaped  like  a  crown. 

Corrugate.     Wrinkled  or  in  folds. 

Corymb.  A  flat-topped  or  convex  open  flower- 
cluster,  in  the  stricter  use  of  the  word  equiv- 
alent to  a  contracted  raceme  and  progressing 
in  its  flowering  from  the  margin  inward. 

Corymbose.     In  corymbs,  or  corymb-like. 

Cosmopolite.  Found  in  most  parts  of  the 
globe  (of  plants). 

Costa.    A  rib  ;  a  midrib  or  mid-nerve. 

Costate.  Ribbed ;  having  one  or  more  lon- 
gitudinal ribs  or  nerves. 

Cotyledons.  The  foliar  portion  or  first  leaves 
(one,  two,  or  more)  of  the  embryo  as  found 
in  the  seed. 

Craferiform.  In  the  shape  of  a  saucer  or 
cup,  hemispherical  or  more  shallow. 


Creeping.  Running  along  or  under  the 
ground  and  rooting. 

Crenate.  Dentate  with  the  teeth  much 
rounded. 

Crenulate.    Finely  crenate. 

Crested,  Cristate.  Bearing  an  elevated  ap- 
pendage resembling  a  crest. 

Crown.  An  inner  appendage  to  a  petal,  or 
to  the  throat  of  a  corolla. 

Cruciate.    Cross-shaped. 

Crustaceous.     Of  hard  and  brittle  texture. 

Cucullate.    Hooded  or  hood-shaped  ;  cowled. 

Culm.     The    peculiar  stem    of   sedges    and 


Cuneate.  AVedge-shaped ;  triangular  with 
the  acute  angle  downward. 

Cuspidate.  Tipped  with  a  cusp,  or  sharp 
and  rigid  point. 

Cyimdraceous.  Somewhat  or  nearly  cy- 
lindrical. 

Cyme.  A  usually  broad  and  flattish  deter- 
minate inflorescence,  i.  e.  with  its  central 
or  terminal  flowers  blooming  earliest. 

Cymose.    Bearing  cymes  or  cyme-like. 

Deciduous.    Not  persistent ;  not  evergreen. 

Decompound.  More  than  once  compound  or 
divided. 

Decumbent.  Reclining,  but  with  the  summit 
ascending. 

Decurrent  (leaf).  Extending  down  the  stem 
below  the  insertion. 

Decurved.    Curved  downward. 

Decussate.  Alternating  in  pairs  at  right 
angles,  or  in  threes. 

Definite.  Of  a  constant  number,  not  ex- 
ceeding twenty. 

Deflexed.  Bent  or  turned  abruptly  down- 
ward. 

Dehiscent.  Opening  regularly  by  valves, 
slits,  etc  ,  as  a  capsule  or  anther. 

Deltoid.     Shaped  like  the  Greek  letter  A. 

Dentate.  Toothed,  usually  with  the  teeth 
directed  outward. 

Denticulate.    Minutely  dentate. 

Depressed.     Somewhat  flattened  from  above. 

Di-,  Dis-.  A  Greek  prefix  signifying  two  or 
twice. 

Diadelphous  (stamens).  Combined  in  two 
sets.  « 

Diandrous.    Having  two  stamens. 

Dicarpellary.    Composed  of  two  carpels. 

Dicholomous.    Forking  regularly  by  pairs. 

Dicotyledonous.    Having  two  cotyledons. 

Didymous.     Twin  ;  found  in  pairs. 

Didynamous  (stamens).  In  two  pairs  of  un- 
equal length. 

Diffuse.    Widely  or  loosely  spreading. 

Digitate.  Compound,  with  the  members 
borne  in  a  whorl  at  the  apex  of  the  support. 

Dimerous  (flower).  Having  all  the  parts  in 
twos. 

Dimidiate.  In  halves,  as  if  one  half  wert> 
wanting. 


GLOSSARY. 


m 


Dimorphous.    Occurring  in  two  forms. 

DurrioHS.  Unisoxuiil,  witli  the  two  kinds  of 
flowers  on  separate  plants. 

Discoid.  Rescuiblingadisk.  Discoid  head, 
in  Conipositjc,  one  without  ray-flowers. 

Disk.  A  lievelopnient  of  tlie  receptjicle  at  or 
around  the  base  of  tlie  pistil.  I  n  Conipositic, 
the  tubular  flowers  of  the  bead  as  distinct 
from  the  ray. 

Dissected.  Cut  or  divided  into  numerous 
segments. 

Dissepiment.  A  partition  in  an  oTary  or 
fruit. 

Distichous.    In  two  vertical  ranks. 

Distinct.    Separate  ;  not  united  ;  evident. 

J)ii'aficate.     Widely  divergent. 

Dirergeiit.     Inclined  away  from  each  other. 

Divided.     Ix)bed  to  the  base. 

Dorsal.  Upon  or  relating  to  the  back  or 
outer  surface  of  an  organ. 

Druixu'i'ons.  Resembling  or  of  the  nature 
of  a  drupe. 

Drupe.  A  fleshy  or  pulpy  fruit  with  tJie  in- 
ner portion  of  the  pericarp  (1-oelled  and  1- 
seeded,  or  sometimes  several-celled)  hard  or 
stony. 

Drupelet.     A  diminutive  drupe. 

E-  or  Ex-.  A  I.Atin  prefix  having  often  a 
privative  signification,  as  ebracteate,  with- 
out bracts. 

Echinate.    Beset  with  prickles. 

Effuse.     Very  loosely  spreading. 

Elater.  A  usually  spirally  marked  thread 
found  in  the  capsules  of  most  Ilepaticse. 

Ellipsoidal.  Nearly  elliptical  ;  of  solids,  el- 
liptical in  outline. 

Elliptical.    In  the  form  of  an  ellipse  ;  oval. 

Emarginnte.  Having  a  shallow  notch  at  the 
extremity. 

Embryo.  The  rudimentary  plantlet  within 
the  seed. 

Endocarp.    The  inner  layer  of  a  pericarp. 

Endogenous.  Growing  throughout  the  sub- 
stance of  the  stem,  instead  of  by  superficial 
layers. 

Entire.    Without  toothing  or  division. 

Ephemeral.     I^jisting  only  for  one  day. 

Epidermis,  The  cuticle  or  thin  membrane 
covering  the  outer  surfiice. 

Epigynous.  Growing  on  the  summit  of  the 
ovary,  or  apparently  so. 

Epiphyte.  A  plant  growing  attached  to  an- 
other plant,  but  not  parasitic  ;  an  air-plant. 

Epnrose.     Without  pores, 

Equitanf.  Astride,  u.«ed  of  conduplicate 
leaves  which  enfold  each  other  in  two  ranks, 
OS  in  Iris. 

Erect.  Vertical ;  upright  as  respects  the 
plane  of  the  base. 

Erase.     As  if  gnawed. 

Exnlbuminous.     Without  albumen. 

Ed-current.  Running  out,  as  a  nerve  of  a 
leaf  projecting  beyond  the  margin. 


Exfoliating.    Cleaving  off  in  thin  layers. 
Exoyeiums.       Growing   by     annular    layers 

near  the  surlace  ;   belonging  'o  ihe  Exugeufl. 
Exsrrttd.     Proje<-ting  beyond  an  envelope, 

as  Ktaniens  fronj  a  corolla. 
Extrorse.     Facing  outward. 

Falcate.  Scythe-shaped ;  curved  and  flat, 
tapering  gradually. 

Farinaceous.  Containing  starch  ;  starch- 
like. 

Fitrinose.  Covered  with  a  meal-like  powder. 
Fascicle.     A  clo.se  bundle  or  cluster. 

Fastigiate  (branches).  Erect  and  near  to- 
gether. 

Ferruginous.    Rust-color. 

Fertile.  Capable  of  producing  fruit,  or  pro- 
ductive, as  a  flower  having  a  pistil,  or  an 
anther  with  pollen. 

Fibrillose.  Furnished  or  abounding  with 
fine  fibres. 

Filirous.  Compased  of  or  resembling  fibres. 
Fibrous  tissue,  a  tissue  formed  of  elon- 
gated thick-walled  cells. 

Fibro-vascular.  Composed  of  woody  fibres 
and  ducts. 

Filament.  The  part  of  a  .stamen  which  sup- 
ports the  anther;  any  thread-like  body. 

Filamentous.     Compo.sed  of  threads. 

Filiferous.     Thread-bearing. 

Filiform.  Thread-shaped  ;  long,  slender, 
and  terete. 

Fimbriate.     Fringed. 

Fimbrillate.     Having  a  minute  fringe. 

Fingered.     Digitate. 

Fistlilar.     Hollow  and  cylindrical. 

Flaccid.     Without  rigidity  ;  lax  and  weak. 

Fleshy.  Succulent ;  juicy  ;  of  the  consist- 
ence of  flesh. 

Flexuous.  Zigzag  ;  bending  alternately  in 
opposite  directions. 

Floccose.  Clothed  with  locks  of  soft  hair  or 
wool. 

Folinceous.  Leaf-like  in  texture  or  appear- 
ance. 

-foliate.     Having  leaves. 

-foliolate.     Having  leaflets. 

Follicle.  A  fruit  consisting  of  a  single  car- 
pel, dehiscing  by  tlie  ventral  suture. 

Follirular.     Like  a  follicle. 

Forked.     Divide<l  into  nearly  equal  branches. 

Foniicate.  Arched  over,  as  the  corona  of 
some  Borracinacese.  closing  the  throat. 

I'ree.     Not  ndnate  to  other  organs. 

Friable.     Knsily  crumbled. 

Frond.  The  leaf  of  Ferns  and  some  other 
Cryptogams;  a\ito  in  some  Phirnopams.  as 
in  Lemnaceir,  where  it  serves  for  stem  as 
well  a.s  foliage. 

Emit.  The  .<«'ed  hearing  product  of  a  plant, 
simple,  compound,  or  aggregated,  of  what- 
ever form. 

Fugiwious.     Falling  or  fading  very  early. 

Funicle.     The  free  stalk  of  an  ovule  or  seed 


742 


GLOSSARY. 


Fuscous.    Grayish-brown. 
Fusiform.     Spindle-shaped ;   swollen  in  the 
middle  and  narrowing  toward  each  end. 

Galea.     A  hooded  or  helmet-shaped  portion 

of  a  perianth,  as  the  upper  sepal  of  Aconi- 

tum,  and  the  upper  Up  of  some  bilabiate 

corollas. 
Galeate.     Helmet-shaped  ;  having  a  galea. 
Gamopetalous.     Having  the   petals  of  the 

corolla  more  or  less  united. 
Gamophijllous.     Composed     of    coalescent 

leaves,  sepals,  or  petals. 
Gemma.    A  bud  cr  body  analogous  to  a  bud 

by  which  a  plant  propagates  itself. 
Gemmipat'ous .     Producing  gemmae. 
Geniculate.    Bent  abruptly,  like  a  knee. 
Gibbous.    Protuberant  or  swollen   on   one 

side. 
Glabrate.    Somewhat  glabrous,  or  becoming 

glabrous. 
Glabrous.     Smooth;  not  rough,  pubescent, 

or  hairy. 
Gland.     A  secreting  surface   or  structure ; 

any  protuberance  or  appendage  having  the 

appearance  of  such  an  organ. 
Glandular.    Bearing  glands  or  of  the  nature 

of  a  gland. 
Glaucous.     Covered    or    whitened    with    a 

bloom. 
Globose,  Globular.     Spherical  or  nearly  so. 
Glochidiate.     Barbed  at  the  tip. 
Glomerate.     Compactly  clustered. 
Glumaceous.     Furnished  with  or  resembling 

glumes. 
Glume.     One  of  the  chaffy  bracts  of  the  in- 
florescence of  Grasses. 
Granular.     Composed  of  small  grains. 
Gregarious.     Growing  in  groups  or  clusters. 
Gymnospe.rmous.    Bearing      naked     seeds, 

without  an  ovary. 
Gynandrous.    Having    the   stamens   borne 

upon  the  pistil,  as  in  Orchidaceae. 
Gynohase.    An  enlargement  or  prolongation 

of  the  receptacle  bearing  the  ovary. 

Habit.    The  general  appearance  of  a  plant. 
Halberd-shaped.     The  same  as  Hastate. 
Hastate.     Like  an  arrow-head,  but  with  the 

basal  lobes  pointing  outward  nearly  at  right 

angles. 
Head.     A  dense  cluster  of  sessile  or  nearly 

sessile  flower.^  on  a  very  short  axis  or  re- 
ceptacle. 
Heart-shaped.     Ovate  with  a  sinus  at  base. 
Herb.     A  plant  with  no  persistent  woody  stem 

above  ground. 
Herbaceous.     Having  the  characters  of  an 

herb ;  leaf-like  in  color  and  texture. 
Heterocarpons.     Producing  more  than  one 

kind  of  fruit. 
Heterogamous.    Bearing     two     kinds     of 

flowers. 


Hilum.  The  scar  or  point  of  attachment  of 
the  seed. 

Hirsute.  Pubescent  with  rather  coarse  or 
stiff  hairs. 

Hispid.  Beset  with  rigid  or  bristly  hairs  or 
with  bristles. 

Hlspidulous.    Minutely  hispid. 

Hoary.  Grayish-white  with  a  fine  close 
pubescence. 

Homogamous.  Bearing  but  one  kind  of 
flowers. 

Hooded.     Shaped  like  a  hood  or  cowl. 

Hyaline.     Tran.^parent  or  translucent. 

Hyt/rid.     A  cross-breed  of  two  species. 

Hypogynous.  Situated  on  the  receptacle  be- 
neath the  ovary  and  free  from  it  and  from 
the  calyx  ;  having  the  petals  and  stamens 
so  situated. 

Imbricate.  Overlapping,  either  vertically  or 
spirally,  where  the  lower  piece  covers  the 
base  of  the  next  higher,  or  laterally,  as  in 
the  aestivation  of  a  calyx  or  corolla,  where 
at  least  one  piece  must  be  wholly  external 
and  one  internal. 

Immersed.  Growing  wholly  under  water ; 
wholly  covered  by  the  involucral  leaves,  as 
sometimes  the  capsule  in  Hepaticae. 

Incised.  Cut  sharply  and  irregularly,  more 
or  less  deeply. 

Included.  Not  at  all  protruded  from  the  sur- 
rounding envelope. 

Incubous  (leaf).  Having  the  tip  or  upper 
margin  overlapping  the  lower  margin  of 
the  leaf  above. 

Incumbent  (cotyledons).  Lying  with  the 
back  of  one  against  the  radicle. 

Indefinite  (stamens).  Inconstant  in  number 
or  very  numerous. 

Indehiscent.  Not  opening  by  valves,  etc. ; 
remaining  persistently  closed. 

Indigenous.  Native  and  original  to  the 
country. 

Indurated.     Hardened. 

Indusium.  The  proper  (often  shield-shaped) 
covering  of  the  sorus  or  fruit-dot  in  Ferns. 

Inequilateral.     Unequal-sided. 

Inferior.  Lower  or  below  :  outer  or  anterior. 
Inferior  ovary,  one  that  is  adnate  to  the 
calyx. 

Inflated.    Bladdery. 

Inflorescence.  The  flowering  part  of  a  plant, 
and  especially  the  mode  of  its  arrangement. 

Infra-.  In  composition,  below ;  as  infra- 
axillary,  below  the  axil. 

Innorafion.     An  offshoot  from  the  stem. 

Inserted.     Attached  to  or  growing  out  of. 

Inter-  or  intra-.     In  composition,  between. 

Interfoliaceous.  Between  the  leaves  of  a 
pair,  as  the  stipules  of  many  Rubiaceae. 

Internode.  The  portion  of  a  stem  between 
two  nodes. 

Intramargincd,  Within  and  near  the 
margin. 


GLOSSARY. 


•43 


Tntrorse.    Turned  inward  or  toward  the  axifl. 
Jnroluccl.     A  secondary  involucre,  u«  that  of 

an  umbellet  in  Umhellilera?. 
InrulucvUali,     Ilaviug  an  involucel. 
Involucral.     Belonging  to  an  involucre, 
Incolucrate.     Having  an  involucre. 
Involucre.    A  circle  or  collection  of  bracts 

Hurrounding  u  (lower  cluster  or  head,  or  a 

single  dower. 
Involute.     Rolled  inward. 
Irrnjular  (tiower).     :?howing  inequality   in 

the  size,  forui,  or  union  of  its  similar  parts. 

Jufaceous.  Resembling  a  catkin  in  ap- 
pearance. 

Keel.  A  central  dorsal  ridge,  like  the  keel  of 
a  boat;  tlie  two  anterior  united  petals  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower. 

Kidney -shaped.  Crescentic  with  the  ends 
broad  and  rounded ;  reniform. 

Labiate.     Lipped  ;  belonging  to  the  Labiatse. 

Lacerate.     Irregularly  cleft  as  if  torn. 

Laciniate.  Slashed  ;  cut  into  narrow  pointed 
lobes. 

Lamella.  A  thin  flat  plate  or  laterally  flat- 
tened ridge. 

Lanceolate.  Shaped  like  a  lance-head, 
broadest  above  the  base  and  narrowed  to 
the  apex. 

Lateral.     Belonging  to  or  borne  on  the  side. 

Lax.     Loose  and  slender. 

Leaflet.  A  single  division  of  a  compound 
leaf. 

Legume.  The  fruit  of  the  I>eguminosae, 
formed  of  a  simple  pistil  and  usually  dehis- 
cent by  both  sutures. 

Lef/uminoiis.  Pertaining  to  a  legume  or  to 
th«'  Leguminoste. 

Lenticular.  licntil-shaped  ;  of  the  shape  of 
a  double-convex  lon.s. 

Lfjiidote.     Beset  with  small  scurfy  scales. 

Li(/ulate.     Furnished  with  a  ligule. 

Li(/ule.  A  strap-shaped  corolla,  as  in  the 
ray-flowers  of  Compositai :  a  thin  ecarious 
projection  from  the  summit  of  the  sheath 
in  Gni.xses. 

I/diannuK.  Lily-like ;  belonging  to  the 
Liliaceae. 

Limit.  The  expanded  portion  of  a  gamopet- 
alous  corolla,  above  the  throat ;  the  ex- 
panded portion  of  any  petal,  or  «>f  a  leaf. 

Linear.  I/>ng  and  narrow,  with  parallel 
margins. 

Lip.  E  ich  of  the  upper  and  lower  divisions 
of  a  bilahiate  corolla  or  calyx  ;  the  peculiar 
upper  petal  in  Orchids. 

Lobe.  Any  segment  of  an  organ,  especially 
if  rounded. 

Lobfd.     Divided  into  or  bearing  lobes. 

-locular.     In  composition,  having  cells. 

lA^ruliciilal .  Dehiscent  into  the  cavity  of  a 
cell  through  the  dorsal  suture 


Lunate.     Of  the  shape  of  a  half-moon  or 

crescent. 
LuHulate.     Diminutive  of  Lunat«. 
Lyrate.     IMnnatifid  with  a  large  and  rounded 

terminal  lobe,  and  the  lower  lobes  small. 

Macrosport.  The  larger  kind  of  spore  in 
Selaginellaceoe,  etc. 

MarcrHcent.     Withering  but  persistent. 

Marginal.     Along  or  near  the  edge. 

Manjinale.  Furni.slied  with  a  border  pe- 
culiar in  texture  or  appearance. 

Mealy.     Farinaceou.s. 

Membranaceous,  Mtmbranous.  Thin  and 
rather  soft  and  more  or  k-.^s  translucent. 

Meui.scoid.     Concavo-convex. 

Mericarp.  One  of  the  acbcue-like  carpels  of 
Umbelliferae. 

-merous.  In  composition,  having  parts,  as 
2nierous,  having  two  parts  of  carh  kind. 

Micropyle.  The  point  upon  the  seed  at 
which  was  the  orifice  of  the  ovule. 

Microspore.  The  smaller  kind  of  spore  in 
i-'elaginellaceae,  etc. 

Midrib.     The  centnil  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf. 

Mitriform.     Shaped  like  a  mitre  or  cap. 

Monadelphous  (stamens).  United  by  their 
filaments  into  a  tube  or  column. 

Moniliform.  Re.«enibling  a  string  of  beads  ; 
cylindiical  with  contractions  at  intervals. 

Monocot yledonous.  Having  but  one  coty- 
ledon. 

Monoecious.  With  stamens  and  pistils  in 
separate  flowers  on  the  same  plant. 

Mucilaginous,    t'limy  ;  containing  mucilage. 

^fucro.     A  short  and  small  abrupt  tip. 

Mucronnte.     Tijijied  with  a  mucro. 

Multifid.     Cleft  into  many  lobes  or  segments. 

Muricate.     Rough  with  short  hard  points. 

Muriculate.    Very  finely  muricate. 

Naked.  Bare;  without  the  usual  covering  or 
appendages. 

Nectary.  Any  place  or  organ  where  nectar 
is  secreted. 

Nectariferous.    Producing  nectar. 

Nerve.  A  simple  or  unbranched  vein  or 
slender  rib. 

Node.  The  place  upon  a  stem  which  nor- 
mally bears  a  leaf  or  whorl  of  leaves. 

Nodose.     Knotty,  or  knobby, 

Nuch'its.  The  germ-cell  of  the  ovule,  which 
by  fertilization  becomes  the  seed;  the  ker- 
nel of  a  seed. 

Numerous.     Indefinite  in  number. 

Nut.  A  hard  indehis«'ent  Icelleil  and  1- 
BtH'ded  fruit,  though  usually  resulting  from 
a  compound  ovary. 

Nutlet.     A  diminutive  nut. 

Ob-.     A   Latin   prefix,   usually  carrying  the 

idea  of  inversion. 
OlTom/in  ssi'd.     Compressed  dorso  vcntrally 

instead  of  laterally 


744 


GLOSSARY. 


Obconically.     Inrersely  conical,  haying  the 

attachment  at  the  apex. 
Obcordate.    Inverted  heart-shaped. 
Oblanceolate.     Lanceolate  with  the  broadest 

part  toward  the  apex. 
Oblique.     Unequal-sided  or  slanting. 
Oblong.     Considerably  longer  than  broad  and 

with  nearly  parallel  sides. 
Obovate.     Inverted  ovate. 
Obovoid.    Having  the  form  of  an  inverted  egg. 
Obsolete.     Not  evident ;  rudimentary. 
Obtuse.     Blunt  or  rounded  at  the  end. 
Ocrea.    A  leggin-shaped  or  tubular  stipule. 
Ocreate.     Having  sheathing  stipules. 
Ochroleucous.     Yellowish-white. 
Officinal.    Of  the  shops ;   used  in  medicine 

or  the  arts. 
Oospore.     The  fertilized  nucleus  or  germ-cell 

of  the  archegonium  in  Cryptogams,  from 

which  the  new  plant  is  directly  developed. 
Opaque.     Dull ;  not  smooth  and  shining. 
Operculate.     Furnished  with  a  lid. 
Opercuhim.     A  lid;  the  upper  portion  of  a 

circumscissile  capsule. 
Orbicular.     Circular. 
Orthotropous  (ovule  or  see:l).     Erect,  with 

the  orifice  or  micropyle  at  the  apex. 
Oval.     Broadly  elliptical. 
Ovary.     The  part  of  the  pistil  that  contains 

the  ovules. 
Ovate.     Egg-shaped ;  having  an  outline  like 

that  of  an  egg,  with  the  broader  end  down- 
ward. 
Ovoid.    A  solid  with  an  oval  outline. 
Ovule.    The   body   which  after  fertilization 

becomes  the  seed. 
Ovuliferous.    Bearing  ovules. 

Palate.  A  rounded  projection  of  the  lower 
lip  of  a  personate  corolla,  closing  the  throat. 

Paleaceous.    Chaffy. 

Palet.  The  upper  thin  chaffy  or  hyaline 
bract  which  with  the  glume  encloses  the 
flower  in  Grasses. 

Palmate  (leaf).     Radiately  lobed  or  divided. 

Palmately.    In  a  palmate  manner. 

Panicle.  A  loose  irregularly  compound  in- 
florescence with  pedicellate  flowers. 

Panicled,  Paniculate.  Borne  in  a  panicle  ; 
resembling  a  panicle. 

Papilionaceous  (corolla).  Having  a  stand- 
ard, wings,  and  keel,  as  in  the  peculiar  co- 
rolla of  many  Leguminosge. 

Papillose.  Bearing  minute  nipple-shaped 
projections. 

Pappus.  The  modified  calyx-limb  in  Com- 
positae,  forming  a  crown  of  very  various 
character  at  the  summit  of  the  achene. 

Parasitic.  Growing  on  and  deriving  nour- 
ishment from  another  plant. 

Parietal.  Borne  on  or  pertaining  to  the  wall 
or  inner  surface  of  a  capsule. 

Parted.    Cleft  nearly  but  not  quite  to  the 


Partial.    Of  secondary  rank. 

Pectinate.    Pinnatifid  with  narrow  closelj 

set  segments ;  comb-like. 
Pedate.    Palmately  divided  or  parted,  with 

the  lateral  segments  2-cleft. 
Pedicel.    The  support  of  a  single  flower. 

Pedicell'ite.     Borne  on  a  pedicel. 
Peduncle.     A  primary  flower-stalk,  support- 
ing either  a  cluster  or  a  solitary  flower. 
Pedunculate.     Borne  upon  a  peduncle. 

Peltate.  Shield-formed  and  attached  to  the 
support  by  the  lower  surface. 

Pendulous.  More  or  less  hanging  or  de- 
clined. Pendulous  ovule,  one  that  hangs 
from  the  side  of  the  cell. 

Perennial.    Lasting  year  after  year. 

Perfect  (flower).  Having  both  pistil  and 
stamens. 

Perfoliate  (leaf).  Having  the  stem  appar- 
ently passing  through  it. 

Perianth.  The  floral  envelope,  consisting  of 
the  calyx  and  corolla  (when  present),  what- 
ever their  form  ;  in  Hepaticae,  the  inner  usu- 
ally sac-like  involucre  of  the  archegonium. 

Pericarp.    The  matured  ovary. 

Perigijnium.  The  inflated  sac  which  encloses 
the  ovary  in  Carex. 

Perigynous.  Adnate  to  the  perianth,  and 
therefore  around  the  ovary  and  not  at  its 
base. 

Persistent.  Long-continuous,  as  a  calyx 
upon  the  fruit,  leaves  through  winter,  etc. 

Personate  (corolla).  Bilabiate,  and  the  throat 
closed  by  a  prominent  palate. 

Petal.     A  division  of  the  corolla. 

Petaloid.    Colored  and  resembling  a  petal. 

Petiolate.     Having  a  petiole. 

Petiole.    The  footstalk  of  a  leaf. 

Phfenogarnous.  Having  flowers  with  stamens 
and  pistils  and  producing  seeds. 

Phyllodium.  A  somewhat  dilated  petiole 
having  the  form  of  and  serving  as  a  leaf- 
blade. 

Pilose.     Hairy,  especially  with  soft  hairs. 

Pinna  (pi.  Pinnrr).  One  of  the  primary  di- 
visions of  a  pinnate  or  compoundly  pinnate 
frond  or  leaf 

Pinnate  (leaf).  Compound,  with  the  leaflets 
arranged  on  each  side  of  a  common  petiole. 

Pinnatifid.    Pinnately  cleft. 

Pinnule.  A  secondary  pinna;  one  of  the  pin- 
nately disposed  divisions  of  a  pinna. 

Pistil.  The  seed -bearing  organ  of  the  flower, 
consisting  of  the  ovary,  stigma,  and  style 
when  present. 

Pistillate.  Provided  with  pistils,  and,  in  its 
more  proper  sense,  without  stamens. 

Pitted.  Marked  with  small  depressions  or 
pits. 

Placenta.  Any  part  of  the  interior  of  the 
ovary  which  bears  ovules. 

Plane.     Flat ;  with  a  flat  surface  or  surfaces. 

Plicate.  Folded  into  plaits,  usually  length- 
wise. 


GLOSSARY. 


745 


Plumose.     Haying  fine  hairs  on  each  side, 
like  the  plume  of  a  feather,  as  the  pappus- 
bristloa  of  Thistles. 
Plumule.     The  bud  or  growing  point  of  the 
embryo. 

y*Of/.     Any  dry  and  dehiscent  fruit. 
Pointed.     Acuminate. 

Pollen.  The  fecundating  grains  contained 
in  the  anther. 

PollinifiTous.    Bearing  pollen. 

Polliiiiui7i  (pi.  PoUinia).  A  mass  of  waxy 
pollen  or  of  coherent  pollen-grains,  as  in 
Asclepias  and  Orehids. 

Polypetalous.     ILiviiig  separate  pet^iU. 

Pome.  A  kind  of  fleshy  fruit  of  which  the 
apple  is  the  type. 

Porose.    Pierced  with  small  holes  or  pores. 

Posterior.  In  an  axillary  flower,  on  the  side 
nearest  to  the  axis  of  inflorescence. 

J'osticous.     On  the  posterior  side  ;  extrorse. 

Prcemorse.    Appearing  as  if  bitten  off 

Prickle.  A  small  spine  or  more  or  less  slen- 
der sharp  outgrowth  from  the  bark  or  rind. 

Prismatic.  Of  the  shape  of  a  prism,  angular, 
with  flat  sides,  and  of  nearly  uniform  size 
throughout. 

Procumbent.     Lying  on  the  ground. 

Proliferous.     Producing  offshoots. 

Prostrate.    Lying  flat  upon  the  ground. 

Proteroffynous.  Having  the  stigma  ripe  for 
the  pollen  before  the  maturity  of  the  an- 
thers of  the  same  flower. 

Prothallus.  A  cellular  usually  flat  and 
thallus-like  growth,  resulting  from  the 
germination  of  a  spore,  upon  which  are 
dcTcloped  sexual  organs  or  new  plants. 

Pseudaxillary.  Terminal  but  becoming 
apparently  axillary  by  the  growth  of  a  lat- 
eral branch. 

Pseudo-costate.  FalsD-ribbed,  as  where  a 
marginal  vein  or  rib  is  formed  by  the  con- 
fluence of  the  true  veins. 

Pteridophytes.  Fern-plants ;  Ferns  and 
their  allies. 

Puberulent.    Minutely  pubescent. 

Pubescent.  Covered  with  hairs,  especially 
if  short,  soft  and  downy. 

Punctate.  Dotted  with  depressions  or  with 
translucent  internal  glands  or  colored  dots. 

Puncticulate.     Minutely  punctate. 

Pungent.  Terminating  in  a  rigid  sharp 
point;  acrid. 

Putamen.  The  shell  of  a  nut ;  the  bony 
part  of  a  stone-fruit. 


Quadrate.     Nearly  square  in  form. 


Raceme.  A  simple  inflore.scenceof  podicelled 
flowers  upon  a  common  more  or  less  elon- 
gated axis. 

Racemose.  In  racemes ;  or  resembling  a 
raceme. 


Radiate.    Spreading  from  or  arranged  around 

a  common  centre  ;  U-ariiig  ray-flowem. 
luKliral.     Belonging  to  or  proceeding  from 
the  nx)tor  base  of  the  stem  near  the  ground. 

Radicle.  The  portion  of  the  embrjo  IhjIow 
the  cotyledons,  more  properly  called  th« 
cauilicle. 

Radiculose.     Bearing  rootlets. 

J'tiuirdl.     Belonging  to  a  branch. 
lUiinijlcatiDn.     Bmnching. 

Ray.  The  branch  of  an  uiuUA  ;  the  marginal 
flowers  of  an  inflorejicence  when  distinct 
from  the  disk. 
Uictptarle.  The  more  or  less  expanded  or 
produced  portion  of  an  axis  which  Ijcarsthe 
organs  of  a  flower  (the  torus)  or  the  col- 
lected ilowers  of  a  head  ;  any  similar  struc- 
ture in  Cryptogams. 

Recurred.     Curved  downward  or  backward. 

Rejlexvd.  Abruptly  bent  or  turned  down- 
ward. 

Rt(/ul(ir.     Uniform  in  shape  or  structure. 

Rtniform.     Kidney-shaped. 

Repand.  With  a  slightly  uneven  and  some- 
what sinuate  margin. 

Re.'ii)iiferous.     Producing  resin. 

Reticulate.  In  the  form  of  network;  net- 
veined. 

Retrorse.     Directed  back  or  downward. 

Rettise.  With  a  shallow  notch  at  a  rounded 
apex. 

Rerolufe.  Rolled  backward  from  the  mar- 
gins or  apex. 

R/i(i(his.  The  axis  of  a  spike  or  of  a  com- 
pound leaf. 

R/iaphe.  The  ridge  or  adnate  funicle  which 
in  an  anatropous  ovule  connects  the  two 
ends. 

Rhizome.  Any  prostrate  or  8ubt€rranean 
stem,  usually  rooting  at  the  nodes  and  be- 
coming erect  at  the  apex.  Very  variable  in 
character,  and  including  morphologically 
the  tuber,  corm,  bulb,  etc. 

Rhombic,  li'homboidal.  Somewhat  loaenge* 
shaped;  obliquely  four  sided. 

Rib.     A  primary  or  prominent  vein  of  a  leaf. 

Ringent.  Gaping,  as  the  mouth  of  an  open 
bilabiate  corolla. 

Root.  The  underground  part  of  a  plant  which 
supplies  it  with  nourishment. 

Rootstock.    Same  as  Khiennie. 

Rostrate.     Having  a  beak  or  spur. 

Rosnlate.     In  the  form  of  a  rosette. 

Rotate  (corolla).  Wheel-shaped ;  flat  and 
circular  in  outline. 

Rotund.     Rounded  in  outline.  .* 

Rudiunnt.  A  very  partially  developed  or- 
gan ;  a  vestige. 

Rudimentary.     But  slightly  developed. 

Ru/ous.     Reddish  brown. 

Rugose.     Wrinkled. 

Runcinate.  Sharply  incited,  with  the  seg- 
ments directed  backward. 

Runner.    A  filiform  or  verv  slender  ftolon- 


746 


GLOSSARY. 


Saccate.    Sac-shaped. 

Sagittate.     Shaped  like  an  arrow-head,  the 

basal  lobes  directed  downward. 
Salver-shaped  (corolla).    Having  a  slender 

tube  abruptly  expanded  into  a  flat  limb. 
Samara.    An  indehiscent  winged  fruit. 
Scabrous.     Rough  to  the  touch. 
Scalariform  (vessels).      Having  transverse 

markings  like  the  rounds  of  a  ladder. 
Scape.     A  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground, 

naked  or  without  proper  foliage, 
Scapose.    Bearing  or  resembling  a  scape. 
Scarious.     Thin,  dry,  and  membranaceous, 

not  green. 
Scorpioid  (inflorescence).     Circinately  coiled 

while  in  bud. 
Scurf.     Small  bran-like  scales  on  the  epi- 
dermis. 
Scymltar-shaped  (leaf).     Curved  with  a  flat- 
triangular  section,  the  straighter  edge  the 

thickest. 
Seed.    The  ripened  ovule,  consisting  of  the 

embryo  and  its  proper  coats. 
Segment.    One  of  the  parts  of  a  leaf  or  other 

like  organ  that  is  cleft  or  divided. 
Sepal.     A  division  of  a  calyx. 
Septicidnl  (capsule).     Dehiscing  through  the 

partitions  and  between  the  cells. 
Septum.    Any  kind  of  partition. 
Serrate.     Having  teeth  pointing  forward. 
Serrulate.     Finely  serrate. 
Sessile.     Without  footstalk  of  any  kind. 
Setaceous.     Bri.^Mo  like. 
Setose.     Beset  with  bristles. 
Setulose.     Having  minute  bristles. 
Sheath.     A  tubular  envelope,  as  the  lower 

part  of  the  leaf  in  Grasses. 
Sheathing.     Enclosing  as  by  a  sheath. 
Shrub.     A  woody  perennial,  smaller  than  a 

tree. 
Silicle.    A  short  silique. 
Silique.     The  peculiar  pod  of  Cruciferse. 
Silk-;/.     Covered  with  clo.'-e-pressed  soft  and 

straight  pubescence. 
Simple.     Of  one  piece;  not  compound. 
Sinuate.     With   the  outline  of  the   margin 

strongly  wavy. 
Sinus.      The   cleft  or   recess   between    two 

lobes. 
Smooth.     Without  roughness  or  pubescence. 
Sarus  (pi.  Sori).     A  heap  or  cluster,  applied 

to  the  fruit-dots  of  Ferns. 
Spadix.     A  spike  with  a  fleshy  axis. 
Spathf.    A  laree  bract  or  pair  of  bracts  en- 
closing an  inflorescence. 
Spatulate.     Gradually  narrowed  downward 

from  a  rounded  summit. 
Spicate.     Arranged  in  or  resembling  a  spike. 
Spiciform.     Spike-like. 
Spike.     A  form  of  simple  inflorescence  with 
the  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so  upon  a  more 
or  less  elongated  common  axis. 
Spikelet.     A  small  or  secondary  spike. 
Spindle-shaped.     Same  as  Fusiform. 


Spine.    A  sharp  woody  or  rigid  outgrowth 

from  the  stem. 

Spinose.     Spine-like,  or  having  spines. 

Sporangium.     A.  spore-case. 

Spore.  The  reproductive  organ  in  Crypto- 
gams which  corresponds  to  a  seed. 

Sporocarp.  The  fruit-cases  of  certain  Cryp- 
togams containing  sporangia  or  spores. 

Spur.  A  hollow  sac-like  or  tubular  exten- 
sion of  some  part  of  a  blossom,  usually 
nectariferous. 

Squamuln.  A  reduced  scale,  as  the  hypogy- 
nous  scales  in  Grasses. 

Squarroi<e.  Having  spreading  and  project- 
ing processes,  such  as  the  tips  of  involucral 
scales. 

Squamdose.     Diminutively  squarrose. 

Stamen.  One  of  the  pollen-bearing  or  fer- 
tilizing organs  of  the  flcwer. 

Stam'niodium.  A  sterile  stamen,  or  any 
structure  without  anther  corresponding  to 
a  stamen. 

Standard.  The  upper  dilated  petal  of  a 
papilionaceous  corolla. 

Stellate,  Stelliform.    Star-shaped. 

Stem.     The  main  ascending  axis  of  a  plant. 

Sterile.  Unproductive,  as  a  flower  without 
pistil,  or  stamen  without  an  anther. 

Stigma.  That  part  of  a  pistil  through 
which  fertilization  by  the  pollen  is  ef- 
fected. 

Stigmatic.  Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of 
the  stigma. 

Stipe.  The  stalk-like  support  of  a  pistil : 
the  leaf- stalk  of  a  Fern, 

St'ipitate.     Having  a  stipe. 

StipuUir.     Belonging  to  stipules. 

Stipulate.     Having  stipules. 

Stipule.  An  appendage  at  the  base  of  a  peti- 
ole or  on  each  side  of  its  insertion. 

Stolon.  A  runner,  or  any  basal  branch  that 
is  disposed  to  root. 

Stoloniferous.     Producing  stolons. 

Stoma  (pi.  Stomata).  An  orifice  in  the  epi- 
dermis of  a  leaf  communicating  with  inter- 
nal air-cavities. 

Striate.  Marked  with  fine  longitudinal  lines 
or  ridges. 

Strict.     Very  straight  and  upright. 

Strigose.  Beset  with  appressed  sharp 
straight  and  stiff'  hairs. 

Strobih'.  An  inflorescence  marked  by  im- 
bricatai  bracts  or  scales,  as  in  the  Hop  and 
Pine-cone. 

Strophiole.  An  appendage  at  the  hilum  ot 
certain  seeds. 

Stiile.  The  usually  attenuated  portion  of  the 
pistil  connecting  the  stigma  and  ovary. 

Stylopodium.    A  disk-like  expansion  at  the 

base  of  a  style,  as  in  Umbelliferae. 
Suh-.    A    Latin    prefix,    usually    signifying 

somewhat  or  slightly. 
Subulate.  Awl-shaped. 
Succubous  (leaves).     Having  the  upper  mar- 


GLOSSARY. 


747 


gin  of  a  leaf  covered  bj'  the  bago  of  the  one 
above. 

Succiifenf.    Juicy;  fleshy. 

Sujf)-ittcsccnt.  Slightly  or  obscurely 
shrubby. 

Suffi'iiticose.  Very  low  and  woo  ly  ;  dimin- 
utively shrubby. 

Sulcate.    Grooved  or  furrowed. 

Superior  ( ovary \     Free  from  the  calyx. 

Suspended  (ovule),  llangiug  from  the  apex 
of  the  cell. 

Suture.     A  line  of  dehiscence. 

Symniefricaf  (flower).  Regular  as  to  the 
number  of  it.^^  p;irt^  ;  having  the  same  num- 
ber of  parts  in  each  circle. 

Synonym.    A  superseded  or  unused  name. 

Tail.     Any  slender  terminal  prolongation. 

Terete,     llavinga circular  trau.sverse  section. 

Tennindl.     At  or  belonging  to  the  apex. 

Ternary.    Consisting  of  three. 

Ternate.    In  threes. 

Tetrad ynaiiWHS  Having  four  long  and  two 
shorter  stamens. 

Tetrayona'.     Four-angled. 

Thalamijiornus.  Having  the  parts  of  the 
flower  hypogynous. 

Thai  laid,  Thai  lose.     Resemliling  a  thallus. 

Thallus.  In  Cryptogams,  a  cellular  expan- 
sion taking  the  place  of  stem  and  foliage. 

Throat.  The  orifice  of  a  gamopetalous  co- 
rolla or  calyx  ;  the  pxrt  between  the  proper 
tube  and  the  limb. 

Thyrse.  A  contracted  or  ovate  and  usually 
compact  panicle. 

Thyrsoid.    Resembling  a  thyrse. 

Tomentose.  Densely  pubescent  with  matted 
wool. 

Tooth.    Any  small  marginal  lobe. 

Torose.  Cylindrical  with  contrtictions  at  in- 
tervals. 

Torulose.     Diminutive  of  Torose. 

Torus.     The  receptacle  of  a  flower. 

Transverse.  Across ;  in  a  right  and  left 
direction. 

Tri-.    In  composition,  three  or  thrice. 

TriandroHS.     Having  three  stamens. 

Trifoliolafc.     Having  three  leaflets. 

Trigonous.    Three-angled. 

Trimorphous.    Occurring  under  three  forms. 

Triquetrous.  Having  three  salient  angles, 
the  sides  concave  or  channelled. 

Truncate.  Ending  abruptly,  as  if  cut  off 
transversely. 

Tuber.  A  thickened  and  short  subterranean 
branch,  having  numerous  buds  or  eyes. 

Tubercle.     A  small  tuber  or  tuber-like  body. 

Tuberiferous.     Bearing  tubers. 

Tuberous.  Having  the  character  of  a  tuber  ; 
tuber-like  in  appearance. 

Tumid.     Swollen 

Tunicatcd.  Having  concentric  coats,  as  an 
onion 


Turhiuatf.     Top-shaped  ;  Inversely  conical 
Ticiniuy.     Winding  spirally  about  a  support. 

Umbel.     An  Inflorescence  In  which  a  cluKtor 

of  peduncles  or  pedicels   spring  from   the 

same  point. 
Umbellate.     In  or  like  an  umln-l. 
Umbellet.     A  8ecoiidar>  umbel. 
Umlionate.     Bearing  a  stout   projection  in 

the  centre ;  bos.-cd. 
Underleaves.     The  small  accessory  leaves  or 

stipules  on  the  under  side  of  the  htem  in 

IlepaticoD. 
Uudulafe.     Willi  a  wavy  surface;  repaiid. 
Unijuiculate.    Contracted  at    base    into  a 

claw. 
Uni-.     In  composition,  one. 
Unisexual.    Of  one  s«'X,  either  staminate  or 

pistillate  only. 
Urceolate.     Hollow  and  cylindrical  or  ovoid, 

and  contracted  at  or  below  the  mouth,  like 

an  urn. 
Uti'icle.     A  small   bladdery    1-sceded   fruit; 

any  small  bladder-Uke  body. 

VaJcate.  Opening  by  valves,  as  a  capsule ; 
in  aestivation,  meeting  by  the  edges  without 
overlapping. 

Valve.  One  of  the  pieces  into  which  a  cap- 
sule spli's. 

Vascular     Furnished  with  vessels  or  ducts. 

Veins.  Threads  of  fibro-va.scular  tissue  in  a 
leaf  or  other  organ,  especially  those  which 
branch  (as  distinguished  from  nerves). 

Ventral.  Belonging  to  the  anterior  or  inner 
face  of  an  organ  ;  the  opposite  of  dorsal. 

Ventricose.  Swelling  unequally,  or  inflated 
on  one  side. 

Vernation.  The  arrangement  of  leaves  in 
the  bud. 

J\rrucose.  Covered  with  wart-like  eleva- 
tions. 

}'ersatile  (anther).  Attached  near  the  mid- 
dle and  turning  freely  on  its  support. 

Vertical.  Perpendicular  to  the  horizon ; 
longitudinal. 

Verticillate.     Dispo.«ed  in  a  whorl. 

J'esicle.     A  small  bladder  or  air-cavity. 

Vesicular,  Vesirulose.  Composed  of  or 
covered  with  vesicles. 

J'illous.     Bearing  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Virfiati  .  Wand-shaped  ;  slender,  straight 
and  erect 

Viscid.    Glutinous;  sticky. 

Whorl .     An  nrmngement  of  leaves,  etc  ,  iu 

a  circle  round  the  stem. 
}Vin(j.     Any  membnmous  or  thin  expansion 

bordering  or  surrounding  an  organ  :    the 

lateral  petal  of  a  papilionareou"  corolla. 
]Vo<>lhi.     Clothed  with  long  and  tortuous  or 

matted  huirs. 


INDEX. 


[SvNONVMs  IN  Italics.] 


Abele 

486 

Alopecunis 

645 

Apple,  May 

63 

Abies 

492,  492 

Althaea 

97 

Thoru 

377 

Abronia 

425 

Aluui-root 

171 

Apple-ol-l'eru 

376 

Abutilon 

99 

Alyssum 

•>8 

Aquilegia 

46 

Acaoia,  Rose 

134 

AMARANTACE.E 

427 

Arahis                         65.  71,  72 

Acalypha 

459 

Auiarantus  (Amaranthi) 

427 

AKACE.E 

548 

ACANTHACE^ 

399 

AMARYLLlUACK-fi 

515 

Aralia 

212 

Acer 

117 

Ainuri/Uis 

735 

Araliace.« 

212 

Acerates 

339, 343 

Ambrosia 

273 

Arbor-vitie 

493 

Achillea 

289 

Amelanchier 

166 

Arbutus,  Trailing 

315 

Acnida 

429 

Amianthium 

535 

Arceuthobiuui 

450 

Aconitum  (Aconite) 

46 

Aminannia          184 

185 

,183 

Archa>i(/elica     201, 

202,205 

Winter 

45 

Amniopliila 

6JJ 

,(551 

Arc/wnwra 

202 

Acorus 

551 

Amorpha 

131 

Arctium 

295 

Act;ea 

47 

Ampelopsis 

115 

Arctostaphylos 

315 

Actinella 

287 

Aniphiachyris 

243 

Arenaria 

85,733 

Actinotueris 

281,  2S1 

Amphicarpaea 

146 

Arethusa 

5(.4 

Adam-and-Eve 

499 

Amphicarpum 

634 

Argemone 

69,733 

Adam's  Needle 

524 

Amsonia 

337 

Argythamnia 

459 

Adder's-mouth 

498 

ANACARDIACEiB 

118 

Aritama 

549 

Adder's-tongue 

695 

Anachnris 

496 

Aristida 

639 

Yellow 

528 

Anagallis 

asi 

Aristolochia 

445 

Adenocaulon 

269 

Anaphalis 

268 

ARISTOLOCHIACtS 

444 

Adiantum 

6S0 

Andromeda 

316 

Arnica 

292 

Adluuiia 

60 

AndropogOQ 

637 

(j:is 

Arrhenatherum 

651 

Adonis 

40 

Androsace 

329 

Arrow-grass 

667 

Adoxa 

216 

Androstephium 

522 

Arrowhead 

654 

jEgo  podium 

208 

Anemone 

36 

Arrow-wood 

217 

^<cayDomene 

137 

Rue 

39 

Artemisia 

290 

^sculus 

115 

Anemonella 

38 

Artichoke,  Jerusalem 

-{*?r 

iEthusa 

205 

Aneura 

72;j 

Arum 

650 

Agave 

616 

Angelica 

201 

Arrow 

649 

Agrimonia  (Agrimony)        161 

Angelica-tree 

210 

1  )ragon 

549 

Agrop^Tum 

671 

Anonac:;.« 

60 

Water 

660 

Jyrostemma 

85 

Antenn.iria 

267 

26S 

Arundinaria 

674 

Agrostis 

647 

Anthemis 

288 

Arundo 

658 

Ailanthus 

x07 

Authoceros 

726 

A^arabacca 

444 

Aira 

652,  652 

Anthocerotace^b 

726 

Asarum 

444,734 

Ajuga 

406 

Authoxanthum 

639 

ASCLKPIADACR* 

338 

Alciiemilla 

161 

Anthriscus 

206 

Asclepias 

839 

Alder 

472 

Antirrhinum 

380 

Asclepiodora 

839 

Black 

109 

A  nychia 

426 

Ascyrum 

92 

White 

322 

Apera 

649 

Ash 

335 

Aletris 

512 

Ai)hanostephu8 

263 

Mountain 

ir>4 

Alfalfa 

129 

A|)hyllon 

394 

Prickly 

106 

Alisma 

6.-)4 

Api'antrum 

209 

Aspanigus 

625 

ALISMACEiE 

553 

Apios 

144 

Aspen 

486 

Alligator  I'ear 

446 

A]>ium 

209 

AspiTUgo 

861 

Allium 

521,  5?2 

A  plectrum 

499 

Asphodel,  Bog 

.\32 

Allosorus 

<>S3 

AplojMippus 

245 

False 

6;J2 

Allspice,  Carolina 

167 

AP0CVNACE;B 

337 

Aspidium 

686 

Wild 

447 

Apocynum 

338 

Asplenium 

683 

Alnus 

472 

Apple 

164 

Asprella 

674 

Aloe,  American 

616 

Baiwim 

195 

Aster 

266 

False 

616 

Crab 

164 

acuminata 

264 

750 

INDEX. 

Aster  (Bstivus 

262 

Ballota 

420 

Blite,  Sea 

435 

auiethystinus 

260 

Balm 

412 

Strawberry 

432 

angustus 

261 

Bee 

414 

Blitum 

432,  433 

auomalus 

258 

Horse 

406 

Bloodroot 

58 

azureus 

258 

Balm-of-Gilead 

487 

Bloodwort  Family 

512 

carntus 

261 

Balsam 

105 

Bluebell 

364 

coucinaus 

260 

Balsam  Poplar 

487 

Blueberry 

312 

concolor 

258 

BaneLierry 

47 

Bluebottle 

297 

cordifolius 

259 

Baptisia 

125 

Blue-curls 

405 

corymbosus 

205 

Bcirbarea 

70 

Blue-hearts 

388 

diffusus 

261 

Barberry 

52 

Blue-joint 

660,  671 

Drumuiondii 

259 

Barley 

672 

Blue-stem 

671 

duuiosus 

2d0 

Bartonia 

352 

Blue-tangle 

311 

erieoides 

260 

Bartsia 

392 

Bluets 

223 

Fendleri 

257 

Basil 

409,  412 

Blue-weed 

367 

flexuosus 

264 

Bass-wood 

loi 

Boehmeria 

466 

gracilis 

256 

Bay,  Loblolly 

96 

Bois  d'Arc 

464 

graiidiflorus 

257 

Bed 

447 

Boltouia 

253 

Heiveyi 

256 

Rose 

320 

Bonamia 

370 

iiifirmus 

263 

Bay berry 

469 

Boueset 

241 

junceus 

26::; 

Buz^auia 

710 

Borage  Family 

360 

Isevis 

259 

Bean.  Indian 

399 

BOKRAGINACE^ 

3ti0 

lioanifolius 

263 

Kidney 

144 

Borrichia 

277 

Lindleyaiius 

259 

Sacred 

55 

Botrychium 

693 

linifo/lun 

264 

Wild 

144 

Bouncing  Bet 

83 

longifulius 

262,  262 

Bearberry 

315 

Bouteloua 

655 

macrophyllus 

256 

Beard-tongue 

381 

Bowniau's-root 

154 

miser 

261 

Beckmanuia 

628 

Boxberry 

316 

modestus 

257 

Bedstraw 

225 

Box-elder 

118 

multitlorus 

260 

Beech 

479 

Boykiuia 

170 

nenioralis 

264 

Blue 

474 

Brachychaeta 

253 

Novae-Angliae 

257 

Water 

474 

Brachyelytrum 

644 

Novi-Belgii 

262 

Beech-drops 

394 

Bracken 

681 

oblongifolius 

257 

False 

326 

Brake 

681 

paludutius 

255 

Beggar-lice 

362 

ClifiF 

682 

pauiculatus 

261 

Beggar-ticks 

284 

Rock 

682 

patens 

258 

Belauicanda 

515 

Bramble 

154 

patulus 

262 

Bellflower 

308 

Braseuia 

55 

polyphyllus 

2t)0 

Bellis 

253 

Brassica 

72 

preuanthoides 

263 

Bellwort 

527 

Breweria 

370 

ptaruiit'oides 

264 

Benjauiin-bush 

447 

Brickellia 

241 

puuiious 

263 

BERBEIUDACEiB 

52 

Briza 

663 

radula 

256 

Berberis 

52 

Brizopijrum 

663 

sagittifolius 

259 

Berchemia 

111 

Bromkliace-e 

511 

Balicit'olius 

261 

Berganiot,  Wild 

414 

Bronms 

669 

sericeus 

257 

Berlnndiera 

271 

Brooklime,  American 

386 

Shortii 

258 

Berula 

207 

Brockweed 

332 

simplcjc 

261 

Be  tony,  Wood 

31)2 

Broom 

127 

spectabilis 

256 

Betula 

471 

Broom -rape 

895 

subulatus 

264 

Bidens 

284 

Naked 

394 

surculosus 

256 

Bigelovia 

245 

Brunella 

418 

tarditiorus 

2(52 

Bignonia 

398 

Brunnichia 

443 

tenuifolius 

261,  264 

BlGNOMACE^ 

398 

Brvanthus 

318 

Tradescanti 

261,  261 

Bilberry 

312 

Buchloe 

657 

turbinellus 

259 

Bilsted 

180 

Buchnera 

388 

unibellatus 

263 

Bindweed 

369 

Buckbean 

&53 

undulatus 

258 

Black 

442 

Buckeye 

115 

vimineus 

260 

Birch 

471 

Buckthorn 

111,  332 

virgatus 

259 

Birthroot 

530 

Buckwheat 

443 

Aster,  Golden 

244 

Birthwort 

445 

Climbing  False 

443 

White -topped 

254 

Bishop"s-cap 

171 

Buda 

89 

Asterella 

729 

Bishop  weed,  Mock 

209 

BufiFalo-berry 

449 

Astilbe 

169 

Bitter-nut 

469 

Buffalo-nut 

451 

Astragalus 

134 

Bittersweet 

373 

Bugbane 

47 

Atamasco  Lily 

516 

Chmbing  or  Shrubby    110 

False 

39 

Atriplex 

433 

Bitter-weed 

273 

Bugle  weed 

408 

Atropis 

668 

Blackberry 

155 

Bugloss 

367 

Avena 

353 

Bladder  Ketmia 

100 

Bugseed 

434 

Avens 

156 

Bladdernut 

118 

Bulrush 

578 

Awlwort 

69 

Bladderwort 

395 

Bunielia 

332 

Azalea 

320 

Blasia 

724 

Bunchberry 

214 

Alpine 

322 

Blazing-star 

242.  532 

Bunch-tlower 

533 

Azolla 

701 

Blepharostoma 

'711 

Bupleurum 

206 

Blepharozia 

709 

Burdock 

295 

Baccharis 

266 

Blephilia 

415 

Burmannia 

497 

Baked-apple  Berry 

154 

Bh'tia 

501 

Burmanniacejb 

496 

Baidwinia 

285 

Blite,  Coast 

432 

Burnet 

161 

INDEX. 

7ol 

Burning-bash 

110 

Carex  bromoides 

fil9 

Carex  miliacea 

601 

liur-iiL-a 

647 

bullaUi 

5m 

uiili.iriH 

69;i 

Bultfr-und-eggs 

379 

Jiiij  hiinmii 

59y 

mii'iiliiUa 

622 

Buttercup 

40 

canet'ceiiH 

618 

uioiiiie 

6&4 

Butterlly-weed 

3KJ 

capillaris 

W3 

MuhlentM.Tgti 

617 

Butternut 

4tJ7 

capitatu 

617 

niurit-iitii 

616 

Butterweod 

265,  2i»8 

Carr\ana 

6()8 

Muckingumenpis 

620 

Butterwort 

3:<7 

ca.stane.i 

6(J3 

nigio-niurginata 

613 

Buttoa-bu8h 

224 

cephaloidea 

617 

Niirvtgica 

619 

ButtDuweed 

225 

ceplialophora 

617 

Nuva'-Angll« 

611,  612 

Buttoiiwood 

464 

chordorliizji 

«)U 

(J-.iltti 

m; 

conuiiunid 

612 

o.igo<nrpa 

607 

Cabbage,  Skuuk 

650 

coinosti 

596 

olij;<>.x|>«Tma 

69.1 

C'iiboiubti 

55 

conjuiicta 

614 

Ohu  III 

695 

Cacalia 

294 

conoidua 

6<i7 

palU'Mcns 

6(n; 

Cactace.« 

196 

Cniwei 

6(J6 

jidfiiihisd 

69S 

Cactus  Family 

196 

crinitjt 

601 

panicea 

609 

Cakile 

74 

cristahi 

620 

paucitiora 

692 

CaUu/inm 

550 

Crus-curvi 

614 

|x-(liinculata 

610 

Calaniagrostis 

649,  »351 

Davi.sii 

(W5 

IViinHylvanica 

612 

Calamiut 

411 

dcbilis 

604,  dot 

pirta 

610 

Calaiiiintba 

411 

decoMiposita 

G14 

jiiiii/itis 

621 

Calamus 

557 

deflexa 

611 

piaiit^iginea 

6(»:» 

Calico- busli 

319 

Do we V ana 

619 

platyjiliylla 

60H 

Calla 

550 

di-italis 

608 

polymorpba 

6051 

Callicarpa 

403 

dititiclui 

615 

polytricboidea 

613 

Callirrboe 

m 

eburnea 

610 

pracox 

612 

Callitriche 

182 

eeliiiiata 

618 

prasina 

601 

Calluna 

318 

Emmonsii 

611 

Pwudo-Cyperufl 

69«) 

Caloplianes 

400 

exilis 

«il7 

ptyduK-arpa 

6C« 

Calopogoa 

504 

extensa 

606 

pubewens 

613 

Caltba 

44 

filiformis 

597 

pit/Id 

694 

Calycantuace« 

167 

Jiftccuspcrma 

fR)5 

rariliora 

602 

Calycanthus 

167 

flava 

606 

retrnrurva 

608 

Calycocarpum 

51 

Hexilis 

6<3 

rctrnjkxa 

616 

Cali/pogeia 

713 

foenea 

621,  «:':^ 

retrorsa 

598 

Calypso 
Catyste(/ia 

499 

foUiculata 

592 

Ricbardsoni 

610 

369,  370 

formosa 

6(15 

rifjida 

689 

Camassia 

523 

Fraseri 

613 

riparia 

&m 

Camelina 

69 

fusca 

599 

rosea 

616 

Camellia  Family 

95 

gigantea 

593 

rostratd 

692 

Campanula 

308 

(jlabni 

604 

rotuiuldtd 

693 

CAMPANULACE.K 

307 

glaucodea 

605 

SJilina 

601 

Campion 

83 

gracillima 

6<" 

S'lltuensis 

609 

Camptosorus 

685 

gr.iudis 

693 

Sartwellii 

615 

Cancer-root 

394 

granulans 

605 

scabnita 

697 

Cane 

674 

gravida 

615 

Scbweinitzii 

695 

Cannabis 

463 

Grayii 

692 

Rcirpoidea 

611 

Caper  Family 

74 

grisea 

605 

sciriioUUs 

618 

CAfPARIDACE-B 

74 

gynandra 

601 

pccparia 

620 

CAPHlFOLIACEiE 

216 

gyuocrates 

617 

i>burtiaua 

5!l»> 

Capsella 

73 

hirta 

597 

gi.cata 

619 

Cam  way 

208 

Ilitchcockiana 

607 

filicea 

621 

Cardaminc 

64 

Ilougbtonii 

5! '7 

sfmrt^anioidea 

616 

Canlinal-tlower 

305 

hystricina 

6!H5 

Kiiuarrosa 

696 

CanUuis 

296 

intumescens 

6!«2 

st,llitld(a 

618 

Carex 

587 

irrigua 

(i02 

stenolepis 

696 

a<rutiformi8 

598 

Jamesii 

613 

dtenopbyila 

614 

ailusta 

621,  631 

Knuakemii 

603 

Sti  iitlflii 

613 

aestivalia 

604 

Ifif/d/xxtinides 

620 

Htipata 

614 

aldfd 

622 

laniif^inosa 

697 

.stnimiuea 

621 

alopecoidea 

615 

laxiculmid 

608 

PtriatA 

697 

alpina 

598 

laxilluni 

607 

sfricta 

699 

aitf/nsttita 

600 

lenticularis 

600 

pubulata 

692 

apt  rfa 

600 

lepnrina 

(rj2 

Siillintntii 

6«»5 

a^juatilid 

60() 

limosa 

(i02 

8>clmoci'pb»la 

622 

arctd 

619 

I  hint  Id 

599 

teneila 

616 

arctata 

603 

littomlis 

602 

tentaculata 

69-. 

an-naria 

616 

livida 

61t> 

tenuillora 

619 

ar'uld 

620 

lonnirostria 

6<W 

t4>retiu.«cula 

614 

aristdta 

598 

lupulifnrmia 

6i»3 

tctanica 

609 

strata 

599 

lupulina 

m'.\ 

T..rieyi 

an; 

auroa 

610 

luridii 

693,  5!t5 

tortJi 

ei^ 

Backii 

613 

Miigellanica 

6<)2 

tril'uloides 

tW) 

Jinrrattii, 

6rr2 

maritima 

601 

triceps 

G02 

R'hhii 

620 

M,d,r,i 

60«) 

tricbiN-arpa 

.'.".« 

Boot  t  tana 

611 

Michauxiaaa 

592 

trispenua 

619 

752 

INDEX. 

Carex  Tuckermani 

594 

Cherry,  Ground 

375 

Compass-plant 

270 

umbel  lata 

612 

Sand 

152 

Composite 

230 

utriculata 

594 

Chervil 

206 

L'omptonia 

470 

vaginata 

609 

Chess 

670 

Cone-flower 

270 

varia 

611,  612 

Chestnut 

479 

Purple 

275 

Vaseyi 

594 

Horse 

115 

Conifers 

489 

Tenusta 

604 

Chick  weed 

86 

Couioselinum 

202 

vestita 

597 

Forked 

426 

Couium 

209 

Tirescens 

602 

Indian 

198 

Conobea 

383 

vitills 

618 

Jagged 

87 

Couocephalus 

728 

vulgaris 

599 

Mouse-ear 

88 

Conopholis 

394 

vulpinoidea 

615 

Chicory 

298 

Convallaria 

524 

WlUdeuoTU 

613 

Chiloscyphus 

716 

CONVOLVULACE^ 

367 

Woodii 

609 

Chimaphila 

322 

Convolvulus 

369 

Carnation 

83 

Chinquapin 

479 

Coptis 

45 

Carpetweed 

198 

Water 

55 

Coral-berry 

220 

Carpinus 

474 

Chiogenes 

314 

Coral-root 

500 

Carrion-flower 

520 

Chionanthus 

337 

Corallorhiza 

500 

Carrot 

201 

Chives 

522 

Corema 

488 

Carum 

208 

Chokeberry 

164 

Coreopsis 

281 

Carya 

468 

Chondrilla 

303 

Corispermum 

434 

CARY0PHTLLACE;E 

82 

Chrysanthemum 

289 

CORNACEiE 

213 

Cashew  Family 

118 

Chrysogonum 

271 

Cornel 

214 

Cassandra 

317 

Chrysopogon 

638 

Corn-salad 

228 

Cassena 

108 

Chrysopsis 

244 

Cornus 

214 

Cassia 

147 

Chrysosplenium 

172 

Coronilla 

138 

Cassiope 

318 

Cichorium 

298 

Corpse-plant 

325 

Castanea 

479 

Cicuta 

208 

CorydaUs 

61 

Castilleia 

390 

Cimicifuga 

47 

Corylus 

473 

Castor-oil  Plant 

460 

Cinna 

649 

Cottonwood 

487 

Catalpa 

399 

Cinquefoil 

158 

Cowberry 

314 

Cat-brier 

519 

Circaea 

193 

Cowslip 

321 

Catchfly 

83 

Cirslum 

295,  296 

American 

328 

Catgut 

133 

Cissus 

114 

Virginian 

364 

Catmint 

416 

CiSTiCILE 

76 

Cow-wheat 

393 

Catnip 

416 

Cladium 

586 

Crab-apple 

164 

Cat-tail  Flag 

547 

Cladothrix 

734 

Cranberry 

312,  314 

Caucalis 

201 

Cladrastis 

126 

Cranberry-tree 

217 

Caulophyllum 

52 

Clary 

413 

Cranesbill 

103 

Ceanothus 

112 

Claytonia 

91,  733 

Crantzia 

205 

Cedar,  Red 

494 

Clear-weed 

4(35 

Crassdlace^ 

176 

White 

493,  494 

Cleavers 

225 

Crataegus 

165 

Cedronella 

416 

Clematis 

35 

Cress,  Bitter 

64 

Celandine 

58 

CItome 

75,  733 

Mouse-ear 

72 

CZLASTRACE^ 

109 

Cleomella 

75 

Penny 

73 

Celastrus 

110 

Clethra 

322 

Rock 

65 

Celtis 

463,734 

Clintonia 

527 

Spring 

65 

Cenchrus 

634 

Clitoria 

145 

Swine 

74 

Centaurea 

297 

Clotbur 

274 

Water 

69 

Centaury 

347 

Cloudberry 

154 

Winter 

70 

Centrosema 

145 

Clover 

128 

Crepis 

300 

Centunculua 

332 

Bush 

141 

Cross  vine 

398 

Cephalanthus 

234 

Prairie 

132 

Crotalaria 

127 

Cephalozia 

711 

Sweet 

129 

Croton 

457 

Cerastium 

88 

Club-moss 

695,  697 

Crotonopsis 

458 

CeRATOPHTLLACE;E 

488 

Cnicus 

295,  297 

Crowberry 

487 

Ceratophyllum 

488 

Cocculus 

51 

Broom 

488 

Cercis 

147 

Cochlearia 

70 

Crowfoot 

40 

Cesia 

723 

Cockle 

85 

Crown-beard 

280 

Cheerophyllum 

206,  209 

Cocklebur 

274 

Cruciffk^ 

61 

Chaetopappa 

253 

Coelopleurum 

205 

Cry  J)  sis 

640 

ChafiFsced 

391 

Coffee,  Wild 

219 

Cryptogramme 

682 

Chaffweed 

332 

Coffee-tree,  Kentuckj 

148 

Cryptotaenia 

207 

Chamaecyparis 

493 

Cohosh 

47,  52 

Ctenium 

654 

Chamjelirium 

531 

Colic-root 

512 

Cuckoo-flower 

65 

Chamaesaracha 

374 

Collinsia 

380 

Cucumber 

194 

Chamomile 

288 

CoUinsonia 

406 

Bur 

195 

Wild 

289 

CoUomia 

356 

Cucumber-root 

Indian      529 

Charlock 

72.74 

Coltsfoot 

291 

Cucumber-tree 

49 

Cheat 

670 

Sweet 

292 

Cucurbita 

196 

Checkerberry 

316 

Columbine 

45 

CUCURBITACE^ 

194 

Cheilanthes 

681 

Columbo,  American 

352 

Cudweed 

268 

Chelidonium 

58 

Comandra 

450 

Culver's-physic 

386 

Chelone 

381 

Comfrey 

367 

Culver"s-root 

386 

Chenopoduceje 

430 

Wild 

362 

Cunila 

409 

Chenopodium 

431 

Commelina 

538, 

Cuphea 

186 

Cherry 

151 

COMU£UNAC£A 

&-38I 

Cup-plant 

271 

INDEX. 


753 


Cupressus 

493 

Dlsporum 

526 

Cup«;ed 

51 

Dixtic-hiU                    668 

,735 

OLPbUKER* 

470 

DitUiuy 

409 

Currant 

174 

Dock 

437 

liidiau 

220 

l>ruirie 

270 

Cuscuta 

3G9 

.Spatter 

5o 

Cuiiitard -apple  Family 

50 

Dockuiackie 

218 

C)clanthera 

19U 

Dodder 

370 

Cycloloma 

431 

Dodecatheon 

328 

CyuioptcruB 

203 

Dogbane 

333 

Cynoiion 

054 

Dogwood 

211 

Cynoglossum               362 

,  3(J3 

Draba 

67 

Cynt/iia 

298 

Draeocephalum 

416 

Cypeuacelb 

5G7 

Dragon-head 

41G 

Cyperus 

6G9 

False 

419 

Cypress 

493 

Dragon-root 

549 

CyprfPS-Tlne 

308 

Droscra 

178 

Cypripcdium 

510 

Droseuace^ 

178 

Cystopteris 

089 

Dryas 

157 

Cytisus 

127 

Duck'p-meat 

552 

Duckweed 

552 

Dactylis 

663 

Dulichium 

573 

Dacttjloctenium 

G50 

Dumortiera 

729 

Dahoon  Holly 

108 

Dutc  hman'  s-breeches 

GO 

DaL.y 

253 

Dutchman's-pipe 

445 

Ox-eve 

289 

iMvalia 

729  ; 

White 

289 

Dyer's-weed 

^S| 

Dalea 

132 

Dysodia 

288 

Dalibarda 

156 

Dame's-violet 

71 

Fjitonia 

659 

Dandelion 

303 

Ebe-nacejb 

333 

Dwarf 

297 

Ebony  Family 

333, 

Fall 

29l» 

Echinacea 

275 

False 

303 

Echiuooystis 

195 

Dangleberry 

311 

Echinodorus 

656 

Danthonia 

654 

Echinospermum 

3G2 

Daphne 

.^48 

Echium 

3G7 

Darnel 

71 

Eclipta 

274 

Datura 

377 

Eel-gra^s                       496 

,5G5 

Daucus 

201 

Eglantine 

164 

Day- flower 

538 

El^agnace^ 

448 

Dead-nettle 

420 

Ela?agnu.s 

448 

Decodoa 

18G 

ELATINACE.E 

91 

Decumaria 

173 

Elatiue 

91 

Deerberry 

312 

Elder 

217 

Delphinium 

46 

Box 

118 

Dentaria 

64 

Marsh 

272 

Deschau)psia 

652 

Wild 

213 

Deswanthus 

149 

Elecampane 

2G9 

Desniodium 

138 

Eleocharis                      573 

,735  : 

Devil's-bit 

631 

Elephantopus 

237  ! 

Dewberry 

155 

Elephanfs-foot 

237  , 

Det/euxia 

650 

Eleusine 

656  ; 

Dianthera 

401 

Ellisia 

358 

Dianthus 

83 

Elm 

462! 

Diapensia 

326 

Elodea 

4115  ; 

DlAPENSlACE* 

326 

Elodes 

95 

Diarrhena 

6G2 

Elynius 

673 

Dircntni 

60 

EMPETRACEiB 

487 

Dichondra 

3t>8 

Empetrum 

487 

Dicliromena 

577 

Enchanter's  Nightshade 

l!i3 

Dicksonia 

691 

EngelmaDnia 

272 

Didiplis 

184 

Enslenia 

343 

DierviUa 

222 

Epipjra 

315 

Diodia 

225 

Epilobinm 

18,^ 

Dionffa 

179 

Epipactis 

50^ 

Diosrorea 

517 

Rpiphepus 

894 

DiOSCORKACta 

617 

Kqlisktace* 

675 

Diospyros 

33.'} 

Eqnisotum 

676 

Diphyllcia 

53 

Eragrostis 

6<iO 

Dipliichne 

658 

Enmthis 

45 

Diplopiippxis 

2tv3 

Erechtites 

2!4 

Diplophyllum 

715 

Erinnthua 

63G 

DlI'SAOK.* 

221» 

Erica 

318 

Dipsjicus 

22!t 

ERICACEiB 

3"9 

Dirca 

448 

Erigenia 

210 

Discopleura 

209 

Erigeron 

264 

4a6,7: 


Eriocailkji 

Eriuciiulua 

Eriochloa 

Eriugonum 

Eriopiiorum 

Erodium 

Eryngium 

Eryngo 

Erysimum 

Erythrawi 

Erythronium 

Eulophua 

Euonymus 

Eupatorium 

Euphorbia 

EupnouniACEiB 

Euphrasia 

Eustoma 

Evax 

Evening  Primrose  Family 

Everlasting  267, 

Evolvulus 

Eyebright 

Fa?opyrum 

Fagus 

False-mermaid 

Farkleberry 

Fcatherfoil 

Fedia 

Fegatella 

Fennel 

Dog 
Fenncl-tlower 
Fern,  Beech 

Bladder 

Chain 

Christmas 

Cinuamoa 

Climbing 

Cloak 

Filmy 

Flowering 

Lip 

Sensitive 

Shield 

Wood 
Ferns 
Fescue 

Sheep's 

Festuca  666,  6G8 

Fever-bush  447 

Feverfew  289 

Feverwort  219 

Ficoincf  196 

Fig,  Indian  197 

Figwort  880 

Fii.-igo  967 

Filbert  478 

FiLiCES  678 

Fimbriaria  728 

Fimbristylis  677 

Fioriu  647 

Fir  492 

Fire-weed  188,  1.S4 

Five  finger  168 

Flag  518 

Cat-tall  647 

Sweet  551 

Flax  101 

Flea  bane  264 

Marsh  24)6 

Floating-heart  3'>3 

Fla-rkeii  104 

FlcNver-do-luce  513 

FIy-poisi>n  5«'i5 

Foeniculum  206 


666 

666 

629 
34 
582 
IM 
211 
211 
71 
347 
528 
206 
110 
239 
452 
All 
301 
349 
267 
186 
268 
370 
391 

443 
479 
104 
812 


729 
206 

239 

48 
686 
689 
683 
689 
693 
692 
680 


681 

690 


678 
668 


754 

INDEX. 

Fog-fruit 

402 

Goodyera 

503 

Grass,  Ripple 

423 

Forestiera 

386 

Gooseberry 

174 

Rush 

645 

Foiget-me-not 

364 

Goosefoot 

431 

Rve 

671,  673 

Forsteronia 

338 

Gordonia 

96 

Salt 

627 

Fossombrouia 

723 

Gourd  Family 

194 

Sand 

658 

Fothergiila 

179 

Gout-weed 

208 

Scorpion 

364 

Four-o'clock 

425 

Gramine^ 

623 

Scurvy 

71 

Foxberry 

314 

Grape 

113 

Scutch 

654 

Foxglove,  False 

3S9 

Grape  Hyacinth 

523 

Seneca 

639 

Mullein 

338 

Graphephorum 

666 

Sesame 

635 

Foxtail 

634 

Grass  Family 

623 

Shave 

677 

Fragaria 

158 

Grass,  Barnyard 

633 

Soft 

652 

Fraiigula 

112 

Beak 

584 

Spear             663 

665,  668 

Frasera 

352 

Bear 

524 

Spike 

662,  663 

Fraxinus 

335 

Beard             636 

637,  648 

Squirrel-tail 

672 

Fringe-tree 

337 

Bengal 

634 

Star 

512,  516 

Froelichia 

430 

Bent                647, 

648,  649 

Sweet  Vernal 

639 

Frog's-bit,  American 

490 

Bermuda 

654 

Tape 

496 

Frost-weed 

76 

Blue,  English 

664 

Thin 

648 

FruUania 

704,  700 

Blue,  Kentucky 

665 

Timothy 

645 

Fuirena 

583 

Blue-eyed 

515 

Toothache 

657 

Fumaria 

61 

Blue-joint 

650,  671 

Triple-awned 

639 

FUMAKIACE.E 

59 

Blue-stem 

671 

Umbrella 

583 

Fumitory 

61 

Bottle 

634 

Vanilla 

652 

Climbing 

66 

Bottle-brush 

674 

Velvet 

652 

Brome 

669 

Wheat,  Awned 

672 

Gaillardia 

288 

Bufialo 

657 

White 

336 

Galactia 

146 

Bur 

634 

AVhitlow 

67,68 

Galax 

327 

Canary 

638 

Wire 

656,664 

Gale,  Sweet 

469 

Catchfly 

636 

Wood 

638 

Galeopsis 

421 

Cat-s-tail 

644 

Worm 

346 

Galingale 

569 

Cord 

627 

Yard 

656 

Galinsoga 

234,  286 

Cotton 

582 

Yellow-eyed 

537 

Galium 

225 

Couch 

671 

Grass-of  Parnassus 

173 

Gall-of-the-earth 

301 

Crab 

630,  656 

Gra.«s- wrack 

565 

Garget 

436 

Cut,  Kice 

636 

Oratiola 

384 

Garlic 

521 

Deer 

183 

Grfe  .^d,  Dyer's 

519 

Gaultheria 

315 

Ditch 

564 

549 

Gaura 

192 

Dogs-tail 

656 

127 

Gaylussacia 

311 

Drop  seed 

643,  645 

Grimaldia 

729 

Gelsemium 

345 

Eel 

496,  565 

Grindelia 

244 

Genista 

127 

Feather 

6il 

Gromwell 

365 

Gentian 

349 

Fescue 

668 

False 

366 

Horse 

219 

Finger 

630 

Groundnut 

144,  213 

Spurred 

352 

Foxtail 

634,  645 

Groundsel 

2f)2 

Gentiana 

849 

Gama 

635 

Groundsel  tree 

266 

Gentianace^ 

346 

Goose 

226,  668 

Guelder-rose 

218 

Geocalyx 

715 

Hair               644, 

648,  652 

Gum-tree 

215 

Geraniace^ 

102 

Hedgehog 

()34 

Sweet 

180 

Geranium 

103 

Herds 

645,  647 

Gutierrezia 

243 

Feather 

433 

Holy 

639 

Gymuocladus 

148 

Gerardia 

388 

Hungarian 

63i 

Gvmnomitrium 

72i, 722 

Germander 

406 

Indian 

638 

Gymnopogon 

655 

Oeum 

156 

Joint 

629 

Giimnostichum 

674 

Giiia 

356 

June 

665 

Gypsophila 

83 

Gillenia 

154 

Lyme 

673 

Gill-over- the-ground 

416 

Manna 

666 

Habenaria 

606,  506 

Ginger,  Wild 

444 

Marsh 

627 

Hackberry 

463 

Ginseng 

212 

Meadow          663 

665,  667 

Hackmatack 

493 

Glasswort 

434 

Meiic 

662 

HiMOCORACEffl 

512 

Glaucium 

58 

Millet 

642 

Halenia 

352 

Glaux 

asi 

Muskit 

G55 

Halesia 

334 

Gledifcschia 

148 

Oat                  641 

651,654 

HALORAGEiE 

180 

Globe-flower 

45 

Old-witch 

630 

Hamamelide^ 

179 

Glyceria 

666,  66S 

Orange 

95 

Hamamelis 

179 

Glycyrrhiza 

137 

"*       Orchard 

663 

Harbinger-of-spring 

210 

Gnaphalium 

268 

Panic 

629 

Hardback 

153 

Goafs-beard 

153,  298 

Pigeon 

634 

Harebell 

308 

False 

169 

Porcupine 

641 

Harpanthus 

717 

Goat's-rue 

las 

Quaking 

663 

Hart's-tongue 

685 

Golden-club 

551 

Quick,  or  Quitch 

671 

Haw 

166 

Goldenrod 

246 

Rattlesnake 

667 

Black 

219 

False 

253 

Ray 

671 

Hawkbit 

298 

Kavless 

245 

Redtop           647 

,  657,  665 

Hawk  weed 

299 

Goldthread 

45 

Reed 

627,  649 

Hawthorn 

165 

(Jonolohus 

344 

Rib 

423 

Hazel,  Witch 

179 

Good-King-Heury 

432 

Ribbon 

639 

Hazelnut 

473 

INDEX. 


755 


Ileal-all  419 
lleart'8-€afl«                       78,  «1 

Heatlier  818 

Heath  Family  SOU 

Hedeoiua  412 

Hedysarum  138 

Ilelenium  287 

Heleochloa  G44 

Ileliaiitheinum  7lJ 

Helianthua  277 

He  f  iop  hylu  m  3G2 

Heliopsia  1^75 
Heliotropium  (Heliotrope)  'Ml 


Hellebore 

False 
Helleborus 
lloluuiaa 
Ileuierocallis 
ileinicarpha 
Hemlock 

Grouud 

Water 
Hemodoracbj 
Hemp 

ludiau 

Water 
Heubane 
llepatica 

HEPATICiB 

Henicleuiu 

Herb-Robert 

Herba-impia 

Herberta 

Hercules'  Cluo 

Herpestis 

Hes  peris 

Heteranthera 

Heterotheca 

Heuchera 

Hexalectris 

Hibiscus 

Hickory 

Hieracium 

Hierochloe 

High -water  Shrub 

Hippuris 

Hobble-bush 

Hoffuian.-eggia 

Hogweud 

Holcua 

Holly 

Dahoon 

Mountain 
Holosteuui 
Honewort 
Honeysuckle 

Bush 
Ifonlctnya 
Hop 

Hop  tree 
Hordeum 
Uorehound 

Black 

Fetid 

Water 
Hornbeam 

Hop 
Hornvviirt 
Horse-brier 
Horse-chestnut 
Horseradish 
Horse-sugar 
Horsetail 
Horse-weed 
Uosackia 
Hottonia 
Hound's-tongue 


45 
633 

45 
631 
523 
683 
209,  492 
494 
208 
612 
463 

3as 

429 
37G 
34,38 
702 
202 
103 
267 
709 
213 
883 

71 
536 
244 
171 
601 
100 
468 
299 
639 
272 
182 
217 
148 
273 
652 
107 
108 
109 

87 
207 
220 
222 

86 
464 
107 
672 
419 
420 
420 
408 
474 
474 
488 
520 
116 

70 

8a5 

676 
265 
130 


I  HouBtonla 
j  Huckleberry 
I  8(1  uaw 

IIudHonia 
'  llumulus 

Huutsman'S-cup 
j  Hyacinth,  Urupu 

Wild 
I  Hydrangea 
j  Ilydra.sti8 

'   IlYDROCIlARIDACta 

'  Hydrocotyle 
I  Hydrolea 

I  IlYMlorilYLLACEi 

Hydniphyllum 
i  Hynient>callis 
I  llyuienopappufl 
i  Ilyoscyamus 

I   HvPERICACEi 

I  HyiK'ricum 
I  Hypoxia 
Hyssopua  (Ilysaop) 

Uiant 

Hedge 

Ilex 

Iliclne^ 

Illecebrace* 

Ilysanthea 

Impatiena 

ludiau-phyaic 

Indian-pi|>e 

Indian-poke 

Indigo 

False 

Wild 
Indigofera 
Ink  berry 
Innocence 
Inula 
lonidium 
Ipecac,  American 
Ipomcea 
Iresine 
Iriuace^ 
Iris 

Iron  weed 
Iron-wood 
Isanthua 
Isoetea 
I  so  py  rum 
Ilea 
Iva 
Ivy,  American 

Ground 

Poison 


210 


222 
311 
ai2 

76 
464 

67 
623 
623 
173 

48 
495 
7*1 
3)iU 
357 
357 
616 
286 
376 

92 

92 
616 
409 
415 


107 
107 
426 
385 
105 
154 
325 
634 
133 

125,131 
125 
1:33 
109 
223 
269 
81 
l.>4 
3J8 
429 
513 

513,  735 
238 
474 
406 
698 
44 
174 
272 
115 
416 
119 


Jacob's- ladder  357 

Jamestown-weed  377 

Jatropha  457 

Jeffersonia  53 

Jessamine,  Yellow  345 

Jewel-weed  ll>5 

Joe-l've  Weed  2;» 

Jubiila  706 

Jud.Ls-treo  147 

JUULANDACEJi  467 

Juglans  467 

JUNOACKiE  639 

.1  uncus  640 

Juneberry  16«> 
Jung»'rnianniR  710-712,  714, 
71->,  717,  rAV,  718,  7JJ 

J  rsG  ERM  A  N  N  U  C  K.«  702 

Junipcrus  (Juniper)  494 

Jessie  V  187 


Kalmia 

Kantia 

Ketmia,  Bladder 

King-niit 

Kinnikinnik 

Knapwtid 

Knawel 

Knotweod 

Knot  wort  Familj 

Kochia 

K.i-leria 

Kostiletzkya 

Krijiia 

Kr\  nitzkia 

Kuliiiia 

Kylliuga 


Labiat-B 

I^achnanthcA 

Lachnocaulon 

Lactuca 

Lady'a-mantle 

Lady'a-slipper 

Lady'a-thumb 

Lady'a-tressos 

Lauibkill 

I^imb'a-quartcra 

I^mium 

Lampsana 

Laportea 

l^ireh 

Larix 

Ijirkspur 

Lathyrua 

Lai'race.b 

Laurel 

American 

Ground 

Mountain 

Lau  rest  i  una 

Lavender,  Sea 

Lead-plant 

Leadwort  Family 

Leaf-cup 

Ijeather-flower 

Leather-leaf 

Leatherwuod 

Lcavenworthia 

Lechea 

Ledum 

Leek,  Wild 

Leer>ia 

Legl'minos.s 

Leiophyllum 

L^eunea 

Lcuina 

Lemnace.s 

LENTIUll.ARUCtaS 

I>H)ntodon 

Leon urns 

Ix'pachya 

lA>pidium 

liepidozia 

I^jtii/onutn 

Lept(K-ituHs 

I<e)>t<>chloa 

Lfjifojxxlti 

Leptnrus 

Les|H'derA 

lA'SqiienUa 

Lettuce 

I*unb 

White 
Lfucnnthrinum 
Leucothoe 
Lever-wood 


310,  319 
718 
IfJO 
44J8 
214 
2y7 
427 
439 
426 
431 
659 
100 
297 
363 
241 
673 


403 
612 

mi 

9J3 
161 
610 
441 
U)\ 
319 
432 
420,734 
297 
4<;d 
492 

4>a 

46 
143 

446 
319,  321 
319 
815 
819 
217 
827 
131 
827 
269 
»j 
817 
448 


821 


822 

707 
551?,  652 
661 
316 
298 
420 

»n 

78 
710 

89 

209 

666,655 

665,  672 

141 

68 

803 

228 

an 

289 
817 
474 


756 


Liatris 

242,  243 

Ligusticum 

2i;4 

Ligustrum 

337 

LiLIACEJS 

^     517 

Lilium 

529 

Lily 

529 

Atamasco 

51G 

Blackberry 

515 

Day 

523 

Pond 

56 

Water 

55 

Lily-of-the-valley 

524 

Limnanthemum 

353 

Lirunobium 

496 

Limosella 

384 

LlXACEvE 

101 

Linaria 

379 

Lindea 

101 

Lindera 

447 

Ling 

318 

Linngea 

219 

Lin  urn 

101 

Liochlacna 

718 

Lion's- foot 

301  i 

Liparis 

499 

Lipocarpha 

584 

Lippia 

402 

Liquidambar 

179,  180 

Liquorice 

137 

Wild 

226 

Liriodendron 

50 

Listera 

501  i 

Lithospermum 

365 

Litsea 

447 

Littorella 

424: 

Live-forever 

178  i 

Liver-leaf 

38 

Liverworts 

702 

Lizard's-tail 

446, 

LOASACKS 

193 

Lobelia 

305' 

LOBELIACE^ 

305  1 

Loblolly-bay 

96 

Locust 

134] 

Honey 

148 

Water 

149 

LOGAMACELE 

345 

Loiseleuria 

322 

Lolium 

671 

Louicera 

220 

Loosestrife 

185,  330 

False 

187 

Swamp 

186 

Lophaiithus 

415 

Lopbiola 

512 

Lophocolea 

715 

Lopseed 

403 

LORANTHACE^ 

449 

Lousewort 

392 

Lovage 

205 

Lucerne 

129 

Ludwigia 

187 

Lungwort 

363 

Lunularia 

730 

Lupinus  (Lupine) 

128 

Luzula 

546 

Lychnis 

85 

Lycium 

376 

Lycopsis 

367 

LYCOPODIACEiE 

695 

Lycopodium 

695 

Lycopus 

408 

Lygodesmia 

302 

Lygodium 

692 

Lysimachia 

330,  330 

LTTHRACEiB 

184 

LythruiB 

185 

INDEX. 

Madura 

464 

Milkwort,  Sea 

831 

Madder  Family 

222 

Millet 

642 

Madotheca 

708, 709 

Mimulus 

382 

Magnolia 

49 

Mint 

407 

Magxoliace-e 

49 

Cat 

416 

Maianthemum 

526 

Hor^e 

413 

Maidenhair 

680 

Mountain 

409 

Mallow 

97 

Pepper 

407 

False 

98 

Spear 

407 

Glade 

98 

Mirabilis 

425 

Indian 

99 

Mist-flower 

241 

Marsh 

97 

Mistletoe 

450 

Rose 

100 

False 

449 

Malva 

07 

Mitchella 

224 

Maltace^ 

96 

Mitella 

171 

Malvastrum 

98 

Mitreola 

346 

Mamillaria 

197 

Mitrewort 

171,  346 

Mandrake 

53 

False 

171 

Man-of-the-earth 

369 

Moccason-flower 

510 

Maple 

117 

Mocker-nut 

468 

Ash-leaved 

118 

Modiola 

100 

Marchantia 

727 

MoUugo 

198 

Marchamiace^ 

727 

Monarda 

413 

Mare'8-tail 

182 

Moneses 

828 

Marigold,  Bur 

284 

Moneywort 

331 

Fetid 

268 

Monkey-flower 

382 

Marsh 

44 

Monkshood 

46 

Water 

285 

Monotropa 

325 

Marjoram ,  Wild 

411 

Mont  el  ia 

429 

Marrubiuni 

419 

Moonseed 

51 

Marshallia 

286 

Moonwort 

693 

Marsilia 

700 

Moosewood 

443 

Marsiliace^ 

700 

Morning-glory 

368 

Marsupella 

721 

Morus 

464 

Marty  uia 

399 

Moschatel 

216 

Marvel-of-Peru 

425 

Moss,  Black,  or  Long 

511 

Mast  igohry  urn 

710 

Club 

695,  697 

Matricaria 

289 

Flowering 

326 

Matrimony-vine 

376 

Motherwort 

420 

Mayaca 

538 

Mouse- tail 

40 

Mayace^ 

537 

Mud  wort 

384 

May-apple 

53 

Mugwort 

291 

Mayflower 

315 

Mulilenbergia 

643 

May-weed 

288 

Mulberry 

464 

Meadow-beauty 

183 

French 

403 

Meadow-sweet 

153 

Mulfjedium 

804,305 

Medeola 

529 

Mullein 

379 

Medicago 

129 

Munroa 

659 

Medick 

129 

Muscari 

523 

Melampyrum 

393 

Mustard 

72 

Melanthium 

533 

Hedge 

71,72 

Melastomace^ 

183 

Tansy 

72 

Melica 

662,735 

Tower 

66 

Melilotus  (Melilot) 

129 

Treacle 

71 

Melissa 

412 

Wormseed 

71 

Melothria 

196 

Mylia 

717 

Memspermace^ 

51 

Myosotis 

364 

Menispermum 

51 

Myosurus 

40 

Mentha 

407 

Myrica 

469 

Mentzelia 

193 

Myricace^ 

469 

Menyanthes 

a53 

Myriophyllum 

181 

Menziesia 

319 

Myrtle,  Sand 

322 

Mercury,  Three-seeded        459 

Wax 

469 

Mermaid-weed 

181 

Mertensia 

363 

Nabalus 

301,  302 

Metzgeria 

724 

Naiad 

565 

Mezereum 

448 

Naiadace^ 

557 

Micranthemum 

385 

Naias 

565 

Microstylis 

498 

Napaea 

98 

Mignonette 

75 

Nardia 

721 

Mikania 

239 

Nardosmia 

292 

Milfoil 

289 

Narthecium 

532 

Water 

181 

Nasturtium 

69 

Milium 

642 

Neckweed 

887 

Milkweed 

339 

Negundo 

118 

Green 

343 

Ntlumbium 

55 

Milkwort 

120 

Nelumbo 

55 

Nemastylis 

Neniopanthes 

Neniophila 

Nepeta 

Nesiea 

Nettle 

Dead 

False 

Hedge 

Ilcmp 

Horse 

Spume 

Wood 
KettL-tiuo 
Nicandra 
Nicotiana 
Nigella 
Nightshade 

Euchanter's 
Niiuble-Will 
Niuebark 
Nipplewort 
Nonesuch 
NothoUena 
Nothoscordum 
Notothyias 
Nupbar 

NYCTAGINACt« 

Nymphaea 

NyMI'HJIACE-E 

Nyssa 


Oak 

Jerusalem 

PoisoQ 
Oakesia 
Oat 

Sjea 

AVater 

Wild 
Obolaria 
Odontoschisma 
(Euothera 
Oil-uut 
Olden  landia 

OLEACE.t 

Oleaster  Family 
Olive  Family 

ONAGliACELfi 

Onion 
Onoclea 
Onopordon 
Onosmodium 

OPlllOGLOSSACEiE 

Ophiiiglossum 
Opuutia 
Orucbe 
Orange,  Mock 

Osage 
Orange- root 
Orchidace^ 
Orchis 

Crane-fly 

Rein 

Showy 
Origanum 
Ornithogalum 
Orubanchace^ 
Orobanche 
Orontium 
Orpine 
Orthocarpus 
Oryzopsia 
Osier 

Osmorrhiza 
OsmuDda 


INDEX. 

C14 

Ostrya 

474 

109 

Oxalid 

105 

3G8 

Ox-eye                           275 

,  2S9 

41tJ 

Sea 

277 

186 

Oxybapiius 

425 

464 

Oxydendrum 

816 

420 

Oxyria 

437 

466 

Oxytropis 

137 

421 

Oyster-plant 

298 

421 

374 

4.57 

Pachysandra 

456 

465 

Pacliystima 

110 

463  ! 

i'!i']ialanthua 

667 

376 

Painted  cup 

890 

877 

I'allavicinia 

723 

48 

I'aiicnidum 

516 

373 

Panicum 

629 

l'J3 

Pansy 

81 

644 

Papaver 

69 

153 

Pai>aver.\ce.e 

67 

2<J7 

Papaw 

60 

130 

Pappoose-root 

63 

680 

Pardtinthus 

615 

622 

Parietaria 

466 

727 

Parnassia 

173 

56 

Paronychia 

426 

425 

Parsley  Family 

198 

55 

Parsley.  Fool's 

205 

54 

Hemlock 

202 

215 

Parsley-piert 

161 

Parsnip 

i02 

Cow 

202 

475 

Meadow 

204 

433 

Water 

207 

119 

Parthenium 

272 

528 

Partridge  berry 

2*24 

653 

Paspalum 

628 

662 

Pasque-flower 

37 

636 

PassiHora 

194 

654 

Passiflorace^ 

194 

353 

Passion-flower 

194 

713 

Pea,  Beach 

143 

190 

Butterfly 

145 

451 

Everlasting 

143 

224 

Iloarv 

133 

335 

Milk" 

146 

448 

Partridge 

148 

335 

Peanut,  Hog 

146 

186 

Pear 

164 

521 

Alligator 

446 

690 

Prickly 

197 

297 

Pearlwort 

88 

366 

Pecan-nut 

468 

693 

Pedaliace.b 

899 

695 

i'edicularis 

392 

197 

Pelliia 

682 

433 

Pellia 

724 

174 

Pellitory 

466 

4(J4 

Peltandra 

649 

48 

Peniiyiress 

73 

497 

Pen  n"y  roy  al ,  American 

412 

,  5<»6 

IJastard 

405 

499 

False 

406 

606 

Mock 

412 

606 

Pennywort,  Water 

210 

411 

Pentliorum 

176 

623 

I'entsrenion 

o81 

393 

Pepper  Family 

446 

,734 

PepjHT,  Wafer 

441 

651 

PepiH-r-bush 

822 

177 

Peppergrass 

73 

391 

Pepp.-ridge 

215 

642 

Peppermint 

407 

480 

Pepper  root 

64 

210 

Pepperwort 

78 

692 

Perilla 

407 

757 


Perlploca 

889 

PenM-a 

446 

Persim  "on 

338 

Pelal*temon 

132 

Petiu>iteH 

292 

Pftroseliniim 

208 

Pcucedauum 

203 

Phacelia 

859 

PhalurU 

&iSi 

Pha.scolu9 

144,  J/.l 

Phefisant'a  eye 

48 

Ph  ego  pterin 

C86 

P/l,lij'nn 

895 

Philadeiphus 

174 

Phleum 

644 

Phloniis 

420 

Phlox 

854 

Phoradendron 

449 

Phragmites 

658 

Phrvma 

403 

Phyllanthus 

457 

I'/ii/l/odict 

818 

Physalis 

375 

Physocarpus 

153 

Physostegia 

419 

Phytolacca 

436 

Piiytolaccace^ 

435 

Picea 

491 

Pickerel-weed 

636 

Picris 

299 

Pigeon  berry 

436 

Pig  nut 

4»;9 

Pigweed 

428,  431 

V\  inged 

431 

Pilea 

4<i5 

Pimpernel 

331 

False 

885 

Water 

832 

Pimpiuella 

206 

Pine 

490 

Gronn<l 

697 

Pine-apple  Family 

611 

Pine-drc.ps 

823 

Pine  sap 

825 

Pine  weed 

9o 

Pinguicula 

897 

Pink 

83,84 

Fire 

84 

Pink-root 

846 

Pinus 

490,734 

Pinweed 

77 

Pinxter  flower 

820 

PlPERAOEiE 

446 

Pipe  vine 

445 

Pipewort 

666 

Hairy 

567 

Pipsissewa 

822 

Pitcher-plant 

67 

Plagiochila 

717 

Plane-tree  Family 

466 

Planertno 

4>y 

PLANTAGI.NACEjB 

422 

Plantago 

422 

Plantain 

422 

Indian 

294 

Mud 

636 

Kattlesnake 

6o;i 

Robin's 

266 

Water 

654 

Platanacfjb 

466 

Platanus 

4tW 

Ptt'uninthe 

713 

Pleurisy-root 

8M 

Pleurogynu 

852 

Pluchea 

266 

Plum 

161 

Date 

888 

7o8 

INDEX. 

Plum,  Ground 

135  1  Quamoclit 

368 

Rush,  Bald 

577 

Red 

151 

Queen-of-the-prairie 

153 

Bog 

540 

PLUMBAGINACfLE 

327 

Quercus 

475 

Club 

578 

Poa 

663 

;  Quillwort 

698 

Horned 

586 

Podophyllum 

53 

Nut 

586 

PODOSTEMACE^ 

444 

Radish 

74 

Scouring 

676 

Podostemon 

444 

Kadula 

707 

Spike 

573 

Pogonia 

505 

Ragged-Robin 

85 

Twig 

586 

Pokeweed 

433 

Ragweed 

273 

Wood 

546 

Polanisia 

74 

Ragwort 

293 

RUTACE^ 

106 

POLEMONIACE^ 

354 

Ramsted 

379 

Rye,  WUd 

673 

Polemonium 

356 

Ranunculace^ 

34 

Polygala 

120 

Ranunculus 

40 

;  Sabbatia 

347 

POLYGALACE^ 

120 

Rape,  Broom 

3.5 

Sage 

412 

POLYGJXACE^ 

433 

Raphanus 

74 

Jerusalem 

420 

Polygonatum 

524 

Raspberry 

154 

Wood 

406 

Polygonella 

443 

Rattlebox 

127 

Sagina 

88 

Polygonum 

439,  443 

Rattlesnake-master 

211 

1  Sagittaria 

654,735 

Polymuia 

269 

Rattlesnake-root 

3o0 

1  St.  Andrew's-crosa 

92 

Folypodium 

680 

Rattlesnake-weed 

299 

St.  John's-wort 

92 

Polypody 

680 

Reboulia, 

729 

Marsh 

95 

Polypogon 

648 

Redbud 

147 

St.  Peter's-wort 

92 

Pulypremum 

345  1  Red-root 

112,  512 

Salicace^ 

480 

Poly  taenia 

203 

Redtop 

647 

Salicornia 

434 

Ponime-blanche 

131 

False 

665 

Salix 

480 

Pond  spice 

447 

Tall 

667 

Salmon-berry 

154 

Pondweed 

558 

Reed 

658 

Salsify 

298 

Horned 

565 

Bur 

647 

Salsola 

435,  734 

Pontederia 

536 

Reseda 

75 

Saltwort 

435 

POXTEDKRIACE^ 

535 

Resedace^ 

75 

Salvia 

412 

Poplar 

486 

Rhamnace^ 

111 

Salvinia 

701 

White 

50 

Rhaumus 

111 

Salvimace^ 

701 

Poppy 

59 

Uheuuiatism-root 

53 

Sanibucus 

217 

Celandine 

58 

Rhexia 

183 

Saniolus 

332 

Corn 

59 

Rhinanthus 

392 

Samphire 

434 

Horn 

58 

Rhododendron 

3:^0 

Sandal-wood  Family 

450 

Mexican 

59 

lUiodora 

321 

Saudweed,  Sea 

651 

Prickly 

59 

Rhus 

118 

Sandwort 

85 

Populus 

486 

Rhyuchosia 

147 

Sanguinaria 

58 

Porella 

708, 

Rhyuchospora 

577,  584 

Sanicula  (Sanicle) 

212 

Portulaca 

j;o : 

liibes 

174 

Saxtalace^ 

450 

PORTULACACEiE 

90 

Ribgrass 

423 

Sapindace.*; 

115 

Potamogetou 

558 

Ribwort 

422 

Sapindus 

116 

Potato  vine,  Wild 

38!) 

Riccia 

730 

Sapodilla  Family 

332 

Potentilla 

158 

RlCCIAC.,^ 

730 

Saponaria 

83 

Poterium 

161  , 

Rice,  Indian 

6a5 

SAPOTACEiE 

332 

Preissia 

728  1 

Water 

635 

Sarcosci/phus 

721 

Prenanthes 

300  ' 

Rich  weed 

407,  465 

Sarraceiiia 

57 

Prim 

337: 

Ricinus 

460 

Sarkacemaces 

57 

Primrose 

329 

Riverweed 

444 

Sarsaparilla 

212,  213 

Evening 

■190 

Robiiiia 

134 

Sassafras 

447 

Primula 

829 

Rocket 

71 

Satureia 

411 

Pr.mclace^ 

328 

Dyer's 

75 

Saururus 

446 

Priiice's-feather 

441 

Sea 

74 

Savin 

494 

Prince's-pine 

323            Yellow 

70 

Savory 

411 

Prosartes 

527    Rock-rose 

76 

Saxifraga 

169 

Psilocarya 

577    Rosa 

162 

S.axifragace^ 

168 

Psoralea 

130    Rosacea 

150 

Saxifrage 

169 

Ptelea 

107    Rose 

162 

Golden 

172 

Pteris 

681            Cotton 

2'i7 

Scabiosa  (Scabious) 

229,  733 

Pterospora 

325            Guelder 

218 

Scale-mosses 

702 

Ptilidium 

70J            Rock 

76 

Scapania 

713 

Puccinellia 

668    Rosebay 

320 

Schedonnardus 

655 

Puccooi) 

335    Rosemary,  Marsh 

327 

Scheuchzeria 

558 

Yellow- 

48    Rosin-weed 

270 

Schizaea 

690 

Pulse  Family 

122     Rotala 

184 

Scknilera 

536 

Purslane 

!/0    Rottboellia 

636 

Schrankia 

149 

Sea 

1J3     Roubieva 

433 

Schwalbca 

391 

Water 

1S4,  188     RuBiACE^ 

222 

Schweinitzia 

325 

Putty-root 

499    Rubus 

154 

Scllla 

523 

Pycnanthemum 

409     Rudbeckia 

276 

Scirpus               576,  578,  582 

Pyrola 

323    Rue  Family 

106 

Scleranthus 

427 

Pyrrhopuppu.-i 

303    Rue,  Meadow 

39 

Scleria 

5S6 

Pyrularia 

451     Ruellia 

400 

Sclerolepis 

238 

Pyrus 

164     Humex 

437 

Scolochloa 

666 

Pyxidantbera 

S2G    Ruppia 

564 

Scolopendrium 

685 

Pyxie 

326 

Rush 

540 

Scrophularia 

380 

IN1>FX, 


759 


SOROPHULMUACSiB 

877 

Solidago  Drummondii 

262 

RporoboluH 

645 

ScutvUuria 

410 

Elliottii 

251 » 

Spniig-ljcauty 

«1 

Sedge 

587 

t/liptira 

2.^(1 

Spruio 

4»1 

Sedfic  Family 

5(i7 

qiil'intid 

251 

Spurge 

462 

Seduin 

177 

lli.u-htonii 

252 

Spurrey 

90 

Seed-box 

187 

huniili« 

24H 

Sand 

80 

Selagiiiella 

6y7 

juncea 

25() 

S<iuaw  root 

8»4 

SELAGLNtLLACKfi 

697 

lanceolata 

252 

S<iuaw  weed 

2B8 

Si'leiiia 

63 

latifolia 

247 

Squirrel-corn 

eo 

Self-heal 

418 

Lindheimerlana 

247 

Stathvs 

421 

Hcndtiura 

710 

liiioidt  s 

250 

Staff  tree 

110 

Senebiera 

74 

macrophylla 

247 

Stagger-buBh 

316 

Senccio 

292 

Missouriun.sifl 

251 

8ta|.iiyloa 

118 

Senna 

147 

niontifola 

247 

Star-tiower 

82'J 

ScnsilJvc-brier 

14'J 

MuU/<  iitjcrgii 

250 

Star-gra.-rt 

612,  516 

Seiisitivc-plaut,  Wild 

148 

neglecta 

250 

Star-i.l-l;ithlehem 

l'2Z 

Sericocari)us 

254 

nenu)  rails 

251 

Starui.rt 

86,  255 

Service-berry 

IGO 

odura 

241) 

Water 

182 

Scsuvium 

198 

Oliioensis 

252 

Statice 

327 

Setaria 

634 

piitula 

•249 

Steeple-bush 

153 

Se.vnieria 

as8 

jiotiolaris 

246 

.SVet^ikt 

724 

Sbud-bush 

166 

pildsa 

249 

Steironema 

330 

Sheep-berry 

219 

puberula 

248 

Stcllaria 

86,73;i 

Sbepherdiii 

449 

radula 

2;-.l 

Steii:inthium 

5^ 

Shepherds-purse 

73 

Riddellii 

252 

Stenosiphou 

193 

Sberardia 

227 

rigida 

252 

Stickseed 

ay 

Shih-le;if 

323 

rugo.-^a 

249 

Sticktight 

284 

Shooting-star 

329 

rupestria 

251 

Stilliugia 

460 

Bibbaldia 

161 

ecnipervirens 

24H 

Stipa 

641 

Sickle-pod 

66 

perotina                  251, 

2.J/ 

Stitchwort 

87 

Sicyos 

195 

Shortii 

251 

Stoneorop 

177 

Sida 

99 

gpeciosa 

24!» 

Ditch 

176 

SiJe-saddle  Flower 

67 

6(iuarrosa 

246 

Stone-root 

4U7 

Bilene 

83 

stricta                    248 

2-i!f 

Storax 

338 

Silkweed 

339 

tenuifolia 

252 

Storksbill 

104 

Silphium 

270 

thj/rso'ulea 

248 

Stramonium 

377 

Silver-bell  Tree 

334 

tortifolia 

241* 

Strawberry 

158 

Silver-berry 

449 

uliginosa 

249 

Barren 

158 

Silver-weed 

16<J 

ulmifolia 

260 

Stniwberry-bosh 

110 

Sinapis 

72 

virgata 

248 

Streptopus 

626 

Sisyuibrium 

71 

Virgaurea 

248 

Strophostyles 

145 

SisyriQchium 

515,  735 

Soloniou'8-seal 

624 

Strut  h'u>pttria 

69<J 

Bium 

207,  207 

False 

625 

Stuartia 

;«} 

Skullcap 

416 

Sonchus 

305 

Stylophorum 

68 

Skunk-cabbage 

650 

Sophora 

127 

Stylosauthes 

142 

Sloe 

152 

Sorrel 

437 

Styracace* 

833 

Smart  weed 

441 

Mountain 

437 

Sty  rax 

834 

Smilaciua 

625,  5L'6 

Wood 

ln5 

Suaeda 

434 

Smilax 

619 

Sorrel- tree 

816 

Subularia 

69 

Snake-head 

381 

Sour-gum 

215 

Succory 

2;>8 

Snake- root 

47 

Sour- wood 

316 

Sugar-l)erry 

463 

Bl:ick 

212 

Spanish-bayonet 

624 

Sullivautia 

171 

Button 

211,242 

Spanish-needles 

285 

Sumach 

U8 

Seneca 

120 

Sparguuium 

647 

Sundew 

178 

Virfrinia 

445 

S  parti  na 

627 

Sunflower 

277 

White 

241 

Spatter-dock 

m 

Supple  Jack 

111 

Snapdragon 

380 

Spearmint 

4<J7 

Sweeibrier 

164 

Sneezeweed 

287 

Spearwort 

41 

Sweet-cicely 

210 

Sneczewort 

289 

Specularia 

30K 

Sweet-Hag 

651 

Snowball-treo 

218 

Speeilwell 

8^6 

Sweet -pile 

469 

Snowberry 

220 

Spergula 

5(0 

Sweet-gura 

180 

Creeping 

314 

S pen/ III  aria 

8!> 

Swet-t-leaf 

334 

8nowd"op 

334 

Spcrmacoco 

225 

Swift -sn-ntnl  shrub 

itrz 

Soapberry 

116 

Splm-ralcoa 

w 

SwtH't  William 

83 

Soapwort 

88 

SphaTocarpUfl 

732 

Wild 

^A 

SOLANACtfi 

873 

Sphiu/ucccetis 

713 

Sycamore 

4»'.8 

Solan  urn 

373 

Spioe-bunh 

447 

Symphoricnrpos 

220 

Solea 

81 

Spiderwort 

M\) 

Symphytum 

867 

Solidago 

246 

Spigolia 

846 

Syn)pl<K-nrpu« 

660 

altissima 

249 

Spikenard 

213 

Symplocos 

834 

arguta 

250,  2r,n 

False 

625 

Synandra 

419 

bicolor 

247 

Spindle-tree 

110 

Synthvria 

8% 

Bigelovii 

247 

Spiraea                           163, 

15.1 

Syrin^a 

174 

Boottii 

250 

Spiranthes 

m 

csesia 

247 

Spirodela 

6r.2 

Tacamahac 

487 

Canadensis 

251 

Spleenwort 

688 

Talinum 

91,  733 

CurtiBii 

247 

Spoouwood 

319 

Tamarack 

433 

760 


INDEX. 


Tanacetum 

290 

Trichostema 

405 

Violet,  Dame's 

71 

Tansy 

290 

Tricuspis 

657,  658 

Dog's-tooth 

528 

Taraxacum 

303 

Trientalis 

329 

Green 

81 

Tare 

142 

Trifolium 

128 

Water 

328 

Taxodium 

4L3 

Triglochin 

557 

Virginian-creeper 

115 

Taxus 

494 

Trilisa 

243 

Virgin's-bower 

35 

Tea-berry 

816 

Trillium 

530 

Vitace^ 

112 

Tea  Faujily 

95 

Triodia 

657 

Vitis 

113,  114 

Tea,  Labrador 

321 

Triosteum 

219 

Mexican 

433 

Tripsacum 

636 

VTaahoo 

no 

New  Jersey 

112 

Trisetum 

653,  735 

AVake-robin 

530 

Oswego 

414 

Triticum 

671,  672 

Waldsteiaia 

157 

Tear-thumb 

442 

Trollius 

45 

Walking-leaf 

685 

Teasel 

229 

Troximon 

302 

^Vallflower,  Western 

71 

Tecoma 

398 

Trumpet-creeper 

398 

Walnut 

467 

Tephrosia 

133 

Trumpet-flower 

398 

Watercress 

69 

Ternstrcemiace^ 

95 

Trumpets 

57 

Waterleaf 

857 

Tetragonotheca 

274 

Trumpet-weed 

239 

Water-nymph 

55 

Tetran  thera 

447 

Tsuga 

492 

Water-shield 

55 

Teucrium 

406 

Tulip-tree 

50 

Waterweed 

495 

Thalictrum 

39,  39 

Tumbloweed 

428 

^Vate^wo^t 

91 

Thaspium 

204,  2()<H 

Tupelo 

215 

Wax-work 

110 

Thelesperma 

285 

Turnip,  Indian 

549 

AVayfaring-tree 

217 

Thely  podium 

72 

Turnsole 

361 

Weigela 

222 

Theruiopsis 

126 

Turtlehead 

381 

Weld 

75 

Thimbleberry 

155 

Tussilago 

291 

Wheat,  Cow 

893 

Thistle 

295 

Tway  blade 

499,  501 

India 

443 

Canada 

296 

Twin- flower 

219 

Whin 

127 

Cotton 

297 

Twin-leaf 

53 

Whitcweed 

289 

Plunieless 

296 

Twisted-stalk 

526 

Whitlow-wort 

426 

Scotch 

297 

Typha 

547 

Wicky 

819 

Sow 

305 

Typhace^ 

547 

Willow 

480 

Star 

297 

\\illow-herb 

188 

Thlaspi 

73 

Ulmus 

462 

Wind-flower 

36,38 

Thorn 

165 

Umeellifer^ 

198 

Winterberry 

109 

Black 

152 

Umbrella-leaf 

53 

Wiutergreen 

315,  323 

AVhite 

165 

Umbrell.'i-tree 

49,  50 

Aromatic 

315 

Thoroughwax 

206 

Unicorn-plant 

399 

Chickwced 

329 

Thorough  wort 

239 

Uniola 

662 

Creeping 

315 

Thuya 

493 

Urtica 

464 

Spotted 

313 

Thyme 

411 

Urticace^ 

461 

Wistaria 

134 

Basil 

411 

Utricularia 

3!)5 

Witch-hazel 

179 

Creeping 

411 

Uvularia 

527,  526' 

Wolf-berry 

220 

THTMEL/EACEiE 

448 

Wolfsbane 

46 

Thymus 

41J 

Vaccaria 

83 

Woodbine 

115,  220 

Tiarella 

171 

Vaccinium 

312 

AVoodsia 

690 

Tickseed 

281 

Valeriana  (Valerian ) 

228 

Woodwardia 

683 

Tiedemannia 

202 

Greek 

356 

Wood-waxen 

127 

Tilia 

101 

VALERlANACEiB 

228 

AVormseed 

434 

TlLTACE^ 

101 

Valerianella 

228 

Wormwood 

289 

Tillaja 

177 

Vallisneria 

496 

Komaa 

273 

Tillandsia 

511 

Vanilla-plant 

243 

Timothy 

645 

Velvet-leaf 

99 

Xanthium 

274 

Tinker's-weed 

219 

Venus's  Fly-trap 

179 

Xanthorrhiza 

48 

Tipularia 

499 

Looking-glass 

3U8 

Xanthosoma 

550 

Tlssa 

89 

Veratrum 

533,  533 

Xanthoxylum 

106 

Toadflax 

379 

Verbascum 

379 

Xerophyllum 

532 

Bastard 

450 

Verbena 

401 

XYRIDACEiB 

536 

Tobacco 

377 

Verbenace^ 

401 

Xyris 

537 

Indian 

307 

Verljesina 

280 

Tofieldia 

532 

Vernonia 

238 

Yam 

517 

Toothache-tree 

106 

Veronica 

386 

Yarrow 

289 

Toothwort 

64 

Yervain 

401 

Yaupon 

108 

Touch-me-not 

106 

Vesicaria 

69 

Yellow-eyed  Grass 

537 

Townsendia 

254 

Vetch 

142 

Yellow-rattle 

892 

Trachelospermum 

338 

Joint:,  Sensitive 

137 

Yellow-root 

48 

Tradeecantia 

539 

Milk 

134 

Yellow-wood 

126 

Tragia 

460 

Vetchling 

143 

Yew 

494 

Tragopogon 

298 

Viburnum 

217 

Yucca 

524 

Trautvetteria 

39 

Vicia 

142 

Tread-softly 

457 

TTTfa 

645,  646 

Zannichellia 

565 

Tree-of-heaven 

107 

Vincetoxicum 

344 

Zephyranthes 

616,  735 

Trefoil 

128 

Vine  Family 

112 

Zizania 

635 

Shrubby 

107 

Viola 

78 

Zizia 

206, 207 

Tick 

138 

Viola  CE^ 

78 

Zostera 

665 

Trichocolea 

709 

Violet 

78 

Zygadenus 

634 

Trichomanes 

692 

nwF£xrr  ubrart 

N,  C.  State  College 


P  I.  A  ^r  K  s 


\yfV  11     K  X  V  L  A  .\  A  'J'  1 U  X  S. 


EXPLAXATIOy  OF   PLATE  I. 

CYPERUS.  —  (1)  Small  plant  of  C.  diaudrus ;  (2)  a  spikelet  magnified  ;  (3)  a 
piece  of  the  rhacliis  with  one  scale  enclosing  its  flower;  (4)  a  separate 
flower  more  magnified.  —  (5)  C.  ervthrorhizos,  a  spikelet  magnified ;  tlie 
lower  scales  and  flowers  have  fallen,  showing  tlie  small  internal  scales  of 
the  section  Papyrus,  formed  of  the  winged  margins  of  tlie  joints  of  the 
rhachis  detached ;  (6)  a  separate  one,  more  enlarged ;  ( 7 )  a  flower ;  (8)  an 
achene,  cut  in  two.  —  (9)  C.  dentatus,  a  piece  of  the  rliachis  of  a  s|)ike 
with  the  lower  part  of  one  scale,  showing  liow  it  is  decurrent  on  tlie  joint 
beneath  (cut  across)  to  form  scale-like  wings. 

DULICHIUM.  —  (1)  Upper  part  of  a  plant  of  I),  spatliaceum  ;  (2)  part  of  a 
spikelet  somewhat  enlarged;  (3)  piece  of  rhacliis,  and  one  scale  decurrent 
on  the  joint  beneath  ;  (4)  magnified  flower. 

KYLLIXGA.  —  (1)  Plant  of  K.  pumila;  (2)  one-flowered  spikelet  on  a 
piece  of  the  rhachis,  enlarged;  (3)  the  same,  more  enlarged  and  open; 
(4)  achene ;  and  (5)  section  of  same  magnified. 


G-t^iiera  ui  LiyperacEffi 


i"ial2  1 


EXPLANATTOX  OF   PLATE   II. 

HEMICARPHA.—  (1)  Plant  of  II.  subsquarmsa,  natural  size;  (2)  a  spike- 
let  enlarged,  with  its  bract ;  (3)  niagnified  scale  of  the  same  ;  (5)  a  flower, 
with  its  single  stamen  and  minute  internal  scale,  magnified;  (G)  achene, 
magnified. 

LIPOCARPHA.— (1)  Upper  part  of  plants  of  L.  maculata,  with  spikelets; 
(2)  diagram  of  a  flower,  representing  the  ovary  between  the  two  internal 
scales,  a  single  stamen,  the  scale  of  the  spikelet  on  one  side,  and  the  axis 
of  the  spikelet  on  the  other;  (3)  scale  of  spikelet  detached;  (-1)  a  flower 
with  its  tAVo  inner  scales;  (5)  achene,  magnified. 

FUIRENA.  —  (1)  Upper  portion  of  plant  of  F.  squarrosa,  var.  pumila; 
(2)  scale  of  spike  enclosing  a  flower ;  (3)  open  scale  of  same ;  (4)  flower ; 
(5)  one  of  the  scales  and  one  of  the  bristles  of  the  periantli ;  (6)  achene, 
and  (7)  section  of  same. 


G-EHEra  Df  CypEracEffi  PlatE  II 


^eniicarpli 


irena 


EXPLAXATIOX   OF   PLATE   III. 

ELEOCHARIS.  — (1)  Small  plant  of  E.  olivacea;  (2)  the  spikelet  enlarged; 
(3)  detached  scale;  (4)  flower;  (5)  achene  and  bristles.  —  (6)  E.  quad- 
rangulata,  spikelet ;  (7)  a  scale;  (8)  floAver;  (9)  achene  and  hristles. — 
(10)  E.  tuberculosa;  the  achene  with  its  great  tubercle,  and  bristles. 

SCIRPUS.—  (1)  Summit  of  plant  of  small  S.  debilis;  (2)  a  spikelet;  (.3)  a 
scale  of  the  same,  and  (4)  flower;  (5)  achene  with  its  bristles. 

EIII()PH0RUM.  —  (1)  Small  plant  of  E.  alpinum,  in  flower;  (2)  spikelet; 
(3)  a  scale,  and  (4)  a  flower  from  the  same ;  (.5)  the  spikelet,  in  fruit,  the 
bristles  forming  a  cottony  tuft ;  (6)  achene  and  its  bristles.  —  (6,  under 
Scirpus)  a  small  portion  of  the  inflorescence  of  E.  cyperinum;  (7)  a 
flower;  (8)  a  spikelet  in  fruit;  (9)  achene  from  the  same,  with  the  tor- 
tuous bristles;  (10)  section  of  the  achene. 

EIMBKISTYLIS.  — (1)  Summit  of  a  small  flowering  stem  of  E.  laxa;  (2)  a 
spikelet  of  the  same  ;  (3)  a  detached  scale,  and  (4)  a  flower  of  the  same; 
(5)  achene.  —  F.  autuninalis ;  (6),  a  spikelet,  enlarged;  (7)  flower; 
(8)  achene,  and   (9)   section  of  the  same. 


Genera  cf  CyperacEffl         Piais  iil 


7        )|6 


EXPLANATION   OF  PLATE  IV. 

DICHROMENA.  — (1)  Head  and  iuvolucre  of  D.  latifolia ;  (2)  a  scale 
from  one  of  the  spikelets,  and  (3)  the  same  cut  across;  (4)  a  tiower; 
(5)  achene  with  its  tubercle. 

PSILOCARYA.  —  (1)  Part  of  j^lant,  (2)  enlarged  spikelet,  (3)  detached  scale, 
(4)  flower,  and  (5)  achene  with  its  beak,  of  P.  scirpoides. 

RHYNCHOSPORA.  — (1)  Upper  ])art  of  flowering  stem  of  R.  Torreyana; 
(2)  a  spikelet;  (3)  detached  flower;  (4)  achene,  Avitli  short  bristles  at 
its  base;  (5)  one  of  these  bristles  more  magnified. 

R.  (§  CERATOSCHCENUS).  — (1)  Upper  part  of  fruiting  ].laiit,  (2)  de- 
tached spikelet,  (3)  flower,  and  (4)  beaked  achene,  with  its  liristles,  of  R. 
macrostacliva. 


Ganera  of  CypEracEffl         Flats  IV 


5    W-h 
Rjiyiicliospi'rfl 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   V. 

CLADIUM.  —  (1)  Summit  of  a  plant  of  C.  mariscoides  ;  (2)  detached  spike- 
let;  (3)  same,  open,  showing  a  staminate  and  a  perfect  flower;  (4)  the 
nut-like  achene,  and  (5)  the  longitudinal  section  of  the  same. 

SCLERIA. —  (6)  Summit  of  a  flowering  stem  of  S.  reticularis;  (7)  three 
spikelets  from  a  cluster,  the  middle  one  pistillate,  the  lateral  ones  stami- 
nate;  (8)  staminate  spikelet  displaying  four  male  flowers,  the  filaments 
of  two  of  them  having  lost  their  anthers ;  (9)  pistillate  spikelet  display- 
ing a  single  pistillate  flower;  (10)  achene  with  the  3-lolied  double  cup 
underneatli. 

CAREX. —  (11)  Plant  of  C.  j^auciflora ;  (12)  a  staminate  flower  with  its 
scale;  (13)  scale,  and  (14)  mature  pistillate  flower,  in  its  perigynium; 
(15)  cross-section  of  perigynium  and  of  the  contained  achene ;  (16)  achene 
on  its  stalk,  style  and  stigmas.  —  (17)  C.  Jamesii,  upper  part  of  flowering 
plant;  (18)  the  spike  enlarged;  (19)  a  staminate  flower  audits  scale; 
(20)  pistillate  flower  in  its  perigynium  ;  (21)  the  same  with  half  the  peri- 
gynium cut  aAvay  to  show  the  contained  achene  and  style. 


G-ELLEra  af  CypEracBffl  Plate  ^ 


10        1r"  ') 
-Sclerui. 


Garex 


EXPLAXATTOX   OF  PLATE   VI. 

CAREX. —  (1)  C.  trisperma,  u])pcr  part  of  a  tsteiii  in  fruit;  (2)  enlarged 
spike  displayed,  with  three  stamiuate  and  two  ])istillate  flowers;  (3)  a 
scale,  and  (4)  a  ripe  perigynium,  of  the  latter ;  with  (5)  a  section  of  the 
perigynium  near  the  base,  and  of  the  contained  achene.  —  (6)  C.  straminea, 
var.  brevior,  summit  of  a  fruiting  plant;  (7)  a  spike  enlarged;  (8)  scale 
of  a  pistillate  flower;  (9)  the  winged  perigynium  and  the  contained 
achene  cut  across;  (10)  detached  achene  with  persistent  style  and  stig- 
mas.—  (11)  C.  umbellata,  Avhole  plant;  (12)  a  perigynium  aiid  its  scale; 

(13)  cross-section  toward  the  base  of  perigynium  and  its  contained  achene ; 

(14)  detached  achene  with  its  persistent  style  and  stigmas.  —  C.  bullata; 

(15)  upper  part  of  plant  in  fruit,  with  one  pistillate  and  two  staminate 
spikes;  (16)  one  of  its  staminate  flowers  with  the  scale  ;  (17)  a  pistillate 
scale,  and  (18)  mature  perigynium;  (19)  longitudinal  section  of  the  lat- 
ter, showing  the  achene  and  its  style,  and  (20)  cross  section  of  the  same. 


G-ensra  nf  Cypsrac 


Es         Flats  VI 


EXPLAXATIOX   OF   PLATE  VIT. 

LEERSIA.  —  (1)  Panicle  of  L.  orvzoides,  reduced  in  size;  (2)  a  liranclilet  of 
the  same,  with  its  spikelets,  of  the  natural  size;  and  (3)  an  open  spike- 
let  in  flower,  enlarged. 

ZIZANIA.  —  (1)  A  staminate,  and  (2)  a  pistillate  flower  or  spikelet  of  Z. 
acjuatica  ;  (3)  a  magnified  pistil  Avith  a  pair  of  squamulai  or  hypogyuous 
scales;  (4)  a  grain,  and  a  magnified  longitudinal  section  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  same,  showing  the  embryo  at  the  ^outside  of  the  base  of  the 
albumen. 

ALOPECURUS.  —  (1 )  Part  of  a  plant  of  A.  geniculatus,  in  flower  ;  (2)  a  few 
spikelets  from  the  spike-like  inflorescence,  moderately  magnified;  (3)  an 
open  spikelet  in  flower,  more  magnified,  and  (4)  the  single  flowering 
glume  detached. 

PHLEUM.  —  A  detached  spikelet  of  P.  pratense,  having  the  flower  with  its 
glume  and  palet  raised  ai)ove  tlie  empty  glumes,  magnified. 

HELEOCHLOA. —  (1)  Inflorescence  of  H.  schoenoides ;  (2)  a  separate  en- 
larged spikelet;  and  (3)  the  same  open,  in  flower. 

SPOROBOLUS.  —  (1 )  A  spikelet  of  8.  cryptandrus,  magnified ;  (2)  the  same, 
with  the  flower  open,  raised  above  the  empty  glumes;  and  (3)  the  fruit, 
more  magnified,  sliowing  the  seed  loose  in  the  pericarp  (utricle).  —  (4)  An 
enlarged  spikelet  of  E.  vagin^flora  ;  and  (5)  the  same  displayed. 

AGROSTIS. —  (1)  Panicle  of  A.  allja,  var.  vulgaris,  with  (2)  an  enlarged 
open  spikelet  of  tlie  same  ;  also  (3)  tlie  rough  pedicel  and  glumes  of 
A.  scabra,  witli  the  flower  separated,  the  latter  having  no  palet. 


G-BHEra  nf  Grasses  i-iatg  VII 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   VTTL 

POLYPOGON.  —  (1)  Spike-like  contracted  pauicle  of  P.  Monspeliensis  ; 
(2)  an  enlarged  detached  si^ikelet,  showing  the  long  aAvns  to  the  empty 
glumes;  (3)  the  same  open  in  flower;  and  (4)  a  separate  flower  without 
tlie  empty  glumes. 

CINNA.  —  (1)  A  magnified  spikelet  of  C.  arundinacea;  and  (2)  the  same 
open,  displaying  the  flo\Aeriug  glume  and  palet,  the  single  stamen,  and 
the  pistil. 

MUHLENBERGIxV.  —  (1)  A  magnified  closed  spikelet  of  M.  sylvatica ; 
(2)  the  same  with  the  open  flower  raised  out  of  the  empty  glumes.  —  (3)  A 
magnified  spikelet  of  M.  dilfusa;  (4)  its  minute  and  uneipial  empty  glumes 
more  magnified;  and  (5)  an  open  spikelet  of  the  same. 

BKACHYELYTHUM.—  (1)  A  spikelet  of  B.  aristatum  enlarged;  (2)  the 
same  displayed. 

CALAMAGKOiSTIS.  — (1)  An  open  spikelet  of  C.  Cana.lensis,  enlarged, 
displaying  all  tlie  parts;  (2)  the  same  with  the  floAver  raised  out  of  the 
empty  glumes,  showing  tlie  hairy  rudiment  behind  the  palet.- 

ORYZOPiSlS.  —  (1)  An  open  magnified  spikelet  of  O.  asperifolia;  and  (2)  the 
flower  of  the  same  removed  from  the  empty  glumes.  Notice  the  remark- 
ably long  s(piamul£e  or  hypogynous  scales,  Avhich  here  nearly  equal  the 
glume  in  length. 

STIPA.  —  Empty  glumes  and  flower  (a  little  separated)  of  S.  avenacea, 
enlarged. 

AKISTIDA.  —  A  spikelet  c^f  A.  purpurascens,  enlarged. 


GenEra  of  Grasses         Plate  VIII 


EXPLAXATIOX  OF  PLATE   IX. 

SPARTIXA. —  (1)  Portion  of  the  inflorescence  of  S.  stricta,  of  the  natural 
size;  (2)  a  spikelet  enlarged;  and  (3)  the  same  displayed,  the  flower 
raised  above  the  empty  glumes. 

CTENIUM.  —  (1)  Spike  of  C.  Americanum  ;  (2)  a  single  spikelet  magnified  ; 
and  (3)  the  same  displayed,  the  empty  glumes  separated. 

BOUTELOUA.  —  (1)  A  portion  of  the  compound  spike  of  B.  racemosa,  of 
the  natural  size;  and  (2)  a  spikelet  displayed  and  magnified,  the  flowers 
raised  out  of  tlie  empty  glumes. 

GYMX(JPOGON.  —  (1)  Inflorescence  of  G.  racemosus,  reduced  in  size;  and 
(2)  a  magnified  spikelet  with  tlie  parts  displayed. 

CYXODUN.  —  (I)  Inflorescence  of  C.  Dactylon,  of  digitate  spikes;  (2)  a 
spikelet  magnified  and  displayed,  sliowing  a  perfect  flower  and  a  rudiment. 

ELEUSIXE.  —  (1)  One  of  the  spikes  from  the  digitate  inflorescence  of  E. 
Indica;  (2)  a  magnified  spikelet;  (3)  the  same  with  the  flowers  more 
di.«<played  ;  (4)  a  flower  from  the  last,  showing  its  parts;  (.5)  the  fruit 
magnified,  sliowing  the  seed  loose  in  tlie  utricle;  and  (G)  the  wrinkled 
seed  detached.  —  (1,  under  Dactijloctenium)  Inflorescence  of  E.  Mg\\y^ 
tiaca,  of  digitate  spikes;  (2)  one  of  the  spikelets  magnified;  (3)  the  fruit 
magnified,  showing  the  seed  loose  in  the  thin  pericarp  (utricle) ;  and 
(4)  the  wa-inkled  seed  more  magnified. 

DIPLACllXE.  —  (1)  Small  portion  of  the  inflorescence  of  D.  fa.scicularis ; 
(2)  one  of  its  spikelets  displayed  and  magnified;  (3)  an  open  flower  of 
the  same. 


G-Bnera  nf  Grasses 


Plate  IX 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   X. 

TRIODLV.  —  (1)  Magnified  spikelet  of  T.  seslerioides ;  (2)  the  same  displayed 
and  the  h)west  flower  open;  (3)  back  view  of  the  flowering  glume  spread 
out. 

GRAPIIEPHOROr.  — (1)  A  magnified  spikelet  of  G.  melicoides,  disjdayed  ; 

(2)  a  part  of  the  hairv  rhachis  and  one  flower  of  the  same. 
DIAKKHENA.  — (1)  A  spikelet  of  D.  Americana,  enlarged  ;  (2)  the  grain 

in  its  glume  and  palet. 
DACTYLIS.  —  A  spikelet  of  D.  glomerata  magnified  and  displayed. 
KffiLERIA.  —  (1)  A  magnified   spikelet  of  K.  cristata,  expanded,  showing 

the  empty  glumes,  the  tliree  flowers,  and  a  rudiment;  (2)  lower  half  of  a 

flowering  glume,  partly  spread  open  ;  it  is  much  more  folded  and  keeled 

in  its  natural  condition. 
EATONIA.  —  A   magnified  spikelet  of  E.  ohtusata,  expanded,  showing  the 

empty  glumes,  the  two  flowers,  and  a  rudiment. 
MELICA. — A  magnified  spikelet  of  M.  mutica,  expanded,  sliowing  tlie  empty 

glumes,  two  perfect  ihnvers,  and  an  abortive  one. 
GLYCEIiIA.  —  (I)  A  magnified  spikelet  of  G.  nervata;  (2)  a  sejjarate  flower 

with  one  joint  of  the  rhachis ;    and   (.'1)   the  lower  half  of  a  flowering 

glume,  showing  its  form  (rounded  on  tlie  back,  not  keeled). 
DLSTICIILIS.  — (1)  A  pistillate  spikelet  of  1).  maritima,  enlarged;  (2)  a 

flower  from  the  same ;  and  (3)  a  flower  from  a  staminate  spikelet. 
P()A.  —  (1)  Panicle  of  P.  compressa,  reduced  in  size;  (2)  a  magnified  sjiike- 

let ;  (3)   a  separate  flower  more  magnified;  (4)   a  fiowering  glume  cut 

across  and  somewliat  outspread. 
EPAGKOSTIS.  — (1)  A  si)ikelet  of  E.  i)ilosa,  enlarged;  (2)  the  same,  from 

which  the  glumes  and  all  of  six  lower  flowers  except  the  palets  have 

fallen  away  ;   (3)  a  magnified  fiower,  open  ;  (4)  the  flowering  glume  of  the 

same  outspread. 
BPIZA.  —  (1)  A  s])ikelet  of  B.  media,  enlarged;  (2)  a  separate  flower. 
FESTUCA. —  (1)  A  spikelet  of  F.  elatior,  enlarged;  (2)  a  separate  flower; 

(3)  lower  part  of  a  flowering  glume,  outspread. 

BPOMUS.  —  (1)  A  spikelet  of  B.  secaliuus,  or  Chess;  and  (2)  a  separate 
flower,  enlarged. 


G-EHEra  of  Grasses  Plate  X 


EXPLAXATIOX   OF   PLATE   XT. 

UNIOLA.  —  (1)  A  spikclet  of  V.  latifolia,  of  about  the  natural  size;  (2)  a 

Hower,  enlarged  ;  (3)  empty  flowering  glume  of  tlie  lowest  (sterile)  flower. 
VHKAGMITES.  — (1)  A  spikelet  of  V.  communis,  enlarged;  (2)  one  of  the 

perfect  ficjwers,  enlarged ;  and  (3)  the  lowest  flower,  which  has  stamens 

only. 
ARUNDIXAKIA.  — (1)  A  si)ikelet  of  A.  macrosperina;  and  (2)  a  separate 

flower,  magnified. 
SCIIEDONNARDUS.  — (1)  Portion  of  the  spike  of  S.  Texanus,  enlarged ; 

and  (2)  a  flower,  magnified. 
LOLIUM.  —  (1)  Portion  of  the  spike  of  L.  temulentum  ;  and  (2)  a  separate 

flower,  magnified. 
AGROPYllUM.  — (1)  Portion  of  the  spike  of  A.  repeiis,  or  Couch-Grass,  of 

about  the  natural  size ;  (2)  a  flower,  magnified. 
HORDEUM.  —  (1)  The  three  one-flowered  spikelets  from  oue  joint  of  the 

spike  of  H.  jubatum,  with  their  awn-like  empty  glumes,  tlie  lateral  flowers 

abortive  and  neutral,  the  middle  one  alone  perfect ;  (2)  this  perfect  flower 

(witli  an  awn-like  rudiment)  open  and  enlarged. 
ELYJMU8.  —  (1)  The  two  spikelets  of  one  joint  of  the  spike  of  E.  Yirgiuicus, 

about  the  natural  size ;  (2)  the  empty  glumes  and  tlie  flowers  of  one  s])ike- 

let,  enlarged  and  disjdayed ;  and  (3)  an  open  flower,  nun-e  magnified. 
GYMNOSTICHUM.  — (1)"a  spikelet  of  G.  Hystrix;  and  (2)  an  expanded 

flower,  magnified. 
ASPRELLA.  —  (1)  A  spikelet  of  A.  Hystrix;  and  (2)  an  expanded  flower, 

magnified. 


C-enEra  nf  Grasses 


Plate  XI 


EXPLAXATIOX   OF   PLATE   XIT. 

DE8CHAMPSIA.  —  (1 )  Panicle  of  D.  flexuosa ;  (2)  a  spikelet,  mngniiied,  the 
parts  displayed;  and  (3)  one  of  the  flowers  detached  and  open. 

DANTHONIA.  — (1)  Panicle  of  D.  spicata;  (2)  a  spikelet  enlarged;  and 
(3)  a  separate  flower  from  the  same. 

TRISETUM.  —  (1)  A  spikelet  of  T.  siibspicatnm,  var.  molle,  expanded  and 
magnified;  and  (2)  a  separate  open  flower. 

AVENA. —  (1)  A  spikelet  of  A.  striata,  displayed  and  magnified;  and  (2)  a 
separate  flower. 

ARRHENATHERUM.  —  A  spikelet  of  A.  avenaceum,  displayed  and  mag- 
nified; (1)  the  eni])ty  glumes;  (2)  the  flowers,  the  lower  one  staminate 
only,  the  next  perfect,  and  the  third  a  rudiment. 

HOLCUS. —  (1)  A  spikelet  of  II.  lanatus,  magnified;  (2)  the  same  displayed 
to  show  the  two  flowers,  the  lower  perfect  and  awnless,  the  upper  stami- 
nate and  awned. 


GsTiEra  of  GrassES        Plate  XII 


EXPLAXATION    OF   PLATE   XIII. 

HIEKOCHLOA.  —  (1 )  A  spikelet  of  H.  horealis,  enlarged  ;  (2)  the  same  dis- 
played, the  flowers  sejjarated  from  tlie  empty  glumes,  the  two  lateral  ones 
witli  3  stamens  and  no  pistil,  the  middle  or  terminal  one  with  a  pistil  and 
only  2  stamens. 

ANTHOXANTHUM.  — (1)  The   spike-like   inflorescence   of  A.  odoratum ; 

(2)  a  spikelet  magnified  ;  (3)  another  with  the  parts  displayed,  the  flowers 
raised  from  the  lower  empty  glumes,  the  lateral  glumes  empty  and  awned, 
the  terminal  flower  jierfect  and  diandrous. 

PIIALARLS.  — (1)  A  spikelet  of  P.  arundinacea,  enlarged,  (2)  the  empty 
glumes,  and  a  perfect  flower  witli  a  hairy  rudiment  on  each  side  of  it. 

MILIUM.  —  (1)  Portion  of  the  panicle  of  M.  effusum  ;  (2)  a  closed  sjjikelet, 
magnified;  and  (3)  the  same  displayed. 

AMPHICAKPUM.  — (1)  A  spikelet  from  the  panicle  of  A.  Purshii,  magni- 
fied; (2)  the  same,  witli  the  parts  displayed;  and  (3)  a  radical  (fertile) 
spikelet,  enlarged. 

PA8PALUJNL  —  (1)  hiflorescence  of  P.  lajve  ;  (2)  a  closed  s])ikelet,  enlarged  ; 

(3)  the  same  witli  the  parts  dis})layed. 

PANICUM.  —  (1)  Part  of  a  spike  of  P.  sanguiiiale;  (2)  one  of  its  siiikelets, 
magnified  ;  (3)  tlie  same  with  its  parts  displayed,  the  three  lower  glumes 
empty.  —  (4)  A  sjiikelet  of  P.  capillare,  magnified  ;  (5)  the  same  displayed, 
the  three  lower  glumes  empty.  —  (6)  A  spikelet  of  P.  clandestinum,  mag- 
nified; (7)  the  same  displayed,  the  lower  floAver  represented  hy  a  glume 
and  palet  only.  —  (8)  A  spikelet  of  P.  virgatum,  magnified;  (9)  the  same 
displayed,  tlie  lower  flower  staminate. 

SETAKIA.  —  (1)  A  magnified  spikelet  of  S.  glauca,  with  the  accompanying 
cluster  of  bristles;  (2)  the  spikelet  displayed,  showing  the  neutral  lower 
flower,  of  a  glume  and  palet  only,  and  the  perfect  flower. 


G-Rn>-ra  of  G-rassEs        Plate  XIII 


'0 

J  anjcutn 


EXPLAXATIOX   OF   PLATE    XIV. 

CENCHRUS.  — (1)  Iiivolurre  i.f  ('.  triiailcndes,  in  Hower,  enlarged;  (2)  lon- 
gitudinal section  of  the  .same;  (•>;  a  spikelet  dis}d:ryed  (the  .stigmas 
should  lielong  to  the  right-hand  Hower ;  the  left-hand  or  lower  How er  is 
only  staniinate). 

TKiPSACUM.  — (1)  Piece  of  the  spike  (of  tlie  natural  size),  pistillate  below, 
stamiuate  above;  (2)  a  longitudinal  section  of  one  of  the  pistillate  spike- 
lets;  (3)  a  pistillate  spikelet  with  its  parts  displayed;  (4)  a  staniinate 
(two-flowered)  spikelet,  with  its  parts  displayed. 

ERIANTHUS. —  (1;  Part  of  the  hairy  inflorescence  with  two  spikelets  of  11 
saccharoides,  enlarged  ;  (2)  one  of  the  spikelets  displayed. 

ANDROPOGOX.  — (1)  Small  portion  of  the  spike  of  A.  furcatus,  enlarged, 
Avitli  one  fertile  and  awned  spikelet,  and  one  staniinate  and  awnless  spike- 
let; (2)  the  fertile  spikelet,  and  (3)  the  staniinate  spikelet,  displayed. 

CHRYSOPOGON.  — (1)  A  fertile  spikelet  of  C.  nutans,  enlarged,  Avith  a 
sterile  pedicel  on  each  side;  (2)  the  spikelet  displayed. 


Genera  of 


SriaTalK 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   XV. 

BECK^IANNLV.  —  (1)  Inflovcscence  of  B.  erucaifonnis,  var.,  reduced  in  size; 

(2)  a  spike,  enlarged ;  (■'})  a  s[)ikelet,  and  (4)  the  same  opened;  (5)  the 
flower. 

EKIOCIILOA.  —  (1)  Inflorescence  of  E.  polystachya,  reduced  ;  (2)  a  spikelct, 
enlarged,  and  (3)  the  same  opened ;  (4)  the  flower  o])eiied. 

JlO'VlViiKlAAA.  —  (1)  Portion  of  tlie  spike  of  P.  rugosa,  somewhat  reduced, 
and  (2)  a  portion  enlarged,  with  (3)  the  fertile  spikelct  and  (4)  the  pedi- 
celled  sterile  spikelet  of  tiie  middle  joint  displaced  ;  (.5)  the  fertile  sj)ikelet 
opened;  (G)  the  third  empty  glume,  and    (7)  the  flower. 

AMMOPIIILA.  —  (1)  Inflorescence  of  A.  arundinacea,  reduced  ;  (2)  a  spike- 
let,  enlarged,  and  (3)  the  flower,  Avith  a  hairy  rudiment  at  tlic  Iiasc  of  the 
palet. 

LEPTOCIILOA. —  (1)  Inflorescence  of  L.  mucronata,  reduced;  (2)  portion 
of  rhachis  of  a  s])ike,  bearing  two  spikelets ;  (3)  a  3-floweretl  spikelet ;  and 
(4)  a  flower  removed. 

BUCHLOP.—  (1)  Staminate  and  (2)  pistillate  inflorescence  of  P.  dactyloides; 

(3)  a  staminate  spikelct,  and  (4)  one  of  its  flowers  removed ;  ("))  a  ])istil 
late  spikelet,  enlarged;  (G)  vertical  section  of  same;  and  (7)  the  outer 
empty  glume  removed. 

MUNROA.—  (1)  Inflorescence  of  M.  squarrosa;  (2)  a  spikelet,  enlarged  ;  and 

(3)  a  flower,  opened. 
SCOLOCHLOA.  —  (1)  Inflorescence  of  S.  festucacea,  reduced  ;  (2)  a  spikelet, 

enlarged  ;  and  (3)  a  flower. 
PUCCINELLIA.  —  (1 )  Inflorescence  of  P.  maritima,  reduced  ;  (2)  a  spikelet, 

cr.larged  ;  and  (3)  a  Ilower. 


Genera  of  G-rasses      Plate  XV 


r^-', 


Jd  eckmannia. 


JlOYnmovnilct 


Jn,  unroct 


t)f  iochli 


J^e  ptock  Loa. 


ocoLockloa 


Jau  cn  loe 


J  u  cc  mnellia. 


EXPLAXATIOX   OF  PLATE   XVL 

POLYPODIUM.  —  riant  of  1'.  vnl,i>-arc  ;  piece  of  tlie  froiul ;  a  magnified  spo- 
rangium with  its  stalk,  and  another  bursting  and  discharging  spores. 

ONOCLEA.  —  ( 1 )  Pinna  of  the  sterile  frond  of  ().  Struthiopteris ;  (2)  portion 
of  a  fertile  froiul ;  ("5)  a  ])iece  of  one  jjinna  cut  off  to  show  the  manner  in 
which  it  is  rolled  uj) ;  and  (4)  a  portion  of  the  last,  magnified,  with  one 
side  unrolled;  toward  the  base  the  s])orangia  all  removed,  to  show  how 
the  fruit-dots  are  borne  each  on  the  middle  of  a  vein. 

PELLvEA.  —  Sterile  and  fertile  plants  of  P.  gracilis,  and  (1)  a  portion  of  the 
fertile  frond  enlarged,  with  a  piece  of  the  marginal  indusium  turned  back 
to  display  the  fruit;  the  sporangia  are  all  removed  from  the  fruit-bearing 
tips  of  the  two  forks  of  the  lower  vein. 


Genera  nf  Filices 


Plats  XVI 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   XVII. 

PTERIS.  —  A  piuiiule  of  P.  aquilina,  and  (2)  a  piece  of  one  of  the  lobes, 
enlarged,  the  marginal  indusium  rolled  back  on  one  side,  displaying  the 
fruit ;  the  sporangia  all  removed  from  the  lower  part  to  show  the  recep- 
tacle that  bears  them,  viz.  a  cross-line  connecting  the  tips  of  the  veins. 

ADIANTUM. —  (1)  Piece  of  the  frond  of  A.  pedatum ;  (2)  a  pinnule  some- 
Avhat  enlarged;  and  (3)  a  piece  of  one  more  enlarged,  witli  tlie  indusium 
of  one  fruit-dot  turned  back  to  shoAv  the  attachment  of  tlie  fruit. 

CIIEILANTHE8.  — (1)  Small  plant  of  C.  vestita;  and  (2)  a  fruit-liearing 
pinnule,  enlarged. 

WOODWAPDIA.—  (1)  Portion  of  the  sterile  and  (2)  of  the  fertile  frond  of 
^y.  angustifolia  ;  (.3)  a  ])iece  of  the  latter,  enlarged  ;  (4)  piece  of  the  frond 
of  W.  \'irginica;  and  (5)  part  of  a  fruiting  lobe,  enlarged. 


GenBra  of  FilicES        Pla: 


.  ..  ..  il 


C)fieilantne£ 


WoDclwami 


EXPLANATIOX   OF   PLATE   XVIII. 

CAMPTOSOEUS.  — Plant  of  C.  rhizophyllns,  and  (1)  a  portion  of  a  frond, 
with  fruit-dots,  onlarf^ed. 

SCOLOPENDPvIUM.  — Tip  of  a  fertile  frond  of  S.  vulgare ;  and  (2)  a  piece 
enlarged,  with  two  fruit-dots. 

ASPLENIUM.  — (1)  A  ])inna  of  A.  thelypteroides ;  and  (2)  part  of  a  lol)e  in 
fruit,  enlarged. 

DICKSONIA. —  (1)  Pinna  of  I),  pilosiuscula;  (2)  portion  of  a  piiiiuilo,  en- 
larged; and  (3)  a  fruit  dot  in  its  cup-shaped  indusiuni. 


GenEra  nf  Filiccs      Plate  XVIII 


EXPLAXATIOX   OF    TLATE   XTX. 

CYSTOPTEIUS.  —  (1)  Piece  of  tlie  frond  of  C.  l,ull)ifera;  (2)  a  lol.e  in  fruit, 

enlarged;  and  (.'3)  a  small  portion  more  magnified,  bearing  a  fruit-dot 

with  its  indusium  thrown  back. 
WOODSIA.—  (1)  Small  frond  of  W.  glabella;  (2)  a  part  of  a  fruiting  pinna 

of  the  same,  magnified ;  and  (3)  a  separate  indusium,  more  magnified; 

(4)  a  jiiece  of  a  fruitful  pinnule  of  W.  obtusa,  enlarged;  and  (5)  a  fruit 

with  tlic  opened  indusium  beneath,  more  magnified. 
ASPIDIUM.  —  (1)  Pinna  of  A.  (Dryopteris)  marginale ;  and  (2)  a  magnified 

fruiting  ])()rtion ;  (3)  piece  of  A.  (rolysticlium)  acrosticlioides;  and  (4)  a 

small  fruiting  portion,  magnified. 
ONOCLEA.  —  Sterile  and  fertile  frond  of  0.  sensibilis;  (1)  front  view  of  a 

fruiting  contracted  ])iunule,  enlarged;  and  (2)  the  same  laid  open  and 

viewed  from  the  otlier  si(k' ;  on  one  lobe  the  s])orangia  are  removed  from 

tlie  veins. 


GEnera  nf  FilicES         Plate  XIX 


EXPLAXATIOX   OF   PLATE    XX. 

SCinZ^EA.  —  Plant  of  S.  pusilla,  of  the  natural  size  ;  ( 1 )  a  fertile  pinna  with 
eleven  sporangia,  magnified;  and  (2J  a  separate  sporangium,  more  mag- 
nified. 

LYG(  )DIUM.  —  (1)  Summit  of  frond  of  L.  palmatum,  with  fertile  and  sterile 
divisions;  (2)  a  fruiting  lobe  enlarged,  with  two  of  the  lower  scales,  or 
indusia,  removed,  displaying  a  sporangium  under  each;  and  (3)  a  spo- 
rangium more  magnified. 

OSMUNDA.  — (1)  Small  piece  of  the  frond  of  0.  Claytoniana,  with  a  fertile 
and  a  sterile  pinna;  (2)  a  portion  of  the  fruit  magnified  ;  and  (3)  one  spo- 
rangium more  magnified. 

BOTRYCHIUM.  — Plant  of  B.  ternatum,  and  (1)  a  portion  of  the  fruit,  with 
six  sporangia,  magnified. 

OPHIOGLOSSUM.  — Frond  of  0.  vulgatum,  and  (1)  a  portion  of  the  fruit- 
ing spike  enlarged. 


Genera  af  Filices  Plats   \X 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   XXL 

EQriSETU.^L—  (1)  Upper  part  of  fertile  plant  of  E.  liinosnm ;  (2)  one  of 
the  shield  shaped  scales  or  receptacles  of  the  spike,  with  the  six  sporangia 
nnderneath,  enlarged  ;  (3)  same  seen  from  below,  discharging  the  spores  ; 

(4)  a  magnified  spore  with  the  clnh-shaped   filaments  s])reading;    and 

(5)  the  same  with  the  filaments  coiled  up. 

LYCOPODIUM.— riant  of  L.  Caroliniannm,  and  (1)  a  magnifieil  scale  of 
the  spike  removed,  with  the  sporangium  in  its  axil,  discharging  powdery 
spores. 

SELAGINELL A.  —  Plant  of  S.  rupestris ;  ( 1 )  i)art  of  a  fertile  spike,  enlarged  ; 
(2)  scale  from  the  upper  part  of  it,  with  its  sporangium,  containfng  innu- 
merable powdery  spores ;  (3)  scale  from  the  base,  with  its  sporangium 
containing  feAv  large  spores;  and  (4)  three  large  spores. 

LSOETES.  —  (1)  Plant  of  L  lacustris;  (2)  sporocarp  containing  the  minute 
spores,  cut  across,  enlarged;  (.5)  same  divided  lengthwise;  (3)  sporocarp 
with  the  large  spores,  divided  lengtliwise;  and  (4)  tliree  large  spores 
more  magnified. 

AZOLLA.  —  (1)  I'lant;  (2)  a  jiortion  magnified,  with  conceptacles  of  both 
kinds;  (3)  the  macrosporic  one,  more  magnified;  (4)  the  microsporic 
one,  more  magnified  ;  (5)  the  same  burst  open,  showing  the  stalked  micro- 
sj)orangia;  (6)  one  of  the  latter  more  magnified;  (7)  another  bursting; 
and  (8)  three  masses  of  microspores  beset  with  glochidiate  or  barbed 
bristles. 


Geel.  Df  LycapndiacEFE,  EqaisetacEm,  & 


EXPLANATIOX   OF   PLATE   XXII. 

RICCIA.  —  riant  of  K.  natans;  section  of  tliallus,  sliowiiif;-  two  imbedded 
capsules  and  numerous  air  cavities;  spores  enclosed  in  a  mother-cell; 
three  free  spores;  and  calyjjtra  with  style. 

ANTHOCEROS.  —  Plant  of  A.  kevis;  portion  of  the  columella  and  valves  of 
the  capsule,  with  spores  and  elaters ;  two  spores  and  two  elaters. 

NOTOTHYLAS.  —  Plants  of  N.  orbicularis;  section  of  the  thallus  through 
the  iiivolucre ;  apex  of  protruding  capsule ;  lower  lialf  of  capsule  showing 
the  columella  ;  upper  half  of  capsule ;  a  gemma;  an  antlieridiuni ;  twelve 
free  spores,  and  two  clusters  of  spores  (4  in  each). 

ASTERp]LLA.  —  Phmt  of  A.  hemispha^rica;  9  receptacle  viewed  from 
above;  the  same  from  l)elow ;  capsule  dehiscing,  Avitli  remains  of  calyp- 
tra  at  base;  section  of  J  disk  ;  an  elater,  a  portion  of  same,  and  spores. 

SPILEROCARPUS.  —  Plant  of  S.  terrestris;  cluster  of  five  involucres;  in- 
volucre enclosing  a  capsule;  capsule  filled  witli  spores;  and  three  sports. 

DUMOR'ITERA.  — Portions  of  J  and  9  jdants  of  1).  liirsuta;  9  receptacle 
sliowing  tliree  involucres,  two  witli  capsuh's;  ca]  sule  with  calyptra  ;  sec- 
tion of  J  disk;  elater  and  ])ortion  of  same;  sjtores. 

ArrONIA.  — Plaiit  of  A.  Wriglitii ;  upper  view  of  9  receptacle  with  throe 
involucres;  si.le  view  of  same;  involucre  partly  cut  away  showing  cap- 
sule and  remains  of  calyptra;  a  capsule  closed,  and  dehiscent;  an  elater, 
a  piece  of  same,  and  spores. 

CONOCEPHALL'8.  — Parts  of  $  and  9  ])lants  of  C.  conicus;  secti(m  of  9 
receptacle,  showing  two  involucres  and  cajjsules;  capsule  with  ruptured 
calyptra;  section  of  J*  disk;  elaters,  a  ])ortion  of  one,  and  spores. 

PREISSIA.  — Parts  of  $  and  9  jdants  of  P.  commutata;  section  of  9  re- 
ceptacle ;  perianth  opened  showing  calyptra  and  capsule ;  section  of  part 
of  $  disk ;  elaters,  a  part  of  one,  and  spores. 

MARCHANTIA.-— Parts  of  $  and  9  plants  of  M.  polymorpha;  section  of 
receptacle  ;  perianth,  calyptra,  and  capsule  ;  section  of  part  of  $  disk ; 
an  elater,  pai-t  of  same,  and  sjiores. 

PIMBRIARIA.  — Plant  of  F.  tenella;    9  receptacle,  and  section  of  same; 

capsule  dehiscing ;  elaters  aud  spores. 
PALLAVICINIA.  — Plant  of  P.  Lyellii;  part  of  thallus  with  involucre,  iieri- 
anth,  and  calyptra;  perianth  cut  away  showing  young  calyptra ;  capsule 
closed,  and  dehiscent ;  antheridium  enclosed  in  a  leaf ;  elater  and  spores. 


GBnera  nf  HEpaticaE      Plain  XXII 


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EXPLANATION   OF    PLATE   XXTIL 

PELLIA.  —  Plant  of  P.  epipliylla ;  calyptra  with  base  of  pedicel ;  capsule ;  au 
elater,  part  of  same,  two  spores,  aud  two  antheridia. 

BLASIA.  —  Plauts  of  II.  pusilla;  section  of  cavity  at  the  end  of  tlie  midrib 
sliowiug  young  perianth  and  calyptra;  end  of  thallus  with  calyptra  aud 
protruding  capsule;  capsule  dehiscing;  elaters  and  spores;  part  of  elater 
and  two  spores;  ^  thallus  with  two  antheridia;  gemmiparous  thallus 
with  two  receptacles ;  section  of  a  receptacle  showing  enclosed  gemma; 
and  the  protruded  orifice. 

METZGEKIA.  —Plants  {  c?.  9?  ''lud  gemmiparous)  of  M.  furcata,  and  parts 
of  same  enlarged ;  hispid  perianth  with  2-lobed  involucral  leaf  and  base 
of  pedicel ;  a  gemma ;  an  antheridium  ;  elaters  and  spores. 

ANEUKA.  —  Plants  ( ^  and  9  )  <^f  A.  sessilis ;  section  of  fleshy  calyptra  with 
base  of  pedicel ;  deliiscing  capsule  bearded  by  persistent  elaters ;  elater, 
part  of  same,  and  spores ;  part  of  thallus  witli  long  deiiexed  ^  recepta- 
cles, and  one  cut  transversely  shoAving  antheridia. 

FOSSOMBRONIA.  — Plant  of  F.  pusilla,  and  a  part  enlarged;  capsule  de- 
hiscing, with  perianth  and  involucral  leaves ;  part  of  stem  with  two  leaves 
aud  dorsal  antheridia;  an  antheridium,  elaters,  aud  spores. 

GEOC ALYX.  —  Plant  of  G.  graveolens ;  two  pairs  of  leases  with  underleaves ; 
part  of  stem  with  an  underleaf  ;  section  of  involucre  showing  calyptra  aud 
base  of  pedicel ;  dehiscent  capsule  ;  elaters  and  spores. 

GRIMALDIA.  —  Parts  of  ^  and  9  plants  of  G.  barbifrons ;  section  of  ^ 
disk ;  9  receptacle  aud  section  of  same ;  dehiscent  capsule ;  elaters  and 
spores. 

CHILOSCYPHUS.  —  Plant  of  C.  ascendens  ;  a  leaf  with  underleaf;  a  pair  of 
leaves  with  antheridia ;  a  part  of  stem  witli  involucral  leaves,  perianth, 
and  calyptra ;  deliiscent  capsule  ;  elaters  and  spores. 

HAIiPAXTHUS.  —  Plant  of  H.  Flotovianus,  ami  same  enlarged;  a  pair  of 
leaves  with  underleaf;  periantli  witli  involucral  leaves,  and  section  shov>'- 
ing  calyptra;  elaters,  a  part  of  one,  and  spores. 

LnpliOCOLEA.  —  Plant  of  L.  heterophylla ;  a  part  enlarged  witli  involucral 
leaves  and  perianth ;  cross-section  of  perianth ;  three  pairs  of  leaves  with 
underleaves;  a  leaf  and  antheridium;  an  underleaf;  an  elater  and  spores. 

CEPHALOZLV.  —  Plant  of  C.  multittora ;  two  pairs  of  leaves ;  perianth  with 
involucral  leaves ;  an  involucral  leaf ;  calyptra  ;  capsule  closed,  and  dehis- 
cent ;  an  elater  and  spores. 

GYMXO^NIITRIU^L  —  Plants  of  G.  concinnatum  ;  three  pairs  of  leaves  ;  apex 
of  stem  with  involucral  leaves  and  dehiscent  capsule;  two  involucral 
leaves ;  calyptra. 

MAPSUPELLA.  —  Plant  of  M.  emarginata;  part  of  same  Avith  involucral 
leaves ;  involucre  and  periantli  opened  showing  calyptra  aud  base  of  pedi- 
cel ;  ca])sule  ;  elater  and  spores. 


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EXPLAXATIOX    OF    PLATE   XXIV. 

SCAPAXIA.  —  Plant  of  S.  uudulata;  apex  of  stein  witli  involucral  leaves 

and  perianth  enclosing  ealyptra ;  three  pairs  of  leaves,  a  capsule,  elater, 

and  spores. 
PLA(iI()CIIlLA.  —  Plant  of  P.  iuterrnpta;  five  leaves;  an  uuderleaf;  peri- 
anth enclosing  calyptra;  antheridia,  capsule,  elaters,  and  spores. 
ODONTUSCHISMA.  —  l^lant  of  C).  Sphagni;    parts  of  steins,  one  hearing 

gemma?.,  the  other  a  perianth  with  involucral  leaves;  an  involucral  leaf; 

a  capsule,  elaters,  and  spores. 
LEJEUNEA.  —  Plant  of  L.  clypeata  ;   perianth  with  capsule  and  involucral 

leaves;  cross  section  of  perianth;  part  of  stem  with    ^  hranch  ;    leaves 

with  underleaves;  elaters  and  spores. 
FKULLANIA.  —  Plant  of  F.  Asagrayana;  two  pairs  of  leaves  seen   from 

ahove,  and  from  below  with  underleaves  and  ventral  lobes;  perianth  with 

involucral  leaves;    cross-section  of  perianth;    involucral  leaf;   ca])sule, 

elaters,  and  si)ores. 
POKKLLA. —  Plant  of  V.  jilatypliylla  ;  a  j)air  of  leaves  witli  underleaves; 

part  of  stem  with   ^  sjjikes;  an  antheridium  in  its  leaf;  perianth   with 

involucral  leaves  and  capsule ;  an  elater,  and  spores. 
TvADULiV.  —  Plant  of  \l.  ohcoiiica;  eiul  of  branch  with  perianth  and  capsule 

and  lateral  ^  l)raiiches;  a  c?  branch;  an  antheridium;  leaves  seen  fr(jm 

above  and  below;  a  capsule,  elater,  and  spores. 
PTILIDIFM.  —  Plant  of  P.  ciliare  ;  a  pair  of  leaves  ;  un  uuderleaf ;  perianth 

with  involucral  leaves;  capsule,  elater,  ai:d  spores. 
BAZZAXIA.  —  Plant  of  B.  trilobata;  two  pairs  of  leaves  with  underleaves 

and  ^  s])ike;  portion  of  ^  spike,  and  antheridium;  capsule,  elaters,  and 

s])ores. 
TUICHOCOLEA.  — Plant  of  T.  tomentella;   leaf  and  uuderleaf;   capsule; 

elater  and  s])ores. 
IIEPBERTA. —  Plant  of  ILadunca;  portion  with  leaves  and  underleaves; 

perianth ;  capsules ;  elater  and  spores. 
LEPIDOZIA.  —  Plant  of  L.  reptans ;  portion  with  leaves  and  underleaves; 

antheridium  in  its  leaf  and  free ;  perianth  with  involucre  ;  capsule,  elater, 

and  spores. 
KANTIA.  —  Plant  of  K.  Tritdiomanis ;  leaves  mid  underleaves;  hairy  invo- 
lucre, and  section  showing  calyptra;  capsule  v.ith  spiral  valves;  elater 

and  spores. 


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EXPLANATION   OF    PLATE   XXV. 

JUBULA.  —  Plant  of  typical  J.  Hutchinsia\  enlarged;  two  pairs  of  leaves 
seen  from  below ;  a  lower  lobe  separate  and  divided ;  a  periantb  witb  its 
outer  involucre  and  the  dehiscent  capsule ;  an  elatcr. 

ELEPHAROSTOMA.  — Plant  of  B.  trichophylla,  and  same  enlarged;  peri- 
anth with  the  outer  involucre,  ventral  side ;  two  cross-sections  of  perianth  ; 
portion  of  the  margin  of  its  orifice,  expanded. 

LIOCPILtENA.  —  Plant  of  L.  lanceolata;  end  of  fertile  branch,  with  two 
leaves,  two  iuvolucral  leaves,  and  young  perianth ;  summit  of  perianth; 
])erianth  and  involucre,  the  capsule  protruding;  capsule  on  its  pedicel, 
witli  remains  of  calyptra;  capsule  dehiscent. 

INI YLIA.  —  Plants  of  ]\I.  Taylori,  enlarged ;  portion  of  stem,  seen  fi-om  be- 
neath;  a  cauline  leaf  (I)elow) ;  an  underleaf ;  an  involucral  leaf  (above) ; 
perianth  partly  cut  away,  showing  the  calyptra  and  exscrted  dehiscent 
capsule. 

DYPLOPHYLLPM.  — Plant  of  typical  D.  albicans,  enlarged;  a  folded  leaf; 
a  leaf  with  the  upper  lobe  expanded  to  show  the  nerve ;  an  involucral 
leaf  seen  from  without,  and  from  v.-ithiu  ;  periantli,  cut  longitudinally; 
calyptra. 

KAI^DLV.  —  Plant  of  X.  crenulata  (a  slender  small-leaved  form),  enlarged; 
portion  of  upper  stem  with  leaves ;  perianth;  calyptra;  clater  and  spores. 

JUXGER^IAXXLV.  —  §  1.  Plants  of  J.  Schraderi,  natural  size  and  enlarged ; 
two  leaves;  two  underleaves ;  involucre;  summit  of  perianth.  —  §  2.  Plant 
of  J.  barbata,  enlarged ;  portion  of  stem  with  leaves  and  underleaves ; 
perianth  with  involucre ;  involucre.  —  §  3.  Plant  of  J.  Ilelleriana,  en- 
larged ;  summit  of  stem  with  leaves,  involucre,  and  perianth ;  involucral 
leaves;  margin  of  perianth  unfolded.  —  §  4.  Plants  of  J.  infiata,  natural 
size  and  enlarged  ;  cauline  leaves  ;  involucral  leaf. 

LUNL^LARIA.  —  Sterile  and  fruiting  plants  of  L.  vulgaris,  enlarged ;  section 
of  involucre,  showing  calyptra  and  capsule ;  lunate  receptacle  of  sterile 
plant,  with  gemmai. 

MAPSILIA.  —  Portion  of  plant  of  M.  (fuadrifolia ;  a  sporocarp  ;  sjuirocarp 
burst  in  water  and  extruding  the  gelatinous  ring  with  compartments 
attached. 


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